The invasion ecology of Pontederia cordata L. (Pontederiaceae) in South Africa
- Authors: Wansell, Sage Nora-Lee
- Date: 2021
- Subjects: Plant invsions -- South AFrica , Invasive plants -- Ecology -- South Africa , Pontederiaceae -- South AFrica
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/172433 , vital:42200
- Description: Pontederia cordata L. (Pontederiaceae) is a tristylous invasive macrophyte – originating from North and South America – that has caused detrimental environmental, agricultural and socio-economic impacts in South Africa (SA). This novel study investigates the invasive ecology of P. cordata in SA by determining population genetics, pollination ecology and floral traits. Preliminary field surveys suggest that only one of three tristylous forms of P. cordata is invading SA and no seeds have been observed in any invasive populations. This study therefore determined the population genetics, mode of spread of P. cordata in SA and possible reasons for the lack of seed production, as well as providing suggestions for future control and management strategies. Inter Simple Sequence Repeats of leaf samples from invasive populations in SA and the native range of the United States of America (USA) were performed to determine the population genetics of P. cordata. The clarification of population structure of an alien invasive plant can provide insight into founder effects, introduction events and modes of spread and is important for the development of management plans such as biological control. Results from the genetic analyses indicated that P. cordata populations have low genetic diversity within and amongst invasive populations in comparison to native populations. This suggests that high gene flow and sexual reproduction is not present in invasive populations, and that only a single or very few introductory events have occurred in SA. Furthermore, invasive P. cordata populations shared the highest genetic similarity with native samples from Belle Haven, Virginia, USA, and thus further sampling and future genetic surveys should be conducted in this area to identify source populations to survey for potential biological control agents. Following these findings, I investigated whether sexual reproduction and seed production is absent from invasive P. cordata populations in SA as speculated. Floral traits from populations throughout all the invaded provinces were measured and, along with pollen grain measurements, it was determined that only short-morphed plants are present in SA. It was speculated that the absence of native pollinators in the invasive range may be responsible for the absence of sexual reproduction. However, a pollination study confirmed the presence of generalist insect pollinators. Thereafter, artificial pollination experiments on 8 865 flowers were conducted to determine whether an incompatibility system was present which prevented seed production. No seeds were produced and it was concluded that illegitimate pollination of the short-morphed plants prevented seed production and rhizomes are responsible for the invasion of P. cordata throughout SA. The implications of these findings and possible management strategies such as biological control is discussed in Chapter 4. These findings suggest that control programmes should target the plants rhizomes to prevent and reduce spread. Preventing the introduction of medium- and long-morphed plants into SA is crucial to prevent P. cordata from producing seeds and intensifying invasion further through both asexual and sexual spread.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021
- Authors: Wansell, Sage Nora-Lee
- Date: 2021
- Subjects: Plant invsions -- South AFrica , Invasive plants -- Ecology -- South Africa , Pontederiaceae -- South AFrica
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/172433 , vital:42200
- Description: Pontederia cordata L. (Pontederiaceae) is a tristylous invasive macrophyte – originating from North and South America – that has caused detrimental environmental, agricultural and socio-economic impacts in South Africa (SA). This novel study investigates the invasive ecology of P. cordata in SA by determining population genetics, pollination ecology and floral traits. Preliminary field surveys suggest that only one of three tristylous forms of P. cordata is invading SA and no seeds have been observed in any invasive populations. This study therefore determined the population genetics, mode of spread of P. cordata in SA and possible reasons for the lack of seed production, as well as providing suggestions for future control and management strategies. Inter Simple Sequence Repeats of leaf samples from invasive populations in SA and the native range of the United States of America (USA) were performed to determine the population genetics of P. cordata. The clarification of population structure of an alien invasive plant can provide insight into founder effects, introduction events and modes of spread and is important for the development of management plans such as biological control. Results from the genetic analyses indicated that P. cordata populations have low genetic diversity within and amongst invasive populations in comparison to native populations. This suggests that high gene flow and sexual reproduction is not present in invasive populations, and that only a single or very few introductory events have occurred in SA. Furthermore, invasive P. cordata populations shared the highest genetic similarity with native samples from Belle Haven, Virginia, USA, and thus further sampling and future genetic surveys should be conducted in this area to identify source populations to survey for potential biological control agents. Following these findings, I investigated whether sexual reproduction and seed production is absent from invasive P. cordata populations in SA as speculated. Floral traits from populations throughout all the invaded provinces were measured and, along with pollen grain measurements, it was determined that only short-morphed plants are present in SA. It was speculated that the absence of native pollinators in the invasive range may be responsible for the absence of sexual reproduction. However, a pollination study confirmed the presence of generalist insect pollinators. Thereafter, artificial pollination experiments on 8 865 flowers were conducted to determine whether an incompatibility system was present which prevented seed production. No seeds were produced and it was concluded that illegitimate pollination of the short-morphed plants prevented seed production and rhizomes are responsible for the invasion of P. cordata throughout SA. The implications of these findings and possible management strategies such as biological control is discussed in Chapter 4. These findings suggest that control programmes should target the plants rhizomes to prevent and reduce spread. Preventing the introduction of medium- and long-morphed plants into SA is crucial to prevent P. cordata from producing seeds and intensifying invasion further through both asexual and sexual spread.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021
