A Zulu martyr? What are the factors that led to the sparse and irregular public commemoration of Maqbamusela Kbanyile in the Lutheran church to which he belonged?
- Nürnberger, Margarete Paula Luise
- Authors: Nürnberger, Margarete Paula Luise
- Date: 2001
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:21087 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/6301
- Description: From Foreword: About a fortnight after I had submitted the thesis on factors that lead to the sparse and irregular public commemoration of Maqhamusela Khanyile in the Lutheran church to which he belonged when the archivist of the Norwegian Mission Society in Stavanger sent an e-mail that new material had been found. It consisted of a miscellany of various documents connected with the erection of the first cross, dating from 1926-1940, to be found in Misjonskapets archiv SA, boks nr. 2A legg nr. 8. The new material falsified two hypotheses on which the thesis had worked. The first of these hypotheses states that the initiative for the erection of the first monument to Maqhamusela had come from the Anglican interest in and research on him in 1935. Source 1a in the new material proves that in 1926 there were already appeals for contributions towards such a monument among the Lutheran congregations that grew out of the Norwegian work. The second hypothesis falsified by the new material had issued from memories of interviewees (e.g. Dean Shobete in interview 33) which stated that a stone with the Zulu inscription had been placed in the saddle of the hill where the execution had taken place before the erection of the first cross. The new material proves that the suggestion for a marble plate dates from 1927 (source 2a) and that the slab was eventually ordered in October 1939. A receipt (document 10) for "making the Maqhamusela monument" is dated 11.5.1940. Altogether, then, there was earlier commemoration of Maqhamusela in the church of which he was a member than the thesis had found, and the impetus to erect a monument had come from White and some black Norwegian Lutherans themselves.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2001
- Authors: Nürnberger, Margarete Paula Luise
- Date: 2001
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:21087 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/6301
- Description: From Foreword: About a fortnight after I had submitted the thesis on factors that lead to the sparse and irregular public commemoration of Maqhamusela Khanyile in the Lutheran church to which he belonged when the archivist of the Norwegian Mission Society in Stavanger sent an e-mail that new material had been found. It consisted of a miscellany of various documents connected with the erection of the first cross, dating from 1926-1940, to be found in Misjonskapets archiv SA, boks nr. 2A legg nr. 8. The new material falsified two hypotheses on which the thesis had worked. The first of these hypotheses states that the initiative for the erection of the first monument to Maqhamusela had come from the Anglican interest in and research on him in 1935. Source 1a in the new material proves that in 1926 there were already appeals for contributions towards such a monument among the Lutheran congregations that grew out of the Norwegian work. The second hypothesis falsified by the new material had issued from memories of interviewees (e.g. Dean Shobete in interview 33) which stated that a stone with the Zulu inscription had been placed in the saddle of the hill where the execution had taken place before the erection of the first cross. The new material proves that the suggestion for a marble plate dates from 1927 (source 2a) and that the slab was eventually ordered in October 1939. A receipt (document 10) for "making the Maqhamusela monument" is dated 11.5.1940. Altogether, then, there was earlier commemoration of Maqhamusela in the church of which he was a member than the thesis had found, and the impetus to erect a monument had come from White and some black Norwegian Lutherans themselves.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2001
The effect of different parameters on the rupture properties of leather in a tensile test
- Authors: Makhothe, Kelebohile
- Date: 1998
- Subjects: Leather -- Testing
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5462 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005247 , Leather -- Testing
- Description: This thesis explores the effect of some parameters on the breaking strain, strength and the shape of the stress-strain curve of bovine leather as revealed by uniaxial tensile tests. The parameters explored are fatliquoring, moisture content, strain rate and cyclic stressing. A basic mechanical model of a simple two-dimensional weave is created and used to describe the effect of such a weave on the shape of the stress-strain curve. It is found that fatliquoring lubricates and opens up the fibre structure and thereby makes the weave more extensible. The increase in the extensibility depends on the direction in which samples are cut and therefore the manner in which the fibres are orientated. Patliquoring is observed to increase the degree to which fibres pull out at break. There are indications that the strength of fatliquored leather decreases with time of storage, while the extensibility increases. The effect of the strain rate on the breaking strain, the tensile strength and the shape of the stress-strain curve is not very clear. The stressing and releasing leather decreases the strength of leather when the fibres are orientated preferentially along the direction of the applied stresses, but has an insignificant effect in the transverse direction. It is concluded that the degree of lubrication in a weave and the orientation of the fibre bundles significantly influence the performance of leather in a test. Both moisture and fatliquoring lubricate the weave. In both the cases the degree of fibre adhesions in a weave is decreased. A well lubricated weave allows its constituent fibres to slide and align along the direction of the applied stresses, and this tends to occur before the fibres themselves areextended. Cyclic testing, at low strains, ruptures fibre adhesions and as a result induces permanent set and makes a hide softer. Most of the work done in breaking the fibre adhesion is done in the first cycle.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1998
