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Effects of production systems and canola meal supplementation on carcass and meat quality characteristics of spent laying hens

  • Authors: Semwogerere, Farouk
  • Date: 2018
  • Subjects: Broilers (Chickens) -- Feeding and feeds Chickens -- Feeding and feeds Chicken industry -- South Africa
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/9242 , vital:34309
  • Description: This study evaluated the carcass and meat quality traits of spent laying hens as influenced by production systems (conventional cages and free range) and the inclusion/exclusion of canola meal in their diets. A total of 30 free range and 60 battery cage reared Lohmann Brown-Elite spent laying hens were obtained from a commercial egg producer. The 30 free range hens (53 weeks of age) and 30 of the caged hens (40 weeks of age) were fed a conventional diet, while the remaining 30 caged hens (48 weeks of age) were fed a diet supplemented with canola meal (20 percent). Carcass, portion and organ weights were determined. Physical attributes and proximate composition were analyzed for, with additional fatty acids and sensory profiles being determined for the effects of canola meal inclusion in the diet. Caged hens had heavier (P ≤ 0.05) warm and cold carcasses, thigh, wing and feet compared to free range hens. The percentages of the breast (26.1 ± 0.51 vs. 28.3 ± 0.28), drum, breast bones, breast thaw and cooking losses and thigh cooking loss were lower (P ≤ 0.05) for caged hens than for free range hens. Free range hens had heavier (P ≤ 0.05) gizzards (33.9 ± 1.04 vs. 30.5 ± 0.73) and bones and a lower (P ≤ 0.05) breast meat percentage (47.3 ± 0.94 vs. 51.7 ± 1.35). Meat redness (a*) (0.54 ± 0.222 vs. 1.40 ± 0.135) and hue angle value, skin redness (a*), breast and thigh, Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) values (breast: 12.37 ± 0.411 vs. 17.10 ± 0.751, thigh: 29.68 ± 0.306 vs. 39.75 ± 0.826), breast moisture and thigh ash content were lower (P ≤ 0.05) for caged hens than free range hens. Caged hens had higher (P ≤ 0.05) thigh thaw loss and breast ash content than free range hens. Canola-fed hens had higher (P ≤ 0.05) drum percentages, breast bone weights and percentages, with lower (P ≤ 0.05) thigh and breast meat percentages. Canola-fed hens had lower (P ≤ 0.05) thaw losses, skin yellowness (b*) and Chroma values, breast fat content with higher cooking losses, skin redness (a*) and hue angle value, as well as breast WBSF (12.37 ± 0.411 vs. 15.43 ± 0.600). Palmitic acid, stearic acid, heneicosanoic acid acid, palmitoleic acid, saturated fatty acids (SFA) (34.0 ± 0.56 vs. 38.7 ± 0.71), n-6:n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) ratio (5.5 ± 0.13 vs. 7.2 ± 0.28), atherogenic index (IA), thrombogenic index (IT), delta-5 desaturase (D5D, elongase index and thiosterase index were lower (P ≤ 0.05) for canola-fed hen breast meat. Breast meat from conventionally fed hens had lower (P ≤ 0.05) myristic acid, lignoceric acid, nervonic acid, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), PUFA:SFA ratio (0.7 ± 0.05 vs. 0.9 ± 0.02), n-3 PUFA (3.4 ± 0.31 vs. 5.1 ± 0.17), hypocholesterolemic:Hypercholesterolaemic (h/H), stearoyl-CoA desaturase 16 (SCD16) and stearoyl-CoA desaturase 18 (SCD18). The breast meat from conventionally fed hens had lower (P ≤ 0.05) metallic flavor than that from canola-fed hens. Strong positive correlations were observed for overall aroma with chicken (r = 0.965, P < 0.001) and brothy aroma (r = 0.827, P < 0.001); overall aroma with overall flavor (r = 0.680, P < 0.001), chicken flavor (r = 0.668, P < 0.001) and brothy flavor (r = 0.548, P = 0.006); initial juiciness with sustained juiciness (r = 0.771, P < 0.001) and tenderness (r = 0.537, P = 0.007); sustained juiciness with tenderness (r = 0.790, P < 0.001) and chewiness with residue (r = 0.783, P < 0.001). Whilst strong negative correlations were observed for: sustained juiciness with chewiness (r = -0.655, P = 0.001) and residue (r = 0.783, P < 0.001) and for tenderness with chewiness (r = 0.845, P < 0.001) and residue (r = -0.855, P < 0.001). Results of this study highlight that a free range production system when compared to a conventional cage system increased undesirable carcass and physical meat traits of spent laying hens. On the other hand, canola meal inclusion incorporates beneficial health aspects without affecting the sensory profile of meat derived from spent laying hens, both groups of hens being reared in battery cage system. Spent laying hen breasts can be consumed as a functional food (especially canolafed) since the fat content and composition was observed to be close to that which is recommended for a healthy diet.
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  • Date Issued: 2018

Factors influencing the hygienic quality of milk yield from smallholder dairy herds in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