The frightened
- Authors: Msimang, Lethokuhle
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: South African fiction (English) -- 21st century
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/144004 , vital:38302
- Description: My novella tells the coming of age story of a young woman battling the trauma of objectification. It explores the intimate relationship between a woman and a man, the young and the old, and the camaraderie between women. Having spent the greater part of her youth in various parts of the world, my protagonist faces the stark reality of returning home to her native country. This triggers an angst which causes her to leap between lived experiences and memories. An elegy on how difficult it is to love while dragging the long shadow of shame, it uses short prose and prose poetry to reveal the intimacies and intricacies of self hate and clandestine romances, and to unravel the complexities of memory and forgetting. Built from non linear fragments it seeks to refuse cliches regarding love and to question easy assumptions around gender, family and the innocence of youth. I draw inspiration from Vita Sackville West’s’ All Passion Spent , which eloquently portrays the placid and flickering thoughts of an old woman taking leave from the frivolity of youth. I’m similarly inspired by the sincerity and confessional aspects of Virginia Woolf and French poet and photographer Alix Roubaud ’s journals and Van Gogh’s letters, as well as Lydia Yuknavitch, Max Porter and Elena Ferante’s autobiographical fiction. I also draw from J’Lyn Chapman’s chapbook A Thing of Shreds and Patches and finally Dostoevky’s Notes from Underground , for their blurring of life and writing, and their exploration of grief and death as a lingering thought, together with the oppressive urge to create. In addition I’m inspired by the poetry of a new generation of South African female writers like Vangile Gatsho.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: Msimang, Lethokuhle
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: South African fiction (English) -- 21st century
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/144004 , vital:38302
- Description: My novella tells the coming of age story of a young woman battling the trauma of objectification. It explores the intimate relationship between a woman and a man, the young and the old, and the camaraderie between women. Having spent the greater part of her youth in various parts of the world, my protagonist faces the stark reality of returning home to her native country. This triggers an angst which causes her to leap between lived experiences and memories. An elegy on how difficult it is to love while dragging the long shadow of shame, it uses short prose and prose poetry to reveal the intimacies and intricacies of self hate and clandestine romances, and to unravel the complexities of memory and forgetting. Built from non linear fragments it seeks to refuse cliches regarding love and to question easy assumptions around gender, family and the innocence of youth. I draw inspiration from Vita Sackville West’s’ All Passion Spent , which eloquently portrays the placid and flickering thoughts of an old woman taking leave from the frivolity of youth. I’m similarly inspired by the sincerity and confessional aspects of Virginia Woolf and French poet and photographer Alix Roubaud ’s journals and Van Gogh’s letters, as well as Lydia Yuknavitch, Max Porter and Elena Ferante’s autobiographical fiction. I also draw from J’Lyn Chapman’s chapbook A Thing of Shreds and Patches and finally Dostoevky’s Notes from Underground , for their blurring of life and writing, and their exploration of grief and death as a lingering thought, together with the oppressive urge to create. In addition I’m inspired by the poetry of a new generation of South African female writers like Vangile Gatsho.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
An investigation into amaXhosa new initiates’ masculine identity construction, mediation and negotiation: implications for the Life Orientation Curriculum
- Authors: Mdaka, Sizwe
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Xhosa (African people) -- Rites and ceremonies , Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Initiation rites -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Masculinity -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Life skills -- Study and teaching -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape -- Case studies , Life skills -- Study and teaching -- South Africa -- Curricula , Men -- Identity -- South Africa , Boys -- Education -- South Africa , Gender identity in education -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/94926 , vital:31097
- Description: This study asked questions about dominant discourses shaping new amaXhosa initiates masculine identities. In particular, it asked questions on the interface between tradition and modern values and how the new initiates negotiate these in constructing masculine identities and the implications this has for schooling (and specifically LO classes). This was a qualitative case study that relied on multiple sources of data including individual and focus groups interview with AmaXhosa new initiates as well as individual interviews with teachers. The study also included classroom observations of Life Orientation classes as the selected schools. Initially, informal discussions with the new initiates were held to gain insights on their perspective of initiation schools. The findings of this study revealed three broad themes. The first was that normative masculine conceptions and manhood, with particular attention paid to constructions of manhood and masculine identity and their relation to emotional display, men as breadwinners and family providers, marriage, and heterosexuality and fatherhood. The second one was on gender space and power in the classroom which revealed masculine performance inside and outside the classroom, and the role played by sitting positions and spatial arrangements as a discursive spaces for the construction of particular masculine identities. The third related the curriculum in practice versus the stated LO curriculum and revealed a disjuncture between the two. With teachers tolerating the traditional male structures and behaviours in the classroom, despite being in conflict with the stated LO curriculum core messages on gender, patriarchy and equality, intentionally or unintentionally select a position of collusion rather than disruption of these classroom behaviours. The study results highlight the complex social space that new initiates inhabit in order to make meaning of their masculine identities, and the challenges for teachers and schools in mediating between the traditional values and behaviours of some leaners, some of which are in conflict with the values and behaviours espoused by the LO curriculum and the modernizing project goals of SA education and the Constitution.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Mdaka, Sizwe
