Why has South Africa been relatively unsuccessful at attracting inward foreign direct investment since 1994?
- Authors: Fulton, Mark Hugh John
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Investments, Foreign -- South Africa , Investments, Foreign -- Africa, Southern , Investments, Foreign -- Chile , Investments, Foreign -- Botswana , Economic development -- South Africa , Economic development -- Developing countries , Political corruption -- Economic aspects -- South Africa , South Africa -- Economic policy -- 1994-
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: vital:1097 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013056
- Description: Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) flows into South Africa have been very low for several decades, and this research examines the reason(s) why this has been the case since 1994. There is a common belief amongst economists that there is a positive relationship between the amount of FDI received and economic growth, thus the desire to attract greater FDI inflows. A literature review was conducted to establish the determinants of FDI globally and then data were collected and assessed to test which causes are most important. The performance of developing nations in attracting FDI was first compared with that of the developed nations. Thereafter, a regional breakdown of FDI flows was presented, with a particular focus on the Southern African region. FDI inflows to South Africa since 1994 were compared against the identified determinants of FDI, as well as with FDI inflows into two other major mining economies, Chile and Botswana. The friendliness of the government towards business was identified as a significant determinant of FDI inflows and the importance of this factor in explaining FDI inflows into environment in South Africa was looked at in more depth. It was found that many investors perceive the South African government as hostile towards business and as corrupt and/or inefficient. The empirical results show that this negative perception helps explain the FDI inflows attracted by South Africa since 1994. Therefore, increased friendliness to business by the government should increase future inward FDI flows into South Africa.
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- Date Issued: 2014
The functioning of the interbank market and its significance in the transmission of monetary policy
- Authors: De Angelis, Catherine H
- Date: 2013-06-11
- Subjects: South African Reserve Bank , Monetary policy -- South Africa , Foreign exchange rates -- South Africa , Money market -- South Africa , Banks and banking -- South Africa , Repurchase agreements -- South Africa , South Africa -- Economic policy , South Africa -- Economic conditions
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: vital:1075 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1008054 , South African Reserve Bank , Monetary policy -- South Africa , Foreign exchange rates -- South Africa , Money market -- South Africa , Banks and banking -- South Africa , Repurchase agreements -- South Africa , South Africa -- Economic policy , South Africa -- Economic conditions
- Description: Monetary policy in South African is the primary means by which the authorities can influence activity in the overall economy. The South African Reserve Bank accommodates banks through repo transactions for which they charge the repo rate. The most important market in the transmission of the repo rate to the rest of the economy is the interbank market. As such, a detailed discussion of this market is given. In September 200 I the monetary authorities made certain adjustments to the repo system of accommodation, which included changing the repo rate from a floating rate to a fixed rate that would be administratively determined by the MPC. This was done to address certain weaknesses in the floating rate system. This thesis examines and compares the period before and after the adjustments to the repo system, with the aim of determining whether or not the monetary authorities achieved the goals intended from making this change. The repo rate, prime interbank rate, 3-month NCO rate and the prime lending rate are analysed using the Engle-Granger two variable approach and an ECM model to test for causality. It was found that the monetary authorities did not achieve their intended goals as the relationship between the repo rate and the interbank rate was more significant in the first period. Furthermore, the direction of causality the authorities hoped to achieve by implementing the changes were in fact already in place. As such the adjustments to the system changed the transmission mechanism from the one desired by the authorities to one that was not intended. The conclusions reached by this study show that, in terms of the objectives of the monetary authorities, the previous repo system functioned better. , KMBT_363 , Adobe Acrobat 9.54 Paper Capture Plug-in
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Studies towards the synthesis of novel, coumarin-based HIV-1 protease inhibitors
- Authors: Rashamuse, Thompho Jason
- Date: 2008
- Subjects: Coumarins , Protease Inhibitors , HIV infections -- Treatment , HIV (Viruses) , AIDS (Disease) -- Treatment , Heterocyclic compounds -- Derivatives
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4359 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005024 , Coumarins , Protease Inhibitors , HIV infections -- Treatment , HIV (Viruses) , AIDS (Disease) -- Treatment , Heterocyclic compounds -- Derivatives
- Description: A series of the Baylis-Hillman adducts have been obtained by reacting protected O-benzylated and unprotected substituted salicylaldehydes with methyl acrylate or tertbutyl acrylate, respectively, using DABCO as catalyst. Treatment of the Baylis-Hillman adducts with HCl in a mixture of acetic acid and acetic anhydride afforded the corresponding 3-(chloromethyl)coumarin derivatives with yields of up to 94%. Similar use of HI afforded the corresponding 3-(iodomethyl)coumarins but, depending on the reaction time, the reduced 3-methyl analogues could also be obtained. Arbuzov reactions of the 3-(halomethyl)coumarin derivatives have been undertaken to afford 4-phosphorylated and 1’-phosphorylated derivatives, regioselectivity being dependent on the halide-leaving group. The 3-(chloromethyl)coumarin derivatives have been subjected to nucleophilic (SN) attack by benzylamine to give the corresponding 3- [(benzylamino)methyl]coumarin derivatives in yields of up to 74%. Further treatment of the 3-[(benzylamino)methyl]coumarin derivatives with chloroacetyl chloride afforded the chloroacetamide derivatives, which exhibit hindered rotation about the amine C(O)-N bond. The acetamide derivatives have also been subjected to Arbuzov reaction conditions to afford the phosphorylated derivatives in yields of up to 86%. In a preliminary modelling study, hydrolysed analogues of the synthesized phosphorylated derivatives have been docked into the active site of the HIV-1 protease enzyme using the Cerius-2 Ligandfit software module to provide an insight into potential receptor-ligand hydrogen bonding interactions.
