Generic substitution: the use of medicinal products containing different salts and implications for safety and efficacy
- Verbeeck, R K, Kanfer, Isadore, Walker, Roderick B
- Authors: Verbeeck, R K , Kanfer, Isadore , Walker, Roderick B
- Date: 2006
- Language: English
- Type: text , Article
- Identifier: vital:6445 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006632
- Description: In their quest to gain early entry of new generic products into the market prior to patent expiration, one of the strategies pursued by generic drug product manufacturers is to incorporate different salts of an approved active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in a brand company's marketed dosage form and subject such dosage forms to bioequivalence assessment. These initiatives present challenges to regulatory authorities where the decision to approve bioequivalent products containing such pharmaceutical alternatives must be considered in the light of safety and efficacy, and more particularly, with respect to their substitutability. This article describes the various issues and contentions associated with the concept of pharmaceutical alternatives, specifically with respect to the uses of different salts and the implications for safety, efficacy and generic substitution.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
- Authors: Verbeeck, R K , Kanfer, Isadore , Walker, Roderick B
- Date: 2006
- Language: English
- Type: text , Article
- Identifier: vital:6445 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006632
- Description: In their quest to gain early entry of new generic products into the market prior to patent expiration, one of the strategies pursued by generic drug product manufacturers is to incorporate different salts of an approved active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in a brand company's marketed dosage form and subject such dosage forms to bioequivalence assessment. These initiatives present challenges to regulatory authorities where the decision to approve bioequivalent products containing such pharmaceutical alternatives must be considered in the light of safety and efficacy, and more particularly, with respect to their substitutability. This article describes the various issues and contentions associated with the concept of pharmaceutical alternatives, specifically with respect to the uses of different salts and the implications for safety, efficacy and generic substitution.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
Is economic impact a good way of justifying the inclusion of foreign students at local universities?
- Snowball, Jeanette D, Antrobus, Geoffrey G
- Authors: Snowball, Jeanette D , Antrobus, Geoffrey G
- Date: 2006
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/67470 , vital:29098 , http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sajhe.v20i3.25593
- Description: Pre-print , In the debate surrounding the costs and benefits of having foreign students at South African universities, the financial contributions of foreign students to their host economies is sometimes cited. This article reports the results of a comparison between the economic impact on the Grahamstown economy of the spending of foreign and local students at Rhodes University. It finds that the spending patterns of both types of students are remarkably similar and that the somewhat higher economic impact of foreign students is largely as a result of their propensity to choose the more expensive residence accommodation, rather than as a result of greater average spending generally. We suggest that economic impact studies should be used with caution when making the case for continued public subsidy of goods with significant non-market values and that opportunity costs should also be considered.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
Is economic impact a good way of justifying the inclusion of foreign students at local universities?
- Authors: Snowball, Jeanette D , Antrobus, Geoffrey G
- Date: 2006
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/67470 , vital:29098 , http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sajhe.v20i3.25593
- Description: Pre-print , In the debate surrounding the costs and benefits of having foreign students at South African universities, the financial contributions of foreign students to their host economies is sometimes cited. This article reports the results of a comparison between the economic impact on the Grahamstown economy of the spending of foreign and local students at Rhodes University. It finds that the spending patterns of both types of students are remarkably similar and that the somewhat higher economic impact of foreign students is largely as a result of their propensity to choose the more expensive residence accommodation, rather than as a result of greater average spending generally. We suggest that economic impact studies should be used with caution when making the case for continued public subsidy of goods with significant non-market values and that opportunity costs should also be considered.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
Novel amperometric glucose biosensor based on an ether-linked cobalt(II) phthalocyaninecobalt(II) tetraphenylporphyrin pentamer as a redox mediator
- Ozoemena, Kenneth I, Nyokong, Tebello
- Authors: Ozoemena, Kenneth I , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2006
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6583 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004148
- Description: The development of cobalt(II) phthalocyanine–cobalt(II) tetra(5-phenoxy-10,15,20-triphenylporphyrin), (CoPc–(CoTPP)[subscript 4]) pentamer as a novel redox mediator for amperometric enzyme electrode sensitive to glucose is described. A glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was first modified with the pentamer, then followed by the immobilization onto the GCE–CoPc–(CoTPP)[subscript 4] with glucose oxidase (GOx) through cross-linking with glutaraldehyde in the presence of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and Nafion® cation-exchange polymer. The proposed biosensor displayed good amperometric respose charateristics to glucose in pH 7.0 PBS solution; such as low overpotentials (+400 mV versus Ag|AgCl), very fast amperometric response time (~5 s), linear concentration range extended up to 11 mM, with 10 μM detection limit. The biosensor exhibited electrochemical Michaelis–Menten kinetics and showed an average apparent Michaelis–Menten constant (K′M) of 14.91 ± 0.46 mM over a storage period of 2 weeks.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
- Authors: Ozoemena, Kenneth I , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2006
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6583 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004148