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Xhosa (African people) -- Rites and ceremonies , Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Initiation rites -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Masculinity -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Life skills -- Study and teaching -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape -- Case studies , Life skills -- Study and teaching -- South Africa -- Curricula , Men -- Identity -- South Africa , Boys -- Education -- South Africa , Gender identity in education -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/94926 , vital:31097
- Description: This study asked questions about dominant discourses shaping new amaXhosa initiates masculine identities. In particular, it asked questions on the interface between tradition and modern values and how the new initiates negotiate these in constructing masculine identities and the implications this has for schooling (and specifically LO classes). This was a qualitative case study that relied on multiple sources of data including individual and focus groups interview with AmaXhosa new initiates as well as individual interviews with teachers. The study also included classroom observations of Life Orientation classes as the selected schools. Initially, informal discussions with the new initiates were held to gain insights on their perspective of initiation schools. The findings of this study revealed three broad themes. The first was that normative masculine conceptions and manhood, with particular attention paid to constructions of manhood and masculine identity and their relation to emotional display, men as breadwinners and family providers, marriage, and heterosexuality and fatherhood. The second one was on gender space and power in the classroom which revealed masculine performance inside and outside the classroom, and the role played by sitting positions and spatial arrangements as a discursive spaces for the construction of particular masculine identities. The third related the curriculum in practice versus the stated LO curriculum and revealed a disjuncture between the two. With teachers tolerating the traditional male structures and behaviours in the classroom, despite being in conflict with the stated LO curriculum core messages on gender, patriarchy and equality, intentionally or unintentionally select a position of collusion rather than disruption of these classroom behaviours. The study results highlight the complex social space that new initiates inhabit in order to make meaning of their masculine identities, and the challenges for teachers and schools in mediating between the traditional values and behaviours of some leaners, some of which are in conflict with the values and behaviours espoused by the LO curriculum and the modernizing project goals of SA education and the Constitution.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
Re-surveying the insectivorous bats of northern Kruger National Park, South Africa
- Authors: Brinkley, Erin Reed
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Bats -- South Africa , Bats -- Behavior , Bats -- South Africa -- Ecology
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/115697 , vital:34216
- Description: With over 1,300 known species, the order Chiroptera makes up about 20 percent of all mammalian species. Due to its sub-tropical climate, the northern part of Kruger National Park (KNP) in South Africa is believed to have the highest bat species richness in the country. However, the last comprehensive assessment of bat diversity in the region was conducted more than 30 years ago. In 2017 and 2018, I undertook the first detailed re-assessment of the bat communities of the northern KNP since the early 1980’s. I used both live-capture (harp traps and mist-netting) and acoustic technology (SM2 and SM4 Songmeters, Wildlife Acoustics. MA, USA) to sample bats at 24 sites across the northern region of KNP. Through live-capture (336 trapping hours), 155 bats representing 13 species from five families were recorded including Cloetis pervicali, which has never been recorded within the borders of the KNP before. The echolocation calls of all captured bats were recorded to develop a site-specific call reference library that was used (in combination with existing reference calls) as a guide for the identification of bat calls recorded using the acoustic detectors set across 24 sites (278 sampling nights). The acoustic monitoring identified 22 species from six families and two unknown sets of calls. Compared to the historical data of 40 documented species (collected over a 30-year period), the current survey (27 species) resulted in a lower species richness. However, this is likely due to the lower overall sampling effort during my survey. By re-surveying the bats of northern KNP, I have contributed towards an overall bat species inventory for this region. In addition, I have generated an important baseline dataset for the future monitoring of bat diversity across the KNP. Due to bats being important biological indicators, increased research on the various species and their behaviours is essential for improving our understanding of climate change effects as well as the overall health of the environment, especially in protected areas.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Brinkley, Erin Reed
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Bats -- South Africa , Bats -- Behavior , Bats -- South Africa -- Ecology
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/115697 , vital:34216
- Description: With over 1,300 known species, the order Chiroptera makes up about 20 percent of all mammalian species. Due to its sub-tropical climate, the northern part of Kruger National Park (KNP) in South Africa is believed to have the highest bat species richness in the country. However, the last comprehensive assessment of bat diversity in the region was conducted more than 30 years ago. In 2017 and 2018, I undertook the first detailed re-assessment of the bat communities of the northern KNP since the early 1980’s. I used both live-capture (harp traps and mist-netting) and acoustic technology (SM2 and SM4 Songmeters, Wildlife Acoustics. MA, USA) to sample bats at 24 sites across the northern region of KNP. Through live-capture (336 trapping hours), 155 bats representing 13 species from five families were recorded including Cloetis pervicali, which has never been recorded within the borders of the KNP before. The echolocation calls of all captured bats were recorded to develop a site-specific call reference library that was used (in combination with existing reference calls) as a guide for the identification of bat calls recorded using the acoustic detectors set across 24 sites (278 sampling nights). The acoustic monitoring identified 22 species from six families and two unknown sets of calls. Compared to the historical data of 40 documented species (collected over a 30-year period), the current survey (27 species) resulted in a lower species richness. However, this is likely due to the lower overall sampling effort during my survey. By re-surveying the bats of northern KNP, I have contributed towards an overall bat species inventory for this region. In addition, I have generated an important baseline dataset for the future monitoring of bat diversity across the KNP. Due to bats being important biological indicators, increased research on the various species and their behaviours is essential for improving our understanding of climate change effects as well as the overall health of the environment, especially in protected areas.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
