Measuring intra-industry trade and productivity in the South African pharmaceutical sector
- Authors: Malimba, Nwabisa , Mutambara, Tsitsi E , Marire, Juniours
- Date: 2024
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/470864 , vital:77402 , https://doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v27i1.5486
- Description: The South African pharmaceutical sector is Africa's largest and most advanced but heavily depends on imported products and active pharmaceutical ingredients to meet its demands. The status quo is due to low intra-industry trade, which is necessary to induce innovation and technological progress essential for accelerating local production, export growth and reducing dependence on imports. AIM: The primary objective of this article was to examine intra-industry trade in South Africa's pharmaceutical sector and subsequently, total factor productivity (TFP) as a key driver of intra-industry trade. Intra-industry trade was measured using data obtained from the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development databases, while the TFP was measured using data from the South African Reserve Bank (SARB) covering 2001-2021.
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- Date Issued: 2024
South Africa-Africa trade: Continental Free Trade Area
- Authors: Mutambara, Tsitsi E
- Date: 2024
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/478261 , vital:78169 , https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/298372
- Description: South Africa-Africa trade was examined for 2001-2021 and results show that Africa is an important market for South Africa's manufactured products and there is ease of market access for these products; its trade with Africa is highly complementary; and it has strong trade linkages with Africa's regional groups. Current South Africa-Africa trade is a foundation South Africa could utilise to consolidate, broaden and strengthen its role in intra-Africa trade with the AfCFTA in place as more complementary trade opportunities emerge; markets open more and current trade linkages with regional groups strengthen as trade barriers are reduced further; and regional value chains and production clusters initiatives emerge as market access improves with new and dynamic comparative advantages emerging.
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- Date Issued: 2024
South Africa-Africa trade: Continental Free Trade Area
- Authors: Mutambara, Tsitsi E , Hess, Richard
- Date: 2024
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/473180 , vital:77614 , https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/298372
- Description: South Africa-Africa trade was examined for 2001-2021 and results show that Africa is an important market for South Africa's manufactured products and there is ease of market access for these products; its trade with Africa is highly complementary; and it has strong trade linkages with Africa's regional groups. Current South Africa-Africa trade is a foundation South Africa could utilise to consolidate, broaden and strengthen its role in intra-Africa trade with the AfCFTA in place as more complementary trade opportunities emerge; markets open more and current trade linkages with regional groups strengthen as trade barriers are reduced further; and regional value chains and production clusters initiatives emerge as market access improves with new and dynamic comparative advantages emerging.
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- Date Issued: 2024
South Africa-Africa trade: Continental Free Trade Area
- Authors: Mutambara, Tsitsi E
- Date: 2024
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/473168 , vital:77612 , https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/298372
- Description: South Africa-Africa trade was examined for 2001-2021 and results show that Africa is an important market for South Africa's manufactured products and there is ease of market access for these products; its trade with Africa is highly complementary; and it has strong trade linkages with Africa's regional groups. Current South Africa-Africa trade is a foundation South Africa could utilise to consolidate, broaden and strengthen its role in intra-Africa trade with the AfCFTA in place as more complementary trade opportunities emerge; markets open more and current trade linkages with regional groups strengthen as trade barriers are reduced further; and regional value chains and production clusters initiatives emerge as market access improves with new and dynamic comparative advantages emerging.
