- Title
- A synthetic and spectrometric study of the initial phases in urea-formaldehyde resin formation
- Creator
- Nocanda, Xolani Wittleton
- Subject
- Phenolic resins
- Subject
- Gums and resins, Synthetic
- Date Issued
- 1998
- Date
- 1998
- Type
- Thesis
- Type
- Masters
- Type
- MSc
- Identifier
- vital:4383
- Identifier
- http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005048
- Identifier
- Phenolic resins
- Identifier
- Gums and resins, Synthetic
- Description
- In a series ofpreIiminary studies of urea-formaldehyde reactions, the influence of the U:F molar ratio, the temperature and the catalyst were investigated. Subsequently, in a more rigorous evaluation of the influence of four variables on urea-formaldehyde resin formation, viz., U:F molar ratio, pH, temperature and reaction time, a set of twenty reactions were performed using a statistical approach. The results indicate that high resin viscosity is best achieved by using a high U:F molar ratio (1:2) and conducting the reaction at 90°C. Several basic components produced in urea-formaldehyde reactions have been synthesised, characterised by NMR spectroscopy, silylated using bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide and analysed by low resolution mass spectrometry. The use oftriazones as cross-linking agents has been investigated, and a series of 5-substituted triazones have been prepared and their mass fragmentation patterns explored using a combination of low and high resolution mass spectrometry. In order to facilitate interpretation of ¹³C NMR data obtained for U-F resins, internal rotation in various urea derivatives was investigated using variable temperature ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopic study. Signal splittings observed below 247 K have been rationalised in terms of various rotameric structures.
- Format
- 152 p.
- Format
- Publisher
- Rhodes University
- Publisher
- Faculty of Science, Chemistry
- Language
- English
- Rights
- Nocanda, Xolani Wittleton
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