The legalisation of prostitution in South Africa
- Authors: Vaveki, Vuyani Patrick
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Prostitution|xLaw and legislation , Sex and law -- South Africa Prostitution -- South Africa Women -- Legal status, laws, etc
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , LLM
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/43698 , vital:37034
- Description: Prostitution or Sex work has been a crime in the country for a number of decades. In earlier years sex work was not explicitly crminalised and the government relied on various laws to regulate and deal with sex work. With the passage of time sex work was formally regulated and dealt with specifically as a criminal offence by legislation. Those legislative measures still exist to ensure that sex work remains a crime in South Africa. Courts have on a number of occasion been tasked to consider the status of sex workers in the context of the human rights provided for by the Constitution of the Republic (both the interim and the final). In the two seminal cases of S v Jordan and others and Kylie v CCMA the courts approached the status of sex workers on the basis that even sex workers are entitled to the human rights enshrined in the Constitution. The Constitutional Court in Jordan, however refused to decriminalise sex work for those purposes holding that it is for the legislature to decide the issue of decriminalisation. Various interest groups have lobbied for the decriminalisation of sex work in order to give meaning to Constitutional rights of sex workers. The criminalisation of sex work appears to be a case of the state legislating morality and interfering with private individual matters. With a bad history of state interference in private affairs of individuals this practise should be guarded against in the Constitutional dispensation. Criminal law as such should have no application in private instances that cause no harm to any other person or state interests. It appears that the continued criminalisation of sex work is increasingly appearing to be without proper justification and as such it is recommended that the country adopts the New Zealand model of decriminalisation. This will ensure that the rights of sex workers are duly respected.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Vaveki, Vuyani Patrick
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Prostitution|xLaw and legislation , Sex and law -- South Africa Prostitution -- South Africa Women -- Legal status, laws, etc
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , LLM
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/43698 , vital:37034
- Description: Prostitution or Sex work has been a crime in the country for a number of decades. In earlier years sex work was not explicitly crminalised and the government relied on various laws to regulate and deal with sex work. With the passage of time sex work was formally regulated and dealt with specifically as a criminal offence by legislation. Those legislative measures still exist to ensure that sex work remains a crime in South Africa. Courts have on a number of occasion been tasked to consider the status of sex workers in the context of the human rights provided for by the Constitution of the Republic (both the interim and the final). In the two seminal cases of S v Jordan and others and Kylie v CCMA the courts approached the status of sex workers on the basis that even sex workers are entitled to the human rights enshrined in the Constitution. The Constitutional Court in Jordan, however refused to decriminalise sex work for those purposes holding that it is for the legislature to decide the issue of decriminalisation. Various interest groups have lobbied for the decriminalisation of sex work in order to give meaning to Constitutional rights of sex workers. The criminalisation of sex work appears to be a case of the state legislating morality and interfering with private individual matters. With a bad history of state interference in private affairs of individuals this practise should be guarded against in the Constitutional dispensation. Criminal law as such should have no application in private instances that cause no harm to any other person or state interests. It appears that the continued criminalisation of sex work is increasingly appearing to be without proper justification and as such it is recommended that the country adopts the New Zealand model of decriminalisation. This will ensure that the rights of sex workers are duly respected.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
The living and learning experiences of Nelson Mandela University students residing in off-campus residence accommodation
- Authors: Mzileni, Pedro Mihlali
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Student housing -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , Learning Learning, Psychology of Motivation in education
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/41697 , vital:36573
- Description: This research study investigated the living and learning experiences of Nelson Mandela University students who reside in off-campus student accommodation. The university is located in the suburb of Summerstrand in the city of Port Elizabeth (PE) and it is one of the large universities in South Africa with a student population of 27 311 students by 2017. With only 3285 beds in its on-campus residence system, the university can only cater for 12% of students on site. The rest of the student population, which is the majority, resides in offcampus residences and private accommodation. The off-campus accommodation system of the university consists of accredited and nonaccredited off-campus residences. The non-accredited residences are privately owned houses that are based in the upper-income area of Summerstrand whilst the accredited residences are big properties that are also privately owned but are administratively managed by the university and they are based in the low-income area of North End. The study used Tinto’s Theory of Student Integration to frame the investigation and it found that PE resembles elements of an apartheid city that is divided along class and gender patterns. This spatial structure of the city affects the governance and administrative systems of the university, such as commuting, and they affect the materiality of student’s learning experiences. This criticality brings a different understanding of ‘studentification’ when it occurs in a developing country’s context wherein the different demographics of students shape how it becomes visible in a university city that is engulfed which socio-political problems of violence and crime. This brings diverse traditions of studying higher education in a post-apartheid setting where student accommodation is viewed as a need emanating from student vulnerability within the context of enrolment massifications, infrastructure limitations, and the privatization of living structures.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Mzileni, Pedro Mihlali
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Student housing -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , Learning Learning, Psychology of Motivation in education
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/41697 , vital:36573
- Description: This research study investigated the living and learning experiences of Nelson Mandela University students who reside in off-campus student accommodation. The university is located in the suburb of Summerstrand in the city of Port Elizabeth (PE) and it is one of the large universities in South Africa with a student population of 27 311 students by 2017. With only 3285 beds in its on-campus residence system, the university can only cater for 12% of students on site. The rest of the student population, which is the majority, resides in offcampus residences and private accommodation. The off-campus accommodation system of the university consists of accredited and nonaccredited off-campus residences. The non-accredited residences are privately owned houses that are based in the upper-income area of Summerstrand whilst the accredited residences are big properties that are also privately owned but are administratively managed by the university and they are based in the low-income area of North End. The study used Tinto’s Theory of Student Integration to frame the investigation and it found that PE resembles elements of an apartheid city that is divided along class and gender patterns. This spatial structure of the city affects the governance and administrative systems of the university, such as commuting, and they affect the materiality of student’s learning experiences. This criticality brings a different understanding of ‘studentification’ when it occurs in a developing country’s context wherein the different demographics of students shape how it becomes visible in a university city that is engulfed which socio-political problems of violence and crime. This brings diverse traditions of studying higher education in a post-apartheid setting where student accommodation is viewed as a need emanating from student vulnerability within the context of enrolment massifications, infrastructure limitations, and the privatization of living structures.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
The management of conflict between employees: a case study of an information technology company in Johannesburg
- Authors: Monakali, Robin
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Conflict management -- South Africa -- Johannesburg , Conflict management -- Case studies Interpersonal relations Personnel management -- Psychological aspects Management
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/41997 , vital:36616
- Description: The global working environment has transformed significantly over the last two decades, with rapid advancements in technology and information as well as the levels of diversity in the workplace. This process of adaptation, the failure to adapt or weaknesses in adaptation can be an underlying cause of conflict within organizations. For an organization to be successful, there must be effective conflict management techniques in place in order to resolve or keep the conflict at a minimum. The aim of this exploratory case study was to therefore explore the management of conflict between employees in an Information Technology company in Johannesburg. The human needs theory, which states that the deprivation of human needs is a major source of conflict, was used as the theoretical framework guiding this study. A mixed methods approach, also known as methodological triangulation, was used, which involved combining qualitative and quantitative research methods in order to achieve triangulation of data. The qualitative research method that was used comprised individual semi-structured interviews with two Human Resources managers and the quantitative research method involved the completion of self-administered questionnaires by 94 employees of the IT company. The researcher used a purposive sampling design for the interviews and simple random sampling for the questionnaires. Ethics permission for this research was received from Nelson Mandela University’s Research Ethics Committee and the study was conducted in accordance with the university’s Policy on Research Ethics. The findings of this study have revealed that the type of conflict mainly experienced in this organization was employee conflict, due to interpersonal clashes relating to personality differences. The employees were unanimous that conflict can have both a positive and negative effect. The interviews confirmed that the IT company makes use of negotiation and mediation to resolve workplace conflict, with the literature review providing evidence that negotiation and mediation are useful means of managing conflict between employees. However, the results from the completed questionnaires revealed that employees attempt to manage conflict by avoiding the conflict, which could be due to employees having limited awareness of the organization’s procedures to address conflict. This study can therefore potentially be beneficial to organizations and assist the latter in developing conflict management skills and practices, which can enhance organizational performance, productivity and employee retention.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Monakali, Robin
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Conflict management -- South Africa -- Johannesburg , Conflict management -- Case studies Interpersonal relations Personnel management -- Psychological aspects Management
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/41997 , vital:36616
