Synthesis and conformational studies of indolizines
- Authors: George, Rosemary
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: Indole alkaloids -- Research , Organic compounds -- Synthesis , Chemistry, Organic
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4367 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005032 , Indole alkaloids -- Research , Organic compounds -- Synthesis , Chemistry, Organic
- Description: The present investigation has involved a kinetic and mechanistic study of the thermal cyclization of 3-acetoxy-3-(2-pyridyl)-2-methylenepropanoate esters and related compounds to 2-substituted indolizines. Substrates for the kinetic study were prepared via the Baylis-Hillmann reaction of pyridine-2-carboxaldehydes with acrylate esters, acrylonitrile and methyl vinyl ketone. The resulting hydroxy compounds were then acetylated to afford the acetoxy derivatives, thermal cyclization of which gave the corresponding 2-substituted indolizines. The cyclization reactions was followed using 'H NMR spectroscopy and were shown to follow firstorder kinetics. The influence of the various substituents on the observed first-order rate constants has been examined and variable temperature studies have permitted evaluation of activation parameters for the formation of methyl indolizine-2-carboxylate and ethyl indolizine-2-carboxylate. An alternative route to 2-substituted indolizines via halogenated derivatives was explored and several halogenated 2-pyridyl derivatives were synthesised and their thermal cyclization to indolizines was attempted. Novel 5-methylindolizine-2-carboxamides were prepared as part of this investigation and dynamic NMR spectroscopy was used to study internal rotation about the amide N-CO bond in these compounds.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
- Authors: George, Rosemary
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: Indole alkaloids -- Research , Organic compounds -- Synthesis , Chemistry, Organic
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4367 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005032 , Indole alkaloids -- Research , Organic compounds -- Synthesis , Chemistry, Organic
- Description: The present investigation has involved a kinetic and mechanistic study of the thermal cyclization of 3-acetoxy-3-(2-pyridyl)-2-methylenepropanoate esters and related compounds to 2-substituted indolizines. Substrates for the kinetic study were prepared via the Baylis-Hillmann reaction of pyridine-2-carboxaldehydes with acrylate esters, acrylonitrile and methyl vinyl ketone. The resulting hydroxy compounds were then acetylated to afford the acetoxy derivatives, thermal cyclization of which gave the corresponding 2-substituted indolizines. The cyclization reactions was followed using 'H NMR spectroscopy and were shown to follow firstorder kinetics. The influence of the various substituents on the observed first-order rate constants has been examined and variable temperature studies have permitted evaluation of activation parameters for the formation of methyl indolizine-2-carboxylate and ethyl indolizine-2-carboxylate. An alternative route to 2-substituted indolizines via halogenated derivatives was explored and several halogenated 2-pyridyl derivatives were synthesised and their thermal cyclization to indolizines was attempted. Novel 5-methylindolizine-2-carboxamides were prepared as part of this investigation and dynamic NMR spectroscopy was used to study internal rotation about the amide N-CO bond in these compounds.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
Synthetic and spectroscopic studies of 1,4-benzodiazepine analogues
- Authors: Mphahlele, Malose Jack
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: Benzodiazepines Tranquilizing drugs
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:4384 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005049
- Description: In this project, an extensive range of benzodiazepine analogues have been synthesised via Schmidt reaction of specially prepared flavanone, 4-quinolone and l-thioflavanone precursors; nitrogen insertion being effected by use of trimethylsilyl azide in trifluoroacetic acid. In some cases, several of the benzodiazepine analogues have also been prepared by alternative cyclisation routes. A detailed kinetic-mechanistic study of the Schmidt reaction of flavanones has been carried out using 'H NMR spectroscopy to explain the observed regiochemistry of nitrogen insertion. The reaction rates, for the formation of both amide and tetrazolo derivatives have been found to be influenced by the electronic effects of the A- and B-ring substituents. A series of benzodiazepine analogues have been shown to undergo regioselective A-ring chlorination with t-butylhypochlorite; the products being characterised by 'H NMR, IR and mass spectroscopy. The mass spectrometric fragmentation patterns of series of 2-aryl-4-quinolones, and 2-aryl-l ,4-benzodiazepinones and their tetrazolo[l ,5-dl analogues have been elucidated using a combination of low-resolution, high-resolution and metastable-peak analyses. The binding affinities of various benzodiazepine analogues for rat brain benzodiazepine receptors have been evaluated using a radioreceptor assay technique. Structure-activity relationships were investigated to establish the effects of various A-, B- and Coring substituents on binding affinity. The conformational preferences of selected systems have been studied using a combination of multi-pulse 'H NMR spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography and computer modelling techniques with a view to establishing the influence of conformation on binding affinity.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
- Authors: Mphahlele, Malose Jack
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: Benzodiazepines Tranquilizing drugs
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:4384 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005049
- Description: In this project, an extensive range of benzodiazepine analogues have been synthesised via Schmidt reaction of specially prepared flavanone, 4-quinolone and l-thioflavanone precursors; nitrogen insertion being effected by use of trimethylsilyl azide in trifluoroacetic acid. In some cases, several of the benzodiazepine analogues have also been prepared by alternative cyclisation routes. A detailed kinetic-mechanistic study of the Schmidt reaction of flavanones has been carried out using 'H NMR spectroscopy to explain the observed regiochemistry of nitrogen insertion. The reaction rates, for the formation of both amide and tetrazolo derivatives have been found to be influenced by the electronic effects of the A- and B-ring substituents. A series of benzodiazepine analogues have been shown to undergo regioselective A-ring chlorination with t-butylhypochlorite; the products being characterised by 'H NMR, IR and mass spectroscopy. The mass spectrometric fragmentation patterns of series of 2-aryl-4-quinolones, and 2-aryl-l ,4-benzodiazepinones and their tetrazolo[l ,5-dl analogues have been elucidated using a combination of low-resolution, high-resolution and metastable-peak analyses. The binding affinities of various benzodiazepine analogues for rat brain benzodiazepine receptors have been evaluated using a radioreceptor assay technique. Structure-activity relationships were investigated to establish the effects of various A-, B- and Coring substituents on binding affinity. The conformational preferences of selected systems have been studied using a combination of multi-pulse 'H NMR spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography and computer modelling techniques with a view to establishing the influence of conformation on binding affinity.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
Synthetic and spectroscopic studies of indolizine derivatives
- Authors: Bode, Moira Leanne
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: Indole alkaloids -- Derivatives Spectrum analysis Chemistry, Organic DNA -- Synthesis
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:4385 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005050
- Description: The crystalline compound resulting from thermal cyclization of the Baylis-Hillman product, methyl 3-hydroxy-2-methylene-3-(2-pyridyl)propanoate, has been identified as the indolizine derivative, methyl indolizine-2-carboxylate, and this approach involving the reaction of pyridine-2-carboxaldehydes and acrylate analogues has been established as a general route to 2-substituted indolizines. The ease of cyclization the Baylis-Hillman products to indolizines has been shown to increase by converting the hydroxy group to an acetoxy group, and a range of acetylated Baylis-Hillman products were prepared and cyc1ized to the corresponding 2-substituted indolizines, generally in good overall yield. In the reaction of pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde and methyl vinyl ketone, the intermediate cyclized readily and directly to the corresponding indolizine. One- and two-dimensional ¹H and ¹³C NMR analysis of the 2-substituted indolizine products has permitted complete assignment of all ¹H and ¹³C NMR signals, as well as the measurement of all coupling constants for these compounds. A kinetic and mechanistic study has been conducted on the Baylis-Hillman reaction using ¹H NMR spectroscopy. A range of substrates has been examined and the reaction has been found to be third-order overall. A mechanism involving an addition - elimination sequence is proposed, which fits the kinetic data and accounts for observed substituent effects. Reaction of N,N-dimethylacrylamide with pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde in the presence of the tertiary amine catalyst, DABCO, in chloroform, yielded an unexpected product which has been identified by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis as 1-(2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl)pyridine. Attempted extension of the general indolizine route to the preparation of chromene systems by reacting salicylaldehyde with methyl acrylate in the presence of DABCO, also led to an unexpected, crystalline material, identified by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis as the coumarin derivative, 3-[(2-formylphenoxy)methyl]coumarin.A series of chloroquine analogues have been prepared from indolizine-2-carboxylic acid, pyrrolo[I,2-a]quinoline-2-carboxylic acid and imidazo[I,2-a]pyridine-2-carboxylic acid by reaction with suitable amines in the presence of the coupling reagent 1, I' -carbonyldiimidazole. This route has been shown to be a vast improvement on earlier procedures and has provided access to both secondary and tertiary indolizine-2-carboxamides. A range of N,N-dialkylindolizine-2-carboxamides have been prepared by this route, and the influence of substituents on their N-CO rotational energy barriers has been determined using variable temperature ¹H and ¹³C NMR techniques. Intercalation with natural DNA by both chloroquine and the synthesized chloroquine analogues has been examined using UV spectrophotometry, and ¹H and ³¹P NMR spectroscopy. The pyrrolo[I,2-a]quinolines have been shown to be DNA intercalators with binding affinities similar to that of the known antimalarial intercalator, chloroquine. In a preliminary study the synthesis of a short oligonucleotide has been undertaken and changes have been observed in the ¹H and ³¹P NMR spectra of the oligonucleotide on addition of the intercalator, chloroquine.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
