A framework for the implementation of e-government as a service delivery mechanism in South Africa: The case of the Eastern Cape Thusong Service Centres
- Authors: Madyibi, Ayanda
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Electronic government information Technological innovations Information technology
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD(Information Systems)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/18908 , vital:42997
- Description: E-government has emerged as an effective means of delivering much-needed online services to the citizens, businesses and other government institutions. This emanates from the advancement of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), the internet and the emerging technologies associated with the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR). E-government has essentially transformed the culture, structure and the way of doing business by public institutions in providing government services. In the past, e-government has been popular in developed countries but recently many developing countries are starting to appreciate the need to implement the initiative. However, the implementation of e-government has various challenges that have been identified through research and include technological, organisational and environmental aspects. Therefore, the researcher was motivated to study e-government to improve the delivery of services to citizens in South Africa. The objective of the research was to develop a framework for the implementation of egovernment as a service delivery mechanism in South Africa. The research process led to the identification of challenges that impact the implementation of e-government by applying an underlying Information Systems (IS) theoretical model, namely the Technology-OrganisationEnvironment (TOE) framework. The review of literature allowed the researcher to construct a conceptual theoretical framework which was then applied to the case study in order to understand the factors affecting the implementation of e-government in South Africa. Qualitative research data was collected using Thusong Service Centres in the Eastern Cape as a case study. Thusong Service Centres are government service centres based in rural communities which are used for the provision of online government services to these communities. The empirical data was collected using 22 respondents from five organisational and user perspectives: (1) State Information Technology Agency (SITA) as an agency of government responsible for ICT in South Africa, (2) the Senior ICT Managers from various National, Provincial and Local government entities, (3) Thusong Service Centre Managers, (4) Thusong Service Centre End-Users and (5) Expert Reviews. Documents that included the National e-Government Strategy, e-Government Policy, National Broadband Policy, ICT Policy White Paper were also consulted as secondary data. The conceptual theoretical framework was then revised based on the empirical evidence using the interpretive exploratory approach and triangulated data. The consolidated data from both the literature review and empirical evidence assisted in closing the gap between e-government implementation theory and practice. A detailed e-government implementation framework was then developed with the critical factors that impact the successful implementation of e- ii | P a g e government. E-government subject experts were also given the mandate to review the interview questions and the framework. The use of this framework was then explained in terms of how it can assist government decision-makers in South Africa for the effective and efficient delivery of services to the citizens. The research study has contributed to the e-government body of knowledge through the identified factors utilising the TOE framework at an organisational level for developing countries like South Africa.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: Madyibi, Ayanda
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Electronic government information Technological innovations Information technology
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD(Information Systems)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/18908 , vital:42997
- Description: E-government has emerged as an effective means of delivering much-needed online services to the citizens, businesses and other government institutions. This emanates from the advancement of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), the internet and the emerging technologies associated with the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR). E-government has essentially transformed the culture, structure and the way of doing business by public institutions in providing government services. In the past, e-government has been popular in developed countries but recently many developing countries are starting to appreciate the need to implement the initiative. However, the implementation of e-government has various challenges that have been identified through research and include technological, organisational and environmental aspects. Therefore, the researcher was motivated to study e-government to improve the delivery of services to citizens in South Africa. The objective of the research was to develop a framework for the implementation of egovernment as a service delivery mechanism in South Africa. The research process led to the identification of challenges that impact the implementation of e-government by applying an underlying Information Systems (IS) theoretical model, namely the Technology-OrganisationEnvironment (TOE) framework. The review of literature allowed the researcher to construct a conceptual