- Description: The global working environment has transformed significantly over the last two decades, with rapid advancements in technology and information as well as the levels of diversity in the workplace. This process of adaptation, the failure to adapt or weaknesses in adaptation can be an underlying cause of conflict within organizations. For an organization to be successful, there must be effective conflict management techniques in place in order to resolve or keep the conflict at a minimum. The aim of this exploratory case study was to therefore explore the management of conflict between employees in an Information Technology company in Johannesburg. The human needs theory, which states that the deprivation of human needs is a major source of conflict, was used as the theoretical framework guiding this study. A mixed methods approach, also known as methodological triangulation, was used, which involved combining qualitative and quantitative research methods in order to achieve triangulation of data. The qualitative research method that was used comprised individual semi-structured interviews with two Human Resources managers and the quantitative research method involved the completion of self-administered questionnaires by 94 employees of the IT company. The researcher used a purposive sampling design for the interviews and simple random sampling for the questionnaires. Ethics permission for this research was received from Nelson Mandela University’s Research Ethics Committee and the study was conducted in accordance with the university’s Policy on Research Ethics. The findings of this study have revealed that the type of conflict mainly experienced in this organization was employee conflict, due to interpersonal clashes relating to personality differences. The employees were unanimous that conflict can have both a positive and negative effect. The interviews confirmed that the IT company makes use of negotiation and mediation to resolve workplace conflict, with the literature review providing evidence that negotiation and mediation are useful means of managing conflict between employees. However, the results from the completed questionnaires revealed that employees attempt to manage conflict by avoiding the conflict, which could be due to employees having limited awareness of the organization’s procedures to address conflict. This study can therefore potentially be beneficial to organizations and assist the latter in developing conflict management skills and practices, which can enhance organizational performance, productivity and employee retention.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
The meaning and practice of stewardship in South Africa
- Cockburn, Jessica, Cundill, Georgina, Shackleton, Sheona, Rouget, Mathieu
- Authors: Cockburn, Jessica , Cundill, Georgina , Shackleton, Sheona , Rouget, Mathieu
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/390683 , vital:68574 , xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2019/5339"
- Description: Stewardship offers a means of addressing social-ecological sustainability challenges, from the local to the global level. The concept of stewardship has had various meanings attached to it over time, and the links between the theory and practice of stewardship are not well understood. We sought to characterise the practice of stewardship in South Africa, to better understand the relationship between theory and practice. We found that practitioners’ understandings of stewardship coalesce around two core notions: the idea of stewardship as ‘responsible use and care’ of nature, and stewardship as a ‘balancing act’ between stewards’ use of natural resources for agricultural production and their responsibility to protect and manage the wider ecosystem. Stewardship practice in South Africa is strongly influenced by the biodiversity stewardship tool; however, many practitioners are integrating biodiversity stewardship with other approaches. These emerging social-ecological stewardship initiatives operate at landscape-level and work towards integrated social and ecological stewardship outcomes, by facilitating collaboration among diverse stakeholders. Further research is needed to better understand what is required to support these integrated, collaborative and cross-sectoral initiatives. Policy mechanisms that facilitate integrated place-based stewardship practice can contribute to expanding the practice of biodiversity stewardship in South Africa.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Cockburn, Jessica , Cundill, Georgina , Shackleton, Sheona , Rouget, Mathieu
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/390683 , vital:68574 , xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2019/5339"
- Description: Stewardship offers a means of addressing social-ecological sustainability challenges, from the local to the global level. The concept of stewardship has had various meanings attached to it over time, and the links between the theory and practice of stewardship are not well understood. We sought to characterise the practice of stewardship in South Africa, to better understand the relationship between theory and practice. We found that practitioners’ understandings of stewardship coalesce around two core notions: the idea of stewardship as ‘responsible use and care’ of nature, and stewardship as a ‘balancing act’ between stewards’ use of natural resources for agricultural production and their responsibility to protect and manage the wider ecosystem. Stewardship practice in South Africa is strongly influenced by the biodiversity stewardship tool; however, many practitioners are integrating biodiversity stewardship with other approaches. These emerging social-ecological stewardship initiatives operate at landscape-level and work towards integrated social and ecological stewardship outcomes, by facilitating collaboration among diverse stakeholders. Further research is needed to better understand what is required to support these integrated, collaborative and cross-sectoral initiatives. Policy mechanisms that facilitate integrated place-based stewardship practice can contribute to expanding the practice of biodiversity stewardship in South Africa.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
The meaning of community: the viability of Public Sphere theory and Social Cohesion on social media groups: a reception study of the ‘Grahamstown’ Facebook Group
- Authors: Ferreira, Ettioné
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Digital media -- Social aspects , Facebook (Firm) , Social participation -- South Africa -- Makhanda , Public sphere -- South Africa -- Makhanda , Group identity -- South Africa -- Makhanda , Grahamstown Facebook Group
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/114870 , vital:34043 , Digital media -- Social aspects , Facebook (Firm) , Social participation -- South Africa -- Makhanda , Public sphere -- South Africa -- Makhanda , Group identity -- South Africa -- Makhanda , Grahamstown Facebook Group
- Description: This study explores the meaning of community to Grahamstown’s online social media community, through a case study of the ‘Grahamstown’ Facebook group (GFG). The study explores the possibilities of social media as a public sphere and the way geographically-based social media sites might contribute to social cohesion in a community. The study explores what kinds of discussions take place on the GFG and why they are happening. It investigates whether these discussions can promote understanding and social solidarity, and whether useful deliberations are taking place, in some kind of approximation of a public sphere. Is this Group contributing to the wellbeing of the community, and how? Drawing on public sphere theory and various conceptions of the concept of social cohesion, the dissertation aims to find out how much of an impact the GFG has on Grahamstown/Makhanda inhabitants’ lives and sense of community. The study argues that with the advent of digital media, another ‘structural transformation’ in Habermasian terms, is underway, both empirically and theoretically. Through more than a dozen in-depth interviews combined with content analysis (via participant observation), the study finds that participation in and exposure to the GFG does lead, for many, to a sense of belonging and social cohesion as community members come together to act in relation to the state, local business and other institutions. The viability of ideas of highly localised (in time and space) ‘public sphericules’ as an alternative to broader more overarching concepts of a public sphere, is explored in this study. The study also suggests a typology of users, identifying the frequency, tone of voice and motives for participating on the GFG and attempts a periodisation of the GFG’s changing role in the community over the past decade.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Ferreira, Ettioné
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Digital media -- Social aspects , Facebook (Firm) , Social participation -- South Africa -- Makhanda , Public sphere -- South Africa -- Makhanda , Group identity -- South Africa -- Makhanda , Grahamstown Facebook Group
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/114870 , vital:34043 , Digital media -- Social aspects , Facebook (Firm) , Social participation -- South Africa -- Makhanda , Public sphere -- South Africa -- Makhanda , Group identity -- South Africa -- Makhanda , Grahamstown Facebook Group
- Description: This study explores the meaning of community to Grahamstown’s online social media community, through a case study of the ‘Grahamstown’ Facebook group (GFG). The study explores the possibilities of social media as a public sphere and the way geographically-based social media sites might contribute to social cohesion in a community. The study explores what kinds of discussions take place on the GFG and why they are happening. It investigates whether these discussions can promote understanding and social solidarity, and whether useful deliberations are taking place, in some kind of approximation of a public sphere. Is this Group contributing to the wellbeing of the community, and how? Drawing on public sphere theory and various conceptions of the concept of social cohesion, the dissertation aims to find out how much of an impact the GFG has on Grahamstown/Makhanda inhabitants’ lives and sense of community. The study argues that with the advent of digital media, another ‘structural transformation’ in Habermasian terms, is underway, both empirically and theoretically. Through more than a dozen in-depth interviews combined with content analysis (via participant observation), the study finds that participation in and exposure to the GFG does lead, for many, to a sense of belonging and social cohesion as community members come together to act in relation to the state, local business and other institutions. The viability of ideas of highly localised (in time and space) ‘public sphericules’ as an alternative to broader more overarching concepts of a public sphere, is explored in this study. The study also suggests a typology of users, identifying the frequency, tone of voice and motives for participating on the GFG and attempts a periodisation of the GFG’s changing role in the community over the past decade.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
The mediating role of job autonomy on mobile technology usage, work engagement and emotional exhaustion amongst a sample of public service employees in Bhisho
- Authors: Mkabile, Siphesihle
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Mobile communication systems Psychology, Industrial
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom (Industrial Psychology)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/13748 , vital:39707
- Description: Orientation: The constant subjective criticism by the public for poor and or a total lack of service delivery by government departments in terms of meeting requirements and standards and the non-performance seem to rest with the public employees. In government, work engagement leads to the satisfaction of the citizens or clients, which in turn leads to the citizens trusting and having confidence in public organisations. Research purpose: This study aimed at examining the mediating role of job autonomy between mobile technology usage, work engagement and emotional exhaustion amongst public service employees in Bhisho. Motivation for the study: There is growth in the usage of mobile technology in Africa. However, the effects of mobile devices on the working environment are still unclear. A research gap exists on the effects of mobile technology on employee outcomes such as work engagement and emotional exhaustion. Research approach/design and method: This study used a quantitative approach, with a descriptive and explanatory research design. Analyses were conducted by SPSS 23 and Amos 22 on a sample of 165 public service employees. Main findings: The results show that mobile technology usage improved work engagement of the employees through their job autonomy. Mobile technology usage did not have any significant effect on the employees’ emotional exhaustion and work engagement. Practical/managerial implications: The findings from this study imply that mobile technology can result in positive psychological experiences for employees and present some managerial implications for boundary conditions. Contribution/value-add: This study contributes to the literature on mobile technology usage, work engagement, emotional exhaustion and job auto