- Description: The development of cobalt(II) phthalocyanine–cobalt(II) tetra(5-phenoxy-10,15,20-triphenylporphyrin), (CoPc–(CoTPP)[subscript 4]) pentamer as a novel redox mediator for amperometric enzyme electrode sensitive to glucose is described. A glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was first modified with the pentamer, then followed by the immobilization onto the GCE–CoPc–(CoTPP)[subscript 4] with glucose oxidase (GOx) through cross-linking with glutaraldehyde in the presence of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and Nafion® cation-exchange polymer. The proposed biosensor displayed good amperometric respose charateristics to glucose in pH 7.0 PBS solution; such as low overpotentials (+400 mV versus Ag|AgCl), very fast amperometric response time (~5 s), linear concentration range extended up to 11 mM, with 10 μM detection limit. The biosensor exhibited electrochemical Michaelis–Menten kinetics and showed an average apparent Michaelis–Menten constant (K′M) of 14.91 ± 0.46 mM over a storage period of 2 weeks.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
Seeing the wood for the trees: the role of woody resources for the construction of gender specific household cultural artefacts in non-traditional communities in the Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Cocks, Michelle L, Bangay, Lindsey, Wiersum, K Freerk, Dold, Anthony P
- Authors: Cocks, Michelle L , Bangay, Lindsey , Wiersum, K Freerk , Dold, Anthony P
- Date: 2006
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/453337 , vital:75246 , https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-006-9053-4
- Description: There is a growing wealth of data capturing the direct-use values of the environment and recognition of forests and wild resources as representing “the poor manȁ9s overcoat”. This focus has however resulted in an emphasis on the utilitarian values of wild resources for rural livelihoods and has for the most part overlooked their cultural values. In tangent to these developments within the field of anthropology there has been increased attention directed towards the relationship between biodiversity and human diversity over the past decade. This has resulted in the recognition of what the Declaration of Belem calls an ȁ8inextricable linkȁ9 between biological and cultural diversity. The term bio-cultural diversity has been introduced as a concept denoting this link. Consequently there is a need for more elaborate assessments of the various ways in which different groups of people find value in biodiversity. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the cultural significance of wild harvested plant resources for the maintenance of two gender specific cultural artefacts for amaXhosa people in South Africa, to assess the persistence of these practices in rapidly modernizing communities. We demonstrate the endurance of these ancient cultural artefacts in present-day peri-urban communities and suggest that they point to the need for improved understanding of the significance of bio-cultural diversity. The findings of the study should not be interpreted as illustrating stagnation in the traditional past, but rather as pointing at the need for improved understanding of the significance of bio-cultural diversity in a dynamic sense.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
- Authors: Cocks, Michelle L , Bangay, Lindsey , Wiersum, K Freerk , Dold, Anthony P
- Date: 2006
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/453337 , vital:75246 , https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-006-9053-4
- Description: There is a growing wealth of data capturing the direct-use values of the environment and recognition of forests and wild resources as representing “the poor manȁ9s overcoat”. This focus has however resulted in an emphasis on the utilitarian values of wild resources for rural livelihoods and has for the most part overlooked their cultural values. In tangent to these developments within the field of anthropology there has been increased attention directed towards the relationship between biodiversity and human diversity over the past decade. This has resulted in the recognition of what the Declaration of Belem calls an ȁ8inextricable linkȁ9 between biological and cultural diversity. The term bio-cultural diversity has been introduced as a concept denoting this link. Consequently there is a need for more elaborate assessments of the various ways in which different groups of people find value in biodiversity. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the cultural significance of wild harvested plant resources for the maintenance of two gender specific cultural artefacts for amaXhosa people in South Africa, to assess the persistence of these practices in rapidly modernizing communities. We demonstrate the endurance of these ancient cultural artefacts in present-day peri-urban communities and suggest that they point to the need for improved understanding of the significance of bio-cultural diversity. The findings of the study should not be interpreted as illustrating stagnation in the traditional past, but rather as pointing at the need for improved understanding of the significance of bio-cultural diversity in a dynamic sense.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
The influence of selected environmental parameters on the distribution of the dominant demersal fishes in the Kariega Estuary channel, South Africa
- Richardson, Naomi, Whitfield, Alan K, Paterson, Angus W
- Authors: Richardson, Naomi , Whitfield, Alan K , Paterson, Angus W
- Date: 2006
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/447595 , vital:74659 , https://doi.org/10.1080/15627020.2006.11407339
- Description: The Kariega Estuary channel was sampled using an otter trawl and the demersal fish catch analysed using the PRIMER statistical package. A biological-environmental (BIOENV) analysis was undertaken using the catch per unit effort ichthyofaunal data from the spring/summer period of 1996/97 and concurrent water temperature, salinity and turbidity data. No strong correlations between the ichthyofauna and recorded physico-chemical parameters were documented, although temperature did show a weak correlation to demersal fish distributions. A second sampling programme undertaken in 2004 was specifically designed to test the influence of sedimentary characteristics on the distribution patterns of the dominant demersal species.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
- Authors: Richardson, Naomi , Whitfield, Alan K , Paterson, Angus W
- Date: 2006
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/447595 , vital:74659 , https://doi.org/10.1080/15627020.2006.11407339
- Description: The Kariega Estuary channel was sampled using an otter trawl and the demersal fish catch analysed using the PRIMER statistical package. A biological-environmental (BIOENV) analysis was undertaken using the catch per unit effort ichthyofaunal data from the spring/summer period of 1996/97 and concurrent water temperature, salinity and turbidity data. No strong correlations between the ichthyofauna and recorded physico-chemical parameters were documented, although temperature did show a weak correlation to demersal fish distributions. A second sampling programme undertaken in 2004 was specifically designed to test the influence of sedimentary characteristics on the distribution patterns of the dominant demersal species.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
Virginity testing in South Africa: re-traditioning the postcolony
- Authors: Vincent, Louise
- Date: 2006
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/141511 , vital:37981 , DOI: 10.1080/13691050500404225