- Authors: Bode, Moira Leanne
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: Indole alkaloids -- Derivatives Spectrum analysis Chemistry, Organic DNA -- Synthesis
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:4385 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005050
- Description: The crystalline compound resulting from thermal cyclization of the Baylis-Hillman product, methyl 3-hydroxy-2-methylene-3-(2-pyridyl)propanoate, has been identified as the indolizine derivative, methyl indolizine-2-carboxylate, and this approach involving the reaction of pyridine-2-carboxaldehydes and acrylate analogues has been established as a general route to 2-substituted indolizines. The ease of cyclization the Baylis-Hillman products to indolizines has been shown to increase by converting the hydroxy group to an acetoxy group, and a range of acetylated Baylis-Hillman products were prepared and cyc1ized to the corresponding 2-substituted indolizines, generally in good overall yield. In the reaction of pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde and methyl vinyl ketone, the intermediate cyclized readily and directly to the corresponding indolizine. One- and two-dimensional ¹H and ¹³C NMR analysis of the 2-substituted indolizine products has permitted complete assignment of all ¹H and ¹³C NMR signals, as well as the measurement of all coupling constants for these compounds. A kinetic and mechanistic study has been conducted on the Baylis-Hillman reaction using ¹H NMR spectroscopy. A range of substrates has been examined and the reaction has been found to be third-order overall. A mechanism involving an addition - elimination sequence is proposed, which fits the kinetic data and accounts for observed substituent effects. Reaction of N,N-dimethylacrylamide with pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde in the presence of the tertiary amine catalyst, DABCO, in chloroform, yielded an unexpected product which has been identified by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis as 1-(2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl)pyridine. Attempted extension of the general indolizine route to the preparation of chromene systems by reacting salicylaldehyde with methyl acrylate in the presence of DABCO, also led to an unexpected, crystalline material, identified by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis as the coumarin derivative, 3-[(2-formylphenoxy)methyl]coumarin.A series of chloroquine analogues have been prepared from indolizine-2-carboxylic acid, pyrrolo[I,2-a]quinoline-2-carboxylic acid and imidazo[I,2-a]pyridine-2-carboxylic acid by reaction with suitable amines in the presence of the coupling reagent 1, I' -carbonyldiimidazole. This route has been shown to be a vast improvement on earlier procedures and has provided access to both secondary and tertiary indolizine-2-carboxamides. A range of N,N-dialkylindolizine-2-carboxamides have been prepared by this route, and the influence of substituents on their N-CO rotational energy barriers has been determined using variable temperature ¹H and ¹³C NMR techniques. Intercalation with natural DNA by both chloroquine and the synthesized chloroquine analogues has been examined using UV spectrophotometry, and ¹H and ³¹P NMR spectroscopy. The pyrrolo[I,2-a]quinolines have been shown to be DNA intercalators with binding affinities similar to that of the known antimalarial intercalator, chloroquine. In a preliminary study the synthesis of a short oligonucleotide has been undertaken and changes have been observed in the ¹H and ³¹P NMR spectra of the oligonucleotide on addition of the intercalator, chloroquine.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
Systematics and Osteology of the Zoarcidae (Teleostei: Perciformes)
- Authors: Anderson, M Eric
- Date: 1994
- Language: English
- Type: Text
- Identifier: vital:15033 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1019910 , ISSN 0073-4381 , Ichthyological Bulletin of the J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology; No. 60
- Description: The eelpouts, Zoarcidae, are a group of perciform fishes, most species of which inhabit continental shelves and slopes of boreal seas. There are about 220 valid species of eelpouts; most are rare, deep-sea forms and the systematics and biology of the group has been neglected by most workers. This work is a contribution to the improvement of that state. The anatomy of the Zoarcidae was studied in an attempt to reconstruct phylogeny and establish generic limits. From an analysis of a matrix of 76 characters, the 45 genera recognised here form 4 subfamilies. The Lycozoarcinae contains only the primitive Lycozoarces hubbsi. The others, Zoarcinae, Gymnelinae, and Lycodinae, for the most part, include genera recognised in previous classifications (Gill, 1862, 1864; Andriashev, 1939). The more primitive zoarcids are characterised by having 4-6 suborbital bones arranged in a circular pattern close to the orbit, and “complete” cephalic lateralis pore patterns, except some of the few deep-sea forms. The more derived zoarcids are characterized by having 6-11 suborbital bones arranged in an angled, or “L”-shaped" pattern away from the orbit (except a few which have lost some bones) and the loss of the interorbital pores (except for some reversals in Lycenchelys and Lycodapus). Zoarcids are considered to have originated in the North Pacific Ocean, perhaps as early as the Eocene, when a pre-percoid radiation occurred. The suborder Zoarcoidei (today some 8-9 families) spread across the Pacific rim. Among Zoarcidae, a pre-Miocene radiation took place along the western coasts of the Americas, with areas of endemism forming in the Magellan Province of South America and Antarctica. Subsequent spreading back into northern waters occurred in Melanostigma and Pachycara. , Rhodes University Libraries (Digitisation)
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
- Authors: Anderson, M Eric
- Date: 1994
- Language: English
- Type: Text
- Identifier: vital:15033 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1019910 , ISSN 0073-4381 , Ichthyological Bulletin of the J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology; No. 60
- Description: The eelpouts, Zoarcidae, are a group of perciform fishes, most species of which inhabit continental shelves and slopes of boreal seas. There are about 220 valid species of eelpouts; most are rare, deep-sea forms and the systematics and biology of the group has been neglected by most workers. This work is a contribution to the improvement of that state. The anatomy of the Zoarcidae was studied in an attempt to reconstruct phylogeny and establish generic limits. From an analysis of a matrix of 76 characters, the 45 genera recognised here form 4 subfamilies. The Lycozoarcinae contains only the primitive Lycozoarces hubbsi. The others, Zoarcinae, Gymnelinae, and Lycodinae, for the most part, include genera recognised in previous classifications (Gill, 1862, 1864; Andriashev, 1939). The more primitive zoarcids are characterised by having 4-6 suborbital bones arranged in a circular pattern close to the orbit, and “complete” cephalic lateralis pore patterns, except some of the few deep-sea forms. The more derived zoarcids are characterized by having 6-11 suborbital bones arranged in an angled, or “L”-shaped" pattern away from the orbit (except a few which have lost some bones) and the loss of the interorbital pores (except for some reversals in Lycenchelys and Lycodapus). Zoarcids are considered to have originated in the North Pacific Ocean, perhaps as early as the Eocene, when a pre-percoid radiation occurred. The suborder Zoarcoidei (today some 8-9 families) spread across the Pacific rim. Among Zoarcidae, a pre-Miocene radiation took place along the western coasts of the Americas, with areas of endemism forming in the Magellan Province of South America and Antarctica. Subsequent spreading back into northern waters occurred in Melanostigma and Pachycara. , Rhodes University Libraries (Digitisation)
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
Tangentially symplectic foliations
- Authors: Remsing, Claudiu Cristian
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: Geometry Problems, exercises, etc Geometry, Differential Symplectic manifolds Poisson manifolds Foliations (Mathematics)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:5419 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005233