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Mkabile, Siphesihle
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Mobile communication systems Psychology, Industrial
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom (Industrial Psychology)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/13748 , vital:39707
- Description: Orientation: The constant subjective criticism by the public for poor and or a total lack of service delivery by government departments in terms of meeting requirements and standards and the non-performance seem to rest with the public employees. In government, work engagement leads to the satisfaction of the citizens or clients, which in turn leads to the citizens trusting and having confidence in public organisations. Research purpose: This study aimed at examining the mediating role of job autonomy between mobile technology usage, work engagement and emotional exhaustion amongst public service employees in Bhisho. Motivation for the study: There is growth in the usage of mobile technology in Africa. However, the effects of mobile devices on the working environment are still unclear. A research gap exists on the effects of mobile technology on employee outcomes such as work engagement and emotional exhaustion. Research approach/design and method: This study used a quantitative approach, with a descriptive and explanatory research design. Analyses were conducted by SPSS 23 and Amos 22 on a sample of 165 public service employees. Main findings: The results show that mobile technology usage improved work engagement of the employees through their job autonomy. Mobile technology usage did not have any significant effect on the employees’ emotional exhaustion and work engagement. Practical/managerial implications: The findings from this study imply that mobile technology can result in positive psychological experiences for employees and present some managerial implications for boundary conditions. Contribution/value-add: This study contributes to the literature on mobile technology usage, work engagement, emotional exhaustion and job auto
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
The medicinal chemistry of selected halogenated diketopiperazines CYCLO(CIS-PRO-4F-PRO) and CYCLO(L-PHE-4I-VAL)
- Authors: Dakada, Vuyokazi
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Medicinal plants , Drug development Cells -- Effect of drugs on
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/39370 , vital:35221
- Description: Generally, peptides are selective and efficacious compounds; as a result, they are the best candidates for drug discovery and development. Most peptide-based drugs have been approved for clinical use. The 2,5-Diketopiperazines (DKPs), also known as cyclic dipeptides, are simple compounds which come from nature. Many DKPs are extracted from animals and plants. For example, cyclo(Proline(Pro)-Leucine(Leu)), cyclo(Proline-Valine(Val)), cyclo(Proline-Phenylalanine(Phe)) etc. In this study cyclo(cis-Proline(Pro)-4F-Proline(Pro)) and cyclo(L- Phenylalanine(Phe)-4I- Valine (Val)) were synthesized from their linear esters using a method modified by Milne et al. (1992). This method yielded good results. However, cyclo(L-Phe-4I-Val) degraded due to physicochemical stability attributes caused by hygroscopicity and photosensitivity. Quantitative analysis and evaluation of physicochemical properties of each dipeptide was achieved by using scanning electron microscopy, thermal analysis (differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis) and X-ray powder diffraction. To determine the purity of the cyclic dipeptide, high performance liquid chromatography and thin layer chromatography was used. The structural elucidation of the cyclic dipeptides was carried by employing infrared spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and, molecular modelling and computational chemistry. The aim of this research was to discover possible biological activity of cyclo(cis-Pro-4-F-Pro) and cyclo(L-Phe-4I-Val) with respect to their antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-diabetic and haematological effects. Cyclo(cis-Pro-4Fluoro-Pro) had no inhibitory effect on the antimicrobial strains tested, and cyclo(L-Phe-4Iodo-Val) could not be tested as the compound decomposed.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Dakada, Vuyokazi
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Medicinal plants , Drug development Cells -- Effect of drugs on
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/39370 , vital:35221
- Description: Generally, peptides are selective and efficacious compounds; as a result, they are the best candidates for drug discovery and development. Most peptide-based drugs have been approved for clinical use. The 2,5-Diketopiperazines (DKPs), also known as cyclic dipeptides, are simple compounds which come from nature. Many DKPs are extracted from animals and plants. For example, cyclo(Proline(Pro)-Leucine(Leu)), cyclo(Proline-Valine(Val)), cyclo(Proline-Phenylalanine(Phe)) etc. In this study cyclo(cis-Proline(Pro)-4F-Proline(Pro)) and cyclo(L- Phenylalanine(Phe)-4I- Valine (Val)) were synthesized from their linear esters using a method modified by Milne et al. (1992). This method yielded good results. However, cyclo(L-Phe-4I-Val) degraded due to physicochemical stability attributes caused by hygroscopicity and photosensitivity. Quantitative analysis and evaluation of physicochemical properties of each dipeptide was achieved by using scanning electron microscopy, thermal analysis (differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis) and X-ray powder diffraction. To determine the purity of the cyclic dipeptide, high performance liquid chromatography and thin layer chromatography was used. The structural elucidation of the cyclic dipeptides was carried by employing infrared spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and, molecular modelling and computational chemistry. The aim of this research was to discover possible biological activity of cyclo(cis-Pro-4-F-Pro) and cyclo(L-Phe-4I-Val) with respect to their antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-diabetic and haematological effects. Cyclo(cis-Pro-4Fluoro-Pro) had no inhibitory effect on the antimicrobial strains tested, and cyclo(L-Phe-4Iodo-Val) could not be tested as the compound decomposed.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
The Moderating Influence of Psychological Empowerment in the relationship between Job Insecurity and Organizational Citizenship Behaviour among the Eastern Cape Department of Health Employees
- Authors: Nwokolo, Echezona E
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Job security -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Organizational commitment Employee assistance programs
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , D.Com (Industrial Psychology)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/13881 , vital:39722
- Description: The unabated focus of many organizations on competition and profitability has amplified the threats of real or anticipated job loss resulting in the feelings of insecurity for employees about their job and future work life. The research investigated the role of psychological empowerment as moderator of the relationship between job insecurity and organizational citizenship behavior among the Eastern Cape Department of Health employees, in Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. The study adopted an exploratory and correlational research design to understand the relationships that exist between the study variables. Respondents were selected using convenience sampling technique, where a sample size of 357 respondents was selected from sample frame of 4847 employees. Seven-point and Five-point likert scale were used to measure the responses. The data analysis methods used include descriptive statistics, regression analysis, ANOVA and Structural Equation Modeling. The reliability, factor analysis and research hypotheses of the research instruments were tested using the aforementioned statistical techniques. The findings reveal a significant negative correlation between job insecurity and Organizational Citizenship Behaviour, a significant positive correlation between psychological empowerment and OCB. It also revealed that job insecurity and psychological empowerment combined account for a significant higher proportion of variance in OCB than any of the two separately, and that significantly and positively moderates the relationship between job insecurity and OCB. Recommendations to promote psychological empowerment in the organization in order to increase organizational citizenship behavior and decrease job insecurity among employees were suggested to leadership of the government departments, organizations and practicing managers.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Nwokolo, Echezona E
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Job security -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Organizational commitment Employee assistance programs
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , D.Com (Industrial Psychology)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/13881 , vital:39722
- Description: The unabated focus of many organizations on competition and profitability has amplified the threats of real or anticipated job loss resulting in the feelings of insecurity for employees about their job and future work life. The research investigated the role of psychological empowerment as moderator of the relationship between job insecurity and organizational citizenship behavior among the Eastern Cape Department of Health employees, in Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. The study adopted an exploratory and correlational research design to understand the relationships that exist between the study variables. Respondents were selected using convenience sampling technique, where a sample size of 357 respondents was selected from sample frame of 4847 employees. Seven-point and Five-point likert scale were used to measure the responses. The data analysis methods used include descriptive statistics, regression analysis, ANOVA and Structural Equation Modeling. The reliability, factor analysis and research hypotheses of the research instruments were tested using the aforementioned statistical techniques. The findings reveal a significant negative correlation between job insecurity and Organizational Citizenship Behaviour, a significant positive correlation between psychological empowerment and OCB. It also revealed that job insecurity and psychological empowerment combined account for a significant higher proportion of variance in OCB than any of the two separately, and that significantly and positively moderates the relationship between job insecurity and OCB. Recommendations to promote psychological empowerment in the organization in order to increase organizational citizenship behavior and decrease job insecurity among employees were suggested to leadership of the government departments, organizations and practicing managers.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
The morphological and molecular variation of southern African Nannocharax (Characiformes: Distichodontidae), and its taxonomic implications
- Authors: Smith, Timothy
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Nannocharax -- Africa, Southern , Distichodontidae -- Africa, Southern , Freshwater fishes -- Africa, Southern , Nannocharax -- Genetics -- Africa, Southern , Distichodontidae -- Genetics -- Africa, Southern , Freshwater fishes -- Genetics -- Africa, Southern
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/69212 , vital:29446
