From global to regional and back again: common climate stressors of marine ecosystems relevant for adaptation across five ocean warming hotspots
- Popova, Ekaterina, Yool, Andrew, Byfield, Valborg, Cochrane, Kevern, Coward, Andrew C, Salim, Shyam S, Gasalla, Maria A, Henson, S.A, Hobday, Alistair J, Pecl, Gretta T, Sauer, Warwick H H, Roberts, Michael J
- Authors: Popova, Ekaterina , Yool, Andrew , Byfield, Valborg , Cochrane, Kevern , Coward, Andrew C , Salim, Shyam S , Gasalla, Maria A , Henson, S.A , Hobday, Alistair J , Pecl, Gretta T , Sauer, Warwick H H , Roberts, Michael J
- Date: 2016
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/124514 , vital:35623 , https://doi.10.1111/gcb.13247
- Description: Ocean warming ‘hotspots’ are regions characterized by above-average temperature increases over recent years, for which there are significant consequences for both living marine resources and the societies that depend on them. As such, they represent early warning systems for understanding the impacts of marine climate change, and test-beds for developing adaptation options for coping with those impacts. Here, we examine five hotspots off the coasts of eastern Australia, South Africa, Madagascar, India and Brazil. These particular hotspots have underpinned a large international partnership that is working towards improving community adaptation by characterizing, assessing and projecting the likely future of coastal-marine food resources through the provision and sharing of knowledge. To inform this effort, we employ a high-resolution global ocean model forced by Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 and simulated to year 2099. In addition to the sea surface temperature, we analyse projected stratification, nutrient supply, primary production, anthropogenic CO2-driven ocean acidification, deoxygenation and ocean circulation. Our simulation finds that the temperature-defined hotspots studied here will continue to experience warming but, with the exception of eastern Australia, may not remain the fastest warming ocean areas over the next century as the strongest warming is projected to occur in the subpolar and polar areas of the Northern Hemisphere. Additionally, we find that recent rapid change in SST is not necessarily an indicator that these areas are also hotspots of the other climatic stressors examined. However, a consistent facet of the hotspots studied here is that they are all strongly influenced by ocean circulation, which has already shown changes in the recent past and is projected to undergo further strong change into the future. In addition to the fast warming, change in local ocean circulation represents a distinct feature of present and future climate change impacting marine ecosystems in these areas.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2016
- Authors: Popova, Ekaterina , Yool, Andrew , Byfield, Valborg , Cochrane, Kevern , Coward, Andrew C , Salim, Shyam S , Gasalla, Maria A , Henson, S.A , Hobday, Alistair J , Pecl, Gretta T , Sauer, Warwick H H , Roberts, Michael J
- Date: 2016
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/124514 , vital:35623 , https://doi.10.1111/gcb.13247
- Description: Ocean warming ‘hotspots’ are regions characterized by above-average temperature increases over recent years, for which there are significant consequences for both living marine resources and the societies that depend on them. As such, they represent early warning systems for understanding the impacts of marine climate change, and test-beds for developing adaptation options for coping with those impacts. Here, we examine five hotspots off the coasts of eastern Australia, South Africa, Madagascar, India and Brazil. These particular hotspots have underpinned a large international partnership that is working towards improving community adaptation by characterizing, assessing and projecting the likely future of coastal-marine food resources through the provision and sharing of knowledge. To inform this effort, we employ a high-resolution global ocean model forced by Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 and simulated to year 2099. In addition to the sea surface temperature, we analyse projected stratification, nutrient supply, primary production, anthropogenic CO2-driven ocean acidification, deoxygenation and ocean circulation. Our simulation finds that the temperature-defined hotspots studied here will continue to experience warming but, with the exception of eastern Australia, may not remain the fastest warming ocean areas over the next century as the strongest warming is projected to occur in the subpolar and polar areas of the Northern Hemisphere. Additionally, we find that recent rapid change in SST is not necessarily an indicator that these areas are also hotspots of the other climatic stressors examined. However, a consistent facet of the hotspots studied here is that they are all strongly influenced by ocean circulation, which has already shown changes in the recent past and is projected to undergo further strong change into the future. In addition to the fast warming, change in local ocean circulation represents a distinct feature of present and future climate change impacting marine ecosystems in these areas.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2016
Planning adaptation to climate change in fast-warming marine regions with seafood-dependent coastal communities
- Hobday, Alistair J, Cochrane, Kevern, Howard, James, Aswani, Shankar, Byfield, Val, Duggan, Greg, Duna, Elethu, Dutra, Leo X, Frusher, Stewart D, Fulton, Elizabeth A, Gammage, Louise, Gasalla, Maria A, Griffiths, Chevon, Guissamulo, Almeida, Haward, Marcus, Jarre, Astrid, Jennings, Sarah M, Jordan, Tia, Joyner, Jessica, Ramani, Narayana K, Shanmugasundaram, Swathi L P, Malherbe, Willem, Ortega-Cisneros, Kelly, Paytan, Adina, Pecl, Gretta T, Plagányi, Éva E, Popova, Ekaterina E, Razafindrainibe, Haja, Roberts, Michael, Rohit, Prathiba, Sainulabdeen, Shyam S, Sauer, Warwick H H, Valappil, Sathianandan T, Zacharia, Paryiappanal U, Van Putten, E Ingrid