theoretical framework which was then applied to the case study in order to understand the factors affecting the implementation of e-government in South Africa. Qualitative research data was collected using Thusong Service Centres in the Eastern Cape as a case study. Thusong Service Centres are government service centres based in rural communities which are used for the provision of online government services to these communities. The empirical data was collected using 22 respondents from five organisational and user perspectives: (1) State Information Technology Agency (SITA) as an agency of government responsible for ICT in South Africa, (2) the Senior ICT Managers from various National, Provincial and Local government entities, (3) Thusong Service Centre Managers, (4) Thusong Service Centre End-Users and (5) Expert Reviews. Documents that included the National e-Government Strategy, e-Government Policy, National Broadband Policy, ICT Policy White Paper were also consulted as secondary data. The conceptual theoretical framework was then revised based on the empirical evidence using the interpretive exploratory approach and triangulated data. The consolidated data from both the literature review and empirical evidence assisted in closing the gap between e-government implementation theory and practice. A detailed e-government implementation framework was then developed with the critical factors that impact the successful implementation of e- ii | P a g e government. E-government subject experts were also given the mandate to review the interview questions and the framework. The use of this framework was then explained in terms of how it can assist government decision-makers in South Africa for the effective and efficient delivery of services to the citizens. The research study has contributed to the e-government body of knowledge through the identified factors utilising the TOE framework at an organisational level for developing countries like South Africa.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
Assessment of phytochemical constituents, antioxidant properties and cytotoxicity potentials of Leonutis leonurus and Boophone disticha extracts used in the management of Alzheimer’s disease in Hogsback, Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Authors: Tonisi, Sipho
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Medicinal plants Alzheimer's disease
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc (Microbiology)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/14726 , vital:40067
- Description: In this present study, the phytochemical compounds, antioxidant activities, and cytotoxicity potentials of solvent extracts (polar solvents) of Leonotis leonurus (L. leonurus) and Boophone disitcha (B. disticha) commonly used in the management of Alzheimer’s diseases in Hogsback, in the Eastern Cape, South Africa were investigated. The phytochemical compounds were determined by standard protocols of Folin–Ciocalteu method, aluminium chloride colorimetric method as well as Mayer’s and Wagner’s method. The antioxidant capabilities were assessed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydrogen peroxide, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and nitric oxide radical scavenging assays. The majority of extracts from both plant species exhibited free radical scavenging potential for oxidants they were tested against viz; DPPH, hydrogen peroxide, ABTS and nitric oxide. They further displayed good reducing potential against ferric iron. The results have shown a concentration-dependent dose of inhibition/scavenging activity (in DPPH, hydrogen peroxide, ABTS and nitric oxide assays) and reducing ability (in ferric reducing assay). However, leaf extracts of L. leonurus displayed ineffective scavenging activity against nitric oxide whereas extracts from L. leonurus flower and B. disticha bulb had higher scavenging potential against the production of nitric oxide radical. The GC-MS profiles of the plants extracts revealed the presence of numerous bioactive compounds that are known to possess excellent anti-inflammatory and most importantly antioxidant properties. Another interesting observation of GC-MS analysis data was the presence of compounds reported to inhibit Acetycholinesterase (AChE), which is a key enzyme targeted in the treatment of Alzheimers’ Disease (AD). The cytotoxicy tests for these extracts were carried out in order to assess the potentential detrimental effects on human health using Alamar Blue assay. It was noted that an increase in the extract concentration of both plant species resulted in a noticeable decline in cell population. These extracts were then declared xix to be quite toxic against HeLa (human cervix adenocarcinoma cells) cells as the cell viability in some extracts was quite low. Hence, toxicity testing of the studied plants’ extracts against normal cells is highly imperative in the future study. The results from this present study scientifically validated the use of the studied plants in folkoric medicine for the management of Alzheimer’s diseases.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Tonisi, Sipho
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Medicinal plants Alzheimer's disease
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc (Microbiology)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/14726 , vital:40067