- Description: Nannocharax is the most species rich genus in the family Distichodontidae, being currently represented by 41 species. The genus is widely distributed across much of sub-Saharan Africa, with a range extending from the Zambezi ichthyofaunal province in the south to the Nilo-Sudan ichthyofaunal province in the north. In southern Africa, the genus is currently represented by four species, Nannocharax dageti Jerep, Vari, & Vreven, 2014, N. machadoi (Poll, 1967), N. macropterus Pellegrin, 1926, and N. multifasciatus Boulenger, 1923. Each of these species exhibit considerable intraspecific pigmentation pattern variation across their respective distribution ranges, suggesting that the current taxonomy possibly underestimates the taxonomic diversity of Nannocharax species in southern Africa. Much pigmentation pattern variation within these southern African species has been observed by both collectors and scientists in the field, prompting an investigation into the extent of this morphological variation as well as what molecular variation may occur as well. The genus displays a high degree of morphological conservatisim, making it difficult to assign external morphological characters as diagnostic. To this end, this study was conducted to determine the extent of diversity of this genus in the region, employing an integrative approach with traditional morphological analysis techniques as well as sequencing the ‘barcoding gene’, cytochrome oxidase I, testing the hypothesis that there is a greater, hidden diversity of this genus in the region than currently recognised. This study aims to identify these potential lineages and accurately map their distributions. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference, using the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene region. Massive genetic divergence was detected between populations of taxa previously considered to be singular, widely distributed species. The three approaches of phylogenetic inference used in this study yielded trees of comparable overall topology, with the exception of the maximum parsimony tree which indicated additional lineages within the southern African N. multifasciatus group. These analyses revealed four deeply divergent (1.3 – 12.3%) lineages within southern African N. macropterus, as well as two deeply divergent (0.4-14.6%) populations from the Congo ichthyofaunal region, the lineages here named “N. macropterus Congo 1” and “N. macropterus Congo 2”. Within the southern African region, two deeply divergent (10.3%) lineages of N. macropterus were identified from the Okavango River system, identified as “N. macropterus Okavango 2” lineage restricted to the Cuito-Canavale tributary, and “N. macropterus Okavango 1” distributed throughout the remainder of the Okavango system. “N. macropterus Okavango 2” shares a closer relationship with the unique lineage from the Kwanza ichthyofaunal region, named N. macropterus “Kwanza”, which itself is deeply divergent from the N. macropterus “Okavango 1”, N. macropterus “Zambezi”, N. macropterus “Congo 1” and N. macropterus “Congo 2” lineages (3.1-14.4%). Principal component analyses (PCA) and discriminant function analyses (DFA) produced overlapping clusters for all identified lineages, with the exception of the N. macropterus “Kwanza” lineage, which in all analyses clustered away from the other lineages. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Kruskall-Wallis tests indicated significant differences in means between character traits between lineages, however, overlap in measurements and counts occurred in all instances except between the N. macropterus “Kwanza” and N. macropterus Congo lineages. However the N. macropterus “Kwanza” lineages could be distinguished from the other lineages by generally smaller fin lengths (dorsal fin 19.5%SL vs 20.0-22.1%SL in others; pectoral fin 16.5%SL vs 20.6-21.8%SL in others; pelvic fin 18.3%SL vs 21.3-22.4) and pigmentation pattern differences. The N. macropterus species group displayed extensive pigmentation pattern variation, to the extent that five pattern grades could be used to classify them. These pattern grades, while not specific to river systems, showed patterns similar to that which was seen in the molecular analyses and could be linked to lineages with only minor overlap between them. Three lineages of N. multifasciatus were identified, with two occurring in the southern African region, each corresponding to a river system, being the N. multifasciatus “Zambezi” and N. multifasciatus “Okavango” lineages. This species group displayed shallower divergence between lineages than did the N. macropterus group, at 2.5% genetic distance. Genetic analysis inferred a closer relationship between the N. multifasciatus “Zambezi” and N. multifasciatus “Congo” lineages than with the N. multifasciatus “Okavango” lineage. Morphological PCA and DFA analyses indicated morphological divergence of the N. multifasciatus “Congo” lineage, with generally larger proportional measurements than southern African specimens (body width 12.6%SL vs 9.5-9.7%SL; body depth 26.6%SL vs 21.6-21.9%SL; head width 12.0%SL vs 10.0-10.4%SL). PCA, DFA, and measurements show a near complete overlap between the N. multifasciatus “Okavango” and N. multifasciatus “Zambezi” lineages. Pigmentation pattern variation occurred within this group, but none that could be assigned to a particular lineage. The N. machadoi species group in southern Africa consists of five lineages: N. machadoi “Zambezi 1”, N. machadoi “Zambezi 2”, N. machadoi “Kafue 1”, N. machadoi “Kafue 2”, and N. machadoi “Okavango”. This group displayed shallower genetic divergence between lineages than the other southern African Nannocharax species groups (0.4-1.3%). This shallow genetic divergence is paralleled by near complete morphological overlap, with PCA and DFA producing overlapping clusters, and measurements, meristics, and pigmentation pattern metrics consisting of very similar values for the lineages. These results indicate that what is considered to be “N. macropterus” in southern Africa should not be named as such. The N. macropterus “Zambezi” and the N. macropterus “Okavango 1” lineages, are misidentifications of Nannocharax dageti. Other “N. macropterus” from the southern African region possesses fewer circumpeduncular scales than the true N. macropterus as described by Pellegrin (1926), and require taxonomic re-evaluation, each here being recognised as a unique lineage with species status, here named N. macropterus “Okavango 2” and N. macropterus “Kwanza”. In particular, N. macropterus “Kwanza” displays deep genetic divergence as well as morphological dissimilarity with the other southern African “N. macropterus” groups. Nannocharax fasciolaris and N. monardi are here placed as junior synonyms of N. multifasciatus, owing to vast overlaps in measurements and character counts of these species and N. multifasciatus, which is also known to occur within the same geographical distribution, as well as dubious arguments from the original publications in delineating these species from N. multifasciatus. Therefore, there is insufficient evidence indicating the presence of multiple species originating from the Okavango system, where it is here indicated that only a single lineage of banded, adipose fin-bearing Nannocharax occurs, namely N. multifasciatus “Okavango”.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Smith, Timothy
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Nannocharax -- Africa, Southern , Distichodontidae -- Africa, Southern , Freshwater fishes -- Africa, Southern , Nannocharax -- Genetics -- Africa, Southern , Distichodontidae -- Genetics -- Africa, Southern , Freshwater fishes -- Genetics -- Africa, Southern
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/69212 , vital:29446
- Description: Nannocharax is the most species rich genus in the family Distichodontidae, being currently represented by 41 species. The genus is widely distributed across much of sub-Saharan Africa, with a range extending from the Zambezi ichthyofaunal province in the south to the Nilo-Sudan ichthyofaunal province in the north. In southern Africa, the genus is currently represented by four species, Nannocharax dageti Jerep, Vari, & Vreven, 2014, N. machadoi (Poll, 1967), N. macropterus Pellegrin, 1926, and N. multifasciatus Boulenger, 1923. Each of these species exhibit considerable intraspecific pigmentation pattern variation across their respective distribution ranges, suggesting that the current taxonomy possibly underestimates the taxonomic diversity of Nannocharax species in southern Africa. Much pigmentation pattern variation within these southern African species has been observed by both collectors and scientists in the field, prompting an investigation into the extent of this morphological variation as well as what molecular variation may occur as well. The genus displays a high degree of morphological conservatisim, making it difficult to assign external morphological characters as diagnostic. To this end, this study was conducted to determine the extent of diversity of this genus in the region, employing an integrative approach with traditional morphological analysis techniques as well as sequencing the ‘barcoding gene’, cytochrome oxidase I, testing the hypothesis that there is a greater, hidden diversity of this genus in the region than currently recognised. This study aims to identify these potential lineages and accurately map their distributions. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference, using the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene region. Massive genetic divergence was detected between populations of taxa previously considered to be singular, widely distributed species. The three approaches of phylogenetic inference used in this study yielded trees of comparable overall topology, with the exception of the maximum parsimony tree which indicated additional lineages within the southern African N. multifasciatus group. These analyses revealed four deeply divergent (1.3 – 12.3%) lineages within southern African N. macropterus, as well as two deeply divergent (0.4-14.6%) populations from the Congo ichthyofaunal region, the lineages here named “N. macropterus Congo 1” and “N. macropterus Congo 2”. Within the southern African region, two deeply divergent (10.3%) lineages of N. macropterus were identified from the Okavango River system, identified as “N. macropterus Okavango 2” lineage restricted to the Cuito-Canavale tributary, and “N. macropterus Okavango 1” distributed throughout the remainder of the Okavango system. “N. macropterus Okavango 2” shares a closer relationship with the unique lineage from the Kwanza ichthyofaunal region, named N. macropterus “Kwanza”, which itself is deeply divergent from the N. macropterus “Okavango 1”, N. macropterus “Zambezi”, N. macropterus “Congo 1” and N. macropterus “Congo 2” lineages (3.1-14.4%). Principal component analyses (PCA) and discriminant function analyses (DFA) produced overlapping clusters for all identified lineages, with the exception of the N. macropterus “Kwanza” lineage, which in all analyses clustered away from the other lineages. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Kruskall-Wallis tests indicated significant differences in means between character traits between lineages, however, overlap in measurements and counts occurred in all instances except between the N. macropterus “Kwanza” and N. macropterus Congo lineages. However the N. macropterus “Kwanza” lineages could be distinguished from the other lineages by generally smaller fin lengths (dorsal fin 19.5%SL vs 20.0-22.1%SL in others; pectoral fin 16.5%SL vs 20.6-21.8%SL in others; pelvic fin 18.3%SL vs 21.3-22.4) and pigmentation pattern differences. The N. macropterus species group displayed extensive pigmentation pattern variation, to the extent that five pattern grades could be used to classify them. These pattern grades, while not specific to river systems, showed patterns similar to that which was seen in the molecular analyses and could be linked to lineages with only minor overlap between them. Three lineages of N. multifasciatus were identified, with two occurring in the southern African region, each corresponding to a river system, being the N. multifasciatus “Zambezi” and N. multifasciatus “Okavango” lineages. This species group displayed shallower divergence between lineages than did the N. macropterus group, at 2.5% genetic distance. Genetic analysis inferred a closer relationship between the N. multifasciatus “Zambezi” and N. multifasciatus “Congo” lineages than with the N. multifasciatus “Okavango” lineage. Morphological PCA and DFA analyses indicated morphological divergence of the N. multifasciatus “Congo” lineage, with generally larger proportional measurements than southern African specimens (body width 12.6%SL vs 9.5-9.7%SL; body depth 26.6%SL vs 21.6-21.9%SL; head width 12.0%SL vs 10.0-10.4%SL). PCA, DFA, and measurements show a near complete overlap between the N. multifasciatus “Okavango” and N. multifasciatus “Zambezi” lineages. Pigmentation pattern variation occurred within this group, but none that could be assigned to a particular lineage. The N. machadoi species group in southern Africa consists of five lineages: N. machadoi “Zambezi 1”, N. machadoi “Zambezi 2”, N. machadoi “Kafue 1”, N. machadoi “Kafue 2”, and N. machadoi “Okavango”. This group displayed shallower genetic divergence between lineages than the other southern African Nannocharax species groups (0.4-1.3%). This shallow genetic divergence is paralleled by near complete morphological overlap, with PCA and DFA producing overlapping clusters, and measurements, meristics, and pigmentation pattern metrics consisting of very similar values for the lineages. These results indicate that what is considered to be “N. macropterus” in southern Africa should not be named as such. The N. macropterus “Zambezi” and the N. macropterus “Okavango 1” lineages, are misidentifications of Nannocharax dageti. Other “N. macropterus” from the southern African region possesses fewer circumpeduncular scales than the true N. macropterus as described by Pellegrin (1926), and require taxonomic re-evaluation, each here being recognised as a unique lineage with species status, here named N. macropterus “Okavango 2” and N. macropterus “Kwanza”. In particular, N. macropterus “Kwanza” displays deep genetic divergence as well as morphological dissimilarity with the other southern African “N. macropterus” groups. Nannocharax fasciolaris and N. monardi are here placed as junior synonyms of N. multifasciatus, owing to vast overlaps in measurements and character counts of these species and N. multifasciatus, which is also known to occur within the same geographical distribution, as well as dubious arguments from the original publications in delineating these species from N. multifasciatus. Therefore, there is insufficient evidence indicating the presence of multiple species originating from the Okavango system, where it is here indicated that only a single lineage of banded, adipose fin-bearing Nannocharax occurs, namely N. multifasciatus “Okavango”.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