  • Authors: Dube, Hlengani Paul
  • Date: 2018
  • Subjects: Milk hygiene
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , Animal Science
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/10790 , vital:35761
  • Description: The objective of the study was to identify factors influencing the hygienic quality of milk of smallholder dairy herds in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Three smallholder herds participating in the National Animal recording scheme and located in Alexandria and East London District Municipalities were used. 90 dairy animals from 3 farms were used, each farm consisting of 30 animals. Three breeds of ten animals were randomly chosen from each farm, the three breeds include, (Holstein, Jersey and Crosses), and four seasons, (autumn, winter, spring and summer) were used to determine the effects of breed and season on the hygienic quality of milk. Milk components included fat percentage, protein percentage, lactose percentage, milk urea nitrogen, milk yield and somatic cell counts (SCC). A total of 1080 milk samples were collected in the afternoon after milking. Procedure of general linear model of SAS was used to determine the effects of breed, season and farm of the milk quality parameters. Means were separated by PDIFF test (α = 0.05). Fixed effects of season, breed and farm, along with 2 way interactions of season and farm and breed and farm were determined. An evaluation template was used to identify the factors affecting hygienic quality of milk. Descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages) were used. In order to investigate associations between variables of interest, a Pearson Chi-square test was done. The Chi-square test was also used to determine significantly independent findings at a P < 0.10 level of confidence. Cross tabulations were done to establish a basis for comparison and to find out if there is a relationship between two or more variables. The breeds kept within the smallholder dairy herds include Holstein, Jersey, Ayrshire, Guernsey and their Crosses. All farmers’practised pasture based dairy farming system, which includes exclusive dairy production and dairy with other animals like poultry and pigs. 33.33 percent of the smallholder herds use the machine milking method, while 66.67 percent use both the machine and hand milking methods. Milking time is uniform throughout the farms, with milking being done twice a day, in the morning and afternoon. The hygiene practices of the farms were largely similar from farm to farm. Before milking, the udders and teats of animals are washed with clean running water. After milking, the teats of the animals are dipped in teat dip to prevent mastitis. All the farmers’ dairy milking facilities have a permanent water source with continuous supply throughout the year. The water sources vary according to farms, with 33.33% use boreholes, while 66.67 percent utilise rivers and springs. Farmers face numerous challenges such as ageing and dilapidated equipment and infrastructure, limited capital that reduces the number of employees on farm and the purchase of feed inputs to support the milking procedure. Effect of season on milk quality, were significantly (P <0.001) different in milk yield, lactose, and somatic cell counts, and significant different at (P < 0.05) for milk urea nitrogen. High milk yields are observed in spring, and winter, while low milk yields are observed in autumn. High values for fat and protein content were observed in winter. High somatic cell counts were observed in autumn than in spring summer and winter. Effects of farm, on milk quality were significantly (P < 0.001) different on milk yield, fat, protein, lactose, and milk urea nitrogen, and significantly different (P < 0.01) for somatic cell counts. Milk yields varied from 14.03kg/day, 15.51kg/day, and 20.12kg/day, fat percentage varied from 4.52 percent, 4.36 percent, and 4.18 percent, protein percentages of 3.55 percent, 3.44 percent, and 3.47 percent, lactose percentage of 4.47 percent, 4.65 percent, and 4.69 percent, somatic cell counts of 588.42cells/ml, 308.90cells/ml, and 437.43cells/ml, and milk urea nitrogen of 9.84mg/100ml, 10.03mg/100ml, and 10.91mg/100ml for High heaven, Soqhayisa and Matshibele farms respectively. Effect of breed on milk quality, were significantly (P < 0.001) different for milk yield, fat and protein percentage. Milk yields amongst breeds varied at 15.57kg/day, 17.92kg/day, and 16.18kg/day, fat percentages of 4.51 percent, 4.18 percent, and 4.37 percent, protein percentages of 3.55 percent, 3.39 percent, and 3.52 percent, for Jersey, Holstein Cross bred breeds respectively. There were no differences in lactose percentage, somatic cell counts, and milk urea nitrogen amongst breeds. The interaction between farm and season had an effect on milk yield (P < 0.0004), lactose (P < 0.0001), somatic cell counts (P < 0.0001), milk urea nitrogen (P < 0.0019). Milk fat and protein had no effect of farm and season. The interaction between farm and breed had an effect on milk yield (P < 0.0018), fat (P < 0.0001), protein (P < 0.0001), lactose (P < 0.0227), milk urea nitrogen (P < 0.0373). Farm and breed had no effect onsomatic cell counts. The effect of the farm had a greater detrimental effect on the variations in milk composition within the season and the breed. Milk quality is mainly affected by the farm management practices which at times are affected by the farmer’s resources to achieve the basic routine activities for clean milk. Improving the hygienic practises such as udder cleaning, removal of feed from the troughs, and environmental sanitation will increase milk quality in smallholder herds. Smallholder dairy herds were able to meet the milk quality standards of low somatic cell counts that are acceptable as grade A milk.
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  • Date Issued: 2018

The moderating role of occupational self-efficacy and organisational justice in the relationship between perceived job insecurity and counterproductive work behaviour among bank employees in Nigeria