- Description: This thesis is concerned principally with tangential geometry and the applications of these concepts to tangentially symplectic foliations. The subject of tangential geometry is still at an elementary stage. The author here systematises current concepts and results and extends them, leading to the definition of vertical connections and vertical G-structures. Tangentially symplectic foliations are then characterised in terms of vertical symplectic forms. Some significant particular cases are discussed.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
- Authors: Remsing, Claudiu Cristian
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: Geometry Problems, exercises, etc Geometry, Differential Symplectic manifolds Poisson manifolds Foliations (Mathematics)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:5419 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005233
- Description: This thesis is concerned principally with tangential geometry and the applications of these concepts to tangentially symplectic foliations. The subject of tangential geometry is still at an elementary stage. The author here systematises current concepts and results and extends them, leading to the definition of vertical connections and vertical G-structures. Tangentially symplectic foliations are then characterised in terms of vertical symplectic forms. Some significant particular cases are discussed.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
The challenge of local government transition
- NUMSA
- Authors: NUMSA
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: NUMSA
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/173594 , vital:42387
- Description: This pamphlet provides an outline of those features of the Local Government transition process, with which workers will have to deal.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
- Authors: NUMSA
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: NUMSA
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/173594 , vital:42387
- Description: This pamphlet provides an outline of those features of the Local Government transition process, with which workers will have to deal.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
The challenge of trade union rights in Africa
- ICFTU
- Authors: ICFTU
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU)
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/153951 , vital:39540
- Description: A purely academic observer would probably find significant cause for optimism about the evolution of the trade union rights situation in Africa in the 1990’s, and about the observance of human rights more generally. The continent has lived under the sign of democratization since the beginning of the decade, and the extent of political transformation has been unprecedented and astonishing. Since 1989, at least 25 African nations have adopted entirely new constitutions or major constitutional reforms. To them may be added those countries - for so long an isolated minority - which already operated pluralist democratic systems and those, more numerous, which are still engaged in processes of transition and reform.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
- Authors: ICFTU
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU)
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/153951 , vital:39540
- Description: A purely academic observer would probably find significant cause for optimism about the evolution of the trade union rights situation in Africa in the 1990’s, and about the observance of human rights more generally. The continent has lived under the sign of democratization since the beginning of the decade, and the extent of political transformation has been unprecedented and astonishing. Since 1989, at least 25 African nations have adopted entirely new constitutions or major constitutional reforms. To them may be added those countries - for so long an isolated minority - which already operated pluralist democratic systems and those, more numerous, which are still engaged in processes of transition and reform.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
The comprehension of figurative language in English literary texts by students for whom English is not a mother tongue
- Authors: Winberg, Christine
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: English language -- Study and teaching -- Foreign speakers , English literature -- Study and teaching (Higher) , Context (Linguistics) , Metaphor , Figures of speech
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2366 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002649 , English language -- Study and teaching -- Foreign speakers , English literature -- Study and teaching (Higher) , Context (Linguistics) , Metaphor , Figures of speech
- Description: This study applies Sperber and Wilson's relevance theory to the comprehension of figurative language in poetry. Students' understanding of metaphor as a linguistic category and comprehension of metaphorical texts are analysed in terms of the principle of relevance. Patterns of comprehension in English first language (Ll) and English second language (ESL) students' analyses of metaphorical texts are discussed and through an analysis of similarities and differences in these patterns of comprehension an attempt is made to develop a pedagogy around relevance theory. Relevance theory's particular emphasis on the role played by "context" in cognition is seen to have significance for the teaching of literature in South African universities. Relevance theory's account of cognition generates a range of educational principles which could be specifically applied to the teaching of metaphor. An appraisal of the strengths and difficulties students experience in expressing their understanding of metaphor in an academic context is included. This was done to further develop relevance theory into a pedagogical approach which takes into account the academic context in which writing occurs. The investigation of the particular difficulties that English metaphor poses for ESL students entailed acquiring a working knowledge of the ways in which metaphor is taught and assessed in DET schools. The interpretations of students of different linguistic, social and educational backgrounds reveal unifying elements that could be incorporated into a pedagogy based on relevance theory. Such a pedagogy would be appropriate to the multilingual/multicultural/multiracial nature of classes in South African universities and would be a more empowering approach to the teaching of English metaphor.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
- Authors: Winberg, Christine
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: English language -- Study and teaching -- Foreign speakers , English literature -- Study and teaching (Higher) , Context (Linguistics) , Metaphor , Figures of speech
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2366 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002649 , English language -- Study and teaching -- Foreign speakers , English literature -- Study and teaching (Higher) , Context (Linguistics) , Metaphor , Figures of speech
- Description: This study applies Sperber and Wilson's relevance theory to the comprehension of figurative language in poetry. Students' understanding of metaphor as a linguistic category and comprehension of metaphorical texts are analysed in terms of the principle of relevance. Patterns of comprehension in English first language (Ll) and English second language (ESL) students' analyses of metaphorical texts are discussed and through an analysis of similarities and differences in these patterns of comprehension an attempt is made to develop a pedagogy around relevance theory. Relevance theory's particular emphasis on the role played by "context" in cognition is seen to have significance for the teaching of literature in South African universities. Relevance theory's account of cognition generates a range of educational principles which could be specifically applied to the teaching of metaphor. An appraisal of the strengths and difficulties students experience in expressing their understanding of metaphor in an academic context is included. This was done to further develop relevance theory into a pedagogical approach which takes into account the academic context in which writing occurs. The investigation of the particular difficulties that English metaphor poses for ESL students entailed acquiring a working knowledge of the ways in which metaphor is taught and assessed in DET schools. The interpretations of students of different linguistic, social and educational backgrounds reveal unifying elements that could be incorporated into a pedagogy based on relevance theory. Such a pedagogy would be appropriate to the multilingual/multicultural/multiracial nature of classes in South African universities and would be a more empowering approach to the teaching of English metaphor.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
The concept of "the people" in liberation theology
- Authors: Menatsi, Richard
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: Liberation theology , Poor -- Religious aspects , Poverty -- Religious aspects -- Christianity , Government, Resistance to -- Religious aspects -- Christianity
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MTh
- Identifier: vital:1297 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1015654
- Description: The concept of "the people" has become a key concept within the work of several Latin American theologians, Korean Minjung theologians and South African theologians. When liberation theologians use the concept of "the people" in their literature they do so with a lack of clarity, to the extent that the exact meaning of the term is obscure. In their usage of the concept "the people" liberation theologians come up with differing and at times contradictory meanings, particularly as regards the concrete and symbolic meanings of the concept. This thesis sets out to investigate the use of the concept "the people" by liberation theologians by consulting a selection from Latin American theology, Korean Minjung theology, South African liberation theology and Marxism, to detect its influence on the use of this notion. A general overview of the thesis indicates the following. The first chapter provides a detailed analysis of the concept of "the people" in the work of different liberation theologians. Chapter two considers "the people" in relation to poverty and oppression. The third chapter deals with "the people" as subjects of history. In the fourth chapter "the people" as a concept is developed in relation to belief within the Christian church. The final chapter is an evaluation. The thesis reveals that the following characteristics are central to "the people", they are poor and oppressed but are also inclusive of all those persons who identify and actively support the struggle against poverty and oppression. "The people" are subjects of their own history, finally they are Christian believers.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