The morphological complexity of L1 Arabic-speaking children
- Authors: Issa, Iyad
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Cognition in children , Reading , Arabic language -- Orthography and spelling , Arabic language -- Orthography and spelling -- Study and teaching , Arabic language -- Study and teaching , Arabic language -- Phonetics
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/92831 , vital:30754
- Description: Spelling poses a challenge to Arabic-speaking learners due to the complexity of the morphological and orthographic system in Arabic. Arabic morphology has been argued to play a critical role in spelling since its morphological operations are built on a system consisting of a root that is interlocking into different patterns of vowels to form different categories of words. In addition, Arabic orthography is considered to be loyal to the morphographic principle (Ravid, 2012), where morphemes correspond to graphic representation regardless of the pronunciation, especially in the non-vowelized texts. This study made a detailed classification of spelling errors in a word dictation task, based on morphological structures, undertaken by 107 Typically-developing learners (TD) and learners with learning disabiities (LD) attending the same schools. All participants ranged in age from 7 years, 3 months to 15 years, 2 months (grades 2 to 8). The spelling task was made up of 400 common words representing all morphological forms in different conjugations and grammatical classes. The results indicated that learners made three types of errors: errors with respect to the root, errors with respect to the word pattern, and errors with respect to both the root and the word pattern. The results also showed that TD and LD learners follow a similar pattern of complexity even though the LD group produced more errors than the TD group. The results revealed that MA and PA exhibited significant positive regression (b= 9.398, 16.106 respectively) with spelling, indicating that learners with higher scores in PA and MA have higher scores in spelling. The results argued for the crucial contribution that morphological awareness makes towards the general spelling abilities among learners and provide additional evidence for the nonlinear growth of morphological knowedge in spelling. In addition, spelling errors suggested that the spelling process goes in a hierarchical way where words can be accessed and processed either according to the root or according to the stem. Intact verbs are processed according to their root and word pattern. Some weak verb forms, whose radicals undergo modifications, are processed according to their stem, while those whose radicals are fully represented in the spoken word, are processed according to their root and word patterns. Therefore, roots or stems are firstly accessed and attached to basic word patterns (the grapheme without diacritics and affixes). Thereafter, prefixes and, then, suffixes are attached to the word pattern and, finally, diacritics are accessed and attached to the word pattern.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Issa, Iyad
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Cognition in children , Reading , Arabic language -- Orthography and spelling , Arabic language -- Orthography and spelling -- Study and teaching , Arabic language -- Study and teaching , Arabic language -- Phonetics
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/92831 , vital:30754
- Description: Spelling poses a challenge to Arabic-speaking learners due to the complexity of the morphological and orthographic system in Arabic. Arabic morphology has been argued to play a critical role in spelling since its morphological operations are built on a system consisting of a root that is interlocking into different patterns of vowels to form different categories of words. In addition, Arabic orthography is considered to be loyal to the morphographic principle (Ravid, 2012), where morphemes correspond to graphic representation regardless of the pronunciation, especially in the non-vowelized texts. This study made a detailed classification of spelling errors in a word dictation task, based on morphological structures, undertaken by 107 Typically-developing learners (TD) and learners with learning disabiities (LD) attending the same schools. All participants ranged in age from 7 years, 3 months to 15 years, 2 months (grades 2 to 8). The spelling task was made up of 400 common words representing all morphological forms in different conjugations and grammatical classes. The results indicated that learners made three types of errors: errors with respect to the root, errors with respect to the word pattern, and errors with respect to both the root and the word pattern. The results also showed that TD and LD learners follow a similar pattern of complexity even though the LD group produced more errors than the TD group. The results revealed that MA and PA exhibited significant positive regression (b= 9.398, 16.106 respectively) with spelling, indicating that learners with higher scores in PA and MA have higher scores in spelling. The results argued for the crucial contribution that morphological awareness makes towards the general spelling abilities among learners and provide additional evidence for the nonlinear growth of morphological knowedge in spelling. In addition, spelling errors suggested that the spelling process goes in a hierarchical way where words can be accessed and processed either according to the root or according to the stem. Intact verbs are processed according to their root and word pattern. Some weak verb forms, whose radicals undergo modifications, are processed according to their stem, while those whose radicals are fully represented in the spoken word, are processed according to their root and word patterns. Therefore, roots or stems are firstly accessed and attached to basic word patterns (the grapheme without diacritics and affixes). Thereafter, prefixes and, then, suffixes are attached to the word pattern and, finally, diacritics are accessed and attached to the word pattern.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
The morphotactic constraints of verbal extensions in isiXhosa
- Authors: Mkabile, Hlumela
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Xhosa language -- Grammar
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/92849 , vital:30749
- Description: Bantu verbal suffixes, also known as extensions, follow a rather rigid pattern when they attach to the verb. Studies (e.g. Hyman 2002, Good 2005, 2007, among others) have shown that the order followed by these extensions is: Causative, Applicative, Reciprocal, Passive (CARP). Although this pattern is widespread across Bantu, some variations in the ordering of these extensions have been observed in some languages (Kathupa 1991, Simango 1995, Sibanda 2004, among others), which suggests that the template is not as rigid as one might think. This study investigated the morphotactic constraints between four verbal extensions in isiXhosa, the Causative, Applicative, Reciprocal and Passive. It focused on the morphotactics of the transitivising extensions (Causative and Applicative) in the first instance, and morphotactics of the detransitivising extensions (Reciprocal and Passive) in the second instance. The study found that although the co-occurrence of causatives and applicatives is a regular feature in Bantu languages, isiXhosa has restrictions on the co-occurrence of these extensions on some verbs. The study also found that although Causative-Applicative is the expected order the language permits Applicative-Causative in certain contexts. With respect to the detransitivising extensions, the study revealed that there are limited contexts in which these extensions co-occur and, crucially, that these extensions are freely ordered in the language.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Mkabile, Hlumela
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Xhosa language -- Grammar
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/92849 , vital:30749
- Description: Bantu verbal suffixes, also known as extensions, follow a rather rigid pattern when they attach to the verb. Studies (e.g. Hyman 2002, Good 2005, 2007, among others) have shown that the order followed by these extensions is: Causative, Applicative, Reciprocal, Passive (CARP). Although this pattern is widespread across Bantu, some variations in the ordering of these extensions have been observed in some languages (Kathupa 1991, Simango 1995, Sibanda 2004, among others), which suggests that the template is not as rigid as one might think. This study investigated the morphotactic constraints between four verbal extensions in isiXhosa, the Causative, Applicative, Reciprocal and Passive. It focused on the morphotactics of the transitivising extensions (Causative and Applicative) in the first instance, and morphotactics of the detransitivising extensions (Reciprocal and Passive) in the second instance. The study found that although the co-occurrence of causatives and applicatives is a regular feature in Bantu languages, isiXhosa has restrictions on the co-occurrence of these extensions on some verbs. The study also found that although Causative-Applicative is the expected order the language permits Applicative-Causative in certain contexts. With respect to the detransitivising extensions, the study revealed that there are limited contexts in which these extensions co-occur and, crucially, that these extensions are freely ordered in the language.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
The Neethling Brain Instrument (NBI) as a predictive indicator for leadership branding
- Authors: Buys, Hein
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Branding (Marketing) , Educational leadership -- Marketing Corporate image Leadership -- South Africa Executive ability
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/37900 , vital:34260
- Description: The purpose of this treatise is to determine whether the Neethling 8-Dimensional Brain Instrument (NBI) can serve as a predictive indicator of leadership brand of individuals. In practice the focus of recruitment is often solely concerned with the person-job fit in so far as hard-skills of the individual applicants are relevant and suitable to the position that must be filled. It is the belief of the researcher in this treatise that a more holistic approach in filling leadership roles most be adopted in order to increase the successful placement of leaders based not only on the person-job fit, but also on the person-team and person-organisation fit. Certain leadership brands are more suitable in certain environments and this must be tested for as part of the recruitment and placement process. This qualitative case study is exploratory in nature and hopes to gain a deeper understanding of predictive capability of the NBI in relation to leadership branding.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Buys, Hein
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Branding (Marketing) , Educational leadership -- Marketing Corporate image Leadership -- South Africa Executive ability
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/37900 , vital:34260