- Description: Umhlanga is a ceremony celebrating virginity. In South Africa, it is practiced, among others, by the Zulu ethnic group who live mainly in the province of KwaZulu Natal. After falling into relative disuse in the Zulu community, the practice of virginity testing made a comeback some 10 years ago at around the time of the country's first democratic election and coinciding with the period when the HIV pandemic began to take hold. In July 2005 the South African Parliament passed a new Children's Bill which will prohibit virginity testing of children. The Bill has been met with outrage and public protest on the part of Zulu citizens. Traditional circumcision rites are also addressed in the new bill but are not banned. Instead, male children are given the right to refuse to participate in traditional initiation ceremonies which include circumcision. This paper asks why the practice of virginity testing is regarded as so troubling to the new democratic order that the state has chosen to take the heavy‐handed route of banning it. The paper further asks why the state's approach to traditional male circumcision has been so different to its approach to virginity testing. Finally, the paper asks what these two challenging cases in the country's new democracy tell us about the nature of liberal democratic citizenship in South Africa 10 years after apartheid's formal demise.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
- Authors: Vincent, Louise
- Date: 2006
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/141511 , vital:37981 , DOI: 10.1080/13691050500404225
- Description: Umhlanga is a ceremony celebrating virginity. In South Africa, it is practiced, among others, by the Zulu ethnic group who live mainly in the province of KwaZulu Natal. After falling into relative disuse in the Zulu community, the practice of virginity testing made a comeback some 10 years ago at around the time of the country's first democratic election and coinciding with the period when the HIV pandemic began to take hold. In July 2005 the South African Parliament passed a new Children's Bill which will prohibit virginity testing of children. The Bill has been met with outrage and public protest on the part of Zulu citizens. Traditional circumcision rites are also addressed in the new bill but are not banned. Instead, male children are given the right to refuse to participate in traditional initiation ceremonies which include circumcision. This paper asks why the practice of virginity testing is regarded as so troubling to the new democratic order that the state has chosen to take the heavy‐handed route of banning it. The paper further asks why the state's approach to traditional male circumcision has been so different to its approach to virginity testing. Finally, the paper asks what these two challenging cases in the country's new democracy tell us about the nature of liberal democratic citizenship in South Africa 10 years after apartheid's formal demise.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
Will the invasive mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck replace the indigenous Perna perna L. on the south coast of South Africa?
- Bownes, Sarah J, McQuaid, Christopher D
- Authors: Bownes, Sarah J , McQuaid, Christopher D
- Date: 2006
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6926 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1011914
- Description: The mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis is invasive worldwide, has displaced indigenous species on the west coast of South Africa and now threatens Perna perna on the south coast. We tested the hypothesis that Mytilus will replace Perna by examining changes in their distribution on shores where they co-exist. Total cover, adult density, recruit density, recruit/adult correlations and mean maximum lengths of both species were measured in 2001 at two contrasting sites (Plettenberg Bay and Tsitsikamma) 70 km apart, each including two locations 100 m apart. Cover and density were measured again in 2004. Total mussel abundance was significantly lower in Tsitsikamma, and recruit density was only 17% that of Plettenberg Bay. Abundance and cover increased upshore for Mytilus, but decreased for Perna, giving Mytilus higher adult and recruit density and total cover than Perna in the upper zones. Low shore densities of recruits and adults were similar between species but cover was lower for Mytilus, reflecting its smaller size, and presumably slower growth or higher mortality there. Thus, mechanisms excluding species differed among zones. Recruitment limitation delays invasion at Tsitsikamma and excludes Perna from the high shore, while Mytilus is excluded from the low shore by post-recruitment effects. Recruitment limitation also shapes population structure. Recruit/adult correlations were significant only where adult densities were low, and this effect was species-specific. Thus, at low densities, larvae settle or survive better near adult conspecifics. After 3 years, these patterns remained strongly evident, suggesting Mytilus will not eliminate Perna and that co-existence is possible through partial habitat segregation driven by recruitment limitation of Perna on the high shore and post-settlement effects on Mytilus on the low shore.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
- Authors: Bownes, Sarah J , McQuaid, Christopher D
- Date: 2006
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6926 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1011914
- Description: The mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis is invasive worldwide, has displaced indigenous species on the west coast of South Africa and now threatens Perna perna on the south coast. We tested the hypothesis that Mytilus will replace Perna by examining changes in their distribution on shores where they co-exist. Total cover, adult density, recruit density, recruit/adult correlations and mean maximum lengths of both species were measured in 2001 at two contrasting sites (Plettenberg Bay and Tsitsikamma) 70 km apart, each including two locations 100 m apart. Cover and density were measured again in 2004. Total mussel abundance was significantly lower in Tsitsikamma, and recruit density was only 17% that of Plettenberg Bay. Abundance and cover increased upshore for Mytilus, but decreased for Perna, giving Mytilus higher adult and recruit density and total cover than Perna in the upper zones. Low shore densities of recruits and adults were similar between species but cover was lower for Mytilus, reflecting its smaller size, and presumably slower growth or higher mortality there. Thus, mechanisms excluding species differed among zones. Recruitment limitation delays invasion at Tsitsikamma and excludes Perna from the high shore, while Mytilus is excluded from the low shore by post-recruitment effects. Recruitment limitation also shapes population structure. Recruit/adult correlations were significant only where adult densities were low, and this effect was species-specific. Thus, at low densities, larvae settle or survive better near adult conspecifics. After 3 years, these patterns remained strongly evident, suggesting Mytilus will not eliminate Perna and that co-existence is possible through partial habitat segregation driven by recruitment limitation of Perna on the high shore and post-settlement effects on Mytilus on the low shore.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
Cholera in KwaZulu-Natal : probing institutional governmentality and indigenous hand-washing practices
- Authors: O’Donoghue, Rob