  • Authors: Oluwole, Olugbenga Joseph
  • Date: 2018
  • Subjects: Job security Self-efficacy Bank employees
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/12665 , vital:39297
  • Description: The unstable global economy and the drive by every organisation to remain in business and be competitive has led to many organisational downsizing, which in turn poses concerns towards identifying behaviours of the survivors’. These behaviours constitute the components of employees’ job performance which include task performance, organisational citizenship behaviour and counterproductive work behaviour (CWB). One of the major behavioural concerns facing organisations globally, in particular in Nigeria, is CWB, which previous studies identified as an attitudinal reaction of perceived job insecurity. Very few empirical studies in Nigeria have attempted to examine the relationship as well as the variables that can moderate the negative effect of job insecurity-CWB. This study, therefore, explores the moderating effects of occupational self-efficacy (OSE) and organisational justice on the job insecurity–CWB relationship among bank employees in Nigeria. Four theories provided the framework for the study, while a descriptive research design which utilized a cross-sectional survey was used. The multi-stage sampling procedure and purposive technique were employed to select the two participating banking organisations from the 22 licensed commercial banks in Nigeria. Using the convenience sampling technique, a total of 380 Nigerian bank employees who gave their personal consent participated through a structured questionnaire. The reliability coefficient of all the instruments are as follows: counterproductive work behaviour (α = .92), perceived job insecurity (α = .65), occupational self-efficacy (α = .82), organisational justice (α = .93) were used for data collection. The sample was taken from branches of the two selected banking organisations that cut across Lagos State, Nigeria, a cosmopolitan and Nigeria business hub. Six hypotheses were tested using descriptive statistics, zero-order correlation and hierarchical multiple regression at 0.05 level of significance. A significant positive relationship existed between: job insecurity and CWB (r = .14); job insecurity and sabotage (r = .23), job insecurity and withdrawal (r = .14) and job insecurity and abuse (r = .20) of sub-dimensions of CWB. Also, a significant relationship existed between OSE and CWB (r = .12); OSE and withdrawal (r = .27) and OSE and abuse (r = .12) of the sub-dimensions of CWB. And lastly, a significant positive relationship existed between organisational justice and CWB (r = .11); distributive justice and CWB (r = .13), procedural justice and CWB (r = .17); organisational justice and withdrawal (r = .35), and a negative relationship between organisational justice and production deviance (r = -.12) of the sub-dimensions of CWB. Also, a significant positive relationship existed on distributive justice and withdrawal behaviour (r = .22) and distributive justice and abuse (r = .12); procedural justice and sabotage (r = .17); procedural justice and withdrawal (r = .44); Interactional justice and withdrawal (r = .29) and a significant negative relationship existed on interactional justice and sabotage. Furthermore, there were significant moderator effects of OSE on job insecurity- CWB relationship (β = .11, p<.05); significant moderator effects of OSE on job insecurity-abuse behaviour (β = .13, p<.05) of sub-dimension of CWB. Also, there was significant moderator effects of organisational justice in job insecurity-CWB relationship (β = -.10, p<.05), interaction effect of procedural justice in job insecurity-withdrawal behaviour relationship (β = .24, p<.01) and interaction effect of interactional justice in job insecurity-abuse behaviour relationship (β = -.39, p<.001). And lastly, there was no significant joint moderator effects of OSE and organisational justice in job insecurity and CWB relationship (β = .00, ns), while there was significant moderator effect of joint OSE and organisational justice on job insecurity – sabotage relationshi0p (β = .17, p<.01) and job insecurity – withdrawal behaviour (β = .14, p<.01) The findings of this study pointed to the significance of employees’ cognitive sense as important and stable resources which organisational practitioners need to take into consideration during organisational change approach. Also, the banking organisation must clearly state the procedure and implementations of downsizing policies.
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  • Date Issued: 2018

Design, construction and performance evaluation of an agitated portable biogas digester under greenhouse-regulated temperature

  • Authors: Mutungwazi Asheal
  • Date: 2017
  • Subjects: Sewage -- Purification -- Anaerobic treatment Green technology Renewable energy sources
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/9055 , vital:34222
  • Description: Biogas yield in anaerobic digesters is negatively affected by low temperatures during cold seasons and nights, temperature fluctuations and inefficient agitation. Electrical heating and underground digester installations have been used to help minimise these effects but the high cost of electrical heating, infeasibility of underground installations in some terrains, inefficient agitation and difficult maintenance continue to be major set-backs to high biogas yields. In this study a 100 ℓ, agitated, portable carbon steel digester housed within a greenhouse, whose operation temperature is automatically maintained at an optimum of 35 ± 1 oC by means of an ON/OFF electronic circuit for ventilation control through a suitably sized window and insulation offered by an air film trapped in-between a double layer of polyethylene plastic covering of the greenhouse, was designed. Cow dung from a dairy farm at the University of Fort Hare with total solids (TS), volatile solids (VS), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia nitrogen content of 162348.67 mg/ℓ, 116543.98 mg/ℓ, 37 879 mg/ℓ and 128 - 235 mg/ℓ respectively was used for the performance evaluation of the digester. Analysis of the biogas produced starting from day 6 of the 31-day retention period showed a specific biogas yield of 0.036 m3/kgVSadded and a methane yield of 55percent. The optimum pH maintained was 7.2 and the COD reduction achieved during the digestion period was 61percent. This simple, easy to construct, inexpensive yet efficient design will lead to improved biogas yields and quality and faster dissemination of the biogas technology.
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  • Date Issued: 2017

Implementation of visual arts education in one technical and vocational education and training college in the Eastern Cape : the voices of lecturers and students

  • Authors: Dayimani, Mbulelo
  • Date: 2017
  • Subjects: Curriculum planning Vocational education
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/12744 , vital:39318
  • Description: It can be observed that students actively participate in the learning process of education in our country, and the curriculum gives expression to the knowledge, skills and values worth learning in South African schools and institutions. However, Technical and Vocational Education Training (TVET) Colleges still continue using traditional learning methods, in which the teacher is in the centre, devoid of artistic culture, and practical work. These implementation methods and techniques have been identified as less motivating for students especially for those with no background in Visual Arts (VA) in high school. The aim of this study therefore was to investigate the views of students and lecturers on the implementation of Visual Arts Education (VAE) in the TVET Colleges in the Eastern Cape. This study was premised from a qualitative research approach and therefore interpretivist paradigm was relevant in assisting the researcher making sense of the data gathered. Face-to-face interviews were used to collect the data from five lecturers and fifteen students in N4 level. The interviews were tape-recorded. The research showed that Visual Arts Education can be an engine that drives creativity and innovation in schools, higher Education institution and all tertiary level settings. It is also reasoned that the visual arts, as with other creative arts disciplines, will not become important and necessary engines for change in education without a determination to critically review its implementation starting with how VAE policies are used in the TVET Colleges. It also emerged from the study that the policies that are available for VAE in the College relate to syllabus as well as assessment and enrolment procedures. The syllabus was found by the lecturers to be inappropriate and less motivating for the students. Also the assessment procedure was revealed to be done according to both practical and theoretical components based on task, test, and practical moderation. However, the practical component was based on seventy five percent and the theory on twenty five percent thereby disadvantaging learners who do not have the theoretical background of the VAE. The study therefore recommends that policies that are used in TVET Colleges for VAE need to be revised, re-applied and implemented so as to cater for the needs of lecturers and students pursuing a career in Visual Arts or VAE.
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  • Date Issued: 2017

“The Hellenistic ruler cult and Ptolemy I’s quest for legitimacy”