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- Date Issued: 2024
Service learning in teacher education programmes: A literature review on the rationale, benefits, and challenges
- Authors: Mutambara, Tsitsi E
- Date: 2023
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/477842 , vital:78129 , https://doi.org/10.24052/IJHEM/V09N02/ART-5
- Description: Service-learning is a teaching approach that gives students opportunities to participate in a service that meets community needs as well as being relevant to the curriculum content and to reflect on the service-learning activity/activities and experience. While the discipline specific content is determined by the National Approved Curriculum for the respective Degree, Diploma or Certificate programme, activities which contribute towards concretising concepts and thus, marry theory with real-life challenges are jointly designed and agreed upon by the subject lecturer and the specific community partner. As pre-service teachers engage in servicelearning activities, they experience personal and professional growth through:(i) taking leadership roles in service-learning activities;(ii) exposure to-and awareness of the real-life environment in which the 21st Century teaching profession has to operate;(iii) engaging in and participating in authentic real-life centred teaching practices;(iv) acquisition of new dispositions necessary for a 21st Century teacher; and (v) exposure to-and the relevance of service-learning as a teaching/learning pedagogy. Therefore, this study is a literature review of a range of some of the existing work on service-learning and it collates and brings together key components of service-learning, its benefits, and challenges. The implications of servicelearning in Teacher education programmes are that curriculum content should be questioned regarding its relevance in modern day society, how well it prepares pre-service teachers for teaching skills and needs of a rapidly changing economy and society, and that education should take place in an authentic learning environment where community service activities are integrated with the academic curriculum.
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- Date Issued: 2023
Implications of static and dynamic effects of economic integration for investment inflows and outflows using theories on industrial location: A theoretical debate
- Authors: Mutambara, Tsitsi E
- Date: 2021
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/473143 , vital:77610 , https://ijbel.com/previous-issues/april-june-and-august-2021/vol-24-august-2021-issue-6/
- Description: Both the static and dynamic effects of economic integration have implications for investment inflows into a regional group, as well as relocation of investment by firms already domiciled in the regional group. Therefore, economic integration theory has become increasingly concerned about the locational effects of economic integration arrangements, thus giving rise to the growing interest by trade theorists in the importance of geography. New models of trade which incorporate factor mobility, external economies of scale and product competition, have established the importance of location in the analysis of the effects of economic integration arrangements. This research article therefore seeks to examine the implications of economic integration for industry location given the various theoretical debates with regard to locational choices of industries. This is done by reviewing theoretical arguments based on the Traditional theory of industrial location, the Marshallian theory, the theory of New economic geography, Weber’s theory and Dunning’s ownership, location and internalisation (OLI) theory. Arguments are thus presented to illustrate and explain how the static and dynamic effects of economic integration motivate industry location by creating the locational factors which the respective industry location theories present as key determinants for industry location. By examining the interplay between the key locational factors in the various theories and the static and dynamic effect of economic integration, this study shows that by viewing the theories of industrial location theories separately, each theory alone cannot answer adequately the question of industrial location and even agglomeration, despite highlighting and clarifying relevant factors. Therefore, the various theories must be integrated in order to understand the dynamics with which economic integration has implications for investment flows.
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- Date Issued: 2021
Implications of static and dynamic effects of economic integration for investment inflows and outflows using theories on industrial location: A theoretical debate
- Authors: Mutambara, Tsitsi E
- Date: 2021
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/477820 , vital:78127 , https://ijbel.com/previous-issues/april-june-and-august-2021/vol-24-august-2021-issue-6/
- Description: Both the static and dynamic effects of economic integration have implications for investment inflows into a regional group, as well as relocation of investment by firms already domiciled in the regional group. Therefore, economic integration theory has become increasingly concerned about the locational effects of economic integration arrangements, thus giving rise to the growing interest by trade theorists in the importance of geography. New models of trade which incorporate factor mobility, external economies of scale and product competition, have established the importance of location in the analysis of the effects of economic integration arrangements. This research article therefore seeks to examine the implications of economic integration for industry location given the various theoretical debates with regard to locational choices of industries. This is done by reviewing theoretical arguments based on the Traditional theory of industrial location, the Marshallian theory, the theory of New economic geography, Weber’s theory and Dunning’s ownership, location and internalisation (OLI) theory. Arguments are thus presented to illustrate and explain how the static and dynamic effects of economic integration motivate industry location by creating the locational factors which the respective industry location theories present as key determinants for industry location. By examining the interplay between the key locational factors in the various theories and the static and dynamic effect of economic integration, this study shows that by viewing the theories of industrial location theories separately, each theory alone cannot answer adequately the question of industrial location and even agglomeration, despite highlighting and clarifying relevant factors. Therefore, the various theories must be integrated in order to understand the dynamics with which economic integration has implications for investment flows.