- Date: 2005
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6094 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1008616
- Description: The paper reviews education activities in a successful anti-cholera campaign amongst rural communities in eastern southern Africa. It is centred on probing how a modern institutional governmentality was relatively blind to an historical legacy of Nguni hand-washing practices and came to exclude use of simple tests for coliform contamination in rural health education activities. The study examines institutional processes, probing discontinuities between the health education message and the complex social ecology of cholera. In so doing, it uncovers how a post-apartheid institutional rhetoric of participation, empowerment and social transformation is playing out in communicative interventions to instil healthier practices amongst the rural poor. Institutional perspectives such as this are rooted in an institutional legacy of appropriation and control. Despite the current rhetoric of participation, instrumental orientations are being sustained as the radical critique of struggle for freedom and change gives way, through comfortable submission and intellectual conformity, to an instrumental conservatism in many post-apartheid institutional settings today. The study notes and probes a surprising resonance between the ecology of the disease and an intergenerational social capital of indigenous hand-washing practices. The evidence suggests that these patterns of hand-washing practice would have served to contain the disease in earlier times and points to this social capital as a focus for co-engaged action on environment and health concerns. The findings suggest that an opposing of institutional and indigenous knowledge is not a simple matter and that moving beyond a legacy of cultural exclusion and marginalisation remains a challenge as the first decade of post-apartheid democratic governance comes to a close.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2005
- Authors: O’Donoghue, Rob
- Date: 2005
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6094 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1008616
- Description: The paper reviews education activities in a successful anti-cholera campaign amongst rural communities in eastern southern Africa. It is centred on probing how a modern institutional governmentality was relatively blind to an historical legacy of Nguni hand-washing practices and came to exclude use of simple tests for coliform contamination in rural health education activities. The study examines institutional processes, probing discontinuities between the health education message and the complex social ecology of cholera. In so doing, it uncovers how a post-apartheid institutional rhetoric of participation, empowerment and social transformation is playing out in communicative interventions to instil healthier practices amongst the rural poor. Institutional perspectives such as this are rooted in an institutional legacy of appropriation and control. Despite the current rhetoric of participation, instrumental orientations are being sustained as the radical critique of struggle for freedom and change gives way, through comfortable submission and intellectual conformity, to an instrumental conservatism in many post-apartheid institutional settings today. The study notes and probes a surprising resonance between the ecology of the disease and an intergenerational social capital of indigenous hand-washing practices. The evidence suggests that these patterns of hand-washing practice would have served to contain the disease in earlier times and points to this social capital as a focus for co-engaged action on environment and health concerns. The findings suggest that an opposing of institutional and indigenous knowledge is not a simple matter and that moving beyond a legacy of cultural exclusion and marginalisation remains a challenge as the first decade of post-apartheid democratic governance comes to a close.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2005
Five unpublished coins of Alexander the great and his successors in the Rhodes University collection
- Snowball, Jeanette D, Snowball, Warren D
- Authors: Snowball, Jeanette D , Snowball, Warren D
- Date: 2005
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/70359 , vital:29648 , http://dx.doi.org/10.7445/50-0-73
- Description: The article briefly discusses the economic and political significance of the Alexander III(“the Great”) type silver tetradrachm and publishes three of his coins currently held by the Rhodes University Classics Museum. Based on stylistic elements, they are classified as from the Amphipolis and Arados mints and were probably minted during his lifetime. Two further tetradrachms from the empires of Alexander’s successors, Ptolemy II and Seleucus IV, are also published.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2005
Five unpublished coins of Alexander the great and his successors in the Rhodes University collection
- Authors: Snowball, Jeanette D , Snowball, Warren D
- Date: 2005
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/70359 , vital:29648 , http://dx.doi.org/10.7445/50-0-73
- Description: The article briefly discusses the economic and political significance of the Alexander III(“the Great”) type silver tetradrachm and publishes three of his coins currently held by the Rhodes University Classics Museum. Based on stylistic elements, they are classified as from the Amphipolis and Arados mints and were probably minted during his lifetime. Two further tetradrachms from the empires of Alexander’s successors, Ptolemy II and Seleucus IV, are also published.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2005
Introduction [to the book "Thuthula: Heart of the Labyrinth" by Chris Zithulele Mann]
- Authors: Wright, Laurence
- Date: 2005
- Language: English
- Type: Book chapter
- Identifier: vital:7057 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007419
- Description: There are certain stories, the world over, that stir our hearts and minds to imaginings richer and deeper than the bald facts of history can easily satisfy. Such is the legend of Thuthula, the young Xhosa girl whose beauty and grace won the heart of Ngqika, chief of the Rharhabe Xhosa; the woman who was later married to his uncle Ndlambe, and then taken by Ngqika to become his wife. The events took place in or around the years 1806 and 1807 in what is now the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Prior to the central episode treated in the play, legend has it that Thuthula was out collecting firewood one day with her friends when she knelt at a spring to drink. Startled by the sudden appearance of a hunting dog crossing the stream below the spring, she looked up and saw a handsome young hunter chasing behind the dog. She was struck by his charm and good looks. Teasingly, as any young girl might do, she called her friends round her and challenged the young man to choose his favourite from among them. Amid much flirting and laughter, the object of all this girlish attention was pushed into making a choice. Inevitably, given her beauty, his playful decision fell on Thuthula. This was the first meeting of Thuthula, daughter of Mthunzana, with Ngqika, son of Chief Mlawu.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2005