- Description: The purpose of this treatise is to determine whether the Neethling 8-Dimensional Brain Instrument (NBI) can serve as a predictive indicator of leadership brand of individuals. In practice the focus of recruitment is often solely concerned with the person-job fit in so far as hard-skills of the individual applicants are relevant and suitable to the position that must be filled. It is the belief of the researcher in this treatise that a more holistic approach in filling leadership roles most be adopted in order to increase the successful placement of leaders based not only on the person-job fit, but also on the person-team and person-organisation fit. Certain leadership brands are more suitable in certain environments and this must be tested for as part of the recruitment and placement process. This qualitative case study is exploratory in nature and hopes to gain a deeper understanding of predictive capability of the NBI in relation to leadership branding.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
The nexus between capital inflows and credit growth in South Africa
- Authors: Davani, Siviwe
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Capital movements Credit
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom (Economics)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/16885 , vital:40782
- Description: This study examines the effect of capital inflows on credit growth on the South African economy. Capital inflows ease the constraint of the low domestic savings in the domestic economy. The study employed the Structural Vector Auto Regression model to analyse the relationship between the variables of interest. The findings of the study indicate that the two types of capital inflows employed in the study, Foreign Direct Investment and Foreign Portfolio investment have a significant effect on credit growth in the long-run. The results also indicate that there are other important factors such as macroeconomic stability and political stability which have a significant effect of capital inflows into South Africa. Overall, the results revealed that a greater variation of credit growth is explained by GDP. This indicates that there is a link between GDP and FDI and FPI given their link with credit growth. These results also suggest that the foreign capital channel can be another channel which may affect growth in the domestic economy in the event that there are negative innovations which affects capital flows to South Africa. The study thus suggests that policies which ensures macroeconomic stability and political stability should be pursued given their influence on capital inflows into South Africa. Also it’s recommended that the country mobilise domestic resources to ensure sustainable development
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Davani, Siviwe
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Capital movements Credit
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom (Economics)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/16885 , vital:40782
- Description: This study examines the effect of capital inflows on credit growth on the South African economy. Capital inflows ease the constraint of the low domestic savings in the domestic economy. The study employed the Structural Vector Auto Regression model to analyse the relationship between the variables of interest. The findings of the study indicate that the two types of capital inflows employed in the study, Foreign Direct Investment and Foreign Portfolio investment have a significant effect on credit growth in the long-run. The results also indicate that there are other important factors such as macroeconomic stability and political stability which have a significant effect of capital inflows into South Africa. Overall, the results revealed that a greater variation of credit growth is explained by GDP. This indicates that there is a link between GDP and FDI and FPI given their link with credit growth. These results also suggest that the foreign capital channel can be another channel which may affect growth in the domestic economy in the event that there are negative innovations which affects capital flows to South Africa. The study thus suggests that policies which ensures macroeconomic stability and political stability should be pursued given their influence on capital inflows into South Africa. Also it’s recommended that the country mobilise domestic resources to ensure sustainable development
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
The obstinate notion that higher education is a meritocracy
- Sobuwa, Simpiwe, McKenna, Sioux
- Authors: Sobuwa, Simpiwe , McKenna, Sioux
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/187150 , vital:44574 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.14426/cristal.v7i2.184"
- Description: Student success is an enormous concern in light of the high drop-out rates in South African universities. There is a wealth of local and international research which provides complex explanations for these statistics, but the common-sense understanding is that those students who have the right attributes and who work hard will do well. While the notion of higher education as a meritocracy is pervasive, it is invalid given the effects of numerous other mechanisms at play in the students' educational experiences. This article draws from the literature to discuss the problems of the meritocratic explanation in how it fails to sufficiently account for the centrality of agency and the ways in which this intersects with societal structures. We argue that more useful understandings of student success and failure require social theory that acknowledges the complexities underpinning student success or failure.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Sobuwa, Simpiwe , McKenna, Sioux
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/187150 , vital:44574 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.14426/cristal.v7i2.184"
- Description: Student success is an enormous concern in light of the high drop-out rates in South African universities. There is a wealth of local and international research which provides complex explanations for these statistics, but the common-sense understanding is that those students who have the right attributes and who work hard will do well. While the notion of higher education as a meritocracy is pervasive, it is invalid given the effects of numerous other mechanisms at play in the students' educational experiences. This article draws from the literature to discuss the problems of the meritocratic explanation in how it fails to sufficiently account for the centrality of agency and the ways in which this intersects with societal structures. We argue that more useful understandings of student success and failure require social theory that acknowledges the complexities underpinning student success or failure.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
The origin of bedrock depression wetlands in the southern Cape of South Africa: a changing perspective
- Authors: Ellery, Steven
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Wetlands -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Geomorphology -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Physical geography -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Erosion -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Evolutionary paleoecology -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/67833 , vital:29152
- Description: The predominant theory of the origin of depression wetlands in southern Africa was developed by Goudie and Thomas (1985) and focuses primarily on mechanisms relating to deflation and erosion as the main drivers of wetland formation. This theory is based on wind driven deflation of animal watering areas where heavy grazing and trampling of vegetation promotes removal of sediment over short periods of time by wind, to create local depressions and impoundment of water. However, this theory applies in arid and semi-arid areas where grazing can reduce vegetation sufficiently to lead to deflation but does not fully explain the origins of depression wetlands that have formed in moist climates or on ancient erosion surfaces such as the African Erosion Surface (AES). This study investigates the origin of a depression wetland that has formed on sandstone bedrock through weathering and dissolution on the AES in South Africa. Wetlands like this act as groundwater recharge zones such that water flows away from the centre of the depression, taking with it any dissolved solutes derived from weathering of the bed of the depression. Fluctuations between wet and dry periods create both highly reducing conditions (during wet phases) and highly oxidising conditions (during dry phases) beneath the margins of these depression wetlands. Some of the main constituents of the sandstone in this wetland are iron(III) oxides, which are highly sensitive to redox conditions and have therefore been transported to and trapped in the margins of the depression. The redistribution of iron(III) oxides from the centre towards the margins of the depression has caused a net volume loss in the centre of the depression, causing sagging, and a net volume gain at the margins of the depression associated with swelling. This process occurs over periods upwards of a million years and explains the presence of depression wetlands in moist climates.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Ellery, Steven
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Wetlands -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Geomorphology -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Physical geography -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Erosion -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Evolutionary paleoecology -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/67833 , vital:29152
- Description: The predominant theory of the origin of depression wetlands in southern Africa was developed by Goudie and Thomas (1985) and focuses primarily on mechanisms relating to deflation and erosion as the main drivers of wetland formation. This theory is based on wind driven deflation of animal watering areas where heavy grazing and trampling of vegetation promotes removal of sediment over short periods of time by wind, to create local depressions and impoundment of water. However, this theory applies in arid and semi-arid areas where grazing can reduce vegetation sufficiently to lead to deflation but does not fully explain the origins of depression wetlands that have formed in moist climates or on ancient erosion surfaces such as the African Erosion Surface (AES). This study investigates the origin of a depression wetland that has formed on sandstone bedrock through weathering and dissolution on the AES in South Africa. Wetlands like this act as groundwater recharge zones such that water flows away from the centre of the depression, taking with it any dissolved solutes derived from weathering of the bed of the depression. Fluctuations between wet and dry periods create both highly reducing conditions (during wet phases) and highly oxidising conditions (during dry phases) beneath the margins of these depression wetlands. Some of the main constituents of the sandstone in this wetland are iron(III) oxides, which are highly sensitive to redox conditions and have therefore been transported to and trapped in the margins of the depression. The redistribution of iron(III) oxides from the centre towards the margins of the depression has caused a net volume loss in the centre of the depression, causing sagging, and a net volume gain at the margins of the depression associated with swelling. This process occurs over periods upwards of a million years and explains the presence of depression wetlands in moist climates.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
The perceived impact of father absence on adolescents’ self-esteem in a rural area in Mpumalanga
- Authors: Mhlongo, Lindokuhle Nqobile
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Absentee fathers -- South Africa -- Mpumalanga , Self-esteem in adolescence Self-esteem in children Adolescent psychology
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/42390 , vital:36652