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- Date Issued: 2021
Implications of the US–China Tit-for-Tat tariff escalation: A literature review of standard trade theory and empirical evidence on economic consequences and effects on both countries
- Authors: Mutambara, Tsitsi E
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/478272 , vital:78170 , 10.18639/MERJ.2019.952971
- Description: This study reviewed standard international trade theories as they pertain to the impact of trade restrictions. Current empirical studies were reviewed to see whether evidence supports trade theory predictions. Conventional price impacts in standard models of international trade show that trade restrictions are detrimental for trade for both countries involved, and the empirical evidence from current studies confirmed this. The current tit-for-tat tariff escalation between China and the United States has led to, among other things, increased domestic prices to both American consumers and producers; lower export prices to some of the Chinese exporters and American firms based in China; reduced import and export trade between the two countries that would lead to costly adjustments in supply chains; loss in net welfare and employment; and loss in competitive advantage to firms in both countries that produce for export. Therefore, efforts should be made to de-escalate these trade tensions.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
Implications of the US–China Tit-for-Tat tariff escalation: A literature review of standard trade theory and empirical evidence on economic consequences and effects on both countries
- Authors: Mutambara, Tsitsi E
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/473156 , vital:77611 , DOI : 10.18639/MERJ.2019.952971
- Description: This study reviewed standard international trade theories as they pertain to the impact of trade restrictions. Current empirical studies were reviewed to see whether evidence supports trade theory predictions. Conventional price impacts in standard models of international trade show that trade restrictions are detrimental for trade for both countries involved, and the empirical evidence from current studies confirmed this. The current tit-for-tat tariff escalation between China and the United States has led to, among other things, increased domestic prices to both American consumers and producers; lower export prices to some of the Chinese exporters and American firms based in China; reduced import and export trade between the two countries that would lead to costly adjustments in supply chains; loss in net welfare and employment; and loss in competitive advantage to firms in both countries that produce for export. Therefore, efforts should be made to de-escalate these trade tensions.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
How has trade between South Africa and China evolved over the past decade?
- Authors: Mutambara, Tsitsi E
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/477809 , vital:78126 , https://doi.org/10.1080/19186444.2017.1326721
- Description: China is now South Africa’s significant trading partner, so it is important to examine how the resulting trade benefits compare with those from South Africa’s long standing traditional trading partners. South Africa’s trade with its long standing traditional partners and with China is examined by analysing the factor intensities of goods traded; trade intensity with each country; ease of market access of its products; and intra-industry trade opportunities. Results show that South Africa continues to benefit more from trade with its long standing trading partners than it does with China. Trade with China merely provides South Africa a market mainly for non-fuel primary commodities, while the traditional trading partners provide markets for both low value and high value added products and opportunities for intra-industry trade. This is essential for innovation and technology spillovers both of which are essential to help South Africa to develop its manufacturing base further.