- Authors: Wright, Laurence
- Date: 2005
- Language: English
- Type: Book chapter
- Identifier: vital:7057 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007419
- Description: There are certain stories, the world over, that stir our hearts and minds to imaginings richer and deeper than the bald facts of history can easily satisfy. Such is the legend of Thuthula, the young Xhosa girl whose beauty and grace won the heart of Ngqika, chief of the Rharhabe Xhosa; the woman who was later married to his uncle Ndlambe, and then taken by Ngqika to become his wife. The events took place in or around the years 1806 and 1807 in what is now the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Prior to the central episode treated in the play, legend has it that Thuthula was out collecting firewood one day with her friends when she knelt at a spring to drink. Startled by the sudden appearance of a hunting dog crossing the stream below the spring, she looked up and saw a handsome young hunter chasing behind the dog. She was struck by his charm and good looks. Teasingly, as any young girl might do, she called her friends round her and challenged the young man to choose his favourite from among them. Amid much flirting and laughter, the object of all this girlish attention was pushed into making a choice. Inevitably, given her beauty, his playful decision fell on Thuthula. This was the first meeting of Thuthula, daughter of Mthunzana, with Ngqika, son of Chief Mlawu.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2005
Students’ engagement with learning theory
- Authors: Schudel, Ingrid J
- Date: 2005
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6093 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1008615
- Description: This paper reflects on a module on ‘Teaching and Learning Interactions’, presented as part of the Rhodes University Advanced Certificate in Education (Environmental Education).The module is designed to help students use theoretical logic to enhance (not replace) their practical logic of how teaching and learning takes place. Data was analysed from three teaching and learning activities in the module. After the first participatory activity on water and sanitation, students narrated what teaching and learning had taken place using language available from their prior experiences. In a second activity students were introduced to explanations of learning, provided by learning theorists. In the third activity students analysed a case study, using a variety of questions relating to teaching and learning. They then had to consider these same questions in the light of a participatory on-course teaching and learning activity. The paper reflects on how students have used understandings of the nature of reality, the construction of knowledge, the use of language, situated learning, action competence and social change, in order to narrate their teaching and learning experiences on the ACE(EE) course. Through this, the paper trials a reflexive approach to the teaching of learning theory in environmental education.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2005
- Authors: Schudel, Ingrid J
- Date: 2005
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6093 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1008615
- Description: This paper reflects on a module on ‘Teaching and Learning Interactions’, presented as part of the Rhodes University Advanced Certificate in Education (Environmental Education).The module is designed to help students use theoretical logic to enhance (not replace) their practical logic of how teaching and learning takes place. Data was analysed from three teaching and learning activities in the module. After the first participatory activity on water and sanitation, students narrated what teaching and learning had taken place using language available from their prior experiences. In a second activity students were introduced to explanations of learning, provided by learning theorists. In the third activity students analysed a case study, using a variety of questions relating to teaching and learning. They then had to consider these same questions in the light of a participatory on-course teaching and learning activity. The paper reflects on how students have used understandings of the nature of reality, the construction of knowledge, the use of language, situated learning, action competence and social change, in order to narrate their teaching and learning experiences on the ACE(EE) course. Through this, the paper trials a reflexive approach to the teaching of learning theory in environmental education.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2005
The effect of prolonged cold storage of eland (Taurotragus oryx) cauda epididymides on the spermatozoa: possible implications for the conservation of biodiversity
- Bissett, Charlene, Bernard, Ric T F
- Authors: Bissett, Charlene , Bernard, Ric T F
- Date: 2005
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6947 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1011976
- Description: The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of prolonged storage of cauda epididymides at 4 °C on spermatozoa, and to determine the practicality of utilising epididymal sperm, harvested from testes collected during routine culling of game animals, in assisted reproductive technologies. Testes from eland (Taurotragus oryx) were collected and epididymides removed and maintained at 4 °C. Sperm motility, viability, morphology and membrane integrity were examined at 12 h intervals for 108 h. Sperm motility and viability were significantly lower at the end of the experiment than at the start (P < 0.05) and there was individual variation in the rate at which motility and viability declined. The total number of normal sperm decreased significantly with prolonged storage at 4 °C. Midpiece defects were the most common and head and tail abnormalities were rare. A significant decrease in acrosomal and nuclear membrane integrity was observed with prolonged cold storage but there was no significant change in cell membrane integrity. However, about 30% of epididymal sperm survived for 3 days at 4 °C and more than 10% survived for 4 days, and it should be possible to use sperm from culled animals in some assisted reproductive technologies.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2005
- Authors: Bissett, Charlene , Bernard, Ric T F
- Date: 2005
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6947 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1011976
- Description: The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of prolonged storage of cauda epididymides at 4 °C on spermatozoa, and to determine the practicality of utilising epididymal sperm, harvested from testes collected during routine culling of game animals, in assisted reproductive technologies. Testes from eland (Taurotragus oryx) were collected and epididymides removed and maintained at 4 °C. Sperm motility, viability, morphology and membrane integrity were examined at 12 h intervals for 108 h. Sperm motility and viability were significantly lower at the end of the experiment than at the start (P < 0.05) and there was individual variation in the rate at which motility and viability declined. The total number of normal sperm decreased significantly with prolonged storage at 4 °C. Midpiece defects were the most common and head and tail abnormalities were rare. A significant decrease in acrosomal and nuclear membrane integrity was observed with prolonged cold storage but there was no significant change in cell membrane integrity. However, about 30% of epididymal sperm survived for 3 days at 4 °C and more than 10% survived for 4 days, and it should be possible to use sperm from culled animals in some assisted reproductive technologies.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2005