  • Authors: Ntuli, Sihle
  • Date: 2017
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/6097 , vital:21031
  • Description: Alexander III died suddenly in Babylon in 323 BC. With Philip III Arrhidaeus in a mentally deficient state and Alexander IV not being of age, Alexander died without a suitable heir. The task of succeeding one of the most storied legacies in the ancient world was left to the generals of Alexander III. On his deathbed, Alexander was asked who should lead the Macedonians, of which he allegedly replied “the strongest”. Thus began the process of selecting the individual who would succeed Alexander the Great, which ended up becoming a contentious task due to Macedonian succession customs. Subsequently the ‘Successors’ quarrelled over who should succeed Alexander as the true successor. The wars of the Successors are founded on an issue of legitimacy that qualifies the notion of the strongest. Being deemed the true successor of Alexander the Great meant the opportunity to continue a period of Macedonian dominance following the reigns of Philip II and Alexander III. Alexander III is hailed as one of the most extraordinary individuals of the ancient world with his imperial campaigns being widely documented, political stability being pinpointed as one of the Macedonian strong points during the period of their dominance. The ruler cult is a point of reference for the explaining the relative political stability throughout the reign of Alexander the Great. The ruler cult can be understood as a sociopolitical construct that hybridized the notion of the ruler with that of a religious leader. The oriental influence of Alexander’s campaigns in Asia would inform the customs and practices of the divine ruler. The Macedonians’ ability to establish a presence in foreign territories made such a social construct a necessity in the task of centralizing of minds for political stability. Alexander’s rendition of the cult informed the formalized Ptolemaic ruler cult. The similarities and differences of the renditions help us to understand this political tool that Ptolemy I required in order to be deemed the true successor of Alexander the Great. The following will be an investigation into whether Ptolemy I is able to attain legitimacy, firstly as a successor to Alexander the Great, secondly as Pharaoh of Egypt.
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  • Date Issued: 2017

An assessment of participatory development and rural sustainable livelihoods in Zimbabwe : the case of Tsholotsho District

  • Authors: Moyo, Walter Ntandoyenkosi
  • Date: 2016
  • Subjects: Community development -- Zimbabwe Rural development projects -- Zimbabwe
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/8419 , vital:32744
  • Description: The central merits of this study and of the efforts invested throughout its development lie in its focus on participatory development and rural sustainable livelihoods. The main objective of the study was to assess the implementation of development projects in Tsholotsho district in Zimbabwe with regards to the issue of participation and its role to sustainable development. The study utilised the documentary research methodology which was used to gather data. The analysis of data was undertaken through the use of the participatory approach as the main theoretical framework. The study has shown that participatory development has been altered to take numerous and divergent forms that do not usher in the expected outcomes. Participatory development in Tsholotsho has thus taken a different stance since it has turned to be merely rhetoric and has suffered modifications and transformations to such an extent that power relations between and among development stakeholders subjugate the poor further leaving them without any voice. Community members are experiencing a ritual of empty processes that camouflage as participatory development making the people not to be centrally involved in bringing about rural sustainable development. One of the greatest challenges facing the rural development domain today is the search for alternative tools that seek to facilitate collective actions and solutions through the process of participation so that the poor get to be active not passive agents of development. This study is of the view that more research is needed to study the indigenous rural knowledge systems and their integration to modern knowledge systems; more so that is also a need to scrutinize the roles and responsibilities of NGOs interventions since they have made significant impacts in rural development. Finally, there is need to assess how policies affect development providers’ contributions in development processes.
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  • Date Issued: 2016

Views from the inside: An appraisal of the effectiveness of international NGOs as agents of development through a case study of Concern Universal’s Local Development Support Programme in Dedza District, Malawi

  • Authors: Mussa, Khadija Sungeni
  • Date: 2016
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MSocSc
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/1499 , vital:20063
  • Description: Malawi, which became independent in 1964, attracted Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) from the early 1980s. Initially, NGO involvement was a response to the influx of refugees from neighbouring war-torn Mozambique. Since then, NGOs have been active in the development sector. Malawi, a small country, has widespread poverty, and has recently been in international headlines as a victim of floods, drought and food shortages. Economically unstable, with environmental problems, Malawi is in need of development assistance. NGOs have been centrally positioned in such efforts, but the academic literature on their role has been limited. NGO interventions in development efforts, generally, have been subject to controversy. While some argue that NGOs provide an essential means of development, especially where state capacity is limited, others argue that, with most NGOs headquartered or funded from abroad, their strategies and practices are often more accountable to external pressures than local needs. This thesis intervenes in these debates with a case study: with the aim of examining the sustainability, appropriateness, accountability and effectiveness of NGO projects, it looks at a project by the international NGO (INGO), Concern Universal (CU), which works in the central region in Dedza, Malawi. It examines the project, using fieldwork in three villages, looking at issues such as its use of participatory methods, relations with local government and village structures, capacity building methods, and donor relations. The thesis argues that (I)NGOs like CU exist in a conflicted situation: they have to remain in the good books of their donors, while, at the same time, maintaining accountability to their beneficiaries; they depend on their ability to manoeuvre through the conflict in order to ensure their continuity, and so, their impact is shaped by competing imperatives. CU has made a real impact on poverty alleviation efforts, but its methods and approaches are shaped by said competing imperatives.
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  • Date Issued: 2016

Factors affecting the implementation of HIV/AIDS awareness programmes in universities: a case study of selected university in Eastern Cape Province - South Africa