- Authors: Menatsi, Richard
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: Liberation theology , Poor -- Religious aspects , Poverty -- Religious aspects -- Christianity , Government, Resistance to -- Religious aspects -- Christianity
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MTh
- Identifier: vital:1297 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1015654
- Description: The concept of "the people" has become a key concept within the work of several Latin American theologians, Korean Minjung theologians and South African theologians. When liberation theologians use the concept of "the people" in their literature they do so with a lack of clarity, to the extent that the exact meaning of the term is obscure. In their usage of the concept "the people" liberation theologians come up with differing and at times contradictory meanings, particularly as regards the concrete and symbolic meanings of the concept. This thesis sets out to investigate the use of the concept "the people" by liberation theologians by consulting a selection from Latin American theology, Korean Minjung theology, South African liberation theology and Marxism, to detect its influence on the use of this notion. A general overview of the thesis indicates the following. The first chapter provides a detailed analysis of the concept of "the people" in the work of different liberation theologians. Chapter two considers "the people" in relation to poverty and oppression. The third chapter deals with "the people" as subjects of history. In the fourth chapter "the people" as a concept is developed in relation to belief within the Christian church. The final chapter is an evaluation. The thesis reveals that the following characteristics are central to "the people", they are poor and oppressed but are also inclusive of all those persons who identify and actively support the struggle against poverty and oppression. "The people" are subjects of their own history, finally they are Christian believers.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
The contradictions of community politics: the African petty bourgeoisie and the New Brighton Advisory Board, c1937-1952
- Authors: Baines, Gary F
- Date: 1994
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6147 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003831
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1994
- Authors: Baines, Gary F
- Date: 1994
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6147 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003831
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1994
The design and use of a data base for the teaching of history at primary school level
- Authors: Paul, James R M
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: Education -- Data processing History -- Study and teaching (Elementary) -- Data processing Computer-assisted instruction
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: vital:1490 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003371
- Description: The changes brought about by society's move from an industrial to an information society has brought with it changes in the way that society operates - from the way we do business to the way we entertain ourselves and, increasingly, in the way we educate our children. That the society of tomorrow requires new skills to survive and operate had been, and continues to be, debated in a growing number of books and in the popular media. More and more educationists are calling for schools to 'restructure' so as to be able to provide the skills that this new society requires, especially those related to the management of information. The nature of these skills are discussed, together with the potential provided by information technology, particularly computers, to provide them. The current use of computers in schools is addressed, together with the apparent inability of schools to generate effective change from within using in-service training. The researcher suggests that this makes it imperative that teacher training institutions provide the next generation of teacher-trainees with a thorough understanding of the requirements of an information society and the tools that it uses. The research undertaken attempted to provide final year primary education teacher-trainees with one example of the way in which the electronic database can be used to change the teaching of history. By researching in the field and entering data into a data base, the teacher-trainees were able to look at information in new ways. By selecting and sorting data by different fields, they were able to act as ' true' historians - each interacting with the data in his or her own way to extract knowledge that is arguably unique for each participant. The data base was then used with a class of standard four pupils, with the researcher acting as participant observer. The reactions and responses of the pupils to the data was noted and these are discussed in the results . A non-participant observer, also a primary school history -teacher, provided input with respect to the validity of the learning experience and to act as a control. The research is described, together with the observations of the researcher, teacher-trainees and pupils involved. The observations of the non-participant observer are also discussed. Shortfalls and difficulties encountered are pointed out, and areas for further research suggested.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
- Authors: Paul, James R M
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: Education -- Data processing History -- Study and teaching (Elementary) -- Data processing Computer-assisted instruction
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: vital:1490 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003371
- Description: The changes brought about by society's move from an industrial to an information society has brought with it changes in the way that society operates - from the way we do business to the way we entertain ourselves and, increasingly, in the way we educate our children. That the society of tomorrow requires new skills to survive and operate had been, and continues to be, debated in a growing number of books and in the popular media. More and more educationists are calling for schools to 'restructure' so as to be able to provide the skills that this new society requires, especially those related to the management of information. The nature of these skills are discussed, together with the potential provided by information technology, particularly computers, to provide them. The current use of computers in schools is addressed, together with the apparent inability of schools to generate effective change from within using in-service training. The researcher suggests that this makes it imperative that teacher training institutions provide the next generation of teacher-trainees with a thorough understanding of the requirements of an information society and the tools that it uses. The research undertaken attempted to provide final year primary education teacher-trainees with one example of the way in which the electronic database can be used to change the teaching of history. By researching in the field and entering data into a data base, the teacher-trainees were able to look at information in new ways. By selecting and sorting data by different fields, they were able to act as ' true' historians - each interacting with the data in his or her own way to extract knowledge that is arguably unique for each participant. The data base was then used with a class of standard four pupils, with the researcher acting as participant observer. The reactions and responses of the pupils to the data was noted and these are discussed in the results . A non-participant observer, also a primary school history -teacher, provided input with respect to the validity of the learning experience and to act as a control. The research is described, together with the observations of the researcher, teacher-trainees and pupils involved. The observations of the non-participant observer are also discussed. Shortfalls and difficulties encountered are pointed out, and areas for further research suggested.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
The design, implementation and evaluation of an English language development component within a Grahamstown community project
- Authors: Jefferay, Charlotte Ruth
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: Grahamstown Tertiary Education Bridging Project , English language -- Study and teaching -- South Africa -- Foreign speakers , English language -- Writing -- Study and teaching -- South Africa -- Foreign speakers
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2351 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002633 , Grahamstown Tertiary Education Bridging Project , English language -- Study and teaching -- South Africa -- Foreign speakers , English language -- Writing -- Study and teaching -- South Africa -- Foreign speakers