The use of actually in spoken Xhosa English : a corpus study
- Authors: De Klerk, Vivian A
- Date: 2005
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6136 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1011588
- Description: The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the semantic and syntactic characteristics of the discourse marker actually, and then to describe and explain how it is used by mothertongue (MT) Xhosa speakers who have learned English as an additional language. Such a description may provide a useful benchmark for comparison with MT norms. The source of data for the study is a corpus of approximately half a million words of transcribed spontaneous dialogue between Xhosa English speakers.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2005
- Authors: De Klerk, Vivian A
- Date: 2005
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6136 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1011588
- Description: The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the semantic and syntactic characteristics of the discourse marker actually, and then to describe and explain how it is used by mothertongue (MT) Xhosa speakers who have learned English as an additional language. Such a description may provide a useful benchmark for comparison with MT norms. The source of data for the study is a corpus of approximately half a million words of transcribed spontaneous dialogue between Xhosa English speakers.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2005
A capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) method for the determination of cyclizine hydrochloride in tablets and suppositories
- Mohammadi, I, Kanfer, Isadore, Walker, Roderick B
- Authors: Mohammadi, I , Kanfer, Isadore , Walker, Roderick B
- Date: 2004
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6406 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006479
- Description: Current compendial methods of assay for the analysis of cyclizine tablets involve the use of UV spectrophotometry. Since this is a non-selective technique its application to more complex dosage forms, such as suppositories, is unlikely to be appropriate. There is therefore a need for the development of a highly specific quantitative analytical method, such as high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or capillary electrophoresis (CE). The latter technique was chosen in view of some specific advantages over HPLC, such as the use of relatively non-toxic aqueous buffers, as opposed to organic solvents, which obviates the use of expensive HPLC grade solvents making CE more cost effective. Cyclizine was analyzed in 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 2.3) and run at an applied voltage 25 kV. Detection sensitivity was enhanced by using a wavelength of 200 nm and samples were loaded hydrodynamically onto an uncoated fused-silica capillary (60 cm×50 mm i.d.). Chlorcyclizine was used as the internal standard and resolution of both compounds was achieved in less than 7 min. Stress testing was undertaken in order to investigate the appearance of breakdown products. The method has the requisite accuracy, selectivity, sensitivity and precision to assay cyclizine in tablets and suppositories. Degradation products resulting from the stress studies did not interfere with the detection of cyclizine and the assay is thus stability-indicating.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2004
- Authors: Mohammadi, I , Kanfer, Isadore , Walker, Roderick B
- Date: 2004
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6406 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006479
- Description: Current compendial methods of assay for the analysis of cyclizine tablets involve the use of UV spectrophotometry. Since this is a non-selective technique its application to more complex dosage forms, such as suppositories, is unlikely to be appropriate. There is therefore a need for the development of a highly specific quantitative analytical method, such as high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or capillary electrophoresis (CE). The latter technique was chosen in view of some specific advantages over HPLC, such as the use of relatively non-toxic aqueous buffers, as opposed to organic solvents, which obviates the use of expensive HPLC grade solvents making CE more cost effective. Cyclizine was analyzed in 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 2.3) and run at an applied voltage 25 kV. Detection sensitivity was enhanced by using a wavelength of 200 nm and samples were loaded hydrodynamically onto an uncoated fused-silica capillary (60 cm×50 mm i.d.). Chlorcyclizine was used as the internal standard and resolution of both compounds was achieved in less than 7 min. Stress testing was undertaken in order to investigate the appearance of breakdown products. The method has the requisite accuracy, selectivity, sensitivity and precision to assay cyclizine in tablets and suppositories. Degradation products resulting from the stress studies did not interfere with the detection of cyclizine and the assay is thus stability-indicating.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2004
A Trypanosoma cruzi heat shock protein 40 is able to stimulate the adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis activity of heat shock protein 70 and can substitute for a yeast heat shock protein 40
- Edkins, Adrienne L, Ludewig, M H, Blatch, Gregory L
- Authors: Edkins, Adrienne L , Ludewig, M H , Blatch, Gregory L
- Date: 2004
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6465 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005794 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2004.01.016
- Description: The process of assisted protein folding, characteristic of members of the heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) and heat shock protein 40 (Hsp40) molecular chaperone families, is important for maintaining the structural integrity of cellular protein machinery under normal and stressful conditions. Hsp70 and Hsp40 cooperate to bind non-native protein conformations in a process of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-regulated assisted protein folding. We have analysed the molecular chaperone activity of the cytoplasmic inducible Hsp70 from Trypanosoma cruzi (TcHsp70) and its interactions with its potential partner Hsp40s (T. cruzi DnaJ protein 1 [Tcj1] and T. cruzi DnaJ protein 2 [Tcj2]). Histidine-tagged TcHsp70 (His-TcHsp70), Tcj1 (Tcj1-His) and Tcj2 (His-Tcj2) were over-produced in Escherichia coli and purified by nickel affinity chromatography. The in vitro basal specific ATP hydrolysis activity (ATPase activity) of His-TcHsp70 was determined as 40 nmol phosphate/min/mg protein, significantly higher than that reported for other Hsp70s. The basal specific ATPase activity was stimulated to a maximal level of 60 nmol phosphate/min/mg protein in the presence of His-Tcj2 and a model substrate, reduced carboxymethylated α-lactalbumin. In vivo complementation assays showed that Tcj2 was able to overcome the temperature sensitivity of the ydj1 mutant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain JJ160, suggesting that Tcj2 may be functionally equivalent to the yeast Hsp40 homologue (yeast DnaJ protein 1, Ydj1). These data suggest that Tcj2 is involved in cytoprotection in a similar fashion to Ydj1, and that TcHsp70 and Tcj2 may interact in a nucleotide-regulated process of chaperone-assisted protein folding.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2004