- Description: There has been an upsurge in the number of single-parent female headed households which has led to the permanent absence of fathers in the lives of their children. Research has shown that the absence of fathers in the lives of their children can have negative implications for the child. This study aimed to investigate the self-esteem of adolescents from father absent families. The study was motivated by the researcher‟s observation of children from father absent families in the study area and also by the sparse South African literature in relation to the study‟s topic. In order to achieve the aim of the study, a qualitative, explorative-descriptive research design was used and an interpretive paradigm was adopted. A total number of 16 participants between ages 12-18 were recruited through a non-probability purposive sampling method. All the participants stayed in single-parent female headed households and the degree of father absence for these participants varied from fathers who were known by the participant but absent, to fathers who are unknown and absent. Data was collected through the use of one-on-one semi structured interviews that were conducted in the participants‟ home language. The data was analyzed through thematic analysis and Maslow‟s Theory of Motivation was used as a theoretical framework for interpreting the study‟s findings. Negative emotions towards self, feelings of inferiority and feelings of worthlessness were identified amongst the participants and these are indicative of low self-esteem. The participants believed that the absence of their fathers has contributed towards these negative feelings as they went through financial difficulties, abandonment/rejection, had threatened sense of belonging and also went through self- personalization of father absence. Additionally, several protective factors were identified and these enabled the participants to cope with the absence of their fathers. However, some of the participants indicated a positive sense of worth which they attributed mostly to the love they receive from others.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Mhlongo, Lindokuhle Nqobile
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Absentee fathers -- South Africa -- Mpumalanga , Self-esteem in adolescence Self-esteem in children Adolescent psychology
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/42390 , vital:36652
- Description: There has been an upsurge in the number of single-parent female headed households which has led to the permanent absence of fathers in the lives of their children. Research has shown that the absence of fathers in the lives of their children can have negative implications for the child. This study aimed to investigate the self-esteem of adolescents from father absent families. The study was motivated by the researcher‟s observation of children from father absent families in the study area and also by the sparse South African literature in relation to the study‟s topic. In order to achieve the aim of the study, a qualitative, explorative-descriptive research design was used and an interpretive paradigm was adopted. A total number of 16 participants between ages 12-18 were recruited through a non-probability purposive sampling method. All the participants stayed in single-parent female headed households and the degree of father absence for these participants varied from fathers who were known by the participant but absent, to fathers who are unknown and absent. Data was collected through the use of one-on-one semi structured interviews that were conducted in the participants‟ home language. The data was analyzed through thematic analysis and Maslow‟s Theory of Motivation was used as a theoretical framework for interpreting the study‟s findings. Negative emotions towards self, feelings of inferiority and feelings of worthlessness were identified amongst the participants and these are indicative of low self-esteem. The participants believed that the absence of their fathers has contributed towards these negative feelings as they went through financial difficulties, abandonment/rejection, had threatened sense of belonging and also went through self- personalization of father absence. Additionally, several protective factors were identified and these enabled the participants to cope with the absence of their fathers. However, some of the participants indicated a positive sense of worth which they attributed mostly to the love they receive from others.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
The performance and preference of a specialist herbivore, Catorhintha schaffneri (Coreidae), on its polytypic host plant, Pereskia aculeata (Cactaceae)
- Authors: Egbon, Ikponmwosa Nathaniel
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Insects and biological pest control agents -- South Africa , Pereskia -- Biological control -- South Africa , Cactus -- Biological control -- South Africa , Coreida-- South Africa , Invasive plants -- Biological control -- South Africa , Catorhintha schaffneri
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/68250 , vital:29223
- Description: Plant species moved beyond their natural ranges may be liberated into enemy-free spaces, where they increase resource allocation to fitness, rather than defence against natural enemies, and become invasive as suggested by the Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability (EICA) Hypothesis. Several cacti are notable invaders and are targeted for biological control. The leafy cactus, Pereskia aculeata Miller, introduced into South Africa from South America, has become a target for biological control after becoming invasive. The absence of natural enemies of P. aculeata in the introduced range may be the reason for its invasiveness. This thesis seeks to investigate the role of the evolution of increased competitive ability (enemy release) as the probable driver of P. aculeata’s success, and ascertain how the plant’s intraspecific variation influences the impact, fitness of, and preference by its biological control agent, Catorhintha schaffneri Brailovsky and Garcia (Coreidae), in South Africa. Enemy release and evolution of traits in P. aculeata were examined by quantifying plant growth parameters of fifteen genotypes of P. aculeata from both the native and invaded distribution of the plant. Ten genotypes of P. aculeata were used in testing the effect of agent herbivory (impact and damage) under similar conditions. These studies indicated that most invaded-range genotypes were more vigorous than the native genotypes. Rapid growth may account for the quick access of invasive genotypes of P. aculeata to tree canopies. Catorhintha schaffneri damage varied between genotypes but differences in the damage and impact from the agent could not be explained by whether the plant originated in the introduced or native distribution. In sum, while the growth of the invasive genotypes largely conforms to the EICA hypothesis, the impact of C. schaffneri did not support the hypothesis. The influence of host variation in P. aculeata on the fitness of C. schaffneri within the context of local adaptation to plant genotypes from different localities was tested using agent survival, stage-specific and total developmental time, and the extent of damage to ten host genotypes. Maw’s Host Suitability Index (HIS) and Dobie’s Susceptibility Index (DSI) showed the preference by and performance of C. schaffneri on the different genotypes of the plant. Catorhintha schaffneri survived to the adult stage on 70% of genotypes tested. Evidence consistent with the assumption that C. schaffneri would be fitter on the native genotypes than the invasive genotypes due to local adaptation was not found. In addition, there was no evidence in support of fitter agents on the invasive genotypes than on the native genotypes as proposed by EICA hypothesis. Catorhintha schaffneri developed equally well on the invasive genotypes of P. aculeata as on the native genotypes. To establish whether host variation would affect diet selection by C. schaffneri, both nymphs and adults were examined in paired-choice and multiple-choice trials. The nymphs and adults chose their hosts regardless of host genotype differences. The agent may be good at selecting good succulent shoots from bad shoots, but is incapable of distinguishing a good host genotype from a poorer one. This thesis shows, therefore, that P. aculeata and its array of genotypes in South Africa could be effectively controlled by C. schaffneri, as it has the potential to suitably utilise and impact the different genotypes of the weed in South Africa with neither any demonstrable preference nor local adaptation for the native genotypes. Consequently, the use of C. schaffneri, as a biological control agent in the weed biological control programme of P. aculeata remains promising, as the agent is insensitive to the intraspecific variation of the invasive host plants.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Egbon, Ikponmwosa Nathaniel
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Insects and biological pest control agents -- South Africa , Pereskia -- Biological control -- South Africa , Cactus -- Biological control -- South Africa , Coreida-- South Africa , Invasive plants -- Biological control -- South Africa , Catorhintha schaffneri
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/68250 , vital:29223
- Description: Plant species moved beyond their natural ranges may be liberated into enemy-free spaces, where they increase resource allocation to fitness, rather than defence against natural enemies, and become invasive as suggested by the Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability (EICA) Hypothesis. Several cacti are notable invaders and are targeted for biological control. The leafy cactus, Pereskia aculeata Miller, introduced into South Africa from South America, has become a target for biological control after becoming invasive. The absence of natural enemies of P. aculeata in the introduced range may be the reason for its invasiveness. This thesis seeks to investigate the role of the evolution of increased competitive ability (enemy release) as the probable driver of P. aculeata’s success, and ascertain how the plant’s intraspecific variation influences the impact, fitness of, and preference by its biological control agent, Catorhintha schaffneri Brailovsky and Garcia (Coreidae), in South Africa. Enemy release and evolution of traits in P. aculeata were examined by quantifying plant growth parameters of fifteen genotypes of P. aculeata from both the native and invaded distribution of the plant. Ten genotypes of P. aculeata were used in testing the effect of agent herbivory (impact and damage) under similar conditions. These studies indicated that most invaded-range genotypes were more vigorous than the native genotypes. Rapid growth may account for the quick access of invasive genotypes of P. aculeata to tree canopies. Catorhintha schaffneri damage varied between genotypes but differences in the damage and impact from the agent could not be explained by whether the plant originated in the introduced or native distribution. In sum, while the growth of the invasive genotypes largely conforms to the EICA hypothesis, the impact of C. schaffneri did not support the hypothesis. The influence of host variation in P. aculeata on the fitness of C. schaffneri within the context of local adaptation to plant genotypes from different localities was tested using agent survival, stage-specific and total developmental time, and the extent of damage to ten host genotypes. Maw’s Host Suitability Index (HIS) and Dobie’s Susceptibility Index (DSI) showed the preference by and performance of C. schaffneri on the different genotypes of the plant. Catorhintha schaffneri survived to the adult stage on 70% of genotypes tested. Evidence consistent with the assumption that C. schaffneri would be fitter on the native genotypes than the invasive genotypes due to local adaptation was not found. In addition, there was no evidence in support of fitter agents on the invasive genotypes than on the native genotypes as proposed by EICA hypothesis. Catorhintha schaffneri developed equally well on the invasive genotypes of P. aculeata as on the native genotypes. To establish whether host variation would affect diet selection by C. schaffneri, both nymphs and adults were examined in paired-choice and multiple-choice trials. The nymphs and adults chose their hosts regardless of host genotype differences. The agent may be good at selecting good succulent shoots from bad shoots, but is incapable of distinguishing a good host genotype from a poorer one. This thesis shows, therefore, that P. aculeata and its array of genotypes in South Africa could be effectively controlled by C. schaffneri, as it has the potential to suitably utilise and impact the different genotypes of the weed in South Africa with neither any demonstrable preference nor local adaptation for the native genotypes. Consequently, the use of C. schaffneri, as a biological control agent in the weed biological control programme of P. aculeata remains promising, as the agent is insensitive to the intraspecific variation of the invasive host plants.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
The perspectives of victims of domestic violence and abuse: narratives from members of Masimanyane women’s support centre in East London, Eastern Cape Province, Resa.
