Assessing the genetic diversity of catface rockcod epinephelus andersoni in the subtropical Western Indian Ocean and modelling the effects of climate change on their distribution
- Authors: Coppinger, Christine Rose
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/54499 , vital:26570
- Description: The catface rockcod Epinephelus andersoni is a range-restricted species that is endemic to the southeast coast of Africa from Quissico in Mozambique (subtropical) to Knysna in South Africa (warmtemperate). Its complex life-history, long-lived nature and high residency make E. andersoni potentially vulnerable to over-exploitation. Epinephelus andersoni is an important fishery species and has shown signs of depletion. Due to inadequate information necessary for management and conservation, further research is vital, particularly in the face of potentially significant climatic changes which could put further pressure on E. andersoni. The aim of the study was to provide information for the management of E. andersoni, with considerations for the possibly detrimental effects of future climate change. The objectives of this study were to describe the genetic structure and diversity of E. andersoni and to determine possible range shifts of E. andersoni with future changes in sea surface temperature. Genetic samples were collected throughout the distribution of E. andersoni. Standard DNA extraction and PCR using universal primers were conducted and nuclear (RPS7-1) and mitochondrial (cytochrome b) data were analysed to determine genetic diversity. A combination of nuclear and mitochondrial markers was used to ensure that the results were robust. RPS7-1 haplotype diversity was high (0.801) and an AMOVA on the RPS7-1 data showed significantly high among group variation (ΦCT = 0.204, p < 0.05) between five groups: 1. Quissico to Inhaca; 2. Cape Vidal to Port Edward; 3 Port St Johns to Coffee Bay; 4. Mbashe; 5. Port Alfred. This geographic structuring could be attributed to low gene flow across barriers such as the Port Alfred upwelling cell, the Mozambique Channel eddies and smaller more localised upwelling cells such as the Port St Johns cell. The cytochrome b results contrastingly indicate low haplotype diversity (0.309) and no differentiation (ΦCT = 0.265, p = 0.074) between groups and support the hypothesis of a historical population bottleneck. This may be due to an unusually slower mutation rate of the cytochrome b region than the RPS7-1 region, resulting in the RPS7-1 data showing a more recent picture of diversification. To complement the genetic results, niche modelling techniques were used to determine range shifts of E. andersoni with future temperature trends using species distribution and climatic data. The model illustrated a contraction of the E. andersoni distribution as well as future intensification of various upwelling cells along the south-east African coast including the Port Alfred upwelling cell. Due to the low gene flow across these barriers this intensification could decrease the resilience of E. andersoni, as its range becomes more limited with global change. The genetic data and modelling results combined provide useful information on which to base future fisheries management.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Coppinger, Christine Rose
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/54499 , vital:26570
- Description: The catface rockcod Epinephelus andersoni is a range-restricted species that is endemic to the southeast coast of Africa from Quissico in Mozambique (subtropical) to Knysna in South Africa (warmtemperate). Its complex life-history, long-lived nature and high residency make E. andersoni potentially vulnerable to over-exploitation. Epinephelus andersoni is an important fishery species and has shown signs of depletion. Due to inadequate information necessary for management and conservation, further research is vital, particularly in the face of potentially significant climatic changes which could put further pressure on E. andersoni. The aim of the study was to provide information for the management of E. andersoni, with considerations for the possibly detrimental effects of future climate change. The objectives of this study were to describe the genetic structure and diversity of E. andersoni and to determine possible range shifts of E. andersoni with future changes in sea surface temperature. Genetic samples were collected throughout the distribution of E. andersoni. Standard DNA extraction and PCR using universal primers were conducted and nuclear (RPS7-1) and mitochondrial (cytochrome b) data were analysed to determine genetic diversity. A combination of nuclear and mitochondrial markers was used to ensure that the results were robust. RPS7-1 haplotype diversity was high (0.801) and an AMOVA on the RPS7-1 data showed significantly high among group variation (ΦCT = 0.204, p < 0.05) between five groups: 1. Quissico to Inhaca; 2. Cape Vidal to Port Edward; 3 Port St Johns to Coffee Bay; 4. Mbashe; 5. Port Alfred. This geographic structuring could be attributed to low gene flow across barriers such as the Port Alfred upwelling cell, the Mozambique Channel eddies and smaller more localised upwelling cells such as the Port St Johns cell. The cytochrome b results contrastingly indicate low haplotype diversity (0.309) and no differentiation (ΦCT = 0.265, p = 0.074) between groups and support the hypothesis of a historical population bottleneck. This may be due to an unusually slower mutation rate of the cytochrome b region than the RPS7-1 region, resulting in the RPS7-1 data showing a more recent picture of diversification. To complement the genetic results, niche modelling techniques were used to determine range shifts of E. andersoni with future temperature trends using species distribution and climatic data. The model illustrated a contraction of the E. andersoni distribution as well as future intensification of various upwelling cells along the south-east African coast including the Port Alfred upwelling cell. Due to the low gene flow across these barriers this intensification could decrease the resilience of E. andersoni, as its range becomes more limited with global change. The genetic data and modelling results combined provide useful information on which to base future fisheries management.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Assessing the impact of primary agricultural co-operative membership on smallholder farm performance (crops) in Mnquma Local Municipality of the Eastern Cape Province
- Authors: Mzuyanda, Christian
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Agriculture, Cooperative -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Cooperative marketing of farm produce -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Producer cooperatives -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Farms, Small -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc Agric (Agricultural Economics)
- Identifier: vital:11231 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1021285 , Agriculture, Cooperative -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Cooperative marketing of farm produce -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Producer cooperatives -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Farms, Small -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Mzuyanda, Christian
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Agriculture, Cooperative -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Cooperative marketing of farm produce -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Producer cooperatives -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Farms, Small -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc Agric (Agricultural Economics)
- Identifier: vital:11231 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1021285 , Agriculture, Cooperative -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Cooperative marketing of farm produce -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Producer cooperatives -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Farms, Small -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Assessing the implementation of performance management policies in the public service: a case study of the Department of Human Settlements in the Eastern Cape Province
- Authors: Sandiso, Mahlala
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/1183 , vital:26534
- Description: This dissertation set out to assess the implementation of performance management policies in the public service using the case study of the Eastern Cape Department of Housing known currently as Human Settlements. It examines how monitoring and evaluation policies are important in governance deliverables, such as transparency, accountability and learning, influences public administration practice. The exchange between democracy and monitoring and evaluation was demonstrated by assessing how the country managed democratic transition, the influence of globalization on country practice, and specifically how the developmental state advances governance. It also focused on other focal points of how performance management policies in the public service are being utilized to assist Eastern Cape Department of Human Settlements. The study looked at the „new‟ role of performance management systems in meeting „performance information needs‟ of public sector managers as a potential area for further research. This type of research is qualitative in nature as it used documents to elaborate on matters. This study uses documents of the department as a case study to gain more insight about the department as well as the theory of change to guide the study.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Sandiso, Mahlala
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/1183 , vital:26534
- Description: This dissertation set out to assess the implementation of performance management policies in the public service using the case study of the Eastern Cape Department of Housing known currently as Human Settlements. It examines how monitoring and evaluation policies are important in governance deliverables, such as transparency, accountability and learning, influences public administration practice. The exchange between democracy and monitoring and evaluation was demonstrated by assessing how the country managed democratic transition, the influence of globalization on country practice, and specifically how the developmental state advances governance. It also focused on other focal points of how performance management policies in the public service are being utilized to assist Eastern Cape Department of Human Settlements. The study looked at the „new‟ role of performance management systems in meeting „performance information needs‟ of public sector managers as a potential area for further research. This type of research is qualitative in nature as it used documents to elaborate on matters. This study uses documents of the department as a case study to gain more insight about the department as well as the theory of change to guide the study.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Assessing the implementation of the Employment Equity Act in the public service with specific reference to the appointment of women to top management positions: a case study of the Eastern Cape Provincial Administration
- Authors: Mtebele, Nozibele Sweetness
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPA
- Identifier: vital:11704 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1015154