- Description: The Grahamstown Tertiary Education Bridging Project (GRATEP) was formed in 1991 by a group of post-matriculants from Grahamstown who had not been accepted into any tertiary institution for 1991. The overall aim of GRATEP was to prepare these students for tertiary education. The Academic Skills Programme at Rhodes University offered a programme in English Language Development. The present study aimed to research the design, implementation and evaluation of the GRATEP English Language Development programme which was implemented from May through to October 1991. A multimethod approach has been used to assess the progress made by the students in terms of developing communicative competence in English and to evaluate the course itself. The data included writing samples, questionnaires, exercises in hierarchical organization, a clozetest, comments made by the students and the participant observers. The programme appeared to have been most effective in terms of building confidence, developing academic skills and encouraging the students to take greater responsibility for their own learning. Statistical comparisons of the first and final writing samples revealed no overall significant improvement in communicative competence in English. However, comparisons of the scores in the categories and sub-categories of communicative competence revealed that students had improved in their ability to structure and organize their writing. The research raised questions about the design, implementation and assessment of non-formal language courses of this kind and made suggestions for improvement and further research.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
- Authors: Jefferay, Charlotte Ruth
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: Grahamstown Tertiary Education Bridging Project , English language -- Study and teaching -- South Africa -- Foreign speakers , English language -- Writing -- Study and teaching -- South Africa -- Foreign speakers
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2351 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002633 , Grahamstown Tertiary Education Bridging Project , English language -- Study and teaching -- South Africa -- Foreign speakers , English language -- Writing -- Study and teaching -- South Africa -- Foreign speakers
- Description: The Grahamstown Tertiary Education Bridging Project (GRATEP) was formed in 1991 by a group of post-matriculants from Grahamstown who had not been accepted into any tertiary institution for 1991. The overall aim of GRATEP was to prepare these students for tertiary education. The Academic Skills Programme at Rhodes University offered a programme in English Language Development. The present study aimed to research the design, implementation and evaluation of the GRATEP English Language Development programme which was implemented from May through to October 1991. A multimethod approach has been used to assess the progress made by the students in terms of developing communicative competence in English and to evaluate the course itself. The data included writing samples, questionnaires, exercises in hierarchical organization, a clozetest, comments made by the students and the participant observers. The programme appeared to have been most effective in terms of building confidence, developing academic skills and encouraging the students to take greater responsibility for their own learning. Statistical comparisons of the first and final writing samples revealed no overall significant improvement in communicative competence in English. However, comparisons of the scores in the categories and sub-categories of communicative competence revealed that students had improved in their ability to structure and organize their writing. The research raised questions about the design, implementation and assessment of non-formal language courses of this kind and made suggestions for improvement and further research.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
The dissociation of ammonium salts and their effect on the physiology and biochemistry of L-lysine synthesis by Corynebacterium glutamicum FP6
- Authors: Kenyon, Colin Peter
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: Ammonium salts Lysine -- Synthesis Corynebacterium Dissociation -- Research
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:4034 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004094
- Description: The availability and assimilation of NH₄⁺ plays an integral role in the growth of microorganisms and the production of amino acids by these organisms. This study investigated the dissociation of NH₄⁺in aqueous solution, its availability and effect on the enzymes of NH₄⁺ assimilation and its influence on lysine production by Corynebacterium glutamicum.In aqueous solution the extent of dissociation of NH₄C1, {NH₄)₂S0₄ and (NH₄)₂HP0₄ increases with decreasing concentration. A model is proposed for the dissociation of these molecules. It is believed that at very low concentrations, dissociation to NH₃ plus the respective counter-ions occurs. At these low concentrations the NH₃ acts as the substrate for glutamine synthetase. At the higher concentrations dissociation is to NH₄⁺ which is the substrate for glutamate dehydrogenase. At these higher concentrations the enzyme activities obtained for glutamate dehydrogenase, at equivalent concentrations of the above ammonium salts, were different when based on the total concentration of NH₄⁺, and similar when based on the concentration of free NH₄⁺. L-Iysine occurs in the +1 ionic form, at pH 7,2. The lysine which is produced during fermentation associates with the anionic counter-ion of the ammonium salt used. The concentration of the free NH₄⁺ in the media appears to affect both the rate of lysine synthesis as well as the yield. The lysine fermentation occurs in two stages; a growth (or replicative) phase, during which very little lysine is produced, and a lysine synthesis (or maturation) phase. During the lysine synthesis phase there is no cell replication, however an increase in the mass of the biomass produced is apparent. Evidence is provided for the possible concomitant synthesis of the the cell wall polymer, glycerol teichoic acid, and lysine. On the basis of this evidence, a nucleotide balance is proposed for lysine and teichoic acid synthesis. The replicative phase and the maturation phase have to be effectively separated to obtain optimal lysine yields and titres. It is believed that teichoic acid synthesis during the replicative phase must be kept to a minimum for optimal yields and titres to be obtained, and on completion of the cell wall and therefore teichoic acid synthesis, lysine synthesis ceases. As the production of lysine appears to be affected by the NH₄⁺ concentration in the culture media, it is proposed that a futile cycle may exist around the transport and assimilation of the NH₄⁺. If the fermentations are run at low free NH₄⁺ concentrations, it was shown that lysine yields of 0,66, on the glucose utilised, are attainable during the fermentation.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
- Authors: Kenyon, Colin Peter
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: Ammonium salts Lysine -- Synthesis Corynebacterium Dissociation -- Research
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:4034 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004094
- Description: The availability and assimilation of NH₄⁺ plays an integral role in the growth of microorganisms and the production of amino acids by these organisms. This study investigated the dissociation of NH₄⁺in aqueous solution, its availability and effect on the enzymes of NH₄⁺ assimilation and its influence on lysine production by Corynebacterium glutamicum.In aqueous solution the extent of dissociation of NH₄C1, {NH₄)₂S0₄ and (NH₄)₂HP0₄ increases with decreasing concentration. A model is proposed for the dissociation of these molecules. It is believed that at very low concentrations, dissociation to NH₃ plus the respective counter-ions occurs. At these low concentrations the NH₃ acts as the substrate for glutamine synthetase. At the higher concentrations dissociation is to NH₄⁺ which is the substrate for glutamate dehydrogenase. At these higher concentrations the enzyme activities obtained for glutamate dehydrogenase, at equivalent concentrations of the above ammonium salts, were different when based on the total concentration of NH₄⁺, and similar when based on the concentration of free NH₄⁺. L-Iysine occurs in the +1 ionic form, at pH 7,2. The lysine which is produced during fermentation associates with the anionic counter-ion of the ammonium salt used. The concentration of the free NH₄⁺ in the media appears to affect both the rate of lysine synthesis as well as the yield. The lysine fermentation occurs in two stages; a growth (or replicative) phase, during which very little lysine is produced, and a lysine synthesis (or maturation) phase. During the lysine synthesis phase there is no cell replication, however an increase in the mass of the biomass produced is apparent. Evidence is provided for the possible concomitant synthesis of the the cell wall polymer, glycerol teichoic acid, and lysine. On the basis of this evidence, a nucleotide balance is proposed for lysine and teichoic acid synthesis. The replicative phase and the maturation phase have to be effectively separated to obtain optimal lysine yields and titres. It is believed that teichoic acid synthesis during the replicative phase must be kept to a minimum for optimal yields and titres to be obtained, and on completion of the cell wall and therefore teichoic acid synthesis, lysine synthesis ceases. As the production of lysine appears to be affected by the NH₄⁺ concentration in the culture media, it is proposed that a futile cycle may exist around the transport and assimilation of the NH₄⁺. If the fermentations are run at low free NH₄⁺ concentrations, it was shown that lysine yields of 0,66, on the glucose utilised, are attainable during the fermentation.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
The effect of appetite suppressants on pineal function
- Authors: Mchunu, Bongani Isaac
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: Pineal gland -- Research , Pineal gland -- Secretions , Appetite depressants -- Physiological effect