- Authors: Sigodla, Asavela
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Family violence Abused women
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSoc (Criminology)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/16419 , vital:40718
- Description: Domestic violence and abuse also known as Gender-based violence (GBV) including rape, mutilation, murder and sexual abuse, is a profound health problem for women across the globe. Although domestic violence and sexual abuse is a significant cause of female morbidity and mortality, it is almost never seen as a public health issue. Domestic violence and abuse can happen to anyone of any race, age, sexual orientation, religion or gender. This study draws attention on exploring victim’s narrative perspectives on domestic violence and abuse against women in East London at Masimanyane Women’s Support Centre (MWSC) in Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. The study employed a qualitative research approach, with In-Depth Interviews (IDI), Focus Group Discussions (FDGs), and review of related literature for data collection. The findings of this study were based only from participants who were victims of domestic violence and abuse, as some of the views were stated by visitors. This resulted in some situations where the witnesses of domestic violence and abuse, just like victims themselves did not want to report their incidents. Women may not reveal that they are suffering from domestic violence and abuse, as they fear of the image that they may be portraying about themselves and their family as a whole like social pressure and stigma of defamation. Although domestic abuse and violence increases all the time women are encouraged to open up on such cases about abuse. Real change in these cases can only be brought by changing the mind-set of society through education and better law enforcement. This study was anchored by both the Social Learning Theory and Feminist Theory. Upon recommendations, this study has seen that there should be government interventions and programs that help victims of domestic violence and abuse and also to work in a way of preventing the domestic violence and abuse.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Sigodla, Asavela
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Family violence Abused women
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSoc (Criminology)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/16419 , vital:40718
- Description: Domestic violence and abuse also known as Gender-based violence (GBV) including rape, mutilation, murder and sexual abuse, is a profound health problem for women across the globe. Although domestic violence and sexual abuse is a significant cause of female morbidity and mortality, it is almost never seen as a public health issue. Domestic violence and abuse can happen to anyone of any race, age, sexual orientation, religion or gender. This study draws attention on exploring victim’s narrative perspectives on domestic violence and abuse against women in East London at Masimanyane Women’s Support Centre (MWSC) in Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. The study employed a qualitative research approach, with In-Depth Interviews (IDI), Focus Group Discussions (FDGs), and review of related literature for data collection. The findings of this study were based only from participants who were victims of domestic violence and abuse, as some of the views were stated by visitors. This resulted in some situations where the witnesses of domestic violence and abuse, just like victims themselves did not want to report their incidents. Women may not reveal that they are suffering from domestic violence and abuse, as they fear of the image that they may be portraying about themselves and their family as a whole like social pressure and stigma of defamation. Although domestic abuse and violence increases all the time women are encouraged to open up on such cases about abuse. Real change in these cases can only be brought by changing the mind-set of society through education and better law enforcement. This study was anchored by both the Social Learning Theory and Feminist Theory. Upon recommendations, this study has seen that there should be government interventions and programs that help victims of domestic violence and abuse and also to work in a way of preventing the domestic violence and abuse.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
The photo-physicochemical properties and in vitro photodynamic therapy activity of differently substituted-zinc (II)-phthalocyanines and graphene quantum dots conjugates on MCF7 breast cancer cell line
- Nene, Lindokuhle C, Managa, Muthumuni E, Oluwole, David O, Mafukidze, Donovan M, Sindelo, Azole, Nyokong, Tebello
- Authors: Nene, Lindokuhle C , Managa, Muthumuni E , Oluwole, David O , Mafukidze, Donovan M , Sindelo, Azole , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/187449 , vital:44653 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ica.2019.01.012"
- Description: Several differently substituted Zn(II) phthalocyanines (ZnPcs) were prepared and conjugated to GQDs. The photophysical properties were determined for both the Pcs and their respective conjugates including the fluorescence/triplet quantum yields and lifetimes as well as the singlet oxygen generating abilities. Upon conjugation to GQDs, the fluorescence of the Pcs decreased (insignificant decrease in some cases), with an increase in the triplet quantum yields. However, the singlet quantum yields of the Pcs in the conjugates did not show an increase with the increase in the triplet quantum yields, this is suspected to be due to the screening effect. The cytotoxicity of the complexes in vitro decreased upon conjugation, as a result of the reduced actual number of Pcs units provided in the conjugate for therapy. Upon introduction of cationic charges, the photodynamic therapy activity of the complexes increased.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Nene, Lindokuhle C , Managa, Muthumuni E , Oluwole, David O , Mafukidze, Donovan M , Sindelo, Azole , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/187449 , vital:44653 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ica.2019.01.012"
- Description: Several differently substituted Zn(II) phthalocyanines (ZnPcs) were prepared and conjugated to GQDs. The photophysical properties were determined for both the Pcs and their respective conjugates including the fluorescence/triplet quantum yields and lifetimes as well as the singlet oxygen generating abilities. Upon conjugation to GQDs, the fluorescence of the Pcs decreased (insignificant decrease in some cases), with an increase in the triplet quantum yields. However, the singlet quantum yields of the Pcs in the conjugates did not show an increase with the increase in the triplet quantum yields, this is suspected to be due to the screening effect. The cytotoxicity of the complexes in vitro decreased upon conjugation, as a result of the reduced actual number of Pcs units provided in the conjugate for therapy. Upon introduction of cationic charges, the photodynamic therapy activity of the complexes increased.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
The photophysicochemical properties and photodynamic therapy activity of phenyldiazenyl phenoxy substituted phthalocyanines when incorporated into Pluronic® F127 micelles
- Motloung, Banele M, Sekhosana, Kutloano E, Managa, Muthumuni, Prinsloo, Earl, Nyokong, Tebello
- Authors: Motloung, Banele M , Sekhosana, Kutloano E , Managa, Muthumuni , Prinsloo, Earl , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/186769 , vital:44532 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poly.2019.114157"
- Description: The synthesis, photophysicochemical properties and photodynamic activity (PDT) of 4(4-phenyldiazenyl) phenoxy substituted indium (III) (InPc) and zinc (ZnPc) phthalocyanines when alone or incorporated into Pluronic_ F127 micelles are presented in this study. The InPc exhibited higher singlet oxygen (UD) at 0.47 compared to the ZnPc at 0.20 in dimethylsulfoxide. The UD values in the presence of Pluronic_ F127 and in water, were 0.32 for InPc and 0.09 for ZnPc. The triplet quantum yields (UT) were 0.92 for InPc and 0.32 for ZnPc in DMSO. The PDT activity followed the same trend as the singlet oxygen quantum yields. At the highest concentration, InPc in Pluronic_ F127 gave 22% cell viability compared to 34% for complex ZnPc. The partition coefficient Kp values were determined using the water and octanol system. InPc had a larger Kp suggesting that it is more likely to be taken up by the cancer cells, hence it exhibited better PDT activity.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Motloung, Banele M , Sekhosana, Kutloano E , Managa, Muthumuni , Prinsloo, Earl , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/186769 , vital:44532 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poly.2019.114157"
- Description: The synthesis, photophysicochemical properties and photodynamic activity (PDT) of 4(4-phenyldiazenyl) phenoxy substituted indium (III) (InPc) and zinc (ZnPc) phthalocyanines when alone or incorporated into Pluronic_ F127 micelles are presented in this study. The InPc exhibited higher singlet oxygen (UD) at 0.47 compared to the ZnPc at 0.20 in dimethylsulfoxide. The UD values in the presence of Pluronic_ F127 and in water, were 0.32 for InPc and 0.09 for ZnPc. The triplet quantum yields (UT) were 0.92 for InPc and 0.32 for ZnPc in DMSO. The PDT activity followed the same trend as the singlet oxygen quantum yields. At the highest concentration, InPc in Pluronic_ F127 gave 22% cell viability compared to 34% for complex ZnPc. The partition coefficient Kp values were determined using the water and octanol system. InPc had a larger Kp suggesting that it is more likely to be taken up by the cancer cells, hence it exhibited better PDT activity.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019