- Description: The Employment Equity Act, No 55 of 1998forms part of the transformation legislation aimed at promoting equity, and eliminating discriminatory and unfair treatment in the workplace. The South African government has developed a comprehensive policy framework that promotes equity while supporting the advancement of women to managerial positions.An area of consideration for this study is the representation of women in top management positions in the various departments of the Eastern Cape Provincial Administration.This study examined the legislative framework and progress that has made in the appointment of women to managerial positions in the South African public service and, in particular, the Eastern Cape Province. A comparison between the 2012 and 2013 Eastern Cape employment equity reports shows that there is slow progress in the implementation of employment equity. Although both South African men and women are well represented in the economically active population, women hold a relatively small percentage of top management positions. This study, through an in-depth review of literature, identified barriers to the implementation of employment equity in the Eastern Cape Provincial Administration.The Eastern Cape employment equity reports were analysed. The purpose of this analysis was to find the strengths and weaknesses, and successes and failures in the implementation of the Employment Equity Act and related legislation. The final part of this studyprovided an in-depth discussion and recommendations regarding the barriers and weaknesses of the South African employment equity system that have been highlighted throughout the study.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Mtebele, Nozibele Sweetness
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPA
- Identifier: vital:11704 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1015154
- Description: The Employment Equity Act, No 55 of 1998forms part of the transformation legislation aimed at promoting equity, and eliminating discriminatory and unfair treatment in the workplace. The South African government has developed a comprehensive policy framework that promotes equity while supporting the advancement of women to managerial positions.An area of consideration for this study is the representation of women in top management positions in the various departments of the Eastern Cape Provincial Administration.This study examined the legislative framework and progress that has made in the appointment of women to managerial positions in the South African public service and, in particular, the Eastern Cape Province. A comparison between the 2012 and 2013 Eastern Cape employment equity reports shows that there is slow progress in the implementation of employment equity. Although both South African men and women are well represented in the economically active population, women hold a relatively small percentage of top management positions. This study, through an in-depth review of literature, identified barriers to the implementation of employment equity in the Eastern Cape Provincial Administration.The Eastern Cape employment equity reports were analysed. The purpose of this analysis was to find the strengths and weaknesses, and successes and failures in the implementation of the Employment Equity Act and related legislation. The final part of this studyprovided an in-depth discussion and recommendations regarding the barriers and weaknesses of the South African employment equity system that have been highlighted throughout the study.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Assessing the local government turnaround strategy: the case of Ngqushwa Local Municipality
- Authors: Bokwe, Nosiphiwo Gloria
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Local government -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Municipal services -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Municipal corporations -- South Africa , Regional planning -- Citizen participation
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:8312 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020084
- Description: The thrust of the study is to investigate the Local Government Turnaround Strategy as introduced by Cabinet in the year 2009. In this treatise a critical evaluation of the Local Government Turnaround Strategy that was passed by cabinet as a panacea that seeks to address the challenges that are being faced by municipalities today will be embarked upon. A case study of the Ngqushwa Local Municipality in the Amathole District Municipal area will be undertaken with the view to understand whether the Local Government Turnaround Strategy will indeed assist ailing local municipalities like Ngqushwa. As can be seen in our country, apartheid has left many problems both in the social, economic and political realms of our society. When local government was first established it was for the perpetuation of separate development as enshrined in the policy of apartheid. Apartheid was not the beginning of geographic, institutional and social separation at the local level. Segregation was already a policy by the time apartheid was introduced in 1948. However, the Group Areas Act, the key piece of legislation, instituted strict residential segregation and compulsory removal of black people to own group areas. Through spatial separation, influx control, and a policy of own management for own areas, apartheid aimed to limit the extent to which affluent white municipalities would bear the financial burden of servicing disadvantaged black areas. These separate developments led to the collapse of the former Black Local Authorities. When the democratic government took over the same challenges reared their heads again. Many intervention programmes were introduced to assist ailing municipalities to be viable. The study thus has tried to indicate how the Turnaround has assisted municipalities like the Ngqushwa Local Municipality.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Bokwe, Nosiphiwo Gloria
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Local government -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Municipal services -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Municipal corporations -- South Africa , Regional planning -- Citizen participation
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:8312 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020084
- Description: The thrust of the study is to investigate the Local Government Turnaround Strategy as introduced by Cabinet in the year 2009. In this treatise a critical evaluation of the Local Government Turnaround Strategy that was passed by cabinet as a panacea that seeks to address the challenges that are being faced by municipalities today will be embarked upon. A case study of the Ngqushwa Local Municipality in the Amathole District Municipal area will be undertaken with the view to understand whether the Local Government Turnaround Strategy will indeed assist ailing local municipalities like Ngqushwa. As can be seen in our country, apartheid has left many problems both in the social, economic and political realms of our society. When local government was first established it was for the perpetuation of separate development as enshrined in the policy of apartheid. Apartheid was not the beginning of geographic, institutional and social separation at the local level. Segregation was already a policy by the time apartheid was introduced in 1948. However, the Group Areas Act, the key piece of legislation, instituted strict residential segregation and compulsory removal of black people to own group areas. Through spatial separation, influx control, and a policy of own management for own areas, apartheid aimed to limit the extent to which affluent white municipalities would bear the financial burden of servicing disadvantaged black areas. These separate developments led to the collapse of the former Black Local Authorities. When the democratic government took over the same challenges reared their heads again. Many intervention programmes were introduced to assist ailing municipalities to be viable. The study thus has tried to indicate how the Turnaround has assisted municipalities like the Ngqushwa Local Municipality.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Assessing the optimal size and composition of public debt in Zimbabwe
- Authors: Mupunga, Nebson
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Debts, Public -- Management , Debts, Public -- Zimbabwe
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , DCom
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/8977 , vital:26448
- Description: This study provides an analysis of public debt dynamics with a view to assess the optimal size and composition of public debt in Zimbabwe that is consistent with maintaining public debt at sustainable levels. The analysis was performed by applying public debt data for Zimbabwe over the period 1980 to 2012. Robustness checks were conducted, using data for selected low income countries in the sub-Saharan Africa. The study was motivated by the public debt management concerns caused by the 2008/09 global financial crisis and the European sovereign debt crisis as well as the external public debt overhang experienced by Zimbabwe since the year 2000. The findings of the study complement existing research findings and information on public debt management of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and other researchers. The major contribution of this thesis is the determination of optimal public debt thresholds for Zimbabwe. The optimal public debt thresholds were estimated from a joint analysis of the macroeconomic variables that affect public debt and the reaction of fiscal policy to changes in debt. The classical linear regression and Bayesian Vector Auto Regression (BVAR) models were applied to examine the drivers of debt accumulation and to assess the sensitivity of debt to macroeconomic shocks. The information from the drivers of public debt accumulation, together with the fiscal response mechanism was used to calibrate the long-run stable (optimal) public debt target. The optimal public debt threshold was also determined by assessing the link between public debt and economic growth. This assessment was carried out to establish the tipping point beyond which public debt adversely affects growth. Such a tipping point provides valuable information on the optimal size of public debt. The study also applied simulation approaches to determine the optimal composition of public debt. The results show that public debt dynamics in Zimbabwe largely comprised extensive stock flow adjustments emanating from extra budgetary expenditures to meet social and political related needs. The results of the assessment on the sensitivity of public debt to macroeconomic shocks show that Zimbabwe‟s public debt has been more vulnerable to economic growth, exchange rate and interest rate shocks. The significant influence of these variables highlights the role of automatic debt dynamics in public debt management. The results from the fiscal reaction function show that government has been responding positively to increases in public debt. This analysis also shows that government‟s policies are a-cyclical; as explained by the negative and insignificant response of the primary balance to the output gap. The dynamic stochastic simulation analysis suggests that Zimbabwe‟s public debt could follow an array of potential paths depending on the policy stance implemented by government. The simulated risk to public debt dynamics is larger, with an upper bound public debt to GDP ratio of 100 per cent and a lower bound public debt ratio of 32 per cent. The simulated lower bound provides a measure of a natural debt limit, which the government could adopt without fearing the risk of default. The results suggest that the main risks