Young men’s talk about menstruation and hegemonic masculinity in the South African context: a discursive analysis
- Authors: Glover, Jonathan M
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Menstruation -- Social aspects -- -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Hegemony -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Masculinity -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Sex role -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Men -- Attitudes , Men -- Psychology , Human body -- Social aspects -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Men's studies -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/60244 , vital:27758
- Description: Current research in the sub-Saharan and other resource poor contexts indicates the largely negative social constructions of menstruation and menstruating women. Young men have been shown to reproduce these negative constructions and reinforce the stigmatized status of menstruation in these contexts. To my knowledge no studies have examined the ways in which young men talk about menstruation and menstruating women in South Africa. In this research, I aimed to explore the ways in which young men (in a resource poor area in the Eastern Cape) talk about menstruation in with their male peers in a focus group context and how this talk serves to enable specific subject positions (both masculine and feminine) that may reproduce, comply with and resist constructions of hegemonic masculinity (as outlined in previous South African research). By drawing on Raewyn Connell’s influential framework of masculinities and augmenting this with Margaret Wetherell and Nigel Edley’s contributions, this research adds to the growing body of research on masculinities in the South African context. I utilized a discursive framework in which to understand the interpretative repertoires drawn on in everyday talk about menstruation and the specific subject positions made available by these. Purposive sampling was used to recruit a total of 37 participants from two former Department of Education and Training schools in the Eastern Cape. Participants were young ‘black’ men with a mean age of 18.3 In analyzing and interpreting the data two overarching patterns emerged. In the first, the participants discursively distanced themselves from menstruation (and femininity in general) in order to avoid possible marginalisation and subordination in relation to local hegemonic masculine ideals. In doing this, the participants drew on a number of interpretative repertoires including: a dualistic repertoire, a bad (versus ideal) femininity repertoire and an abject femininity repertoire, which assisted in creating numerous subject positions. These subject positions allowed the young men to align themselves closer to hegemonic masculine ideals, and create distance by positioning menstruating women as the ‘other’. In the second overarching pattern, menstruation was constructed as a threat to masculine identity; within this construction, the young men discursively negotiated the ideological dilemmas surrounding this ‘highly feminine’ topic in ways that bolstered their positions within the gender hierarchy. Overall, hegemonic masculinities in this context were discursively reproduced and complied with in the participants’ accounts.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Glover, Jonathan M
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Menstruation -- Social aspects -- -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Hegemony -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Masculinity -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Sex role -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Men -- Attitudes , Men -- Psychology , Human body -- Social aspects -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Men's studies -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/60244 , vital:27758
- Description: Current research in the sub-Saharan and other resource poor contexts indicates the largely negative social constructions of menstruation and menstruating women. Young men have been shown to reproduce these negative constructions and reinforce the stigmatized status of menstruation in these contexts. To my knowledge no studies have examined the ways in which young men talk about menstruation and menstruating women in South Africa. In this research, I aimed to explore the ways in which young men (in a resource poor area in the Eastern Cape) talk about menstruation in with their male peers in a focus group context and how this talk serves to enable specific subject positions (both masculine and feminine) that may reproduce, comply with and resist constructions of hegemonic masculinity (as outlined in previous South African research). By drawing on Raewyn Connell’s influential framework of masculinities and augmenting this with Margaret Wetherell and Nigel Edley’s contributions, this research adds to the growing body of research on masculinities in the South African context. I utilized a discursive framework in which to understand the interpretative repertoires drawn on in everyday talk about menstruation and the specific subject positions made available by these. Purposive sampling was used to recruit a total of 37 participants from two former Department of Education and Training schools in the Eastern Cape. Participants were young ‘black’ men with a mean age of 18.3 In analyzing and interpreting the data two overarching patterns emerged. In the first, the participants discursively distanced themselves from menstruation (and femininity in general) in order to avoid possible marginalisation and subordination in relation to local hegemonic masculine ideals. In doing this, the participants drew on a number of interpretative repertoires including: a dualistic repertoire, a bad (versus ideal) femininity repertoire and an abject femininity repertoire, which assisted in creating numerous subject positions. These subject positions allowed the young men to align themselves closer to hegemonic masculine ideals, and create distance by positioning menstruating women as the ‘other’. In the second overarching pattern, menstruation was constructed as a threat to masculine identity; within this construction, the young men discursively negotiated the ideological dilemmas surrounding this ‘highly feminine’ topic in ways that bolstered their positions within the gender hierarchy. Overall, hegemonic masculinities in this context were discursively reproduced and complied with in the participants’ accounts.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Maimed bodies in George R.R. Martin’s A song of ice and fire