  • Authors: Ibrahim, Seriki Idowu
  • Date: 2015
  • Subjects: AIDS (Disease) -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , AIDS (Disease) -- Government policy -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Health promotion -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , AIDS (Disease) -- South Africa -- Prevention
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MAdmin
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/1818 , vital:27562
  • Description: Many studies have been carried out on Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Despite these giant stride (HIV) and (AIDS) have remained a great threat to human existence across the globe. Studies have shown that South Africa has the largest number of people with (HIV) and (AIDS) in Southern Africa. This study examined the factors influencing the implementation of (HIV) and (AIDS) A quantitative research design was adopted in the study. Two hundred and fifty nine subjects were involved in the study (259) this consisted of the University of Fort Hare Alice Campus in Eastern Cape Province. Five hypotheses were generated and tested in the study at 0.05 alpha levels. This study made use of descriptive and hypothesis testing analysis. Descriptive statistics such as the mean, mode, median and the frequency distribution graphs were also used. The study also revealed that there are factors influencing the implementation of HIV/AIDS awareness Programmes at the university of Fort Hare Alice campus F = 9.233, df = 4, 247 and p-value = 0.000, The University of Fort Hare do effectively implement HIV/AIDS policies and programmes. F = 10.765, df = 4, 247 and p-value = 0.000 . There are factors affecting the implementation of HIV/AIDS policies and programmes at university of Fort Hare Alice campus F = 2.207, df = 4, 247 and p-value = 0.069, There are significant difference on the factors affecting the implementation of HIV/AIDS policies and programmes within university Fort Hare Alice campus Chi-square statistic test: = 84.035, df= 16 and p-value = 0.000 (Pearson Chi-square), There are ways to improving the implementation of HIV/AIDS policies and programmes in university of Fort Hare Alice campus. F = 9.233, df = 4, 247 and p-value = 0.000, However, this study recommended that there is need to review the existing policy on (HIV) and (AIDS), the incorporation of (HIV) and (AIDS) awareness programme in the first year curriculum.
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  • Date Issued: 2015

Bosman as Verbindingsteken: Hybridities in the Writing of Herman Charles Bosman.

  • Authors: Leff, Carol Willa
  • Date: 2014
  • Subjects: Bosman, Herman Charles, 1905-1951 -- Criticism and interpretation , South African fiction (English) -- 20th century -- History and criticism , Authors, South African -- 20th century , South Africa -- Social life and customs -- 20th century , National characteristics, South African
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
  • Identifier: vital:2314 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013163
  • Description: This thesis is concerned with how hybridity is created and interpreted by Herman Charles Bosman in his fiction and non-fiction. Bosman was a gifted writer and raconteur who captured the historical, socio-political context of his time by translating Afrikaans culture for the edification and pleasure of an English readership. Hennie Aucamp summed up this linguistic and cultural translation by pointing out that Bosman was a writer who acted as a “verbindingsteken” or hyphen (65) between Afrikaans and English. His texts contain many voices, and are therefore essentially hybrid. Firstly, by drawing on aspects of postcolonial theory, the terms ‘hybridity’, ‘culture’ and ‘identity’, are discussed. Homi Bhabha’s notion of ‘hybridity’ is the conceptual lens through which Bosman’s texts are viewed, and aspects of Mikhail Bakhtin’s cultural theory also serve the same function. Thereafter, biographies of Bosman are discussed in an effort to understand his hyphenated identity. Following this, specific attention is paid to a selection of Bosman’s essays, short stories, and a novel. Scholarly opinions aid interpretation of levels of hybridity in Bosman’s work. In analysing Bosman’s texts critically, it becomes clear that he believed in a united South Africa that acknowledged and accepted all races. However, analysis also reveals that there are some inconsistencies in Bosman’s personal views, as expressed particularly in his essays. His short stories do not contain the same contradictions. Critical analysis of the novel Willemsdorp attests that cultural hybridity is not always viewed as celebratory. It can also be a painful space where identities are split, living both inside and outside their environment, and subsequently marginalized. Bosman’s texts, although published decades ago, remain relevant today in post-apartheid South Africa as much of his writing can be seen as a record of historical events. His short stories and novels capture a confluence of languages, people and cultures. His essays illustrate a deep commitment to promoting South African culture and literature. When reading Bosman one is constantly reminded that differences are not only to be acknowledged, but embraced, in what he prophetically imagined as a hybrid, post-apartheid South African society.
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  • Date Issued: 2014

Habitual transience : orientation and disorientation within non-places

  • Authors: Heymans, Simone
  • Date: 2014
  • Subjects: Beeck, Hans Op de, 1969- , Space perception , Place (Philosophy) , Liminality , Art and society , Art, Modern -- 21st century , Art, Abstract -- 21st century
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MFA
  • Identifier: vital:2493 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013141
  • Description: This mini-thesis is a supporting document to the exhibition titled via: a phenomenological site-specific series of intermedia interventions and installations at the 1820 Settlers National Monument in Grahamstown. This mini-thesis examines ways in which one negotiates the movement of the self and interactions with others within the non-place. Non-places are ‘habitually transient’ spaces for passage, communication and consumption, often viewed from highways, vehicles, hotels, petrol stations, airports and supermarkets. Characteristic of these generic and somewhat homogenous spaces is the paradox of material excess and concurrent psychological lack where a feeling of disorientation and disconnection is established due to the excesses of Supermodernity: excess of the individual, time and space. The non-place is a contested space as it does not hold enough significance to be regarded as a place and yet, despite its banality, is necessary – and in many ways a privilege – in everyday living. I explore the concept of non-places in relation to the intricate notions of space and place, and draw on empirical research as a means to interrogate how one perceives the phenomenological qualities of one’s surroundings. I discuss the implications of the multiplication of the non-place in relation to globalisation, time–space compression, site-specific art and absentmindedness, as theoretical themes which underpin the practical component of my research. In addition, I situate my artistic practice in relation to other contemporary artists dealing with the non-place as a theme, and critically engage with the multi-disciplinary and sensory installations and video pieces of Belgian artist Hans Op de Beeck.
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  • Date Issued: 2014