to public debt sustainability lie in growth shocks, whose volatility have been high for the period under study. The results from the analysis of growth and debt confirm the existence of an optimal growth maximising public debt ratio depicted by an inverted U-shaped relationship between public debt and economic growth. The optimal size of public debt was found to be at public debt levels of between 45-50 per cent of GDP. This means that higher public debt ratios have been associated with lower economic growth rates at debt levels above 50 per cent of GDP. The results are consistent with empirical findings for low income countries which suggest the existence of a debt laffer-curve. The results from an analysis of an optimal composition of public debt show a trade-off between a debt composition with more external concessional debt and one with more domestic debt. While a composition with more concessional borrowing was found to be desirable from a cost perspective, it proved to be less desirable from a risk perspective after taking into consideration stock flow adjustments due to changes in cross exchange rates. The findings of the study point to a need for the Zimbabwean government to swiftly respond to increases in public debt to control the swings in debt dynamics caused by macroeconomic shocks. The inverted U-shaped relationship between debt and growth suggests that government borrowing must be done in a way that simultaneously entrenches debt sustainability and ensures sustained economic growth rates in the medium to long-term. The study also highlights the need for counter-cyclical macroeconomic policies to avoid explosive debt dynamics emanating from frequent changes in the business cycle, and to minimise the interest/growth rate differential to ensure sustainable public debt dynamics. There is also a need for authorities to ensure a true balance between external and domestic borrowing to minimise the volatility in debt service costs caused by macroeconomic shocks. Generally, the findings from this study can assist in informing the policy agenda to address the imperatives of debt resolution, fiscal consolidation and economic growth acceleration.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Mupunga, Nebson
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Debts, Public -- Management , Debts, Public -- Zimbabwe
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , DCom
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/8977 , vital:26448
- Description: This study provides an analysis of public debt dynamics with a view to assess the optimal size and composition of public debt in Zimbabwe that is consistent with maintaining public debt at sustainable levels. The analysis was performed by applying public debt data for Zimbabwe over the period 1980 to 2012. Robustness checks were conducted, using data for selected low income countries in the sub-Saharan Africa. The study was motivated by the public debt management concerns caused by the 2008/09 global financial crisis and the European sovereign debt crisis as well as the external public debt overhang experienced by Zimbabwe since the year 2000. The findings of the study complement existing research findings and information on public debt management of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and other researchers. The major contribution of this thesis is the determination of optimal public debt thresholds for Zimbabwe. The optimal public debt thresholds were estimated from a joint analysis of the macroeconomic variables that affect public debt and the reaction of fiscal policy to changes in debt. The classical linear regression and Bayesian Vector Auto Regression (BVAR) models were applied to examine the drivers of debt accumulation and to assess the sensitivity of debt to macroeconomic shocks. The information from the drivers of public debt accumulation, together with the fiscal response mechanism was used to calibrate the long-run stable (optimal) public debt target. The optimal public debt threshold was also determined by assessing the link between public debt and economic growth. This assessment was carried out to establish the tipping point beyond which public debt adversely affects growth. Such a tipping point provides valuable information on the optimal size of public debt. The study also applied simulation approaches to determine the optimal composition of public debt. The results show that public debt dynamics in Zimbabwe largely comprised extensive stock flow adjustments emanating from extra budgetary expenditures to meet social and political related needs. The results of the assessment on the sensitivity of public debt to macroeconomic shocks show that Zimbabwe‟s public debt has been more vulnerable to economic growth, exchange rate and interest rate shocks. The significant influence of these variables highlights the role of automatic debt dynamics in public debt management. The results from the fiscal reaction function show that government has been responding positively to increases in public debt. This analysis also shows that government‟s policies are a-cyclical; as explained by the negative and insignificant response of the primary balance to the output gap. The dynamic stochastic simulation analysis suggests that Zimbabwe‟s public debt could follow an array of potential paths depending on the policy stance implemented by government. The simulated risk to public debt dynamics is larger, with an upper bound public debt to GDP ratio of 100 per cent and a lower bound public debt ratio of 32 per cent. The simulated lower bound provides a measure of a natural debt limit, which the government could adopt without fearing the risk of default. The results suggest that the main risks to public debt sustainability lie in growth shocks, whose volatility have been high for the period under study. The results from the analysis of growth and debt confirm the existence of an optimal growth maximising public debt ratio depicted by an inverted U-shaped relationship between public debt and economic growth. The optimal size of public debt was found to be at public debt levels of between 45-50 per cent of GDP. This means that higher public debt ratios have been associated with lower economic growth rates at debt levels above 50 per cent of GDP. The results are consistent with empirical findings for low income countries which suggest the existence of a debt laffer-curve. The results from an analysis of an optimal composition of public debt show a trade-off between a debt composition with more external concessional debt and one with more domestic debt. While a composition with more concessional borrowing was found to be desirable from a cost perspective, it proved to be less desirable from a risk perspective after taking into consideration stock flow adjustments due to changes in cross exchange rates. The findings of the study point to a need for the Zimbabwean government to swiftly respond to increases in public debt to control the swings in debt dynamics caused by macroeconomic shocks. The inverted U-shaped relationship between debt and growth suggests that government borrowing must be done in a way that simultaneously entrenches debt sustainability and ensures sustained economic growth rates in the medium to long-term. The study also highlights the need for counter-cyclical macroeconomic policies to avoid explosive debt dynamics emanating from frequent changes in the business cycle, and to minimise the interest/growth rate differential to ensure sustainable public debt dynamics. There is also a need for authorities to ensure a true balance between external and domestic borrowing to minimise the volatility in debt service costs caused by macroeconomic shocks. Generally, the findings from this study can assist in informing the policy agenda to address the imperatives of debt resolution, fiscal consolidation and economic growth acceleration.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Assessing the personal development of employees in a municipal environment
- Authors: Ntile, Zukiswa
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Performance standards , Employee retention , Employees -- Recruiting , Employees -- Training of
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: vital:8875 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020420
- Description: Skills transfer to Municipal employees is lacking due to management delays in acknowledging and understanding its importance to the affected employees. These result in poor work performance and services delivery to the communities. In the research design the Job Performance in any organisation is expected to be releasing good results or outcomes. Employees expect to be recognised in their work they perform. The employers’ responsibility is to ensure that the employee’s interests are taken care of reasonably. Scarce skill is a very important aspect in the career of specialised skilled employees and expectations are very high in this kind of environment. Globally the scarce skill is one of the aspects that is encouraged that organisations should take cognisance of. When staff is recruited and works for the Municipality it is vital that they are retained and capacitated through trainings. The employees that have worked for the Municipality a longer period should or must at least transfer those skills for the preparation of the succession planning and continuity in the organisation. The data was collected in a form of a questionnaire where respondents indicated their responses based on the questions formulated to measure their job performance, scarce skills, retention of staff, recruitment and selection, on-the-job training for skills transfer and training in relevant field. The data collected was analysed and presented in the form of tables and percentages. The study has revealed that the clear strategies recommended are essential in the personal development of employees through training, recognition inthe institution by way of remuneration or awards and ensuring to retain staff for a longer period for succession planning in a municipal environment.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Ntile, Zukiswa
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Performance standards , Employee retention , Employees -- Recruiting , Employees -- Training of
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: vital:8875 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020420
- Description: Skills transfer to Municipal employees is lacking due to management delays in acknowledging and understanding its importance to the affected employees. These result in poor work performance and services delivery to the communities. In the research design the Job Performance in any organisation is expected to be releasing good results or outcomes. Employees expect to be recognised in their work they perform. The employers’ responsibility is to ensure that the employee’s interests are taken care of reasonably. Scarce skill is a very important aspect in the career of specialised skilled employees and expectations are very high in this kind of environment. Globally the scarce skill is one of the aspects that is encouraged that organisations should take cognisance of. When staff is recruited and works for the Municipality it is vital that they are retained and capacitated through trainings. The employees that have worked for the Municipality a longer period should or must at least transfer those skills for the preparation of the succession planning and continuity in the organisation. The data was collected in a form of a questionnaire where respondents indicated their responses based on the questions formulated to measure their job performance, scarce skills, retention of staff, recruitment and selection, on-the-job training for skills transfer and training in relevant field. The data collected was analysed and presented in the form of tables and percentages. The study has revealed that the clear strategies recommended are essential in the personal development of employees through training, recognition inthe institution by way of remuneration or awards and ensuring to retain staff for a longer period for succession planning in a municipal environment.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Assessing the role of Walter Sisulu University on economic development in King Sabata Dalindyebo (Eastern Cape)