- Authors: Edkins, Adrienne L , Ludewig, M H , Blatch, Gregory L
- Date: 2004
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6465 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005794 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2004.01.016
- Description: The process of assisted protein folding, characteristic of members of the heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) and heat shock protein 40 (Hsp40) molecular chaperone families, is important for maintaining the structural integrity of cellular protein machinery under normal and stressful conditions. Hsp70 and Hsp40 cooperate to bind non-native protein conformations in a process of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-regulated assisted protein folding. We have analysed the molecular chaperone activity of the cytoplasmic inducible Hsp70 from Trypanosoma cruzi (TcHsp70) and its interactions with its potential partner Hsp40s (T. cruzi DnaJ protein 1 [Tcj1] and T. cruzi DnaJ protein 2 [Tcj2]). Histidine-tagged TcHsp70 (His-TcHsp70), Tcj1 (Tcj1-His) and Tcj2 (His-Tcj2) were over-produced in Escherichia coli and purified by nickel affinity chromatography. The in vitro basal specific ATP hydrolysis activity (ATPase activity) of His-TcHsp70 was determined as 40 nmol phosphate/min/mg protein, significantly higher than that reported for other Hsp70s. The basal specific ATPase activity was stimulated to a maximal level of 60 nmol phosphate/min/mg protein in the presence of His-Tcj2 and a model substrate, reduced carboxymethylated α-lactalbumin. In vivo complementation assays showed that Tcj2 was able to overcome the temperature sensitivity of the ydj1 mutant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain JJ160, suggesting that Tcj2 may be functionally equivalent to the yeast Hsp40 homologue (yeast DnaJ protein 1, Ydj1). These data suggest that Tcj2 is involved in cytoprotection in a similar fashion to Ydj1, and that TcHsp70 and Tcj2 may interact in a nucleotide-regulated process of chaperone-assisted protein folding.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2004
Sex work from a feminist perspective: a visit to the Jordan case
- Authors: Krüger, Rósaan
- Date: 2004
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/68877 , vital:29335 , https://doi.org/10.1080/19962126.2004.11864812
- Description: Publisher version , Introduction: Contributors to the prostitution/sex work debate, whether they condone, support or oppose criminalisation, legalisation or decriminalisation of prostitution, often rely on ‘facts’ to support their arguments. A common fact is that the majority of prostitutes/sex workers in the world and in South Africa are women. Thus, when I refer to prostitutes/sex workers, I refer to women working as prostitutes in the commercial sex industry. Furthermore, the fact that the majority of sex workers are women justifies considering prostitution from a feminist perspective – women’s voices on the subject should be heard. In this note I shall use the terms ‘prostitution’ and ‘sex work’ to refer to the exchange of sexual services for money. The former, more conventional term has a negative connotation, while the term ‘sex work’ denotes a movement away from casting a moral judgment towards recognition that sex work is just another job. References will be made to the associated activities of brothel-keeping and pimping, but the focus of this note is mainly on the provision of sexual services by the prostitute/ sex worker herself. Jordan v S is a Constitutional Court judgment in which the constitutional validity of the criminalisation of prostitution and its related activities were challenged. In order to analyse this judgment from a feminist perspective, I shall first briefly set out the current legal position on prostitution. Thereafter, I shall give an overview of Western feminist perspectives on prostitution and then link this perspective with African feminism. The last part of the note will be an analysis of the Jordan judgment in light of the feminist perspectives identified before.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2004
- Authors: Krüger, Rósaan
- Date: 2004
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/68877 , vital:29335 , https://doi.org/10.1080/19962126.2004.11864812
- Description: Publisher version , Introduction: Contributors to the prostitution/sex work debate, whether they condone, support or oppose criminalisation, legalisation or decriminalisation of prostitution, often rely on ‘facts’ to support their arguments. A common fact is that the majority of prostitutes/sex workers in the world and in South Africa are women. Thus, when I refer to prostitutes/sex workers, I refer to women working as prostitutes in the commercial sex industry. Furthermore, the fact that the majority of sex workers are women justifies considering prostitution from a feminist perspective – women’s voices on the subject should be heard. In this note I shall use the terms ‘prostitution’ and ‘sex work’ to refer to the exchange of sexual services for money. The former, more conventional term has a negative connotation, while the term ‘sex work’ denotes a movement away from casting a moral judgment towards recognition that sex work is just another job. References will be made to the associated activities of brothel-keeping and pimping, but the focus of this note is mainly on the provision of sexual services by the prostitute/ sex worker herself. Jordan v S is a Constitutional Court judgment in which the constitutional validity of the criminalisation of prostitution and its related activities were challenged. In order to analyse this judgment from a feminist perspective, I shall first briefly set out the current legal position on prostitution. Thereafter, I shall give an overview of Western feminist perspectives on prostitution and then link this perspective with African feminism. The last part of the note will be an analysis of the Jordan judgment in light of the feminist perspectives identified before.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2004
Mythic and theoretic aspects of the concept of 'the unconscious' in popular and psychological discourse
- Authors: Edwards, David J A
- Date: 2003
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6227 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007777