From human to human(e): an educator's reflexive narrative journeying

  • Authors: Rajoo, Neeranjini
  • Date: 2013
  • Subjects: Elementary school teachers -- South Africa , Poor -- South Africa , Humanity -- South Africa
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
  • Identifier: vital:9588 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1021001
  • Description: From human to human(e) is an exploration of ways of coming to understand what it means to be(come) human and to belong (Vanier, 2003) while living and working as an educator in a disadvantaged community. In this sense, the purpose of this dissertation is the exploration of understanding what it might mean to be a ‘Foundation Phase’ (Primary/Elementary School) educator in a context of constructed poverty and disadvantage (Swanson 2004), thereby contributing to the field of education in this area, whilst embracing a practice of freedom and fostering apertures of hope and transcendence. This reflexive, rhizomatic narrative journeying (ibid) attempts to reach out to humanity via an interdisciplinary and arts-based approach that attempts to address concerns of inequity and pedagogical in-access and evokes the spiritual, emotive and philosophical in drawing attention to the ethical irresponsibility and socio-spiritual repercussions of ignoring social disadvantage in education. It includes inherences and impressions of humaneness in education. It seeks both introspection and insight into what ‘the human condition’ might mean to a just and robust education of children. In this sense, it is a personal inquiry as reflexive narrative journeying (ibid) based on twenty seven years of teaching in a primary school in a vulnerable and economically-impoverished community in the province of KwaZulu Natal in South Africa. As a writing-as-inquiry journeying, I engage with ‘critical rhizomatic narrative’ methodology (Swanson, 2004) as it resonates with the explorations of lived experiences that pertain to emotions, feelings, values and spirituality and because it enables a process of seeking what it might mean to be(come) human(e). This study is a philosophical rhizomatic narrative rendering which is an approach to(wards) understandings of personal growth and spirituality through understanding the various emergent journeys of life and the meanings that we can elicit from them to become more human and thus more humane.
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  • Date Issued: 2013

Opportunities and challenges faced in promoting small holder farming as an element in rural economic development: the case of Buffalo City Municipality in the Eastern Cape, South Africa

  • Authors: Siyabonga Makhathini
  • Date: 2013
  • Subjects: Rural development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Family farms -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Rural families -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Households -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Sustainable agriculture -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Economic development projects -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Buffalo City (South Africa)
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc Agric (Agricultural Economics)
  • Identifier: vital:11203 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1007534 , Rural development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Family farms -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Rural families -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Households -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Sustainable agriculture -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Economic development projects -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Buffalo City (South Africa)
  • Description: This study looked at the opportunities and challenges faced in promoting smallholder farming as an element in rural economic development. The main objective is to highlight the key factors affecting smallholder production; and how those factors affect smallholder farmers in rural areas of Buffalo City Municipality, and hence identify the ones likely to predict success for future use in intervention programs. The content and scope of this study is limited to the socio-economic constraints (economic activities, household assets e.g. natural assets, physical assets, financial assets etc.) faced by rural households and therefore prescribe the necessary interventions to enhance rural livelihoods. Data was collected through review of secondary sources, direct observation through field visits and interviews with households. Questionnaires were used as the main tool of inquiry to gather data from households in selected villages within Buffalo City Municipality. The collected survey data was coded and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 19.0. The study used Descriptive, Gini Coefficient and Binary Logistics model to analyze the collected survey data. For the descriptive model, the main pointers that were employed for this study were frequencies and mean values. The Gini Coefficient model was used to measure the contribution of different sources of income to overall inequality. The binary logistic regression model was used to uncover the correlates of the household income for different rural groups (famers and non-farmers). The results reveal that farm income has a strong association to overall household income per capita. Unearned income sources also have a substantial contribution to household income. Remittances and child grants were significant to non-farming household income per capita. Given the diminishing farm size of smallholder-led agriculture; these results suggest that a diversified household income portfolio is vital in addressing poverty in rural areas. Based on the results this study concluded that agricultural activities cannot solely enhance food security.
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  • Date Issued: 2013

An investigation into integrating social sites as a teaching and learning practice to create dialogue spaces in the language classroom

  • Authors: Olamijulo, Christianah
  • Date: 2012
  • Subjects: Online social networks , Blended learning
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
  • Identifier: vital:8429 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020149
  • Description: This study intends to explore how social media or social networking sites (SNSs) such as Facebook can facilitate communication channels or create dialogue spaces in a language class. Social media is a form of participatory media, which broadly refers to the “collection of communication channels or mediums (primarily online and mobile) through which social networks originate and are sustained” (Flew 2008:109). Although the term social media is often used as a collective term for SNSs or as the core trademark of Web 2.0, Flew (2008:17) also distinguishes social media by calling it a “communications infrastructure” that allows for “participation, interactivity, collaborative learning and social networking”. Flew (2008) identifies various online sites including the online encyclopaedia Wikipedia and the online user-generated video site YouTube as well as various personalised web space sites such as MySpace, Facebook, Friendster and Bebo as participatory media. The study’s data collection was situated at Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University (NMMU) and investigated how social media can be used to facilitate dialogue between a tutor and BKI1120 Communication in English B students in a Higher Education (HE) context using qualitative methodology. This study compared the use of existing and more traditional or conventional classroom communication practices with those of SNSs as a communication channel, while focusing on social media application as a communication tool to create dialogue spaces that support teaching and learning practices. The research also attempted to identify alternative applications of social media for teaching and learning practices to inform researchers in the fields of HE and media. In the first data-collection phase, BKI1120 Communication in English B Public Management students were selected as the sample for the study. Seventeen students participated in the BKI1120 Facebook page created for the purpose of this study. In the second data-collection phase, a taped focus-group interview was conducted with eight BKI1120 Communication in English B students. The interview transcript was then analysed qualitatively for themes. The research findings showed that social media or SNSs such as Facebook can facilitate communication channels or create dialogue spaces in a language class, if it is managed effectively.
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  • Date Issued: 2012