- Authors: Boti, Z T
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPA
- Identifier: vital:11700 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1015138
- Description: This mini-dissertation assesses the role played by Walter Sisulu University in achieving economic development in King Sabata Dalindyebo municipality. The aims of the study were: Assess the role played by Walter Sisulu University in achieving economic development in KSD. Assess the strides and achievements that Walter Sisulu University as an institution for higher learning has achieved in terms of advancing economic development in KSD municipality. In accordance with these aims, an investigation of respondent’s perceptions the role played by WSU was undertaken. The participants were 20 staff members from three faculties and two units in Nelson Mandela Drive campus of Walter Sisulu University. Using purposive sampling to select the research respondents, data was collected. The researcher also used journals, articles and books, both published and unpublished to collect data. A quantitative and qualitative data analysis was used in order to draw conclusions about the strides taken by WSU, and satisfaction of respondents with the existing programmers offered at Walter Sisulu University. Empirical evidence concerning problems with implementation of research initiatives that support community-based research and business research as supported by the mission and vision of the institution has been uncovered. In spite of the clearly articulated mission statement and the vision of this comprehensive university, the research revealed that the institution is lagging behind in delivering its mandate. On the basis of the findings, recommendations for enhancing economic development in KSD were put forward.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Boti, Z T
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPA
- Identifier: vital:11700 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1015138
- Description: This mini-dissertation assesses the role played by Walter Sisulu University in achieving economic development in King Sabata Dalindyebo municipality. The aims of the study were: Assess the role played by Walter Sisulu University in achieving economic development in KSD. Assess the strides and achievements that Walter Sisulu University as an institution for higher learning has achieved in terms of advancing economic development in KSD municipality. In accordance with these aims, an investigation of respondent’s perceptions the role played by WSU was undertaken. The participants were 20 staff members from three faculties and two units in Nelson Mandela Drive campus of Walter Sisulu University. Using purposive sampling to select the research respondents, data was collected. The researcher also used journals, articles and books, both published and unpublished to collect data. A quantitative and qualitative data analysis was used in order to draw conclusions about the strides taken by WSU, and satisfaction of respondents with the existing programmers offered at Walter Sisulu University. Empirical evidence concerning problems with implementation of research initiatives that support community-based research and business research as supported by the mission and vision of the institution has been uncovered. In spite of the clearly articulated mission statement and the vision of this comprehensive university, the research revealed that the institution is lagging behind in delivering its mandate. On the basis of the findings, recommendations for enhancing economic development in KSD were put forward.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Assessment of procurement processes in the department of transport
- Authors: Mahleza, Xolani
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPA
- Identifier: vital:11739 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1018509
- Description: The purpose of this mini-dissertation is to understand the perception of end users on the public procurement system challenges in the Eastern Cape Department of Transport, addressing the extent to which the procurement systems have resulted in disgruntlement of end-users. The public sector procurement function continues to face growing pressures to reform current procurement process, the reform comes with changes which some public officials are unable to adapt to. The uncertainty and the complexity of the reforms to a certain extent bring resistance to the end users whose concern is to meet delivery targets for a particular financial year. Public procurement is still faced with somewhat of an “identity crisis”, people still see the function as clerical or technical in nature. The remaining challenge is to convince these individuals that procurement is a strategic function. This study however, seeks to investigate the level of understanding of procurement prescripts and relevant legislations by end users and the unnatural working relationship with SCM office.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Mahleza, Xolani
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPA
- Identifier: vital:11739 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1018509
- Description: The purpose of this mini-dissertation is to understand the perception of end users on the public procurement system challenges in the Eastern Cape Department of Transport, addressing the extent to which the procurement systems have resulted in disgruntlement of end-users. The public sector procurement function continues to face growing pressures to reform current procurement process, the reform comes with changes which some public officials are unable to adapt to. The uncertainty and the complexity of the reforms to a certain extent bring resistance to the end users whose concern is to meet delivery targets for a particular financial year. Public procurement is still faced with somewhat of an “identity crisis”, people still see the function as clerical or technical in nature. The remaining challenge is to convince these individuals that procurement is a strategic function. This study however, seeks to investigate the level of understanding of procurement prescripts and relevant legislations by end users and the unnatural working relationship with SCM office.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Assessment of the anti-Listerial properties of Garcinia kola (Heckel) seeds
- Authors: Penduka, Dambudzo
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Microbial sensitivity tests , Garcinia , Medicinal plants , Traditional medicine
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD (Microbiology)
- Identifier: vital:11278 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1015527 , Microbial sensitivity tests , Garcinia , Medicinal plants , Traditional medicine
- Description: A follow-up of traditional medicinal plants uses is an important tool in highlighting their therapeutic potentials, as they have been found to be a source of a wide range of bioactive compounds that can be used as base compounds for new pharmaceutical drugs. This study therefore focuses on assessing the anti-Listerial properties of the seeds of Garcinia kola (Heckel) plant, which is a traditional medicinal plant of west and central African origin, and was and is still used to traditionally treat several ailments. Four different solvents crude extracts of the seeds were assessed for their anti-Listerial activities in-vitro, against a panel of 42 Listeria bacteria, which included Listeria monocytogenes, Listeria ivanovii and Listeria grayi species. At 10 mg/ml concentration the aqueous extract had activity against 29% of the test isolates while the other three crude extracts namely dichloromethane, n-hexane and the methanol extracts had activity against 45% of the test bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranges of the extracts were 0.079-0.313 mg/ml for the dichloromethane extract; 0.079-0.625 mg/ml for the n-hexane extract; 0.157-0.625 mg/ml for the methanol extract; and 10->10 mg/ml for the aqueous extract. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) ranges of the extracts were 0.625–10 mg/ml for both the n-hexane and the dichloromethane extract; 5-10 mg/ml for the methanol extract; and those for the aqueous extract were above 10 mg/ml against all the susceptible Listeria isolates. The rate of kill analysis was then determined for the three most active crude extracts that is excluding the aqueous extract and it was assessed against four representative Listeria species namely L. monocytogenes (LAL 8), L. grayi (LAL 15), L. ivanovii (LEL 30) and L. ivanovii (LEL 18). All the three extracts showed a general trend of being concentration and time dependent in their rate of kill profiles such that most bacteria cells were killed at the highest test concentration of 4× MIC value after the maximum exposure time of 2 h. The n-hexane, dichloromethane and methanol extracts were bactericidal against 4, 3 and 1 isolates out of the four test Listeria isolates respectively.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Penduka, Dambudzo
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Microbial sensitivity tests , Garcinia , Medicinal plants , Traditional medicine
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD (Microbiology)
- Identifier: vital:11278 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1015527 , Microbial sensitivity tests , Garcinia , Medicinal plants , Traditional medicine
- Description: A follow-up of traditional medicinal plants uses is an important tool in highlighting their therapeutic potentials, as they have been found to be a source of a wide range of bioactive compounds that can be used as base compounds for new pharmaceutical drugs. This study therefore focuses on assessing the anti-Listerial properties of the seeds of Garcinia kola (Heckel) plant, which is a traditional medicinal plant of west and central African origin, and was and is still used to traditionally treat several ailments. Four different solvents crude extracts of the seeds were assessed for their anti-Listerial activities in-vitro, against a panel of 42 Listeria bacteria, which included Listeria monocytogenes, Listeria ivanovii and Listeria grayi species. At 10 mg/ml concentration the aqueous extract had activity against 29% of the test isolates while the other three crude extracts namely dichloromethane, n-hexane and the methanol extracts had activity against 45% of the test bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranges of the extracts were 0.079-0.313 mg/ml for the dichloromethane extract; 0.079-0.625 mg/ml for the n-hexane extract; 0.157-0.625 mg/ml for the methanol extract; and 10->10 mg/ml for the aqueous extract. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) ranges of the extracts were 0.625–10 mg/ml for both the n-hexane and the dichloromethane extract; 5-10 mg/ml for the methanol extract; and those for the aqueous extract were above 10 mg/ml against all the susceptible Listeria isolates. The rate of kill analysis was then determined for the three most active crude extracts that is excluding the aqueous extract and it was assessed against four representative Listeria species namely L. monocytogenes (LAL 8), L. grayi (LAL 15), L. ivanovii (LEL 30) and L. ivanovii (LEL 18). All the three extracts showed a general trend of being concentration and time dependent in their rate of kill profiles such that most bacteria cells were killed at the highest test concentration of 4× MIC value after the maximum exposure time of 2 h. The n-hexane, dichloromethane and methanol extracts were bactericidal against 4, 3 and 1 isolates out of the four test Listeria isolates respectively.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Assessment of the Lake Liambezi fishery, Zambezi region, Namibia