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4038 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004098 , Pineal gland -- Research , Pineal gland -- Secretions , Appetite depressants -- Physiological effect
- Description: The pineal gland has become the subject of considerable investigation as it provides a productive experimental model for studying circadian rhythms and regulation of end organs. In the rat, the pineal gland provides a convenient model for investigating the noradrenergic receptor system and the effects of various drugs on this system. The effect of appetite suppressants on the rat pineal gland function is described. Appetite suppressants increase melatonin synthesis in organ cultures of rat pineal glands. This effect appears to be mediated by noradrenaline acting on β-adrenoceptors on the pinealocyte membrane. When β-adrenoceptors are blocked, the appetite suppressant-induced rise in melatonin synthesis is prevented. Depletion of noradrenaline in sympathetic nerve terminals also prevented the appetite suppressant-induced rise in melatonin synthesis. Activation of β-adrenoceptors is followed by a rise in N-acetyltransferase activity via a cyclic adenosine monophosphate second messenger system. The effect of appetite suppressants on the activity of liver tryptophan pyrrolase was also investigated. The activity of this enzyme is an important determinant of tryptophan availability to the brain and consequently of brain serotonin levels. The results show that appetite suppressants inhibit both holoenzyme and total enzyme activities of tryptophan pyrrolase. This finding suggests that appetite suppressants may act by inhibiting tryptophan pyrrolase activity thereby increasing brain serotonin, a phenomenon known to be associated with anorexia. There are two possible mechanisms by which appetite suppressants inhibit tryptophan pyrrolase activity. Firstly, these agents, being drugs of dependence, may increase liver NADPH concentrations which inhibit pyrrolase activity. Secondly, appetite suppressants may act on the pineal gland to stimulate melatonin synthesis. Melatonin inhibits pyrrolase activity in a dose-dependent manner. This inhibition will elevate plasma tryptophan levels which result in a rise in brain serotonin synthesis. The present study suggests a possible relationship between the pineal gland and appetite centres in the hypothalamus. Melatonin may have a direct effect on appetite centres since food restriction is associated with an increased melatonin binding in the hypothalamus. If this possible relationship can be extended, melatonin can open new possibilities for the control of food intake and consequently, of pathological obesity.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
- Authors: Mchunu, Bongani Isaac
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: Pineal gland -- Research , Pineal gland -- Secretions , Appetite depressants -- Physiological effect
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4038 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004098 , Pineal gland -- Research , Pineal gland -- Secretions , Appetite depressants -- Physiological effect
- Description: The pineal gland has become the subject of considerable investigation as it provides a productive experimental model for studying circadian rhythms and regulation of end organs. In the rat, the pineal gland provides a convenient model for investigating the noradrenergic receptor system and the effects of various drugs on this system. The effect of appetite suppressants on the rat pineal gland function is described. Appetite suppressants increase melatonin synthesis in organ cultures of rat pineal glands. This effect appears to be mediated by noradrenaline acting on β-adrenoceptors on the pinealocyte membrane. When β-adrenoceptors are blocked, the appetite suppressant-induced rise in melatonin synthesis is prevented. Depletion of noradrenaline in sympathetic nerve terminals also prevented the appetite suppressant-induced rise in melatonin synthesis. Activation of β-adrenoceptors is followed by a rise in N-acetyltransferase activity via a cyclic adenosine monophosphate second messenger system. The effect of appetite suppressants on the activity of liver tryptophan pyrrolase was also investigated. The activity of this enzyme is an important determinant of tryptophan availability to the brain and consequently of brain serotonin levels. The results show that appetite suppressants inhibit both holoenzyme and total enzyme activities of tryptophan pyrrolase. This finding suggests that appetite suppressants may act by inhibiting tryptophan pyrrolase activity thereby increasing brain serotonin, a phenomenon known to be associated with anorexia. There are two possible mechanisms by which appetite suppressants inhibit tryptophan pyrrolase activity. Firstly, these agents, being drugs of dependence, may increase liver NADPH concentrations which inhibit pyrrolase activity. Secondly, appetite suppressants may act on the pineal gland to stimulate melatonin synthesis. Melatonin inhibits pyrrolase activity in a dose-dependent manner. This inhibition will elevate plasma tryptophan levels which result in a rise in brain serotonin synthesis. The present study suggests a possible relationship between the pineal gland and appetite centres in the hypothalamus. Melatonin may have a direct effect on appetite centres since food restriction is associated with an increased melatonin binding in the hypothalamus. If this possible relationship can be extended, melatonin can open new possibilities for the control of food intake and consequently, of pathological obesity.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
The effects of particle precipitation on the ionosphere in the South Atlantic Anomaly Region
- Authors: Haggard, Raymond
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: Precipitation (Chemistry) Ionosphere Ionospheric electron density
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:5463 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005248
- Description: The first ground based observations of aeronomic phenomena in the South Atlantic Anomaly Region are presented. These data show that enhancements in foF2 and foE can be directly attributed to precipitated electron energy fluxes in the Anomaly Region. The regular occurrence of particle induced sporadic-E ionization is also presented together with the first measurable 391.4 nm airglow radiation of about 16 R. The first comprehensive survey of energy fluxes carried by energetic particles using satellites is also presented for both daytime and nighttime as well as the seasonal fluctuations. We found that the nocturnally precipitated electron energy fluxes varied between 1 x 10⁻⁴ and 38 x 10⁻⁴ erg cm²s⁻¹, depending upon magnetic activity and season, whereas the daytime precipitated electron energy fluxes tended to vary between 1 x 10⁻³ and 8 x 10⁻³ erg cm⁻²s⁻¹, with a tendency to decrease during magnetically active periods. Electron density and temperature contours as well as NO⁺ and 0⁺ ions contours for nighttime are also presented. The main conclusion of the study is that precipitating electrons provide a significant and sometimes dominant source of ionization in the ionosphere over the South Atlantic Anomaly Region.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
- Authors: Haggard, Raymond
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: Precipitation (Chemistry) Ionosphere Ionospheric electron density
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:5463 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005248
- Description: The first ground based observations of aeronomic phenomena in the South Atlantic Anomaly Region are presented. These data show that enhancements in foF2 and foE can be directly attributed to precipitated electron energy fluxes in the Anomaly Region. The regular occurrence of particle induced sporadic-E ionization is also presented together with the first measurable 391.4 nm airglow radiation of about 16 R. The first comprehensive survey of energy fluxes carried by energetic particles using satellites is also presented for both daytime and nighttime as well as the seasonal fluctuations. We found that the nocturnally precipitated electron energy fluxes varied between 1 x 10⁻⁴ and 38 x 10⁻⁴ erg cm²s⁻¹, depending upon magnetic activity and season, whereas the daytime precipitated electron energy fluxes tended to vary between 1 x 10⁻³ and 8 x 10⁻³ erg cm⁻²s⁻¹, with a tendency to decrease during magnetically active periods. Electron density and temperature contours as well as NO⁺ and 0⁺ ions contours for nighttime are also presented. The main conclusion of the study is that precipitating electrons provide a significant and sometimes dominant source of ionization in the ionosphere over the South Atlantic Anomaly Region.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
The first Bothriolepsis-associated Devonian fish fauna from Africa
- Anderson, M Eric, Hiller, Norton, Gess, Robert W
- Authors: Anderson, M Eric , Hiller, Norton , Gess, Robert W
- Date: 1994
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/73852 , vital:30235 , https://journals.co.za/content/sajsci/90/7/AJA00382353_5900
- Description: An advanced diplacanthid (Climatiiformes) is described from a Famennian estuarine environment of South Africa. It is characterized by having exceptionally long thin fin spines and a deep body form. Unusual details of the fins and fin spine insertions are preserved. This is the first record of a diplacanthid from the Southern Hemisphere.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
- Authors: Anderson, M Eric , Hiller, Norton , Gess, Robert W
- Date: 1994
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/73852 , vital:30235 , https://journals.co.za/content/sajsci/90/7/AJA00382353_5900
- Description: An advanced diplacanthid (Climatiiformes) is described from a Famennian estuarine environment of South Africa. It is characterized by having exceptionally long thin fin spines and a deep body form. Unusual details of the fins and fin spine insertions are preserved. This is the first record of a diplacanthid from the Southern Hemisphere.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