After Baines

  • Authors: Walters, John Attwood Vereker
  • Date: 2011
  • Subjects: Baines, Thomas, 1820-1875 Baines, Thomas, 1820-1875 -- Biography Painting, South African -- Exhibitions Painters -- South Africa -- Biography
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MFA
  • Identifier: vital:2432 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004368
  • Description: By researching the life and work of Thomas Baines (1820 - 1875) in relation to a broader discourse of painting and the lived experience of being a 'white' male in a post-apartheid South Africa, I explore the ways in which this figure from the past has provoked the three series of artworks I have produced for my Master of Fine Art exhibition. This study has been divided into two parts, represented by the two chapters contained herein. Chapter One includes a critical retelling of Baines' biography and a discussion of the primary ways in which I have engaged with both the life and the working practice of this artist. I also address my own personal complicity in the constructions of 'the figure of Baines' as I have framed him both visually and textually during my work for this degree. Chapter Two describes some of the practicalities of my working process as a visual artist, including how I understand the theoretical and conceptual concerns which I raise in Chapter One to be visually manifest in my work. In this chapter, I also discuss my work in relation to the work of the contemporary South African artists William Kentridge and Johannes Phokela. The artistic practice of one artist imitating another artist's work is also explored as a central conceptual thread which could be seen to weave my verbal and visual production together.
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  • Date Issued: 2011

Investigating at the grassroots: exploring the origins, purposes journalistic practices and outcomes in two award-winning Daily Dispatch editorial projects

  • Authors: Lunga, Carolyne Mande
  • Date: 2011
  • Subjects: Investigative reporting -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Citizen journalism -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Reporters and reporting -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Journalism -- Social aspects -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Journalism -- Political aspects -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
  • Identifier: vital:3452 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002906
  • Description: This thesis explores the origins, purposes, journalistic practices and outcomes of two award-winning projects namely Broken Homes and Slumlords done by Daily Dispatch's Gcina Ntsaluba in 2009. The projects were described by the paper as investigative journalism but interestingly the original idea came from grassroots driven strategies and they were done by adopting alternative news gathering strategies and immersion in the ordinary people, inspired by public journalism. This thesis follows Christians et al's (2009) normative theoretical framework of press roles summarised as the monitorial, facilitative, collaborative and radical roles. It provides normative prescriptions of public and investigative journalism, development and radical journalism. It then draws on sociological theoretical critiques in order to provide an analytical overview of the complex matrix of political, economic and media contexts which influenced the origins, purposes, journalistic practices and outcomes of the two projects. Drawing on a critical realist case study design, the thesis goes on to provide a narrative account of the two projects based on the in-depth interviews exploring the editorial staffs ideas on the origins, purposes, journalistic practices and outcomes of the projects and a qualitative content/thematic analysis of the journalistic texts related to the projects. This primary data is then critically evaluated against normative theories of press performance, especially Nip's (2008) key practices and Haas's (2007) 'public philosophy' of public journalism. It is also evaluated against a normative framework of what constitutes "good investigative journalism" based on Ettema and Glasser (1998), Waisbord (2000) among others. Protess et al 1991's classic mobilisation model is used to interrogate the projects' outcomes. The thesis established that there was a close connection of the monitorial (investigative journalism), facilitative (public journalism) and radical (tabloid journalism) roles at the paper which shows that the roles are not mutually exclusive. The two projects however fell short of the collaborative role (development journalism) which can, partly, be attributed to the adversarial nature of the relationship between the state and the media. The Daily Dispatch also failed to activate a platform for deliberation and public problem solving. There might thus be more scope in adopting a 'facilitative monitorial role' which would not only expose those who violate other people's human rights, corrupt people and institutions that are not performing well. Instead it will also activate civic life and facilitate 'collaboration' between government and the publics in problem solving.
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  • Date Issued: 2011

Negotiating the global : how young women in Nairobi shape their local identities in response to aspects of the mexican telenovela, Cuando seas mia

  • Authors: Jiwaji, Aamera Hamzaali
  • Date: 2011 , 2010-09-15
  • Subjects: Cuando seas mia (Television program) , Television soap operas -- Kenya , Motion pictures and youth -- Kenya , Emigration and immigration in motion pictures -- Kenya , Ethnicity in motion pictures -- Kenya , Arts and society -- Kenya
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
  • Identifier: vital:3532 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013364
  • Description: Latin American telenovelas have been exported to more than a hundred countries across the globe. While they are popular in their country of production because their messages resonate with their audience’s everyday experiences, their popularity amongst global audiences with whom they share neither a social nor a cultural history is unexplained. Kenya has been importing and airing Latin American telenovelas since the early 1990s, and telenovelas have permeated many aspects of Kenyan daily life, when compared to other foreign globally-distributed media products that are aired on Kenyan television. As global media products, telenovelas remain open to criticisms from the media imperialism thesis. This research adopts an ethnographic approach to the study of audiences, and looks at the reception of a Mexican telenovela, Cuando Seas Mia, by a group of young Kenyan women in Nairobi. It reflects upon the media imperialism thesis from an African perspective by investigating the meanings that these women make from Cuando Seas Mia, and how these shape their changing local identities and cultures. The young women in this study, most of whom have moved to the city from the rural areas, are influenced by traditional, patriarchal Kenyan society and by the modern, Western influences of an urban environment. They experience a tension between their evolving rural and urban roles and identities and are drawn to telenovelas because their exploration of rural-urban themes holds a relevance to their own lives. They negotiate their contemporary African youth identities, gender roles and heterosexual relationships in relation to representations in the telenovela, questioning and destabilising African and Western definitions. These women select aspects from their traditional, African cultures and from their modern, Western experiences (and consumption of global media) and reconstruct them into a transitional youth identity which suits their day to day lives as young women living in an urban African environment.
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  • Date Issued: 2011