- Authors: Simasiku, Evans Kamwi
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Fishery management -- Namibia -- Lake Liambezi , Seines -- Namibia -- Lake Liambezi , Gillnetting -- Namibia -- Lake Liambezi , Fishes -- Namibia -- Lake Liambezi , Fisheries -- Catch effort -- Namibia -- Lake Liambezi
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5366 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013036
- Description: Lake Liambezi in the Zambezi Region of Namibia, formerly known as the Caprivi Region, is shallow (<6m deep) and characterised by cyclic episodes of filling and drying. When full the lake supports a highly productive fishery and when dry the lake is completely dry and used for agriculture and grazing. In 2000 the lake filled, and between May 2011 and April 2012 was surveyed using beach seine, experimental gillnets and catch landing surveys to obtain information for conservation and management recommendations for the fishery. Littoral fishes in Lake Liambezi and the Kavango floodplain were sampled using seine net and physicochemical properties were measured. Seine net surveys demonstrated that Lake Liambezi littoral zones were dominated by fishes of the family Alestidae (59.7%) while Cichlids constituted the most diverse family. Juvenile Tilapia rendalli and Oreochromis macrochir were among the five most important species in the littoral zone, indicating that these commercially important species use the littoral zone as a nursery ground. Since T. rendalli and O. macrochir are commercially important species, because of this, it is advised that seine nets should not be used. Catch efficiency between monofilament and multifilament gillnets in Lake Liambezi offshore waters were assessed. Catch efficiency experimental fishing trials showed that monofilament gillnets catch per unit effort (CPUE) was three times higher than that of multifilament gillnets for Oreochromis andersonii, O. macrochir, T. rendalli, Serranochromis macrocephalus and Clarias spp. Oreochromis andersonii comprised over 66% of the overall CPUE for both net types combined indicating the importance of this species in the gillnet fishery on the lake. A fishery has been established on the lake with more than 300 canoes and 120 fishermen using monofilament and multifilament gillnets. CPUE was 15 kg/canoe/day and was significantly (P < 0.05) associated with monthly temperature and moon phase parameters indicating that the fishery of Lake Liambezi may be altered by climate and environmental factors. Annual catch from Lake Liambezi was estimated at 3193t with an estimated productivity of 106kg/ha, suggesting that Lake Liambezi makes a significant contribution to the fish supply in the Zambezi Region. Recommendations were made to manage the Lake Liambezi fishery by imposing restrictions on effort (number of fishing boats), gear type, mesh sizes and access. Proper fisheries management and monitoring should incorporate climatic and environmental factors such as temperature and moon phase to meet the challenges of global climatic changes as well as other environmental issues.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Simasiku, Evans Kamwi
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Fishery management -- Namibia -- Lake Liambezi , Seines -- Namibia -- Lake Liambezi , Gillnetting -- Namibia -- Lake Liambezi , Fishes -- Namibia -- Lake Liambezi , Fisheries -- Catch effort -- Namibia -- Lake Liambezi
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5366 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013036
- Description: Lake Liambezi in the Zambezi Region of Namibia, formerly known as the Caprivi Region, is shallow (<6m deep) and characterised by cyclic episodes of filling and drying. When full the lake supports a highly productive fishery and when dry the lake is completely dry and used for agriculture and grazing. In 2000 the lake filled, and between May 2011 and April 2012 was surveyed using beach seine, experimental gillnets and catch landing surveys to obtain information for conservation and management recommendations for the fishery. Littoral fishes in Lake Liambezi and the Kavango floodplain were sampled using seine net and physicochemical properties were measured. Seine net surveys demonstrated that Lake Liambezi littoral zones were dominated by fishes of the family Alestidae (59.7%) while Cichlids constituted the most diverse family. Juvenile Tilapia rendalli and Oreochromis macrochir were among the five most important species in the littoral zone, indicating that these commercially important species use the littoral zone as a nursery ground. Since T. rendalli and O. macrochir are commercially important species, because of this, it is advised that seine nets should not be used. Catch efficiency between monofilament and multifilament gillnets in Lake Liambezi offshore waters were assessed. Catch efficiency experimental fishing trials showed that monofilament gillnets catch per unit effort (CPUE) was three times higher than that of multifilament gillnets for Oreochromis andersonii, O. macrochir, T. rendalli, Serranochromis macrocephalus and Clarias spp. Oreochromis andersonii comprised over 66% of the overall CPUE for both net types combined indicating the importance of this species in the gillnet fishery on the lake. A fishery has been established on the lake with more than 300 canoes and 120 fishermen using monofilament and multifilament gillnets. CPUE was 15 kg/canoe/day and was significantly (P < 0.05) associated with monthly temperature and moon phase parameters indicating that the fishery of Lake Liambezi may be altered by climate and environmental factors. Annual catch from Lake Liambezi was estimated at 3193t with an estimated productivity of 106kg/ha, suggesting that Lake Liambezi makes a significant contribution to the fish supply in the Zambezi Region. Recommendations were made to manage the Lake Liambezi fishery by imposing restrictions on effort (number of fishing boats), gear type, mesh sizes and access. Proper fisheries management and monitoring should incorporate climatic and environmental factors such as temperature and moon phase to meet the challenges of global climatic changes as well as other environmental issues.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Assessment of the monitoring and evaluation tools for transversal training management agency for targeted community based organizations
- Authors: Harbor, Aderonke Omolola
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/1172 , vital:26533
- Description: The purpose of this study was to determine if monitoring and evaluation tools at a local level could help bring about sustainability of rural projects of the community based organizations thereby making the livelihoods of community members better in the Eastern Cape Province. To accomplish this objective, a case study of the training provided by Transversal Training Management Agency (TTMA) was assessed within the concept of the practice of evaluation and seeking to answer four research questions: To what extent should capacity development create sustainable managerial competencies for rural projects? Are monitoring and evaluation tools the key to sustainable projects? How will knowledge and application of M&E tools improve capacity development of CBOs? What are the policy lessons that can be derived from the application of M&E tools for the grass roots groups? The research design was in two parts namely the literature review which focuses on the roles of social change theory and program theory approaches of evaluation which is best applicable for the grassroots, then the case study of TTMA. This was a qualitative research whereby secondary data source was mainly used. The researcher was an employee of TTMA within the period of study, therefore, was able to validate information. Multiple community projects were studied using the secondary data analysis. This was necessary because of the geographic spread of the CBOs that were trained all around the Eastern Cape province and the language barrier would have pose a challenge to the researcher if all project members were to be interviewed. The main findings of the study shows that training was well conducted and project members gave positive feedback about training but what was absent in the training is a study of a monitoring and evaluation framework for the projects‘ members as one of the necessary managerial competencies in order for them to track progress and warning signals in the project cycle before it is too late. In conclusion some recommendations have been made amongst which is a practical handbook of M&E for the grassroots. This provides variety of tools that can best suit the literacy levels of project members that this study targeted. TTMA can therefore, adopt this as part of the training courses for project sustainability.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Harbor, Aderonke Omolola
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/1172 , vital:26533
- Description: The purpose of this study was to determine if monitoring and evaluation tools at a local level could help bring about sustainability of rural projects of the community based organizations thereby making the livelihoods of community members better in the Eastern Cape Province. To accomplish this objective, a case study of the training provided by Transversal Training Management Agency (TTMA) was assessed within the concept of the practice of evaluation and seeking to answer four research questions: To what extent should capacity development create sustainable managerial competencies for rural projects? Are monitoring and evaluation tools the key to sustainable projects? How will knowledge and application of M&E tools improve capacity development of CBOs? What are the policy lessons that can be derived from the application of M&E tools for the grass roots groups? The research design was in two parts namely the literature review which focuses on the roles of social change theory and program theory approaches of evaluation which is best applicable for the grassroots, then the case study of TTMA. This was a qualitative research whereby secondary data source was mainly used. The researcher was an employee of TTMA within the period of study, therefore, was able to validate information. Multiple community projects were studied using the secondary data analysis. This was necessary because of the geographic spread of the CBOs that were trained all around the Eastern Cape province and the language barrier would have pose a challenge to the researcher if all project members were to be interviewed. The main findings of the study shows that training was well conducted and project members gave positive feedback about training but what was absent in the training is a study of a monitoring and evaluation framework for the projects‘ members as one of the necessary managerial competencies in order for them to track progress and warning signals in the project cycle before it is too late. In conclusion some recommendations have been made amongst which is a practical handbook of M&E for the grassroots. This provides variety of tools that can best suit the literacy levels of project members that this study targeted. TTMA can therefore, adopt this as part of the training courses for project sustainability.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Assessment of the performance of smallholder irrigated sugarcane farming in Maphumulo municipality of KwaZulu-Natal Province