- Authors: Makhothe, Kelebohile
- Date: 1998
- Subjects: Leather -- Testing
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5462 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005247 , Leather -- Testing
- Description: This thesis explores the effect of some parameters on the breaking strain, strength and the shape of the stress-strain curve of bovine leather as revealed by uniaxial tensile tests. The parameters explored are fatliquoring, moisture content, strain rate and cyclic stressing. A basic mechanical model of a simple two-dimensional weave is created and used to describe the effect of such a weave on the shape of the stress-strain curve. It is found that fatliquoring lubricates and opens up the fibre structure and thereby makes the weave more extensible. The increase in the extensibility depends on the direction in which samples are cut and therefore the manner in which the fibres are orientated. Patliquoring is observed to increase the degree to which fibres pull out at break. There are indications that the strength of fatliquored leather decreases with time of storage, while the extensibility increases. The effect of the strain rate on the breaking strain, the tensile strength and the shape of the stress-strain curve is not very clear. The stressing and releasing leather decreases the strength of leather when the fibres are orientated preferentially along the direction of the applied stresses, but has an insignificant effect in the transverse direction. It is concluded that the degree of lubrication in a weave and the orientation of the fibre bundles significantly influence the performance of leather in a test. Both moisture and fatliquoring lubricate the weave. In both the cases the degree of fibre adhesions in a weave is decreased. A well lubricated weave allows its constituent fibres to slide and align along the direction of the applied stresses, and this tends to occur before the fibres themselves areextended. Cyclic testing, at low strains, ruptures fibre adhesions and as a result induces permanent set and makes a hide softer. Most of the work done in breaking the fibre adhesion is done in the first cycle.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1998
Interactions between ants, herbivorous insects and bracken (Pteridium aquilinum), a fern with extrafloral nectaries
- Authors: Rashbrook, Vanessa Karin
- Date: 1989
- Subjects: Arthropod pests -- South Africa Ants -- South Africa Ferns -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5592 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002042
- Description: Bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) is a cosmopolitan species of fern which possesses extrafloral nectaries. A survey of the arthropod fauna associated with the plant throughout its range in South Africa identified the most widespread and damaging bracken herbivores and those species most likely to be influenced by ants visiting the extrafloral nectaries. Seventeen herbivorous arthropods were found to be definitely feeding on bracken and a further thirteen species with a less certain status were recorded. In addition, several species of ants were observed on the fronds and feeding at the extrafloral nectarie. On the basis of their widespread distribution and abundance, four bracken herbivores emerged as being particularly detrimental to the plant in South Africa. They were an eriophyid gall mite, a leafhopper and two moths. The biology of the two lepidopterans, Appana cinisigna and Panotima sp., suggested that they were potentially vulnerable to ants at various stages of their life histories. Laboratory experiments were undertaken to observe ant-lepidopteran interactions under controlled conditions. The ant Crematogaster peringueyi rapidly removed exposed A. cini igna eggs, but did not appear to regard Panotima eggs as food items. Small instar larvae of both species proved vulnerable, but the larger larvae appeared capable of escaping ant predation. Ant exclusion experiments in the field, using natural and artificially augmented ant densities, were carried out at two sites near Grahamstown. The dominant ant species was C. peringueyi. Neither the numbers of lepidopterans nor levels of herbivory were significantly reduced by the presence of ants . Despite the implications of the laboratory tests, the results of these field experiments did not support the hypothesis that ants which visit bracken extrafloral nectaries benefit the plant. Ant-bracken field studies on other continents also reported no significant ant-related effects, though marginal reductions in the abundance of certain herbivores have been noted at one site in the U.K. Since ant protection does not appear to be an inevitable consequence of having extrafloral nectaries, their value to bracken is in some doubt. The most likely situation where effective protection will occur is when high densities of vulnerable herbivores are preyed upon by large numbers of aggressive ants. However, even under these conditions, enhancement of plant fitness is not inevitable. This raises the question of why extrafloral nectaries have been retained in a plant that is as successful and widespread as bracken.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1989
- Authors: Rashbrook, Vanessa Karin
- Date: 1989
- Subjects: Arthropod pests -- South Africa Ants -- South Africa Ferns -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5592 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002042