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- Date Issued: 2008
Natural resources and local management in the Hewu District of the Eastern Cape : limitations to achieving sustainability
- Authors: Nkansa-Dwamena, Yaw
- Date: 1998
- Subjects: Natural resources -- South Africa -- Management , Natural resources -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape -- Management
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4218 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003787 , Natural resources -- South Africa -- Management , Natural resources -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape -- Management
- Description: The Mceula Commonage Land in the Hewu district lies due northwest of Whittle sea and west of Queenstown in the Eastern Cape. This thesis has two main objectives. Firstly, to survey and analyse the condition of the natural resource. base in the Hewu district with particular reference to water, soil, vegetation and land use. Secondly, to investigate the relationship between scientific approaches to assessing land use degradation and to compare these to the results obtained using a participatory approach of the rural environment of the Hewu district of the Eastern Cape. Random quadrats (4m2) were sampled and corresponding line transects were done with increasing distances from the villages. The Braun-Blanquet method was used to find the cover and abundance of the various species of plants. Data obtained from point sampling along 100 metre line transects was used to assess the condition of the veld using Trollope's technique. Six communities were defined using TWINSP AN, and grazing capacities and veld condition scores of the respective sites were calculated. It was concluded that the six communities were distributed along a gradient of palatable to non palatable grass and grasslike species. Rangelands close to the villages had low veld condition scores and percentage plant cover as opposed to those farther away from the villages. The null hypothesis of no significant difference between the percentage plant cover and condition of the veld close to the villages and farther away from the villages was rejected. Whilst it is urgent to resolve political disputes around land through land distribution, a key issue for the future is sustainability of the natural resource base of South Africa. To attain this, the old traditional methods of research must be supplemented with the participatory method, where the local community becomes fully involved. The central theme of the participatory approach was to investigate the possibility of promoting local management of the natural resources. Workshops were conducted to involve the local community in the project. The community formed six discussion groups that met regularly to discuss environmental issues. The six groups that were formed were: Firewood or woodlot collectors, shepherds / livestock raisers, crop fanners / agriculturists, water collectors, building material / soil collectors and medicinal plant users. The results obtained from the meeting of the discussion groups were used to compare the scientific results obtained from Braun-Blanquet method. Perceptions about their environment, which came out of the results of the discussion groups showed that the local knowledge of the rural community of Mceula was sufficient to train them to manage their environment sustainably.
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- Date Issued: 1998
Exotic deposits derived from porphyry copper systems in Chile
- Authors: Diaz Acevedo, Nelson Simon
- Date: 1996
- Subjects: Porphyry -- Chile , Copper mines and mining -- Chile , Copper ores -- Chile
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5050 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1011149 , Porphyry -- Chile , Copper mines and mining -- Chile , Copper ores -- Chile
- Description: The exotic orebodies related to cal-alkaline porphyry copper deposits. are sub-horizontal lenticular bodies of secondary copper minerals that impregnate Tertiary gravels and bedrock of different ages. They lie immediately downslope of the porphyry copper deposits, that is to say. they are related to the propylitic halo of the main deposits, and are considered to have originated with the deposition of copper minerals from solutions that overflowed during the secondary enrichment process. Supergene alteration took place between the late Oligocene and Miocene, by which time both orehodies (exotic and porphyry copper) were established. The paucity of tile denudation since the Miocene in the Andean segment from 21º to 26º latitude S. due to the dominance of a hyperarid climate explains the remarkable preservation of the shallow porphyry copper systems, supergene enriched blankets and associated deposits. This is reflected in the limonites, where the typical boxworks have been partially or totally destroyed on surface by the superleaching. As a result of the lateral migration of the copper-bearing solutions, the exotic deposits show a zonation. alteration and mineralization whose characteristics depend among other factors. on the reactivity of the bedrocks and the Cu/S ratio of the mother deposit. In these deposits three zones can be recognized: Proximal (0 to 2 km Intermediate (2 to 3) and Distal (3 to 8-14 km) with palaeodrainage control. The associations and mineralogical abundance are related to the climate (rain. temperature). In some deposits two important units are detected and they are the Cu-phosphates and Cu-lixiviable (to sulphuric acid) units. The size of tile Chilean exotic deposits varies between 100 and 3.500.000 tons of copper, with a total known resource of 8 M tons of copper. The large exotic deposits are comparable to the resources of a medium-sized porphyry copper- type deposit. The discovery of the exotic deposits is related to the exploration of porphyry copper deposits, where a mass balance of the leached column must be done. Moreover the lithology and alteration of the propylitic halo. permeability, structures, geophysics and geochemistry should be considered. The diorite model is not compatible with a supergene enrichment process, expressed by the absence of