- Authors: Hobday, Alistair J , Cochrane, Kevern , Howard, James , Aswani, Shankar , Byfield, Val , Duggan, Greg , Duna, Elethu , Dutra, Leo X , Frusher, Stewart D , Fulton, Elizabeth A , Gammage, Louise , Gasalla, Maria A , Griffiths, Chevon , Guissamulo, Almeida , Haward, Marcus , Jarre, Astrid , Jennings, Sarah M , Jordan, Tia , Joyner, Jessica , Ramani, Narayana K , Shanmugasundaram, Swathi L P , Malherbe, Willem , Ortega-Cisneros, Kelly , Paytan, Adina , Pecl, Gretta T , Plagányi, Éva E , Popova, Ekaterina E , Razafindrainibe, Haja , Roberts, Michael , Rohit, Prathiba , Sainulabdeen, Shyam S , Sauer, Warwick H H , Valappil, Sathianandan T , Zacharia, Paryiappanal U , Van Putten, E Ingrid
- Date: 2016
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/125675 , vital:35806 , https://doi.10.1007/s11160-016-9419-0
- Description: Many coastal communities rely on living marine resources for livelihoods and food security. These resources are commonly under stress from overfishing, pollution, coastal development and habitat degradation. Climate change is an additional stressor beginning to impact coastal systems and communities, but may also lead to opportunities for some species and the people they sustain. We describe the research approach for a multi-country project, focused on the southern hemisphere, designed to contribute to improving fishing community adaptation efforts by characterizing, assessing and predicting the future of coastal-marine food resources, and codeveloping adaptation options through the provision and sharing of knowledge across fast-warming marine regions (i.e. marine ‘hotspots’). These hotspots represent natural laboratories for observing change and concomitant human adaptive responses, and for developing adaptation options and management strategies. Focusing on adaptation options and strategies for enhancing coastal resilience at the local level will contribute to capacity building and local empowerment in order to minimise negative outcomes and take advantage of opportunities arising from climate change. However, developing comparative approaches across regions that differ in political institutions, socio-economic community demographics, resource dependency and research capacity is challenging. Here, we describe physical, biological, social and governance tools to allow hotspot comparisons, and several methods to evaluate and enhance interactions within a multi-nation research team. Strong partnerships within and between the focal regions are critical to scientific and political support for development of effective approaches to reduce future vulnerability. Comparing these hotspot regions will enhance local adaptation responses and generate outcomes applicable to other regions.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2016
- Authors: Hobday, Alistair J , Cochrane, Kevern , Howard, James , Aswani, Shankar , Byfield, Val , Duggan, Greg , Duna, Elethu , Dutra, Leo X , Frusher, Stewart D , Fulton, Elizabeth A , Gammage, Louise , Gasalla, Maria A , Griffiths, Chevon , Guissamulo, Almeida , Haward, Marcus , Jarre, Astrid , Jennings, Sarah M , Jordan, Tia , Joyner, Jessica , Ramani, Narayana K , Shanmugasundaram, Swathi L P , Malherbe, Willem , Ortega-Cisneros, Kelly , Paytan, Adina , Pecl, Gretta T , Plagányi, Éva E , Popova, Ekaterina E , Razafindrainibe, Haja , Roberts, Michael , Rohit, Prathiba , Sainulabdeen, Shyam S , Sauer, Warwick H H , Valappil, Sathianandan T , Zacharia, Paryiappanal U , Van Putten, E Ingrid
- Date: 2016
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/125675 , vital:35806 , https://doi.10.1007/s11160-016-9419-0
- Description: Many coastal communities rely on living marine resources for livelihoods and food security. These resources are commonly under stress from overfishing, pollution, coastal development and habitat degradation. Climate change is an additional stressor beginning to impact coastal systems and communities, but may also lead to opportunities for some species and the people they sustain. We describe the research approach for a multi-country project, focused on the southern hemisphere, designed to contribute to improving fishing community adaptation efforts by characterizing, assessing and predicting the future of coastal-marine food resources, and codeveloping adaptation options through the provision and sharing of knowledge across fast-warming marine regions (i.e. marine ‘hotspots’). These hotspots represent natural laboratories for observing change and concomitant human adaptive responses, and for developing adaptation options and management strategies. Focusing on adaptation options and strategies for enhancing coastal resilience at the local level will contribute to capacity building and local empowerment in order to minimise negative outcomes and take advantage of opportunities arising from climate change. However, developing comparative approaches across regions that differ in political institutions, socio-economic community demographics, resource dependency and research capacity is challenging. Here, we describe physical, biological, social and governance tools to allow hotspot comparisons, and several methods to evaluate and enhance interactions within a multi-nation research team. Strong partnerships within and between the focal regions are critical to scientific and political support for development of effective approaches to reduce future vulnerability. Comparing these hotspot regions will enhance local adaptation responses and generate outcomes applicable to other regions.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2016
A review of three generations of critical theory: Towards conceptualising critical HESD research
