- Title
- The petrology, mineralogy and geochemistry of the main zone of the Bushveld Complex at Rustenburg Platinum Mines, Union Section
- Creator
- Mitchell, Andrew Alexander
- Subject
- Mineralogy -- South Africa Petrology -- South Africa Rustenburg Platinum Mines Geochemistry -- South Africa
- Date Issued
- 1988
- Date
- 1988
- Type
- Thesis
- Type
- Doctoral
- Type
- PhD
- Identifier
- vital:4903
- Identifier
- http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001563
- Description
- Union Section of Rustenburg Patinum Mines is situated in the northwestern part of the Bushveld Complex, some twenty kilometres north of the Pilanesberg Alkaline Complex. The mining lease area covers a roughly triangular segment of Lower, Critical and Main Zone rocks, transgressed to the north and south by magnetite-bearing ferrogabbro of the Upper Zone. The Main Zone at Union Section is the focus of this study. The prime source of sample material for the study is the deep exploration borehole SK2, but additional, supplementary samples were collected on surface and underground, as well as from a second surface exploration borehole, SK4. In line with the recommendations of SACS (1980), the top of the Critical Zone, and therefore the base of the Main Zone, is taken to be the top of the Bastard Cyclic Unit. Sharpe (1985) suggested that the succession from the base of the Main is an isotopically separate entity Zone up to the Pyroxenite Marker from the rest of the Bushveld layered succession. This is not strictly true, as there is evidence that more than one parental magma was involved in the formation of this interval. It is, however, true that there are fundamental differences, particularly in isotopic makeup, between the Main Zone rocks below the pyroxenite Marker and those above (the latter having been assigned by Molyneux (1970) to subzone C of the Main Zone). Kruger et al. (1986, in press) suggested that the Pyroxenite Marker marks the base of the Upper Zone, and this convention is adhered to here. The implication of this is that the rocks which formerly constituted subzone C of the Main Zone are now considered part of the Upper Zone. The Main Zone rocks below the pyroxenite Marker were originally subdivided by Molyneux (1970) into two subzones, A and B. The results of the present study indicate that this subdivision is not justified. Instead, eight units have been distinguished in the Main Zone on geochemical, petrological and mineralogical bases. Each of these units is characterized by a coherent set, or progression, of chemical and petrological characteristics. The specific assignment of genetic connotations to these units has been deliberately avoided , at least until further studies of the Main Zone prove this to be justified. The demarcation of the eight units is illustrated in the composite diagram (Fig. 34) in the back pocket of this work, and the reasons for the subdivisions are listed in Table 6 (at the end of chapter 7 of this thesis). Until the late 1970's, it was thought that most layered cumulates formed by crystal settling (Wager and Brown, 1968). More recently, there has been a fundamental conceptual change, and many workers now believe that most cumulate rocks formed by in situ crystallization at the floor and walls of the magma chamber (McBirney and Noyes, 1979, Irvine, 1980a; Campbell, 1987). There is, however, some evidence for the physical separation of phases undergoing cotectic crystallization, particularly in the Upper Critical Zone and lower part of the Main Zone (Eales et al., 1986). This process, which has been alluded to in the past by various authors (Ferguson and Botha, 1963; Vermaak, 1976) involves the flotation of early-formed plagioclase crystals due to their positive bouyancy in tholeiitic liquids. The result is an apparent decoupling of the chemistry of pyroxene and plagioclase, as in unit IV of the Main Zone, where plagioclase becomes more anorthitic upwards, whilst pyroxene becomes more iron-rich. There is some substantial evidence, particularly in reversals in the strontium isotope initial ratio and the orthopyroxene Mg/(Mg+Fe) ratio , for multiple intrusion in the Main Zone. Although the largest and most important magma influx in the Main Zone was a high-R₀ aluminous tholeiite, as suggested by Sharpe (1985), the intrusive history of the Main Zone is believed to be far more complex than Sharpe (op. cit.) suggested. Significantly, there is strong evidence for small influxes of Upper Zone-type (Fe-rich tholeiite) magma in the upper reaches of the Main Zone. These are believed to be precursors to the major influx of Upper Zone-type magma at the pyroxenite Marker (Kruger et al, 1986, in press). The fate of intercumulus liquids in cumulate rocks has recently recieved substantial attention (Sparks et al., 1985; Morse, 1986; Barnes, 1986: Campbell, 1987). It is believed that the migration, or at least redistribution, of intercumulus liquids has played a vital role in modifying fractionation trends in the Main Zone. More importantly, the accumulation of late-stage intercumulus liquids is believed to be responsible for the formation of the Fe-rich ultramafic pegmatite bodies that interrupt the layered cumulates in borehole SK2
- Description
- Adobe Acrobat 9.53 Paper Capture Plug-in
- Format
- 252 leaves
- Format
- Publisher
- Rhodes University
- Publisher
- Faculty of Science, Geology
- Language
- English
- Rights
- Mitchell, Andrew Alexander
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