colour anomalies, exotic deposits and in the presence of secondary minerals like jarosite, which is coherent with the pyrite deficiency of the system. The projects are for exploitation of reserves by open pit methods. The projects plan to extract and to crush copper oxide ore which will he pre-treated with concentrated sulphuric acid prior to heap leaching, solvent extraction and electrowinning. The copper output varies between 10,000 and 50,000 ton per year of catilode copper. The total investment varies between 20 and 100 millions dollars. For project calculations, estimation of 65 % - 82 % copper recovery and 37 - 40 kg/ton net acid consumption can be used due to the nature of ore. The leaching time is estimated as 30 to 180 days for heaps of 4,5 to 30 metres high. As a result of this, the plant capacity is determined by an annual equivalent of 10,000 to 25,000 ton Cu per year. Pit planning has heen carried out using diverse software on the basis of 5 x 5 x 5 m and 10 x 10 x 10 m block models, evaluated using a kriging package built into the program, giving an overall waste/ore ratio (induding pre-stripping) of 0: I (in an outcrop) to 3: I. The location of the mine and plant sites are associated with the porphyry copper in production, for this the already installed facilities can be used. So there is no need to build a new mine camp or access. The environmental impact is summarized relating to the characterization of the physical, biological and socio-cuitural effects, using the framework of the Base Line study and the Impact evaluation derived from the construction and project operation phases. The conclusions and recommendations will diminish, mitigate and/or eliminate impact derived from the specific activities.
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- Date Issued: 1996
Granitic series and their economic geology
- Authors: Kerber, Paulo Augusto
- Date: 1993
- Subjects: Granite , Geology, Economic
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4969 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005581 , Granite , Geology, Economic
- Description: The granitic rocks are subdivided into four series: tholeiitic, alkaline, calc-alkaline and mobilizates. These series can be formed from melting of mantle material (M-type granites) or from crustal rocks. There are granitic rocks formed from the mixing of these two magmas types. The rocks formed from crustal anatexis are subdivided into those formed from igneous rocks (I-type granites) and those formed from meta-sedimentary rocks (S-type granites). The former has similar characteristics to the mantle-derived granitoids. The mineral deposits related to igneous or mantle derived magma usually are Cu-Au, CUI Cu-Mo, Mo porphyries and have high oxygen fugacity and magnetic susceptibility (magnetite series). The Sn-W deposits usually are related to magma derived from meta-sedimentary or igneous rocks derived magma with low oxygen fugacity and magnetic susceptibility (ilmenite series). According to the tectonic setting, the granitoids rocks are classified as: Andino type, West Pacific type, Hercyno type, Caledonian type and Anorogenic (A-type granites).
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- Date Issued: 1993
The host-searching behaviour of coccophagus atratus compere (Aphalinidae: hymenoptera)
- Authors: Clark, Maxwell Maitland
- Date: 1985
- Subjects: Coccophagus , Hymenoptera , Insects -- Host plants , Insect-plant relationships
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5630 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004923 , Coccophagus , Hymenoptera , Insects -- Host plants , Insect-plant relationships
- Description: The host-searching behaviour of the parasitoid Coccophagus atratus Compere was investigated. C. atratus parasitoids have unusual host relationships. Female offspring develop in scale insects but male offspring develop hyperparasitically on their conspecific females, or on other parasitoid species. C. atratus females, therefore, must locate, identify and oviposit into two different types of hosts. A primary aim of this thesis, was to identify when and how the behaviour of a female, searching for hosts suitable for female offspring, differed from that of a female searching for hosts suitable for male offspring. This was done by investigating and comparing the behaviour of virgin and mated females. Virgin females can lay only male eggs while mated females can lay both male and female eggs. The role of plant odours and host odours in attracting C. atratus females to the host habitat and to their scale insect hosts was examined with the aid of an olfactometer. Field observations, to test the validity of results obtained in laboratory experiments, indicated that C. atratus females do not search initially for for their hosts' food plants, but search directly for hosts. Only when hosts were physically located did the behaviour of virgin and mated females differ. Recognition cues used by the females to distinguish between the two types of hosts were identified. Finally, the implications of results obtained were discussed in relation to ecological and evolutionary aspects of heteronomous parasitoid biology.
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- Date Issued: 1985
Precipitation effects on atmospheric electron densities
- Authors: Huang, Cheryl Yu-Yin
- Date: 1977
- Subjects: Precipitation (Chemistry)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5527 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1012441 , Precipitation (Chemistry)
- Description: In this thesis the effects of precipitated electrons on electron densities in the upper atmosphere are investigated. A method for solving the continuity equation has been developed , and this has been used to calculate electron density profiles under various conditions: daytime equilibrium conditions, with and without additional ionization by precipitated electrons; and nighttime conditions, with and without precinitation . This preliminary study seems to show that certain effects may be attributable to precipitation, and that these effects may be significant at night.
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- Date Issued: 1977