- Authors: Lotz-Sisitka, Heila
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , book chapter
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/437136 , vital:73345 , ISBN 9781315852249 , https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315852249-17/review-three-generations-critical-theory-heila-lotz-sisitka
- Description: To begin a review of the purpose(s) of ESD research, we must first ask the basic question of the purpose of research generally. Definitions of research normally centre on it comprising sys-tematic investigation which contributes to knowledge or under-standing of phenomena or a problem. A distinction is common-ly drawn between pure or basic research which focuses on understanding phenomena and issues, and applied research where the primary emphasis is on research which contributes to the solution of problems or some systemic improvement ra-ther than knowledge for its own sake. Some commentators see action research as a third category as it is predicated on the researcher being part of the research process which itself is committed to personal or social change. ESD research as an area of interest is perhaps unusual because it accommodates and crosses these categories. It also engages in philosophic research regarding cultural, worldview and ethical dimensions of sustainability education – critically important dimensions of ESD research, but not within the scope of this chapter. Re-search on – say – the relative effect of different pedagogies, or how a learning environ-ment affects learning, may be thought of as basic research, but at another level, ESD research is often purposeful beyond the accumulation of understanding about educational processes.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
- Authors: Lotz-Sisitka, Heila
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , book chapter
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/437136 , vital:73345 , ISBN 9781315852249 , https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315852249-17/review-three-generations-critical-theory-heila-lotz-sisitka
- Description: To begin a review of the purpose(s) of ESD research, we must first ask the basic question of the purpose of research generally. Definitions of research normally centre on it comprising sys-tematic investigation which contributes to knowledge or under-standing of phenomena or a problem. A distinction is common-ly drawn between pure or basic research which focuses on understanding phenomena and issues, and applied research where the primary emphasis is on research which contributes to the solution of problems or some systemic improvement ra-ther than knowledge for its own sake. Some commentators see action research as a third category as it is predicated on the researcher being part of the research process which itself is committed to personal or social change. ESD research as an area of interest is perhaps unusual because it accommodates and crosses these categories. It also engages in philosophic research regarding cultural, worldview and ethical dimensions of sustainability education – critically important dimensions of ESD research, but not within the scope of this chapter. Re-search on – say – the relative effect of different pedagogies, or how a learning environ-ment affects learning, may be thought of as basic research, but at another level, ESD research is often purposeful beyond the accumulation of understanding about educational processes.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
Cyber Vulnerability Assessment: Case Study of Malawi and Tanzania
- Chindipha, Stones, D, Irwin, Barry V W
- Authors: Chindipha, Stones, D , Irwin, Barry V W
- Date: 2015
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/428558 , vital:72520 , https://accconference.mandela.ac.za/ACCConference/media/Store/images/Proceedings-2015.pdf#page=105
- Description: Much as the Internet is beneficial to our daily activities, with each passing day it also brings along with it information security concerns for the users be they at company or national level. Each year the number of Internet users keeps growing, particularly in Africa, and this means only one thing, more cyber-attacks. Governments have become a focal point of this data leakage problem making this a matter of national security. Looking at the current state of affairs, cyber-based incidents are more likely to increase in Africa, mainly due to the increased prevalence and affordability of broadband connectivity which is coupled with lack of online security awareness. A drop in the cost of broadband connection means more people will be able to afford Internet connectivity. With open Source Intelligence (OSINT), this paper aims to perform a vulnerability analysis for states in Eastern Africa building from prior research by Swart et al. which showed that there are vulnerabilities in the information systems, using the case of South Africa as an example. States in East Africa are to be considered as candidates, with the final decision being determined by access to suitable resources, and availability of information. A comparative analysis to assess the factors that affect the degree of security susceptibilities in various states will also be made and information security measures used by various governments to ascertain the extent of their contribution to this vulnerability will be assessed. This pilot study will be extended to other Southern and Eastern African states like Botswana, Kenya, Uganda and Namibia in future work.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
- Authors: Chindipha, Stones, D , Irwin, Barry V W
- Date: 2015
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/428558 , vital:72520 , https://accconference.mandela.ac.za/ACCConference/media/Store/images/Proceedings-2015.pdf#page=105