- Mdletshe, Sifiso Themba Clement
- Authors: Mdletshe, Sifiso Themba Clement
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Irrigation projects -- South Africa -- KwaZulu-Natal , Sugarcane industry -- South Africa -- KwaZulu-Natal , Irrigation farming -- South Africa -- KwaZulu-Natal
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc Agric (Agricultural Economics)
- Identifier: vital:11221 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1019822 , Irrigation projects -- South Africa -- KwaZulu-Natal , Sugarcane industry -- South Africa -- KwaZulu-Natal , Irrigation farming -- South Africa -- KwaZulu-Natal
- Description: Kwa-Zulu Natal (KZN) is mainly composed of small-scale farmers with low production capacity and knowledge (ISRADS, 2004). The general problem is the performance of smallholder irrigation schemes, issues that cause low productivity; whereas the cost of purchasing machinery is too high. In the rural areas the majority of the people are unemployed due to different reasons such as lack of employment opportunities available to them, lack of skill, and low level of education and mostly they are inexperienced. This study identifies theperformance of irrigation projects amongst smallholder sugarcane farmers in KwaZulu Natal in order to uplift the livelihood of smallholder sugarcane production as well as its sustainability.This was done on the basis of demographics, historical background and agricultural potential. This dissertation will discusses all approaches used to conduct the study. The dissertation also describes the analytical framework used in this study, namely: The research design, sampling, sample size, data, data collection procedures, model description and the specific analyses carried out to address the study objectives. The results of net values of irrigated and non-irrigated lands, the irrigating households indicated13% of sugar cane production per hector more than non-irrigators. It is clearly indicated that water/ irrigation can contribute on maximizing sugarcane yield and promotes sustainability. Improving the technology from small scale growers’ point of view, extension officers from different areas that produce sugarcane should be scheduled to attend Refresher Courses at SASRI to train them on different aspect of irrigation management and sugarcane production. When there is newly established technology, such as invention of a new variety of sugarcane that is resistant to drought and diseases. It would be more essential for agricultural development to encourage government investment on more irrigation schemes facilities.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Mdletshe, Sifiso Themba Clement
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Irrigation projects -- South Africa -- KwaZulu-Natal , Sugarcane industry -- South Africa -- KwaZulu-Natal , Irrigation farming -- South Africa -- KwaZulu-Natal
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc Agric (Agricultural Economics)
- Identifier: vital:11221 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1019822 , Irrigation projects -- South Africa -- KwaZulu-Natal , Sugarcane industry -- South Africa -- KwaZulu-Natal , Irrigation farming -- South Africa -- KwaZulu-Natal
- Description: Kwa-Zulu Natal (KZN) is mainly composed of small-scale farmers with low production capacity and knowledge (ISRADS, 2004). The general problem is the performance of smallholder irrigation schemes, issues that cause low productivity; whereas the cost of purchasing machinery is too high. In the rural areas the majority of the people are unemployed due to different reasons such as lack of employment opportunities available to them, lack of skill, and low level of education and mostly they are inexperienced. This study identifies theperformance of irrigation projects amongst smallholder sugarcane farmers in KwaZulu Natal in order to uplift the livelihood of smallholder sugarcane production as well as its sustainability.This was done on the basis of demographics, historical background and agricultural potential. This dissertation will discusses all approaches used to conduct the study. The dissertation also describes the analytical framework used in this study, namely: The research design, sampling, sample size, data, data collection procedures, model description and the specific analyses carried out to address the study objectives. The results of net values of irrigated and non-irrigated lands, the irrigating households indicated13% of sugar cane production per hector more than non-irrigators. It is clearly indicated that water/ irrigation can contribute on maximizing sugarcane yield and promotes sustainability. Improving the technology from small scale growers’ point of view, extension officers from different areas that produce sugarcane should be scheduled to attend Refresher Courses at SASRI to train them on different aspect of irrigation management and sugarcane production. When there is newly established technology, such as invention of a new variety of sugarcane that is resistant to drought and diseases. It would be more essential for agricultural development to encourage government investment on more irrigation schemes facilities.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Assessment of the prevalence of faecal coliforms and Escherichia coli o157:h7 in the final effluents of two wastewater treatment plants in Amahlathi Local Municipality of Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
- Authors: Ajibade, Adefisoye Martins
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Sewage disposal plants , Escherichia coli -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Escherichia coli O157:H7 , Escherichia coli , Effluent quality -- Testing , Whole effluent toxicity testing , Water -- Purification
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc (Microbiology)
- Identifier: vital:11283 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1016166 , Sewage disposal plants , Escherichia coli -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Escherichia coli O157:H7 , Escherichia coli , Effluent quality -- Testing , Whole effluent toxicity testing , Water -- Purification
- Description: The production of final effluents that meet discharged requirements and guidelines remain a major challenge particularly in the developing world with the resultant problem of surface water pollution. This study assessed the physicochemical and microbiological qualities of two wastewater treatment works in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa in terms of the prevalence of faecal coliforms and Escherichia coli O157:H7 over a five month period. All physicochemical and microbiological analyses were carried out using standard methods. Data were collected in triplicates and analysed statistically using IBM SPSS version 20.0. The ranges of some of the physicochemical parameters that complied with set guidelines include pH (6.7 – 7.6), TDS (107 – 171 mg/L), EC (168 – 266 μS/cm), Temperature (15 – 24oC), NO3- (0 – 8.2 mg/L), NO2- (0.14 – 0.71 mg/L) and PO4 (1.05 – 4.50 mg/L). Others including Turbidity (2.64 – 58.00 NTU), Free Cl (0.13 – 0.65 mg/L), DO (2.20 – 8.48 mg/L), BOD (0.13 – 6.85 mg/L) and COD (40 – 482 mg/L) did not comply with set guidelines. The microbiological parameters ranged 0 – 2.7 × 104 CFU/100 ml for FC and 0 – 9.3 × 103 for EHEC CFU/100 ml, an indication of non-compliance with set guidelines. Preliminary identification of 40 randomly selected presumptive enterohemorrhagic E. coli isolates by Gram’s staining and oxidase test shows 100% (all 40 selected isolates) to be Gram positive while 90% (36 randomly selected isolates) were oxidase negative. Statistical correlation between the physicochemical and the microbiological parameters were generally weak except in the case of free chlorine and DO where they showed inverse correlation with the microbiological parameters. The recovery of EHEC showed the inefficiency of the treatment processes to effectively inactivate the bacteria, and possibly other pathogenic bacteria that may be present in the treated wastewater. The assessment suggested the need for proper monitoring and a review of the treatment procedures used at these treatment works.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Ajibade, Adefisoye Martins
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Sewage disposal plants , Escherichia coli -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Escherichia coli O157:H7 , Escherichia coli , Effluent quality -- Testing , Whole effluent toxicity testing , Water -- Purification
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc (Microbiology)
- Identifier: vital:11283 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1016166 , Sewage disposal plants , Escherichia coli -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Escherichia coli O157:H7 , Escherichia coli , Effluent quality -- Testing , Whole effluent toxicity testing , Water -- Purification
- Description: The production of final effluents that meet discharged requirements and guidelines remain a major challenge particularly in the developing world with the resultant problem of surface water pollution. This study assessed the physicochemical and microbiological qualities of two wastewater treatment works in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa in terms of the prevalence of faecal coliforms and Escherichia coli O157:H7 over a five month period. All physicochemical and microbiological analyses were carried out using standard methods. Data were collected in triplicates and analysed statistically using IBM SPSS version 20.0. The ranges of some of the physicochemical parameters that complied with set guidelines include pH (6.7 – 7.6), TDS (107 – 171 mg/L), EC (168 – 266 μS/cm), Temperature (15 – 24oC), NO3- (0 – 8.2 mg/L), NO2- (0.14 – 0.71 mg/L) and PO4 (1.05 – 4.50 mg/L). Others including Turbidity (2.64 – 58.00 NTU), Free Cl (0.13 – 0.65 mg/L), DO (2.20 – 8.48 mg/L), BOD (0.13 – 6.85 mg/L) and COD (40 – 482 mg/L) did not comply with set guidelines. The microbiological parameters ranged 0 – 2.7 × 104 CFU/100 ml for FC and 0 – 9.3 × 103 for EHEC CFU/100 ml, an indication of non-compliance with set guidelines. Preliminary identification of 40 randomly selected presumptive enterohemorrhagic E. coli isolates by Gram’s staining and oxidase test shows 100% (all 40 selected isolates) to be Gram positive while 90% (36 randomly selected isolates) were oxidase negative. Statistical correlation between the physicochemical and the microbiological parameters were generally weak except in the case of free chlorine and DO where they showed inverse correlation with the microbiological parameters. The recovery of EHEC showed the inefficiency of the treatment processes to effectively inactivate the bacteria, and possibly other pathogenic bacteria that may be present in the treated wastewater. The assessment suggested the need for proper monitoring and a review of the treatment procedures used at these treatment works.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Attitudes, knowledge and behaviour of HIV positive pregnant women attending antenatal care in Buffalo city metropolitan district East London towards prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT)