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- Date Issued: 2017
South-South Versus North-South Trade Linkages: A Case Study of Ethiopia and Implications for the Country's Industrial Development
- Authors: Mutambara, Tsitsi E , Hess, R
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/477854 , vital:78130 , https://www.ajol.info/index.php/eassrr/article/view/101123
- Description: This article examines Ethiopia’s trade with the North versus the South and uses the trade patterns that emerge to derive policy implications for the country’s industrial development. Descriptive statistics in the form of tables and figures are used to reflect the emerging trade patterns. Grubel-Lloyd intra-industry trade indices are calculated for high technology manufactured goods so as to examine intra-industry trade opportunities between Ethiopia and its major trading partners. The Heckscher-Ohlin model, post-Heckscher-Ohlin models, as well as, tariff and non-tariff barriers currently in place are used to try and explain the trade patterns that emerge. The research finds that Ethiopia trades relatively more intensively with Asia and the Middle East than with countries in the North, thus depicting a “look East strategy”. This is despite both the EU and the USA levying much lower applied tariffs on most of Ethiopia’s exports. The geographical nearness of Asian and Middle East markets makes them more attractive, whilst non-tariff barriers like phytosanitary regulations, packaging and quality standards in markets in the North and the geographic distance make Ethiopia’s exports less competitive. Ethiopia’s intra-industry trade opportunities in high technology products lie mainly with countries in the North, especially Italy. Pursuing such trade opportunities with countries with well developed industrial bases would help Ethiopia to build a stronger manufacturing sector through an interchange of knowledge, skills and advanced up-to-date technology.
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- Date Issued: 2014
Africa-Asia trade versus Africa’s trade with the North: Trends and trajectories.
- Authors: Mutambara, Tsitsi E
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/477787 , vital:78124 , https://www.ajol.info/index.php/aref/article/view/91063
- Description: This study shows that Europe continues to be Africa’s major trading partner given the historical relations and long-standing trading arrangements between the two. However, evidence also shows that despite maintaining strong trade linkages with Europe, Africa’s trade with Asia has been growing at a much faster rate than Africa’s trade with Europe. Over the years, Africa’s share of manufactured imports (at all levels of manufacturing and technology intensity) from Asia has been on a continuous rise, while Europe’s share of Africa’s imports of this nature has been on a continuous decline. Both Europe and Asia provide Africa with a market for its exports, although Europe absorbs more than Asia. By providing Africa with market opportunities for exports with greater skill content, this has implications for learning effects and technological spillovers, and thus developmental potentials which would facilitate structural transformation of productive structures. Intra-Africa trade has been growing tremendously over the years, thus providing member states with local markets for their products.
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- Date Issued: 2013
Regional transport challenges within the Southern African Development Community and their implications for economic integration and development
- Authors: Mutambara, Tsitsi E
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/477831 , vital:78128 , https://doi.org/10.1080/02589000903399488
- Description: The Southern African Development Community (SADC) seeks to deepen economic integration among its members through the SADC free trade area that came into effect in January 2008. The thrust for a progressive reduction of tariff and no-tariff barriers, which the market integration model emphasises, has serious im-plications for the impact of transport and communication systems on economic integration and development within SADC. Transport and communications systems have an important bear-ing on economic integration and development because they can be significant non-tariff barriers. The SADC Protocol on Transport, Communications and Meteorology is the instrument through which transport and communications constraints are to be ad-dressed. Through this protocol, some institutions have been es-tablished and others proposed to ensure that projects designed to deepen economic integration and development are implemented effectively.
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- Date Issued: 2009
Asymmetric tariff reduction within the SADC protocol on trade and its implications for industrial development within member states
- Authors: Mutambara, Tsitsi E
- Date: 2007
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/477798 , vital:78125 , https://hdl.handle.net/10520/AJA20062184_29
- Description: The Southern African Development Community (SADC) aims to facilitate and attain deeper economic integration and industrial development among its members. To achieve these objectives, the grouping developed the SADC Protocol on Trade whose implementation began in 2000. While this Protocol is mainly a trade instrument, this article seeks to explore how it could be used to facilitate industrial development instead of using it solely for trade integration. In analysing this Protocol it has been observed that it has specific provisions that address issues on industrial development within the grouping. These provisions are Part Two Article 3 and Part Four Article 21. As the region progresses in implementing the Protocol, the aforementioned Articles could be utilised to facilitate industrial development. Theoretical debates upon which these Articles could be used to facilitate industrial development rest on the infant industry argument, the static and dynamic effects of economic integration. Limitations of the theoretical frameworks will be explored and how this could impact on industrial development initiatives by the grouping.
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- Date Issued: 2007