- Authors: Goodenough, Amy Caroline
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Martin, George R. R. -- Song of ice and fire , Violence in literature , Fantasy fiction -- History and criticism
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/7301 , vital:21240
- Description: George R.R. Martin’s fantasy series, A Song of Ice and Fire, has joined franchises like Harry Potter and The Lord of the Rings at the forefront of popular culture. Unlike other popular fantasy franchises, however, Song is notably ‘gritty’ - inspired as much by the realism of historical fiction as it is by its fantastical predecessors. The novels focus on a massive struggle for power, and that struggle is a famously bloody one: the violence of the novel’s medieval-inspired world and of medieval warfare, is placed front and center. This thesis argues that Song portrays this excessive violence with a view to more than mere sensation. The body is central to Martin’s text, and since power is the object of Martin’s characters, he depicts the way in which power interacts with the body with sophistication. The use of capital and corporal punishment is foregrounded frequently in the text, and presented as central to the process of ruling, but horrifying in its potential for injustice. For all that these acts of maiming - public execution, public torture - may be presented as ceremonies of justice, Martin makes it evident that they are in fact rituals of power. The spectacular display of maimed bodies occurs frequently - so frequently that it is clearly ordinary to Martin’s characters - and nearly always with a view to creating a perception of power. Heads are spiked on castle walls, gibbets hung in town squares, and slaves crucified on road-signs, and these all speak not of the criminality of the victims, but of the power of those doing the punishing. While such displays may be successful, they usually signal weakness to the reader: Martin writes numerous characters whose acts of violence come as misplaced reactions to their own vulnerability. This dynamic comes to the fore most powerfully in the absurd performances of violence by Theon Greyjoy, and, later, in his torture by Ramsay Bolton.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Goodenough, Amy Caroline
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Martin, George R. R. -- Song of ice and fire , Violence in literature , Fantasy fiction -- History and criticism
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/7301 , vital:21240
- Description: George R.R. Martin’s fantasy series, A Song of Ice and Fire, has joined franchises like Harry Potter and The Lord of the Rings at the forefront of popular culture. Unlike other popular fantasy franchises, however, Song is notably ‘gritty’ - inspired as much by the realism of historical fiction as it is by its fantastical predecessors. The novels focus on a massive struggle for power, and that struggle is a famously bloody one: the violence of the novel’s medieval-inspired world and of medieval warfare, is placed front and center. This thesis argues that Song portrays this excessive violence with a view to more than mere sensation. The body is central to Martin’s text, and since power is the object of Martin’s characters, he depicts the way in which power interacts with the body with sophistication. The use of capital and corporal punishment is foregrounded frequently in the text, and presented as central to the process of ruling, but horrifying in its potential for injustice. For all that these acts of maiming - public execution, public torture - may be presented as ceremonies of justice, Martin makes it evident that they are in fact rituals of power. The spectacular display of maimed bodies occurs frequently - so frequently that it is clearly ordinary to Martin’s characters - and nearly always with a view to creating a perception of power. Heads are spiked on castle walls, gibbets hung in town squares, and slaves crucified on road-signs, and these all speak not of the criminality of the victims, but of the power of those doing the punishing. While such displays may be successful, they usually signal weakness to the reader: Martin writes numerous characters whose acts of violence come as misplaced reactions to their own vulnerability. This dynamic comes to the fore most powerfully in the absurd performances of violence by Theon Greyjoy, and, later, in his torture by Ramsay Bolton.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Riding into myth: Manifest Destiny, Nietzschean ethics and the creation of a new western frontier mythology in Cormac McCarthy’s Blood Meridian
- Authors: Edley, Christopher
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: McCarthy, Cormac, 1933-. Blood meridian , Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, 1844-1900 -- Influence , Mythology in literature , American fiction -- 20th century -- History and criticism , West (U.S.) -- In literature
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/7334 , vital:21243
- Description: Cormac McCarthy’s Blood Meridian or the Evening Redness in the West is a provocative evocation of the American West that has attracted a wide range of critical responses. This study has three foci: the novel as epic myth, McCarthy’s critique of Manifest destiny, and the influence of Nietzschean philosophy on the judge and McCarthy’s portrayal of the human condition. These concerns conduce to an alternative reading of the conclusion of the novel. Blood Meridian is a unique textual enterprise as it both conforms to and subverts mythic conventions associated with both Classical epic and the American West. Recognition of the resonances between Blood Meridian and these mythologies helps the reader to engage with McCarthy’s ambitious creation of a powerful literary allegory in the tradition of Twain and Faulkner. Having situated McCarthy’s enterprise within these co-ordinates, the study then moves on to examine the novel’s stunning critique of Manifest Destiny, in the context of the implications that such thinking has had on American foreign policy over the past two centuries, and that continue to inspire American involvement in military conflicts well into the twenty-first century. The final area of focus is the influence of Friedrich Nietzsche’s philosophy on the character of the judge and the weltanschauung that the novel presents. McCarthy’s ultimate objective is to demonstrate that humankind’s most basic condition is an inherently violent one. The more critically accepted reading of the novel is challenged by postulating the kid’s triumph over the judge as not only in keeping with the literary tradition of Melville and others but also a logical outcome of the novel’s allegory of American military involvement in Vietnam. The study concludes that whilst McCarthy has gone on to receive critical acclaim and public praise for works published after Blood Meridian, this work remains both his artistic masterpiece and his most far-reaching engagement with issues of eschatological and political importance. It is argued that, given the contemporary escalation in geo-political tensions, Blood Meridian may well continue to provide insight into the nature of American domestic and foreign policy for decades to come.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Edley, Christopher