The impact of structural adjustment programmes upon the political economy of Zambia: a critical analysis
- Authors: Makan, Amita
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: Structural adjustment (Economic policy) -- Zambia , Zambia -- Economic conditions -- 1964- , Zambia -- Politics and government -- 1964-1991 , Zambia -- Economic conditions
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2800 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003010 , Structural adjustment (Economic policy) -- Zambia , Zambia -- Economic conditions -- 1964- , Zambia -- Politics and government -- 1964-1991 , Zambia -- Economic conditions
- Description: This study begins with a statistical survey setting out the parameters of Zambia's socio-economic decline in the 1980s. In order to unravel the complex reasons for the crisis, the study develops and employs an historical structural framework which emphasises the interconnectedness of historical, political, economic and social processes . Thereafter, an explanation of Zambia's political and economic development is presented as a background for understanding how and why the IMF came to play an increasingly decisive role in the management of the economic crisis in the 1980s. It is argued that patron-client politics in conjunction with a 'coincidence of interests' between local elite and international capital, entrenched the distorted mono-export dependent economy which, in turn, accelerated the economic decline and debt crisis of the 1980s. After presenting an overview of the Fund's philosophy and objectives, close attention is paid to the impact of SAPs on Zambia, especially in terms of how such policies as subsidy withdrawal, de-regulation and devaluation affected the economy, debt-reduction, health and education. While there is no incontrovertible evidence that adjustment policies caused the crisis, they have been largely ineffective in reversing Zambia's economic decline. In fact, due to the IMF's ahistorical and apolitical approach, any gains have been ephemeral and, in many instances, served to exacerbate the suffering of the population. Finally, Zambia's political structures have proved unable and unwilling to implement IMF reforms consistently and this underlies the central point that SAPs, as a strategy, cannot ensure long-term sustainable development.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
- Authors: Makan, Amita
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: Structural adjustment (Economic policy) -- Zambia , Zambia -- Economic conditions -- 1964- , Zambia -- Politics and government -- 1964-1991 , Zambia -- Economic conditions
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2800 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003010 , Structural adjustment (Economic policy) -- Zambia , Zambia -- Economic conditions -- 1964- , Zambia -- Politics and government -- 1964-1991 , Zambia -- Economic conditions
- Description: This study begins with a statistical survey setting out the parameters of Zambia's socio-economic decline in the 1980s. In order to unravel the complex reasons for the crisis, the study develops and employs an historical structural framework which emphasises the interconnectedness of historical, political, economic and social processes . Thereafter, an explanation of Zambia's political and economic development is presented as a background for understanding how and why the IMF came to play an increasingly decisive role in the management of the economic crisis in the 1980s. It is argued that patron-client politics in conjunction with a 'coincidence of interests' between local elite and international capital, entrenched the distorted mono-export dependent economy which, in turn, accelerated the economic decline and debt crisis of the 1980s. After presenting an overview of the Fund's philosophy and objectives, close attention is paid to the impact of SAPs on Zambia, especially in terms of how such policies as subsidy withdrawal, de-regulation and devaluation affected the economy, debt-reduction, health and education. While there is no incontrovertible evidence that adjustment policies caused the crisis, they have been largely ineffective in reversing Zambia's economic decline. In fact, due to the IMF's ahistorical and apolitical approach, any gains have been ephemeral and, in many instances, served to exacerbate the suffering of the population. Finally, Zambia's political structures have proved unable and unwilling to implement IMF reforms consistently and this underlies the central point that SAPs, as a strategy, cannot ensure long-term sustainable development.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
The impact of the end of the Cold War on transition in South Africa
- Authors: Du Preez, Roni
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: Cold War , International relations , South Africa -- Politics and government -- 1989-1994 , South Africa -- Foreign relations -- 1989-1994 , South Africa -- Politics and government -- 1978-1989 , South Africa -- Foreign relations -- 1978-1989
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2773 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002983 , Cold War , International relations , South Africa -- Politics and government -- 1989-1994 , South Africa -- Foreign relations -- 1989-1994 , South Africa -- Politics and government -- 1978-1989 , South Africa -- Foreign relations -- 1978-1989
- Description: This thesis argues that F.W. de Klerk's historic February 1990 speech was the end product of a set of circumstances in recent South African and global history which made possible the new phase of transitional politics which South Africa is currently experiencing. It seeks to establish that of all the factors that contributed to change, it was the late 1980s thaw in the Cold War, and its resultant repercussions internationally and regionally which was the catalytic factor which made the new era possible. In all the literature on transition there has been no comprehensive analysis of the plausible link between the two superpowers agreeing in the mid-1980s to abandon confrontational practices and to change their approaches to regional conflicts and the South African government agreeing to negotiate for a new political dispensation. This thesis will seek to establish and analyse such a link. By 1986 there was in certain governmental circles a non-public view that the policy of apartheid had failed both as a solution to the problem of black political aspirations and as a legitimating ideology. Constraining any serious move towards political change was a widely held fear at the top level of government that an accelerated reform process would make South Africa vulnerable to external aggression and internal revolutionary forces. This thesis suggests that the collapse of communist rule in Eastern Europe and the 'new political thinking' in Soviet foreign policy resulted in the notion of a communist-inspired total onslaught against South Africa losing currency - as did the position of those within the ruling elite who remained dogmatically attached to it. The end of the Cold War is the common thread which links South Africa's international , regional and domestic environments. Two important events occurred in the international and regional arenas, which against the backdrop of the end of the Cold War, strengthened the credibility of the alternative view in government: (i) the October 1986 Reykjavik Summit and (ii) the South African Defence Force setback at Cuito Cuanavale. P.W. Botha's resignation as leader of the National Party and soon after as State President created the political space through which the view of the reformers could emerge as dominant. Recognising that neither the international nor regional environments sustained the beliefs and fears held by the military hawks, F.W. de Klerk was able to capitalise on the ambience of negotiations and apply it to the South African situation. De Klerk's February 1990 speech was therefore the culmination of a process which had its origins in the mid-1980's.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
- Authors: Du Preez, Roni
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: Cold War , International relations , South Africa -- Politics and government -- 1989-1994 , South Africa -- Foreign relations -- 1989-1994 , South Africa -- Politics and government -- 1978-1989 , South Africa -- Foreign relations -- 1978-1989
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2773 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002983 , Cold War , International relations , South Africa -- Politics and government -- 1989-1994 , South Africa -- Foreign relations -- 1989-1994 , South Africa -- Politics and government -- 1978-1989 , South Africa -- Foreign relations -- 1978-1989