- Description: Bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) is a cosmopolitan species of fern which possesses extrafloral nectaries. A survey of the arthropod fauna associated with the plant throughout its range in South Africa identified the most widespread and damaging bracken herbivores and those species most likely to be influenced by ants visiting the extrafloral nectaries. Seventeen herbivorous arthropods were found to be definitely feeding on bracken and a further thirteen species with a less certain status were recorded. In addition, several species of ants were observed on the fronds and feeding at the extrafloral nectarie. On the basis of their widespread distribution and abundance, four bracken herbivores emerged as being particularly detrimental to the plant in South Africa. They were an eriophyid gall mite, a leafhopper and two moths. The biology of the two lepidopterans, Appana cinisigna and Panotima sp., suggested that they were potentially vulnerable to ants at various stages of their life histories. Laboratory experiments were undertaken to observe ant-lepidopteran interactions under controlled conditions. The ant Crematogaster peringueyi rapidly removed exposed A. cini igna eggs, but did not appear to regard Panotima eggs as food items. Small instar larvae of both species proved vulnerable, but the larger larvae appeared capable of escaping ant predation. Ant exclusion experiments in the field, using natural and artificially augmented ant densities, were carried out at two sites near Grahamstown. The dominant ant species was C. peringueyi. Neither the numbers of lepidopterans nor levels of herbivory were significantly reduced by the presence of ants . Despite the implications of the laboratory tests, the results of these field experiments did not support the hypothesis that ants which visit bracken extrafloral nectaries benefit the plant. Ant-bracken field studies on other continents also reported no significant ant-related effects, though marginal reductions in the abundance of certain herbivores have been noted at one site in the U.K. Since ant protection does not appear to be an inevitable consequence of having extrafloral nectaries, their value to bracken is in some doubt. The most likely situation where effective protection will occur is when high densities of vulnerable herbivores are preyed upon by large numbers of aggressive ants. However, even under these conditions, enhancement of plant fitness is not inevitable. This raises the question of why extrafloral nectaries have been retained in a plant that is as successful and widespread as bracken.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1989
Isolation, purification and effect of ligands on the nicotinic cholinergic receptor
- Authors: Kapp, Eugene Anthony
- Date: 1989
- Subjects: Ligands (Biochemistry) , Nicotinic receptors
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4550 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018235
- Description: The nicotinic cholinergic receptor protein of the fish electric organ, Torpedo fuscomaculata, has been isolated, purified and shown to represent a true model for the nAChR from other species and higher vertebrates. It is an integral membrane protein composed of four different subunits, tightly associated with other functional, but non-specific proteins. Purification of the nicotinic cholinergic receptor by chromatofocusing demonstrates an improved method over that of affinity and ion-exchange chromatography. Gel chromatography and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis show evidence of four subunits; a(40-44 kDa), 6(53 kDa ),'Y(63 kDa) and 6(66 kDa) despite some degradation of receptor molecules by intracellular proteases. Spectrophotometric and fluorimetric studies of receptor-ligand interactions, show the functional and chemical integrity of the receptor to remain intact after solubilisation. The effect of cholinergic ligands on purified receptor preparations indicate quenching of the intrinsic fluorescence of the receptor. Agonists, like acetylcholine, bind and cause local conformational transitions, changing the active region from a hydrophobic to a hydrophilic environment. This phenomenon is illustrated by the 10-fold increase in fluorescence when the receptor is in a desensitised state. Antagonists, such as d-Tubocurarine, block this conformational transition. In vitro rectus abdominis muscle preparations . show the nitrosamines, dimethylnitrosamine and diphenylnitrosamine, to be true agonists of the nAChR. However their low affinity and specificity for the receptor precludes them as photoaffmity labelling agents. Photoactivation of dimethylnitrosamine occurs when associated with an acidic hydrogen at the active site of the receptor, suggesting energy-transfer labelling to be more facile than photoaffmity labelling. The membrane-bound receptor, in the presence of these nitrosamines, undergoes conformational transitions regulating the opening and closing of the ion-channel. Desensitisation and receptor activation are shown to involve one and the same molecular transition.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1989
- Authors: Kapp, Eugene Anthony
- Date: 1989
- Subjects: Ligands (Biochemistry) , Nicotinic receptors
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4550 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018235