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: McCarthy, Cormac, 1933-. Blood meridian , Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, 1844-1900 -- Influence , Mythology in literature , American fiction -- 20th century -- History and criticism , West (U.S.) -- In literature
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/7334 , vital:21243
- Description: Cormac McCarthy’s Blood Meridian or the Evening Redness in the West is a provocative evocation of the American West that has attracted a wide range of critical responses. This study has three foci: the novel as epic myth, McCarthy’s critique of Manifest destiny, and the influence of Nietzschean philosophy on the judge and McCarthy’s portrayal of the human condition. These concerns conduce to an alternative reading of the conclusion of the novel. Blood Meridian is a unique textual enterprise as it both conforms to and subverts mythic conventions associated with both Classical epic and the American West. Recognition of the resonances between Blood Meridian and these mythologies helps the reader to engage with McCarthy’s ambitious creation of a powerful literary allegory in the tradition of Twain and Faulkner. Having situated McCarthy’s enterprise within these co-ordinates, the study then moves on to examine the novel’s stunning critique of Manifest Destiny, in the context of the implications that such thinking has had on American foreign policy over the past two centuries, and that continue to inspire American involvement in military conflicts well into the twenty-first century. The final area of focus is the influence of Friedrich Nietzsche’s philosophy on the character of the judge and the weltanschauung that the novel presents. McCarthy’s ultimate objective is to demonstrate that humankind’s most basic condition is an inherently violent one. The more critically accepted reading of the novel is challenged by postulating the kid’s triumph over the judge as not only in keeping with the literary tradition of Melville and others but also a logical outcome of the novel’s allegory of American military involvement in Vietnam. The study concludes that whilst McCarthy has gone on to receive critical acclaim and public praise for works published after Blood Meridian, this work remains both his artistic masterpiece and his most far-reaching engagement with issues of eschatological and political importance. It is argued that, given the contemporary escalation in geo-political tensions, Blood Meridian may well continue to provide insight into the nature of American domestic and foreign policy for decades to come.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Synthesis and physicochemical evaluation of a series of boron dipyrromethene dye derivatives for potential utility in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and nonlinear optics
- Authors: Kubheka, Gugu Patience
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Dyes and dyeing -- Chemistry , Photochemotherapy , Cancer -- Photochemotherapy , Anti-infective agents , Nonlinear optics , BODIPY
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/4776 , vital:20723
- Description: A series of new BODIPY dye derivatives have been synthesized and characterized using various characterization tools such as 1H-NMR, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, FT-IR, UV-visible spectrophotometry and elemental analysis. The aniline-substituted BODIPY derivative was further coordinated with gold nanorods and the characterization was achieved by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).In addition to this dye, quaternized BODIPY dyes were also synthesized and investigated for their potential utility as photosentitizers in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT).BODIPY dyes with pyrene substituted styryl groups were embedded in polymer thin film using poly(bisphenol A carbonate) (PBC) to study their optical limiting properties. The optical limiting values of these BODIPY dyes once embedded in thin films were found to be greatly improved and the limiting intensityof each film was well below the maximum threshold which is set to be 0.95 J.cm-². The physicochemical properties and NLO parameters of all of the synthesized dyes were investigated.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Kubheka, Gugu Patience
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Dyes and dyeing -- Chemistry , Photochemotherapy , Cancer -- Photochemotherapy , Anti-infective agents , Nonlinear optics , BODIPY
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/4776 , vital:20723
- Description: A series of new BODIPY dye derivatives have been synthesized and characterized using various characterization tools such as 1H-NMR, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, FT-IR, UV-visible spectrophotometry and elemental analysis. The aniline-substituted BODIPY derivative was further coordinated with gold nanorods and the characterization was achieved by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).In addition to this dye, quaternized BODIPY dyes were also synthesized and investigated for their potential utility as photosentitizers in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT).BODIPY dyes with pyrene substituted styryl groups were embedded in polymer thin film using poly(bisphenol A carbonate) (PBC) to study their optical limiting properties. The optical limiting values of these BODIPY dyes once embedded in thin films were found to be greatly improved and the limiting intensityof each film was well below the maximum threshold which is set to be 0.95 J.cm-². The physicochemical properties and NLO parameters of all of the synthesized dyes were investigated.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Construction Unions Negotiators Conference
- Building & Wood Workers International (BWI)
- Authors: Building & Wood Workers International (BWI)
- Date: 2009-05
- Subjects: Uncatalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/105819 , vital:32572