- Matroshe, Florence Nozakhe Skoti
- Authors: Matroshe, Florence Nozakhe Skoti
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc (Nursing Science)
- Identifier: vital:11915 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1016150
- Description: The National HIV and AIDS and STI strategic plan for South Africa, 2007-2011 aims to reduce the rate of mother to child transmission to less than 5% by 2011. On the World Aids day in 2009, the Honorable President Jacob Zuma announced the intervention to improve antiretroviral therapy (ARV), access to priority group’s in order to decrease the disease burden, to address maternal and child mortality, and to improve life expectancy (PMTCT Guidelines: 2010). According to the literature reviewed, accepting attitudes may indicate better knowledge and understanding of HIV and AIDS. Marking a change in South Africa’s history of HIV the South African Government launched a major HIV Counseling and Testing program campaign (HCT) in 2010. For the PMTCT program to work and be acceptable, it needs to be known by its clients. It helps the individual to know about their status so that they make important choices for self and others. Amongst the important choices, medications for opportunistic medications, ARV’S, behavior change, etc, are included (Project Literacy 2006:40). Aim and Objectives: The study assessed the knowledge that the pregnant women have towards the prevention of mother to-child transmission which includes HIV testing, antiretroviral prophylaxis during pregnancy, labour, and post natal and feeding options. Methods: A quantitative descriptive method was used for this study. The questionnaires developed by the researcher were used for data collection. The items on the questionnaire were divided into four (4) subsections. The questionnaire was administered to all positive pregnant women coming for follow up visit and those available at the time of data collection. Conclusion: In this study evaluation of the level of knowledge and attitude of positive pregnant women with regard to PMTCT in 5 Buffalo City Municipality clinics was conducted. It was found that some of positive pregnant women have better knowledge about PMTC though there were still those that need further education. Recommendations: The service providers, who are the professional nurses, should be provided with proper training on PMTCT program to improve their standard of service delivery and to capacitate them with knowledge and skills. Integration of HIV related health aspects during assessment and treatment of pregnant women should be strengthened, as the purpose of implementation of PMTCT was to reduce mortality rate by 50%, and also to reach the 4th Millennium Development Goal of reducing these deaths by two-thirds by 2015.east london towards prevention of mother to child transmission (pmtct)
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Matroshe, Florence Nozakhe Skoti
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc (Nursing Science)
- Identifier: vital:11915 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1016150
- Description: The National HIV and AIDS and STI strategic plan for South Africa, 2007-2011 aims to reduce the rate of mother to child transmission to less than 5% by 2011. On the World Aids day in 2009, the Honorable President Jacob Zuma announced the intervention to improve antiretroviral therapy (ARV), access to priority group’s in order to decrease the disease burden, to address maternal and child mortality, and to improve life expectancy (PMTCT Guidelines: 2010). According to the literature reviewed, accepting attitudes may indicate better knowledge and understanding of HIV and AIDS. Marking a change in South Africa’s history of HIV the South African Government launched a major HIV Counseling and Testing program campaign (HCT) in 2010. For the PMTCT program to work and be acceptable, it needs to be known by its clients. It helps the individual to know about their status so that they make important choices for self and others. Amongst the important choices, medications for opportunistic medications, ARV’S, behavior change, etc, are included (Project Literacy 2006:40). Aim and Objectives: The study assessed the knowledge that the pregnant women have towards the prevention of mother to-child transmission which includes HIV testing, antiretroviral prophylaxis during pregnancy, labour, and post natal and feeding options. Methods: A quantitative descriptive method was used for this study. The questionnaires developed by the researcher were used for data collection. The items on the questionnaire were divided into four (4) subsections. The questionnaire was administered to all positive pregnant women coming for follow up visit and those available at the time of data collection. Conclusion: In this study evaluation of the level of knowledge and attitude of positive pregnant women with regard to PMTCT in 5 Buffalo City Municipality clinics was conducted. It was found that some of positive pregnant women have better knowledge about PMTC though there were still those that need further education. Recommendations: The service providers, who are the professional nurses, should be provided with proper training on PMTCT program to improve their standard of service delivery and to capacitate them with knowledge and skills. Integration of HIV related health aspects during assessment and treatment of pregnant women should be strengthened, as the purpose of implementation of PMTCT was to reduce mortality rate by 50%, and also to reach the 4th Millennium Development Goal of reducing these deaths by two-thirds by 2015.east london towards prevention of mother to child transmission (pmtct)
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Audience observations of art, identity and schizophrenia : possibilities for identity movement
- Authors: Farquharson, Kirsten Leigh
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Mental illness -- Social aspects , Stigma (Social psychology) , Identity (Psychology) , Schizophrenia -- Treatment , Art therapy -- Research , Art, South African -- 21st century -- Exhibitions
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:3223 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1012992
- Description: This research situates itself in the study of stigma in mental illness. In particular, the aim is to explore the potential that art making and exhibiting has in reducing stigma for those with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. The research explores one aspect (the exhibition stage) of an "art as therapy" project. The exhibiting of one’s artwork aims to counter limiting "patient" identities by allowing those labelled as psychiatric patients to extend their self-identity to an alternative identity of the "artist". However, this idea only stands strong if the artwork created is not discriminated against as "naïve art" and is accepted or at least considered for acceptance as legitimate nonprofessional artwork. This research explores the ways in which art created by inpatients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia is received by the general art-viewing public at the National Arts Festival in Grahamstown, South Africa. The study uses a discourse analytic framework to analyse the interviews of members of the public who attended the art exhibition of patient artwork. It will examine the ways in which the public construct the artworks and how they position the makers of this art across a continuum, from patient to artist. The results of this thesis have implications for rehabilitation practices for people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia particularly with regard to opportunities to "perform" alternative identities in public spaces.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Farquharson, Kirsten Leigh
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Mental illness -- Social aspects , Stigma (Social psychology) , Identity (Psychology) , Schizophrenia -- Treatment , Art therapy -- Research , Art, South African -- 21st century -- Exhibitions
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:3223 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1012992
- Description: This research situates itself in the study of stigma in mental illness. In particular, the aim is to explore the potential that art making and exhibiting has in reducing stigma for those with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. The research explores one aspect (the exhibition stage) of an "art as therapy" project. The exhibiting of one’s artwork aims to counter limiting "patient" identities by allowing those labelled as psychiatric patients to extend their self-identity to an alternative identity of the "artist". However, this idea only stands strong if the artwork created is not discriminated against as "naïve art" and is accepted or at least considered for acceptance as legitimate nonprofessional artwork. This research explores the ways in which art created by inpatients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia is received by the general art-viewing public at the National Arts Festival in Grahamstown, South Africa. The study uses a discourse analytic framework to analyse the interviews of members of the public who attended the art exhibition of patient artwork. It will examine the ways in which the public construct the artworks and how they position the makers of this art across a continuum, from patient to artist. The results of this thesis have implications for rehabilitation practices for people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia particularly with regard to opportunities to "perform" alternative identities in public spaces.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Autonomous guided vehicle for agricultural application
- Authors: Chikosi, Gerald
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Autonomous vehicles , Farm equipment
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEngineering (Mechatronics)
- Identifier: vital:9652 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1016164
- Description: With the world's population expected to reach nine billion by 2050, agricultural production will have to double to meet this growing demand. Hence, a need for better infrastructure to enhance farming efficiency becomes apparent. There are a number of solutions that have been developed to date that are commercially available. They range from genetically modified seeds and bio/green fertilizers to advanced farming machinery amongst others. However most of the farming equipment developed has drawbacks such as: heavy weight – this leads to reduced yields due to soil compacting; human dependency – constant monitoring and controlling is needed; light dependency – excludes usage during the night or when visibility is poor. Therefore, a possible solution will be researched to enhance the evolution of farming equipment. Furthermore, a model will be developed for testing and verifying the research.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Chikosi, Gerald
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Autonomous vehicles , Farm equipment
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEngineering (Mechatronics)
- Identifier: vital:9652 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1016164