- Description: The nicotinic cholinergic receptor protein of the fish electric organ, Torpedo fuscomaculata, has been isolated, purified and shown to represent a true model for the nAChR from other species and higher vertebrates. It is an integral membrane protein composed of four different subunits, tightly associated with other functional, but non-specific proteins. Purification of the nicotinic cholinergic receptor by chromatofocusing demonstrates an improved method over that of affinity and ion-exchange chromatography. Gel chromatography and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis show evidence of four subunits; a(40-44 kDa), 6(53 kDa ),'Y(63 kDa) and 6(66 kDa) despite some degradation of receptor molecules by intracellular proteases. Spectrophotometric and fluorimetric studies of receptor-ligand interactions, show the functional and chemical integrity of the receptor to remain intact after solubilisation. The effect of cholinergic ligands on purified receptor preparations indicate quenching of the intrinsic fluorescence of the receptor. Agonists, like acetylcholine, bind and cause local conformational transitions, changing the active region from a hydrophobic to a hydrophilic environment. This phenomenon is illustrated by the 10-fold increase in fluorescence when the receptor is in a desensitised state. Antagonists, such as d-Tubocurarine, block this conformational transition. In vitro rectus abdominis muscle preparations . show the nitrosamines, dimethylnitrosamine and diphenylnitrosamine, to be true agonists of the nAChR. However their low affinity and specificity for the receptor precludes them as photoaffmity labelling agents. Photoactivation of dimethylnitrosamine occurs when associated with an acidic hydrogen at the active site of the receptor, suggesting energy-transfer labelling to be more facile than photoaffmity labelling. The membrane-bound receptor, in the presence of these nitrosamines, undergoes conformational transitions regulating the opening and closing of the ion-channel. Desensitisation and receptor activation are shown to involve one and the same molecular transition.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1989
Self-concept as a measure of success in the military environment
- Authors: Besener, Paul Robert
- Date: 1987
- Subjects: Self-perception , Control , Recruits , Soldiers , Military , National service , South Africa , Pupils , Learners , Guidance , School curriculum
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: vital:1363 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001429
- Description: This piece of research is an attempt to evaluate the relationship between military 'success' and the psychological preparedness of recruits in terms of their self-concepts and locus of control orientations. The new recruit is forced to adapt to the military environment which will, in turn, attempt to change him into an effective soldier. It was noticed by the researcher, who was involved in military training at the time, that a number of recruits, even some with seemingly limited potential, coped well, while others who seemed to have the ability failed to cope adequately. Recruits completed questionnaires which provided the researcher with biographical data and background information. In addition, the Bledsoe Self-Concept Scale and the Nowicki and Strickland Locus of Control Scale were used in order to determine their self-concepts and locus of control orientations respectively, prior to the beginning of national service. Detailed unstructured interviews were also conducted with a sample of military personnel, to provide another basis for gathering data and for clarifying some of the issues involved. Briefly, the chief conclusion of this researcher is that a significant majority of 'successful' recruits in the military environment have a positive self-concept and an internal locus of control. On the basis of the above finding, it is suggested that there is a need to guide pupils about certain aspects of military life before they begin their National Service. There would seem to be a need for this guidance to be incorporated into the school curriculum, together with such practical aspects as cadets, shooting, etc. There is a shortage of this kind of research on the military situation in South Africa, and it is suggested that numerous issues in this field need to be researched for the benefit of future conscripts and the military alike.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1987
- Authors: Besener, Paul Robert
- Date: 1987
- Subjects: Self-perception , Control , Recruits , Soldiers , Military , National service , South Africa , Pupils , Learners , Guidance , School curriculum
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: vital:1363 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001429
- Description: This piece of research is an attempt to evaluate the relationship between military 'success' and the psychological preparedness of recruits in terms of their self-concepts and locus of control orientations. The new recruit is forced to adapt to the military environment which will, in turn, attempt to change him into an effective soldier. It was noticed by the researcher, who was involved in military training at the time, that a number of recruits, even some with seemingly limited potential, coped well, while others who seemed to have the ability failed to cope adequately. Recruits completed questionnaires which provided the researcher with biographical data and background information. In addition, the Bledsoe Self-Concept Scale and the Nowicki and Strickland Locus of Control Scale were used in order to determine their self-concepts and locus of control orientations respectively, prior to the beginning of national service. Detailed unstructured interviews were also conducted with a sample of military personnel, to provide another basis for gathering data and for clarifying some of the issues involved. Briefly, the chief conclusion of this researcher is that a significant majority of 'successful' recruits in the military environment have a positive self-concept and an internal locus of control. On the basis of the above finding, it is suggested that there is a need to guide pupils about certain aspects of military life before they begin their National Service. There would seem to be a need for this guidance to be incorporated into the school curriculum, together with such practical aspects as cadets, shooting, etc. There is a shortage of this kind of research on the military situation in South Africa, and it is suggested that numerous issues in this field need to be researched for the benefit of future conscripts and the military alike.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1987