- Description: This publication aims to familiarise negotiators with inflation statistics, which are not as straight forward as they might seem at first glance. It provides negotiators with the latest inflation figures (at the time of publication), and puts forward a few guidelines for dealing with inflation in the context of collective bargaining. After ail, if you know what the rules of the game are you can break them property , here put any information that you think is important but there is no field for it, if there isnt remove the field
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009-05
- Authors: Building & Wood Workers International (BWI)
- Date: 2009-05
- Subjects: Uncatalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/105819 , vital:32572
- Description: This publication aims to familiarise negotiators with inflation statistics, which are not as straight forward as they might seem at first glance. It provides negotiators with the latest inflation figures (at the time of publication), and puts forward a few guidelines for dealing with inflation in the context of collective bargaining. After ail, if you know what the rules of the game are you can break them property , here put any information that you think is important but there is no field for it, if there isnt remove the field
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009-05
The relationship between trait anxiety and anxiety sensitivity
- Authors: Farrington, Robin Mark
- Date: 2004
- Subjects: Anxiety sensitivity -- South Africa , Anxiety -- South Africa -- Testing
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:11021 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/352 , Anxiety sensitivity -- South Africa , Anxiety -- South Africa -- Testing
- Description: Anxiety Sensitivity (AS) is a useful psychological construct in understanding the development of general and clinical anxiety. An increased amount of research has recently been conducted in this area. Since the development of the 16-item Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI), there has been deliberation in the literature about the relationship of the AS construct and the ASI, to the personality construct of trait anxiety. Central to this discus sion is the notion that AS is nothing more than trait anxiety. This position brings into question the conceptual and empirical validity of AS. This study aimed to explore and describe the relationship between trait anxiety and anxiety sensitivity, through the use of an exploratory-descriptive correlational design. Levels of trait anxiety were determined through the use of subscales on the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) and anxiety sensitivity through the use of the ASI. Using a convenience sampling technique, 84 student volunteers completed the 16PF and ASI. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were employed for data analysis. The results indicate that the sample group had the capacity to express emotional energy along integrated channels and was thus well suited for exploring the relationship between the construct of trait anxiety and anxiety sensitivity. The relationship between trait anxiety and AS in the sample group was explored through the use of two statistical procedures. Firstly, the coefficient of determination (r²) was calculated and revealed that 24% of the variance among the ASI scores were attributable to variations in Factor QII scores of the 16PF and viceversa. Secondly, a multiple regression analysis technique revealed that 28% of the variance in the ASI score could be explained by the combination of factors Q4 (free- floating anxiety), O (guilt proneness), C (ego strength), L (suspiciousness), Q3 (ability to bind anxiety) of the 16PF. These key findings are in line with other research in that the constructs of trait anxiety and anxiety sensitivity showed a level of variance. As such, it was concluded that although the constructs may be related, they are not synonymous.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2004
- Authors: Farrington, Robin Mark
- Date: 2004
- Subjects: Anxiety sensitivity -- South Africa , Anxiety -- South Africa -- Testing
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:11021 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/352 , Anxiety sensitivity -- South Africa , Anxiety -- South Africa -- Testing
- Description: Anxiety Sensitivity (AS) is a useful psychological construct in understanding the development of general and clinical anxiety. An increased amount of research has recently been conducted in this area. Since the development of the 16-item Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI), there has been deliberation in the literature about the relationship of the AS construct and the ASI, to the personality construct of trait anxiety. Central to this discus sion is the notion that AS is nothing more than trait anxiety. This position brings into question the conceptual and empirical validity of AS. This study aimed to explore and describe the relationship between trait anxiety and anxiety sensitivity, through the use of an exploratory-descriptive correlational design. Levels of trait anxiety were determined through the use of subscales on the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) and anxiety sensitivity through the use of the ASI. Using a convenience sampling technique, 84 student volunteers completed the 16PF and ASI. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were employed for data analysis. The results indicate that the sample group had the capacity to express emotional energy along integrated channels and was thus well suited for exploring the relationship between the construct of trait anxiety and anxiety sensitivity. The relationship between trait anxiety and AS in the sample group was explored through the use of two statistical procedures. Firstly, the coefficient of determination (r²) was calculated and revealed that 24% of the variance among the ASI scores were attributable to variations in Factor QII scores of the 16PF and viceversa. Secondly, a multiple regression analysis technique revealed that 28% of the variance in the ASI score could be explained by the combination of factors Q4 (free- floating anxiety), O (guilt proneness), C (ego strength), L (suspiciousness), Q3 (ability to bind anxiety) of the 16PF. These key findings are in line with other research in that the constructs of trait anxiety and anxiety sensitivity showed a level of variance. As such, it was concluded that although the constructs may be related, they are not synonymous.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2004
A history of confession: the dialogue between cynicism and grace in selected novels of J.M. Coetzee
- Authors: Hornby, Catherine Muriel
- Date: 2002
- Subjects: Coetzee, J. M., 1940- -- Criticism and interpretation , Cynicism in literature , Grace (Theology) in literature
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2190 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002232 , Coetzee, J. M., 1940- -- Criticism and interpretation , Cynicism in literature , Grace (Theology) in literature