- Description: This thesis argues that F.W. de Klerk's historic February 1990 speech was the end product of a set of circumstances in recent South African and global history which made possible the new phase of transitional politics which South Africa is currently experiencing. It seeks to establish that of all the factors that contributed to change, it was the late 1980s thaw in the Cold War, and its resultant repercussions internationally and regionally which was the catalytic factor which made the new era possible. In all the literature on transition there has been no comprehensive analysis of the plausible link between the two superpowers agreeing in the mid-1980s to abandon confrontational practices and to change their approaches to regional conflicts and the South African government agreeing to negotiate for a new political dispensation. This thesis will seek to establish and analyse such a link. By 1986 there was in certain governmental circles a non-public view that the policy of apartheid had failed both as a solution to the problem of black political aspirations and as a legitimating ideology. Constraining any serious move towards political change was a widely held fear at the top level of government that an accelerated reform process would make South Africa vulnerable to external aggression and internal revolutionary forces. This thesis suggests that the collapse of communist rule in Eastern Europe and the 'new political thinking' in Soviet foreign policy resulted in the notion of a communist-inspired total onslaught against South Africa losing currency - as did the position of those within the ruling elite who remained dogmatically attached to it. The end of the Cold War is the common thread which links South Africa's international , regional and domestic environments. Two important events occurred in the international and regional arenas, which against the backdrop of the end of the Cold War, strengthened the credibility of the alternative view in government: (i) the October 1986 Reykjavik Summit and (ii) the South African Defence Force setback at Cuito Cuanavale. P.W. Botha's resignation as leader of the National Party and soon after as State President created the political space through which the view of the reformers could emerge as dominant. Recognising that neither the international nor regional environments sustained the beliefs and fears held by the military hawks, F.W. de Klerk was able to capitalise on the ambience of negotiations and apply it to the South African situation. De Klerk's February 1990 speech was therefore the culmination of a process which had its origins in the mid-1980's.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
The influence of the composition of mixed Karoo vegetation on the grazing habits of Merino and Dorper wethers
- Authors: Roux, Francis Augustus
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: Grazing -- South Africa -- Karoo , Sheep -- Feeding and feeds , Dorper sheep -- South Africa , Merino sheep -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4223 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003792 , Grazing -- South Africa -- Karoo , Sheep -- Feeding and feeds , Dorper sheep -- South Africa , Merino sheep -- South Africa
- Description: The primary objective of this research project was to determine whether area-selective grazing, by Dorper and Merino wethers, took place in small grazing camps as governed by differences in vegetal cover. The main research techniques employed were the descending-point method for the determination of botanical composition, sub-division of the camps into gridblocks to trace sheep movement in relation to vegetation patterning, fistulated animals to determine diet selection, the electronic theodolite for micro-topography, and few minor techniques. The result have shown that area- patch- and species selective grazing are prevalent in small grazing camps under "normal" stocking densities, and that different breeds of stock (Merino and Dorper sheep) have different grazing patterns and diet selection . Climax and sub-climax areas were those primarily select ed for grazing. There is little or no correlation between botanical composition and diet selected as per fistula ted animal. The average distances travelled by Dorpers and Merinos was 2 km / day and 3.1 km/day respectively. Plant phenology did not have a detectable influence in the choice of diet.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
- Authors: Roux, Francis Augustus
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: Grazing -- South Africa -- Karoo , Sheep -- Feeding and feeds , Dorper sheep -- South Africa , Merino sheep -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4223 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003792 , Grazing -- South Africa -- Karoo , Sheep -- Feeding and feeds , Dorper sheep -- South Africa , Merino sheep -- South Africa
- Description: The primary objective of this research project was to determine whether area-selective grazing, by Dorper and Merino wethers, took place in small grazing camps as governed by differences in vegetal cover. The main research techniques employed were the descending-point method for the determination of botanical composition, sub-division of the camps into gridblocks to trace sheep movement in relation to vegetation patterning, fistulated animals to determine diet selection, the electronic theodolite for micro-topography, and few minor techniques. The result have shown that area- patch- and species selective grazing are prevalent in small grazing camps under "normal" stocking densities, and that different breeds of stock (Merino and Dorper sheep) have different grazing patterns and diet selection . Climax and sub-climax areas were those primarily select ed for grazing. There is little or no correlation between botanical composition and diet selected as per fistula ted animal. The average distances travelled by Dorpers and Merinos was 2 km / day and 3.1 km/day respectively. Plant phenology did not have a detectable influence in the choice of diet.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
The just figure shape, harmony and proportion in a selection of Andrew Marvell's lyrics
- Authors: Gardner, Corinna
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: Marvell, Andrew, 1621-1678 -- Criticism and interpretation , English poetry -- Early modern, 1500-1700 -- History and criticism
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2230 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002273 , Marvell, Andrew, 1621-1678 -- Criticism and interpretation , English poetry -- Early modern, 1500-1700 -- History and criticism
- Description: The phrase "the just Figure" - a quotation from Upon Appleton House - is the central theme of this thesis as it aptly describes Marvell's repeated use of shape, harmony and proportion to suggest morality and virtue. The poet's concern with geometrical imagery is conveyed by the word "figure", which also is another term for a metaphor or conceit. The word "just" suggests not only moral appropriateness, but also mathematical exactness or fit. The thesis consists of five chapters, each dealing with an aspect of the imagery of shape and form which pervades so many of Marvell's lyrics. The first chapter, "Moral Geometry", deals with the way in which Marvell uses the imagery of lines, angles and curves. In some poems the lines are curved, as in Upon the Hill and Grove at Bill-borrow, where the graceful downward curved line of the hill conveys Fairfacian humility. Symmetry and circularity are discussed in the second chapter. The poet uses the perfect shape of the circle to depict objects which convey a moral significance. Similarly, several of the lyrics are themselves quasi-circular with their closing lines echoing their openings. Chapter Three deals with liquid spheres. Marvell explores the nature, shape and texture of tears in poems such as Eyes and Tears and Mourning; and in On a Drop of Dew uses the shape of the dew drop to suggest the perfection of the heavenly realm from which it has been parted. In several of the lyrics, Marvell places a frame around his poems to create an enclosed world in which his poetic creations exist. These enclosed, or framed, worlds are discussed in Chapter Four. The final chapter, "Beyond The Frame", describes how some of the lyrics suggest a move from the world within to the world beyond the frame of the poem.This can either be a movement from confinement to release, or from the seen world to worlds unseen. Shape, harmony and proportion are the qualities which Marvell uses to convey morality and humility and a vision of the world based on what is, in the various senses of the word, "just".
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
- Authors: Gardner, Corinna
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: Marvell, Andrew, 1621-1678 -- Criticism and interpretation , English poetry -- Early modern, 1500-1700 -- History and criticism
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2230 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002273 , Marvell, Andrew, 1621-1678 -- Criticism and interpretation , English poetry -- Early modern, 1500-1700 -- History and criticism
- Description: The phrase "the just Figure" - a quotation from Upon Appleton House - is the central theme of this thesis as it aptly describes Marvell's repeated use of shape, harmony and proportion to suggest morality and virtue. The poet's concern with geometrical imagery is conveyed by the word "figure", which also is another term for a metaphor or conceit. The word "just" suggests not only moral appropriateness, but also mathematical exactness or fit. The thesis consists of five chapters, each dealing with an aspect of the imagery of shape and form which pervades so many of Marvell's lyrics. The first chapter, "Moral Geometry", deals with the way in which Marvell uses the imagery of lines, angles and curves. In some poems the lines are curved, as in Upon the Hill and Grove at Bill-borrow, where the graceful downward curved line of the hill conveys Fairfacian humility. Symmetry and circularity are discussed in the second chapter. The poet uses the perfect shape of the circle to depict objects which convey a moral significance. Similarly, several of the lyrics are themselves quasi-circular with their closing lines echoing their openings. Chapter Three deals with liquid spheres. Marvell explores the nature, shape and texture of tears in poems such as Eyes and Tears and Mourning; and in On a Drop of Dew uses the shape of the dew drop to suggest the perfection of the heavenly realm from which it has been parted. In several of the lyrics, Marvell places a frame around his poems to create an enclosed world in which his poetic creations exist. These enclosed, or framed, worlds are discussed in Chapter Four. The final chapter, "Beyond The Frame", describes how some of the lyrics suggest a move from the world within to the world beyond the frame of the poem.This can either be a movement from confinement to release, or from the seen world to worlds unseen. Shape, harmony and proportion are the qualities which Marvell uses to convey morality and humility and a vision of the world based on what is, in the various senses of the word, "just".
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994