Labour migration, marriage and family life in a Ciskei village
- Authors: Manona, Cecil Wele
- Date: 1981
- Subjects: Migrant labor -- Social aspects -- South Africa -- Ciskei
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2107 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006884
- Description: From introduction: The aim of this thesis is to describe and analyse the effects of labour migration on marriage and family life. The field material is from Burnshill, a village situated in the Keiskammahoek district in the Ciskei. Keiskammahoek is bounded on the East by the districts of King William's Town and Stutterheim, on the West and South by Middledrift and on the North by Cathcart. The inhabitants of Burnshill are overwhelmingly Xhosa and Mfengu (the main ethnic groups in the Ciskei) but also include a small proportion of people whose clans are of Mpondo and Thembu origin. This village has undergone extensive change. As we shall show later, it was settled de novo by the Mfengu and the Xhosa during the second half of the past century. This is one of the reasons why it lacks the homogeneity and continuity of cultural tradition which are predominant features of long-established communities.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1981
- Authors: Manona, Cecil Wele
- Date: 1981
- Subjects: Migrant labor -- Social aspects -- South Africa -- Ciskei
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2107 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006884
- Description: From introduction: The aim of this thesis is to describe and analyse the effects of labour migration on marriage and family life. The field material is from Burnshill, a village situated in the Keiskammahoek district in the Ciskei. Keiskammahoek is bounded on the East by the districts of King William's Town and Stutterheim, on the West and South by Middledrift and on the North by Cathcart. The inhabitants of Burnshill are overwhelmingly Xhosa and Mfengu (the main ethnic groups in the Ciskei) but also include a small proportion of people whose clans are of Mpondo and Thembu origin. This village has undergone extensive change. As we shall show later, it was settled de novo by the Mfengu and the Xhosa during the second half of the past century. This is one of the reasons why it lacks the homogeneity and continuity of cultural tradition which are predominant features of long-established communities.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1981
"Holy baptism" : a reconsideration of the doctrine of holy baptism in the light of recent research
- Authors: Moore, Robert Humphrey
- Date: 1974
- Subjects: Baptism in the Holy Spirit , Holy Spirit -- Biblical teaching
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Bachelor , BDiv
- Identifier: vital:1239 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007686 , Baptism in the Holy Spirit , Holy Spirit -- Biblical teaching
- Description: Conclusion: This study has helped us to perceive the significance of Christian Baptism as it arose from its antecedents, and yet differed decisively from them in meaning and significance. We have seen how Baptism grew from the New Testament situation into the life of the Early Church. We have considered the sacramental nature of Baptism, that here, while the Community is visibly active, in this holy sacrament, God is the doer of what is done. It is by Him, whose Grace is seen in Jesus Christ, that we are brought to new life within the Community of His Covenant and what He can do for adults, He can do for infants as well. However, it is good for us to remember that His presence is also for our judgement, and that there therefore remains upon us as individuals and as Community the requirement of faith and faithfulness. We have seen how it is that the Holy Spirit is given in Baptism, and we believe it is through His indwelling presence and power that we are able to come into the Family of God and enjoy that fellowship with Him, which is salvation. We have also seen that, despite many centuries of thought and study, no final doctrinal definition of Baptism is yet achieved, and that the Churches are still giving this serious attention.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1974
- Authors: Moore, Robert Humphrey
- Date: 1974
- Subjects: Baptism in the Holy Spirit , Holy Spirit -- Biblical teaching
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Bachelor , BDiv
- Identifier: vital:1239 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007686 , Baptism in the Holy Spirit , Holy Spirit -- Biblical teaching
- Description: Conclusion: This study has helped us to perceive the significance of Christian Baptism as it arose from its antecedents, and yet differed decisively from them in meaning and significance. We have seen how Baptism grew from the New Testament situation into the life of the Early Church. We have considered the sacramental nature of Baptism, that here, while the Community is visibly active, in this holy sacrament, God is the doer of what is done. It is by Him, whose Grace is seen in Jesus Christ, that we are brought to new life within the Community of His Covenant and what He can do for adults, He can do for infants as well. However, it is good for us to remember that His presence is also for our judgement, and that there therefore remains upon us as individuals and as Community the requirement of faith and faithfulness. We have seen how it is that the Holy Spirit is given in Baptism, and we believe it is through His indwelling presence and power that we are able to come into the Family of God and enjoy that fellowship with Him, which is salvation. We have also seen that, despite many centuries of thought and study, no final doctrinal definition of Baptism is yet achieved, and that the Churches are still giving this serious attention.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1974