- Description: With the world's population expected to reach nine billion by 2050, agricultural production will have to double to meet this growing demand. Hence, a need for better infrastructure to enhance farming efficiency becomes apparent. There are a number of solutions that have been developed to date that are commercially available. They range from genetically modified seeds and bio/green fertilizers to advanced farming machinery amongst others. However most of the farming equipment developed has drawbacks such as: heavy weight – this leads to reduced yields due to soil compacting; human dependency – constant monitoring and controlling is needed; light dependency – excludes usage during the night or when visibility is poor. Therefore, a possible solution will be researched to enhance the evolution of farming equipment. Furthermore, a model will be developed for testing and verifying the research.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Bacterial degradation of waste coal
- Authors: Madikiza, Lwazikazi
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/54576 , vital:26590
- Description: As an energy source coal has one of the largest agglomerations in the world. Consequently mining of coal creates large volumes of waste in the form of low ranks coals. The complex structure of coal makes it difficult for the microorganisms to degrade and relatively few bacteria and fungi have been shown to break down coal. This study aimed to investigate bacteria not previously known to degrade coal. In this study bacteria were isolated from hydrocarbon contaminated sites and inoculated in coal medium where coal served as the only carbon source. Three strains produced a yellow – brown supernatant after 14 d of incubation at 30 °C. Bacteria generating a yellow – brown coloured supernatant were presumed to possess coal degrading capabilities and the best performing of these bacterial species was identified using 16s rDNA as Bacillus flexus. Scanning electron microscopy showed that there was a close association between the bacterium and substrate coal. The close association of bacteria to substrate suggested that these organisms were able to maximize solubilisation. FT-IR spectroscopic analysis demonstrated the addition of single bonded compounds COOH, OH, CN and CH that were absent prior to bacterial interaction. The increase in oxygen rich regions indicated degradation of the coal substrate. Elemental analysis showed that there was a decrease in carbon content from 47 % to 24 % during the 14 day incubation period. Reduction in coal carbon content was assumed to be due to bacterial utilization for metabolism and growth particularly as untreated coal substrate showed minimal loss of carbon. Analysis of the residual culture medium revealed that there was a linear increase in humic-like substance concentration for 8 d, coincident with increased coal biosolubilisation and colour change. Laccase activity was insignificant, and at 13 d enzyme activity was only 5×10-3 U/L suggesting that B. flexus may use a different mechanism to degrade coal. Residual culture medium remaining after bacterial action on the coal substrate appeared to possess plant growth promoting activity. This soluble biodegradation product with characteristics similar to humic acid-like substances was shown to impact growth of radish cotyledons. Expansion of isolated radish cotyledons was enhanced by 140% when incubated in coal biodegradation product. In conclusion, this study has yielded B. flexus and two other unidentified bacteria, isolated from polyaromatic hydrocarbon contaminated soils, and demonstrated the ability of these microorganisms to degrade waste coal. Further studies to elucidate the mechanism of coal breakdown by B. flexus, synergies with other coal degrading microorganisms, and incorporation of bacterium into Fungcoal bioprocess technology is imminent.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Madikiza, Lwazikazi
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/54576 , vital:26590
- Description: As an energy source coal has one of the largest agglomerations in the world. Consequently mining of coal creates large volumes of waste in the form of low ranks coals. The complex structure of coal makes it difficult for the microorganisms to degrade and relatively few bacteria and fungi have been shown to break down coal. This study aimed to investigate bacteria not previously known to degrade coal. In this study bacteria were isolated from hydrocarbon contaminated sites and inoculated in coal medium where coal served as the only carbon source. Three strains produced a yellow – brown supernatant after 14 d of incubation at 30 °C. Bacteria generating a yellow – brown coloured supernatant were presumed to possess coal degrading capabilities and the best performing of these bacterial species was identified using 16s rDNA as Bacillus flexus. Scanning electron microscopy showed that there was a close association between the bacterium and substrate coal. The close association of bacteria to substrate suggested that these organisms were able to maximize solubilisation. FT-IR spectroscopic analysis demonstrated the addition of single bonded compounds COOH, OH, CN and CH that were absent prior to bacterial interaction. The increase in oxygen rich regions indicated degradation of the coal substrate. Elemental analysis showed that there was a decrease in carbon content from 47 % to 24 % during the 14 day incubation period. Reduction in coal carbon content was assumed to be due to bacterial utilization for metabolism and growth particularly as untreated coal substrate showed minimal loss of carbon. Analysis of the residual culture medium revealed that there was a linear increase in humic-like substance concentration for 8 d, coincident with increased coal biosolubilisation and colour change. Laccase activity was insignificant, and at 13 d enzyme activity was only 5×10-3 U/L suggesting that B. flexus may use a different mechanism to degrade coal. Residual culture medium remaining after bacterial action on the coal substrate appeared to possess plant growth promoting activity. This soluble biodegradation product with characteristics similar to humic acid-like substances was shown to impact growth of radish cotyledons. Expansion of isolated radish cotyledons was enhanced by 140% when incubated in coal biodegradation product. In conclusion, this study has yielded B. flexus and two other unidentified bacteria, isolated from polyaromatic hydrocarbon contaminated soils, and demonstrated the ability of these microorganisms to degrade waste coal. Further studies to elucidate the mechanism of coal breakdown by B. flexus, synergies with other coal degrading microorganisms, and incorporation of bacterium into Fungcoal bioprocess technology is imminent.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Balanced scorecard components as predictors of service performance management in first bank Nigeria plc 2009 – 2014
- Authors: Agomuonso, Clara Udochi
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD (in Public Administration)
- Identifier: vital:11721 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1017866
- Description: Many institutions and organizations are set up to with a right motive but fail to actualize their vision. This cuts across both public and private institutions across the globe. A financial institution is selected for this research because of its sensitivity; hence getting it right with a delicate institution like a financial organization will assist usage of this monitoring system by other institutions. Modern banking in Nigeria started in 1892 with the free banking era which ended when the Banking Ordinance of 1952 was promulgated. First Bank was the pioneer bank that was established in Nigeria in 1894 as the Bank of British West Africa. The establishment of the First Bank of Nigeria predates the birth of the Nigerian nation as a sovereign entity. The bank which was registered as the bank of British West Africa in 1894 has therefore evolved along the path of political, social and economic changes and developments of Nigeria from the colonial period to independence and the experience of post-independence. It thus shared, in the process of its growth, the tidal experiences of the nation which, in retrospect, were sources of strength (Ndekwu, 1994).
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- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Agomuonso, Clara Udochi
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD (in Public Administration)
- Identifier: vital:11721 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1017866
- Description: Many institutions and organizations are set up to with a right motive but fail to actualize their vision. This cuts across both public and private institutions across the globe. A financial institution is selected for this research because of its sensitivity; hence getting it right with a delicate institution like a financial organization will assist usage of this monitoring system by other institutions. Modern banking in Nigeria started in 1892 with the free banking era which ended when the Banking Ordinance of 1952 was promulgated. First Bank was the pioneer bank that was established in Nigeria in 1894 as the Bank of British West Africa. The establishment of the First Bank of Nigeria predates the birth of the Nigerian nation as a sovereign entity. The bank which was registered as the bank of British West Africa in 1894 has therefore evolved along the path of political, social and economic changes and developments of Nigeria from the colonial period to independence and the experience of post-independence. It thus shared, in the process of its growth, the tidal experiences of the nation which, in retrospect, were sources of strength (Ndekwu, 1994).
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Balancing legislative and contractual obligations with government policy objectives and the commercial and economic sustainability of the Amathole Forestry Company (Pty.) LTD: a community benefit model designed for implementation by Amathole Forestry Company (Pty) Ltd
- Authors: Swift, Davron
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Community development -- South Africa -- Amathole District Municipality , Economic development -- South Africa -- Amathole District Municipality -- Citizen participation , Forests and forestry -- Social aspects -- South Africa -- Amathole District Municipality
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/3185 , vital:20409
- Description: The fundamental objective of this research is to design and propose an appropriate community benefit model that can be implemented by a forestry company in the Eastern Cape of South Africa. De Beer, Rutsch and Eliffe (1998) describe community benefits as a collection of social and economic opportunities through which people are able to improve the quality of their lives or the lives of others. This study proposes a model that can be implemented in a manner that is mutually beneficial to the forestry company concerned and its community stakeholders.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Swift, Davron
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Community development -- South Africa -- Amathole District Municipality , Economic development -- South Africa -- Amathole District Municipality -- Citizen participation , Forests and forestry -- Social aspects -- South Africa -- Amathole District Municipality
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/3185 , vital:20409
- Description: The fundamental objective of this research is to design and propose an appropriate community benefit model that can be implemented by a forestry company in the Eastern Cape of South Africa. De Beer, Rutsch and Eliffe (1998) describe community benefits as a collection of social and economic opportunities through which people are able to improve the quality of their lives or the lives of others. This study proposes a model that can be implemented in a manner that is mutually beneficial to the forestry company concerned and its community stakeholders.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014