- Description: Much as the Internet is beneficial to our daily activities, with each passing day it also brings along with it information security concerns for the users be they at company or national level. Each year the number of Internet users keeps growing, particularly in Africa, and this means only one thing, more cyber-attacks. Governments have become a focal point of this data leakage problem making this a matter of national security. Looking at the current state of affairs, cyber-based incidents are more likely to increase in Africa, mainly due to the increased prevalence and affordability of broadband connectivity which is coupled with lack of online security awareness. A drop in the cost of broadband connection means more people will be able to afford Internet connectivity. With open Source Intelligence (OSINT), this paper aims to perform a vulnerability analysis for states in Eastern Africa building from prior research by Swart et al. which showed that there are vulnerabilities in the information systems, using the case of South Africa as an example. States in East Africa are to be considered as candidates, with the final decision being determined by access to suitable resources, and availability of information. A comparative analysis to assess the factors that affect the degree of security susceptibilities in various states will also be made and information security measures used by various governments to ascertain the extent of their contribution to this vulnerability will be assessed. This pilot study will be extended to other Southern and Eastern African states like Botswana, Kenya, Uganda and Namibia in future work.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
Making room for the unexpected: the university and the ethical imperative of unconditional hospitality
- Authors: Dass, Minesh
- Date: 2015
- Language: English
- Type: text , book
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/142108 , vital:38050 , ISBN 9781869142902 , https://books.google.co.za/books?id=49o8rgEACAAJanddq=Being+at+home:+Race,+institutional+culture+and+transformation+at+South+African+higher+education+institutionandhl=enandsa=Xandved=0ahUKEwiPgsa6mpjjAhXNN8AKHbNwAtoQ6AEIKDAA
- Description: This edited work has gathered together contributions on how to transform universities in South Africa; as many are struggling to shift their institutional culture. In a South African context, transformation means to attempt to change higher education institutions such that they no longer reflect the values promoted by apartheid but rather reflect the values embodied in South Africa's 1996 Constitution. Institutional culture is the main subject for discussion in this book. In order to transform South Africa's universities, the contributors begin by analyzing the idea of what a university is, and relatedly, what its ideal aims are. A second theme is to understand what institutional culture is and how it functions. Moreover, transformation cannot occur without transforming the broader cultures of which they are a part. Related to this theme is a general concern about how contemporary moves towards the instrumentalization of higher education affect the ability to transform institutions. These institutions are being pushed to conform to goals that are outside the traditional idea of a university, such as concerns that universities are being 'bureaucratized' and becoming corporations, instead of a place of learning open to all. In conclusion it can be said that the contemporary South African academic community has an opportunity to recreate itself as the end of apartheid created space for engaging in transformative epistemic projects. The transformation of the tertiary sector entails a transformation of institutional cultures.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
- Authors: Dass, Minesh
- Date: 2015
- Language: English
- Type: text , book
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/142108 , vital:38050 , ISBN 9781869142902 , https://books.google.co.za/books?id=49o8rgEACAAJanddq=Being+at+home:+Race,+institutional+culture+and+transformation+at+South+African+higher+education+institutionandhl=enandsa=Xandved=0ahUKEwiPgsa6mpjjAhXNN8AKHbNwAtoQ6AEIKDAA
- Description: This edited work has gathered together contributions on how to transform universities in South Africa; as many are struggling to shift their institutional culture. In a South African context, transformation means to attempt to change higher education institutions such that they no longer reflect the values promoted by apartheid but rather reflect the values embodied in South Africa's 1996 Constitution. Institutional culture is the main subject for discussion in this book. In order to transform South Africa's universities, the contributors begin by analyzing the idea of what a university is, and relatedly, what its ideal aims are. A second theme is to understand what institutional culture is and how it functions. Moreover, transformation cannot occur without transforming the broader cultures of which they are a part. Related to this theme is a general concern about how contemporary moves towards the instrumentalization of higher education affect the ability to transform institutions. These institutions are being pushed to conform to goals that are outside the traditional idea of a university, such as concerns that universities are being 'bureaucratized' and becoming corporations, instead of a place of learning open to all. In conclusion it can be said that the contemporary South African academic community has an opportunity to recreate itself as the end of apartheid created space for engaging in transformative epistemic projects. The transformation of the tertiary sector entails a transformation of institutional cultures.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
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