A contribution to TEC modelling over Southern Africa using GPS data

  • Authors: Habarulema, John Bosco
  • Date: 2010
  • Subjects: Electrons -- Mathematical models Radio wave propagation Global positioning system -- Measurement Ionospheric radio wave propagation Atmospheric physics -- Africa, Southern
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
  • Identifier: vital:5456 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005241
  • Description: Modelling ionospheric total electron content (TEC) is an important area of interest for radio wave propagation, geodesy, surveying, the understanding of space weather dynamics and error correction in relation to Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNNS) applications. With the utilisation of improved ionosonde technology coupled with the use of GNSS, the response of technological systems due to changes in the ionosphere during both quiet and disturbed conditions can be historically inferred. TEC values are usually derived from GNSS measurements using mathematically intensive algorithms. However, the techniques used to estimate these TEC values depend heavily on the availability of near-real time GNSS data, and therefore, are sometimes unable to generate complete datasets. This thesis investigated possibilities for the modelling of TEC values derived from the South African Global Positioning System (GPS)receiver network using linear regression methods and artificial neural networks (NNs). GPS TEC values were derived using the Adjusted Spherical Harmonic Analysis (ASHA) algorithm. Considering TEC and the factors that influence its variability as “dependent and independent variables” respectively, the capabilities of linear regression methods and NNs for TEC modelling were first investigated using a small dataset from two GPS receiver stations. NN and regression models were separately developed and used to reproduce TEC fluctuations at different stations not included in the models’ development. For this purpose, TEC was modelled as a function of diurnal variation, seasonal variation, solar and magnetic activities. Comparative analysis showed that NN models provide predictions of GPS TEC that were an improvement on those predicted by the regression models developed. A separate study to empirically investigate the effects of solar wind on GPS TEC was carried out. Quantitative results indicated that solar wind does not have a significant influence on TEC variability. The final TEC simulation model developed makes use of the NN technique to find the relationship between historical TEC data variations and factors that are known to influence TEC variability (such as solar and magnetic activities, diurnal and seasonal variations and the geographical locations of the respective GPS stations) for the purposes of regional TEC modelling and mapping. The NN technique in conjunction with interpolation and extrapolation methods makes it possible to construct ionospheric TEC maps and to analyse the spatial and temporal TEC behaviour over Southern Africa. For independent validation, modelled TEC values were compared to ionosonde TEC and the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) generated TEC values during both quiet and disturbed conditions. This thesis provides a comprehensive guide on the development of TEC models for predicting ionospheric variability over the South African region, and forms a significant contribution to ionospheric modelling efforts in Africa.
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  • Date Issued: 2010

An organization development intervention in a Namibian rural school in Ohanguena region

  • Authors: Kashikatu, Lukas
  • Date: 2010
  • Subjects: Action research in education -- Namibia Organizational change -- Namibia School improvement programs -- Namibia Educational change -- Namibia -- Case studies Rural schools -- Namibia School management and organization -- Namibia
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
  • Identifier: vital:1684 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003567
  • Description: Post independent Namibia adopted a decentralization policy which involved the transfer of decision-making powers and administrative authority from central government to government institutions, including schools, with a view to improving quality. However, despite new educational policies, Namibian educators continue to operate in a non-participatory manner and are unprepared for their role as change agents. This has created tension between the espoused benefits of decentralizing and the reality in schools. In such a turbulent situation schools need to be helped to understand the complexity of change in order to adapt, and OD plays a crucial role in this regard. OD is a consciously thought of and systematically implemented organization-wide improvement effort which aims at increasing organizational effectiveness and health through action research. Rather than a top-down change approach, the OD practice adopts a bottom-up approach to change. This study introduced and investigated an OD intervention in a Namibian rural school in Ohanguena Education Region, with the purpose of exploring participants’ perceptions and experience of the process and of the possible short-term outcome of the intervention. Its findings could be of significance to educators, organizations and future OD esearchers. The study is an action research case study located in the interpretive and critical paradigms. Multiple data collection tools were used during this study, namely observations, structured one-to-one interviews and focus group interviews. Interpretive analysis was used as the data analysis approach. The study found that despite OD being new to participants, it was embraced as a change strategy as it made significant impact on their understanding of organizations and conception of change which is radically different from the common top-down approach to change. The intervention further empowered participants with new skills of initiating change and problem-solving strategies. Apart from that, the intervention yielded a positive short-term outcome which motivated participants to adopt and apply OD in the future without underestimating challenges associated with the process.
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  • Date Issued: 2010

Studies on mixed-species colonies of honeybees, Apis cerana and Apis mellifera

  • Authors: Yang, Ming-Xian
  • Date: 2010
  • Subjects: Bees Apis cerana Honeybee Honeybee -- Behavior Bee culture Honeybee -- Physiology Insect societies Animal communication Bees -- Nests
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
  • Identifier: vital:5779 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005467
  • Description: The honeybees Apis cerana and Apis mellifera are derived from the same ancestral base about two million years ago. With speciation and evolution, they have acquired many advanced living skills in common, but have also evolved very different living strategies due to different distributions. This thesis is an intensive study of the biology of the mixed-species colonies of these species, the aims of which were to investigate their behavioural relationships and uncover the evolutionary conserved features of their behaviours subsequent to speciation. The results show that the two species can form a stable society to perform normal tasks. First, workers of both species in the mixed-colonies could form the typical retinue behaviour to hetero-species queens, thus indicating that queen pheromones could be spread to and by both species. Secondly, both species did not show significantly different ovarian activation under hetero-species queens, suggesting that the queen pheromones more likely play a role of "honest signal" rather than a "repression" substance in the honeybee colonies. Thirdly, both species could mutually decode each other‘s waggle dances, with unexpectedly low misunderstanding; revealing that the dance language in a dark environment is quite adaptive for cavity-nesting honeybees. Fourthly, workers of both species could cooperate with each other in comb construction, although the combs they built contain many irregular cells. Interestingly, A. cerana workers could be stimulated by A. mellifera workers to perform this task, thus confirming self-organization theory in the colony. Fifthly, A. mellifera workers behaved more "defectively" in thermoregulation, but perhaps because A. cerana workers are more sensitive to changes in hive temperature. Given these differences in strategy, A. mellifera workers‘ performance might in fact reduce conflicts. Lastly, when faced with threats of predatory wasps, both species engaged in aggressive defence. Although they did not learn from each other‘s responses, species-specific strategies were adopted by each of them so that the defence of the mixed-colonies is very effective. I conclude that the two species can adapt to each other‘s efforts and task allocation is reasonably organized allowing mixed-species colonies to reach stability. These results suggest that all of the social behaviours discussed here were highly conserved following speciation. This thesis could provide some clues for the study of honeybee evolution from open-nesting to the transition of cavity-nesting.
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  • Date Issued: 2010
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