- Description: In introducing the four novels under discussion as a “History of Confession”, this study explores the resistance to the dominant discourse of ‘history’ offered by the sustained confessions of individuals. In examining Coetzee’s oeuvre it is possible to delineate the outline of a dialogue between cynicism and grace, and the effects of these on the process of confession in each of the works Chapter One, dealing with Age of Iron, draws on Levinas’ theory of ‘the Other’ in order to elucidate the role played by the interlocutor or confessor in the process of confession.The recognition of the passage of the self through the Other is integral to the attainment of a state of grace, without which confession cannot be brought to an end The countermanding claims of the writer's will-to-write and duty to society are illuminated as a source of cynicism which overwhelms the intervention of grace. The Master of Petersburg, discussed in Chapter Two, is a confession of the guilt and despair faced by the writer who sacrifices his soul to answer the urge to write. Chapter Three, which examines Coetzee’s excursion into autobiography, represents a continuation of the confessional trend. The distance between the narrator and protagonist of Boyhood illustrates the convolutions of self-deception in the process of confession. The chapter which deals with Disgrace identifies a new trend in Coetzee’s writing:the concern with animals. Levinas’ theory, which identifies the encounter with the Other as necessary to precipitate an intervention of grace, is again useful in explaining how Coetzee has postulated the unassimilable otherness of animals as primary to human ethical development. This chapter also concludes that Disgrace represents a high point in the recovery of both grace and agency in Coetzee’s oeuvre.The concluding chapter suggests that the accumulation of meanings to the term ‘grace’enables its definition as a semi-religious abstraction. Coetzee suggests that belief in its existence has the power to affect interactions on the physical plane, especially those between the self and the Other.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2002
- Authors: Hornby, Catherine Muriel
- Date: 2002
- Subjects: Coetzee, J. M., 1940- -- Criticism and interpretation , Cynicism in literature , Grace (Theology) in literature
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2190 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002232 , Coetzee, J. M., 1940- -- Criticism and interpretation , Cynicism in literature , Grace (Theology) in literature
- Description: In introducing the four novels under discussion as a “History of Confession”, this study explores the resistance to the dominant discourse of ‘history’ offered by the sustained confessions of individuals. In examining Coetzee’s oeuvre it is possible to delineate the outline of a dialogue between cynicism and grace, and the effects of these on the process of confession in each of the works Chapter One, dealing with Age of Iron, draws on Levinas’ theory of ‘the Other’ in order to elucidate the role played by the interlocutor or confessor in the process of confession.The recognition of the passage of the self through the Other is integral to the attainment of a state of grace, without which confession cannot be brought to an end The countermanding claims of the writer's will-to-write and duty to society are illuminated as a source of cynicism which overwhelms the intervention of grace. The Master of Petersburg, discussed in Chapter Two, is a confession of the guilt and despair faced by the writer who sacrifices his soul to answer the urge to write. Chapter Three, which examines Coetzee’s excursion into autobiography, represents a continuation of the confessional trend. The distance between the narrator and protagonist of Boyhood illustrates the convolutions of self-deception in the process of confession. The chapter which deals with Disgrace identifies a new trend in Coetzee’s writing:the concern with animals. Levinas’ theory, which identifies the encounter with the Other as necessary to precipitate an intervention of grace, is again useful in explaining how Coetzee has postulated the unassimilable otherness of animals as primary to human ethical development. This chapter also concludes that Disgrace represents a high point in the recovery of both grace and agency in Coetzee’s oeuvre.The concluding chapter suggests that the accumulation of meanings to the term ‘grace’enables its definition as a semi-religious abstraction. Coetzee suggests that belief in its existence has the power to affect interactions on the physical plane, especially those between the self and the Other.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2002
The foreign policy orientation and national role conceptions of a post-apartheid South Africa: options and scenarios
- Authors: Landsberg, Chris
- Date: 1995
- Subjects: South Africa -- Foreign relations -- 1989-1994 , Apartheid -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2793 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003003 , South Africa -- Foreign relations -- 1989-1994 , Apartheid -- South Africa
- Description: This thesis should essentially be considered as an exposition of the foreign policy of a "new", apartheid-free South Africa in a post-Cold War international arena, arguing for a pro-active and prudent foreign policy. An important goal of the study is to make as dispassionate and rational as possible a contribution to the debate on South Africa's future foreign policy, national roles and external relations. A further aim of the study shall be to deduce relevant results of perpetual and viable foreign policy orientations and national role models within the framework of policy alternatives to South Africa's decision-makers in the future.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1995
- Authors: Landsberg, Chris
- Date: 1995
- Subjects: South Africa -- Foreign relations -- 1989-1994 , Apartheid -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2793 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003003 , South Africa -- Foreign relations -- 1989-1994 , Apartheid -- South Africa
- Description: This thesis should essentially be considered as an exposition of the foreign policy of a "new", apartheid-free South Africa in a post-Cold War international arena, arguing for a pro-active and prudent foreign policy. An important goal of the study is to make as dispassionate and rational as possible a contribution to the debate on South Africa's future foreign policy, national roles and external relations. A further aim of the study shall be to deduce relevant results of perpetual and viable foreign policy orientations and national role models within the framework of policy alternatives to South Africa's decision-makers in the future.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1995
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