- Description: From the introduction: In Greek mythology, Typhon was the youngest son of Gaea (the Earth) and Tartarus (the underworld). Typhon was not a beautiful baby. He was a grisly monster with a hundred dragons' heads. He was one of the Titans, a group of powerful and dangerous creatures who rebelled against Zeus, the King of the Gods. The rebellion was crushed and Typhon was imprisoned under Mount Etna, the volcano in Sicily which was active in classical times and remains active today. It was said that when Typhon raged, the earth shook and Etna erupted. Many such tales from mythology from all over world seem to dramatize aspects of our relationship with potent forces of which we have little understanding and over which we have little control. Many of these forces are less concrete than the forces of nature. They arise from our apprehension of our existential predicaments, our interpersonal vulnerability and the intensity of our own psychological pain. In many contemporary discourses this territory is referred to more neutrally as ‘the unconscious;’ but the unconscious will always elude our attempts to capture it in words.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
- Authors: Edwards, David J A
- Date: 2003
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6227 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007777
- Description: From the introduction: In Greek mythology, Typhon was the youngest son of Gaea (the Earth) and Tartarus (the underworld). Typhon was not a beautiful baby. He was a grisly monster with a hundred dragons' heads. He was one of the Titans, a group of powerful and dangerous creatures who rebelled against Zeus, the King of the Gods. The rebellion was crushed and Typhon was imprisoned under Mount Etna, the volcano in Sicily which was active in classical times and remains active today. It was said that when Typhon raged, the earth shook and Etna erupted. Many such tales from mythology from all over world seem to dramatize aspects of our relationship with potent forces of which we have little understanding and over which we have little control. Many of these forces are less concrete than the forces of nature. They arise from our apprehension of our existential predicaments, our interpersonal vulnerability and the intensity of our own psychological pain. In many contemporary discourses this territory is referred to more neutrally as ‘the unconscious;’ but the unconscious will always elude our attempts to capture it in words.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
Solvent effects on the photochemical and fluorescence properties of zinc phthalocyanine derivatives
- Ogunsipe, Abimbola Olukayode, Maree, D, Nyokong, Tebello
- Authors: Ogunsipe, Abimbola Olukayode , Maree, D , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2003
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6586 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004162 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-2860(03)00155-8
- Description: The effects of solvents on the singlet oxygen, photobleaching and fluorescence quantum yields for zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) and its derivatives; (pyridino)zinc phthalocyanine ((py)ZnPc), zinc octaphenoxyphthalocyanine (ZnOPPc) and zinc octaestronephthalocyanine (ZnOEPc), is presented. The effects of the solvents on the ground state spectra are also discussed. The largest red shift of the Q band was observed in aromatic solvents, the highest shift being observed for 1-chloronaphthalene. Higher singlet fluorescence quantum yields were observed in THF for ZnPc and ZnOPPC. Also in the same solvent phototransformation rather than photobleaching was observed for ZnOPPc. Split Q band in the emission and excitation spectra of ZnOPPc was observed in some solvents and this is explained in terms of the lowering of symmetry following excitation.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
- Authors: Ogunsipe, Abimbola Olukayode , Maree, D , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2003
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6586 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004162 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-2860(03)00155-8
- Description: The effects of solvents on the singlet oxygen, photobleaching and fluorescence quantum yields for zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) and its derivatives; (pyridino)zinc phthalocyanine ((py)ZnPc), zinc octaphenoxyphthalocyanine (ZnOPPc) and zinc octaestronephthalocyanine (ZnOEPc), is presented. The effects of the solvents on the ground state spectra are also discussed. The largest red shift of the Q band was observed in aromatic solvents, the highest shift being observed for 1-chloronaphthalene. Higher singlet fluorescence quantum yields were observed in THF for ZnPc and ZnOPPC. Also in the same solvent phototransformation rather than photobleaching was observed for ZnOPPc. Split Q band in the emission and excitation spectra of ZnOPPc was observed in some solvents and this is explained in terms of the lowering of symmetry following excitation.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
Mental illness and the consciousness of freedom: the phenomenology of psychiatric labelling
- Authors: Bradfield, Bruce
- Date: 2002
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6264 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007882
- Description: Paradigmatically led by existential phenomenological premises, as formulated by Jean-Paul Sartre and Edmund Husserl specifically, this paper aims at a deconstruction of the value of psychiatric labelling in terms of the implications of such labelling for the labelled individual's experience of freedom as a conscious imperative. This work has as its intention the destabilisation of labelling as a stubborn and inexorable mechanism for social propriety and regularity, which in its unyielding classificatory brandings is.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2002
- Authors: Bradfield, Bruce
- Date: 2002
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6264 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007882
- Description: Paradigmatically led by existential phenomenological premises, as formulated by Jean-Paul Sartre and Edmund Husserl specifically, this paper aims at a deconstruction of the value of psychiatric labelling in terms of the implications of such labelling for the labelled individual's experience of freedom as a conscious imperative. This work has as its intention the destabilisation of labelling as a stubborn and inexorable mechanism for social propriety and regularity, which in its unyielding classificatory brandings is.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2002
Rhodes University Graduation Ceremony 2002
- Authors: Rhodes University
- Date: 2002
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: vital:8145 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007267
- Description: Rhodes University Graduation Ceremonies 1820 Settlers National Monument Friday, 5 April 2002 at 10:30; 14:30 & 18:00 [and] Saturday, 6 April 2002 at 10:30 , Graduation Ceremony Christian Centre, Wyse Street, East London Friday, 10 May 2002 at 18:00
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2002
- Authors: Rhodes University
- Date: 2002
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: vital:8145 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007267
- Description: Rhodes University Graduation Ceremonies 1820 Settlers National Monument Friday, 5 April 2002 at 10:30; 14:30 & 18:00 [and] Saturday, 6 April 2002 at 10:30 , Graduation Ceremony Christian Centre, Wyse Street, East London Friday, 10 May 2002 at 18:00
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2002