- Description: In this present study, the phytochemical compounds, antioxidant activities, and cytotoxicity potentials of solvent extracts (polar solvents) of Leonotis leonurus (L. leonurus) and Boophone disitcha (B. disticha) commonly used in the management of Alzheimer’s diseases in Hogsback, in the Eastern Cape, South Africa were investigated. The phytochemical compounds were determined by standard protocols of Folin–Ciocalteu method, aluminium chloride colorimetric method as well as Mayer’s and Wagner’s method. The antioxidant capabilities were assessed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydrogen peroxide, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and nitric oxide radical scavenging assays. The majority of extracts from both plant species exhibited free radical scavenging potential for oxidants they were tested against viz; DPPH, hydrogen peroxide, ABTS and nitric oxide. They further displayed good reducing potential against ferric iron. The results have shown a concentration-dependent dose of inhibition/scavenging activity (in DPPH, hydrogen peroxide, ABTS and nitric oxide assays) and reducing ability (in ferric reducing assay). However, leaf extracts of L. leonurus displayed ineffective scavenging activity against nitric oxide whereas extracts from L. leonurus flower and B. disticha bulb had higher scavenging potential against the production of nitric oxide radical. The GC-MS profiles of the plants extracts revealed the presence of numerous bioactive compounds that are known to possess excellent anti-inflammatory and most importantly antioxidant properties. Another interesting observation of GC-MS analysis data was the presence of compounds reported to inhibit Acetycholinesterase (AChE), which is a key enzyme targeted in the treatment of Alzheimers’ Disease (AD). The cytotoxicy tests for these extracts were carried out in order to assess the potentential detrimental effects on human health using Alamar Blue assay. It was noted that an increase in the extract concentration of both plant species resulted in a noticeable decline in cell population. These extracts were then declared xix to be quite toxic against HeLa (human cervix adenocarcinoma cells) cells as the cell viability in some extracts was quite low. Hence, toxicity testing of the studied plants’ extracts against normal cells is highly imperative in the future study. The results from this present study scientifically validated the use of the studied plants in folkoric medicine for the management of Alzheimer’s diseases.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
Effect of a participatory voter education programme on secondary school students' political knowledge and attitude in Ekiti State, Nigeria
- Authors: Dada, Adekunle Babatunde
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Voting -- Education (Secondary) -- Nigeria Political participation -- Nigeria Education, Secondary -- Nigeria
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/9478 , vital:34355
- Description: Nigeria has been besieged by an array of political, economic and social problems. This became obvious as many Nigerian youths that are said to be future leaders, because of the crucial role played in political and social development of the nation are derailing politically. These young leaders don’t just wake up to become leaders in a day; they need to be empowered and their minds need to be redirected through appropriate civic and electoral education in order for them to be strong enough to play their inevitable roles in sustainable national development and electoral processes. The continuous use of teacher-centered strategies portends retardation in teaching-learning processes; as learning outcomes are largely reduced to mere passing of examination; leaving out the essential knowledge, attitude and practice which are required for enhancing responsible citizenry and active political participation of students. The use of conventional method has also led to poor attitude of students to socio-political issues. This study therefore determined the effect of a Participatory Voter Education Programme on Secondary School Students’ Political Knowledge and Attitude. It also investigated the moderating effects of location and gender on the dependent variables. The pre-test, post-test, control group quasi-experimental design with a 2x2x2 factorial matrix was adopted for the study. One hundred and fifty-four secondary school two students from the three senatorial districts of Ekiti State were randomly selected for the study using multi-stage random sampling and assigned to experimental and control groups. An intact class sample selection was also employed for the study. Seven null hypotheses were generated and tested at 0.05 level of significance. Four instruments were developed. These were Voter Education Concepts (Political) Knowledge Test (VECKT), Voter Education (political) Attitude Test (VEAS) Instructional Guide for the Participatory Teaching Strategy and,Conventional Teaching Method Guide. The study lasted for ten weeks. Data collected were analyzed using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA), Estimated Marginal Means (EMM) and graphs. There was a significant effect of treatment on secondary school students’ political knowledge (F (1,385) = 1026.945; P <0.05). The Secondary school students exposed to the participatory Voter Education programme performed better (X= 29.17) than those exposed to the conventional Method ( X = 6.65). Also there was a significant effect of treatment on Secondary School Students Political Attitude (F (1,385) = 98.970; p < 0.05). Those exposed to participatory Voter Education programme performed better ( X = 63.97) than those in the conventional Method ( X = 56.27). Also, those in the Urban area obtained higher mean Political Knowledge score ( X = 19.78) than those in the rural area ( X = 16.78). While there were no significant main effect of gender on secondary school students’ political knowledge and attitude. The participatory Voter Education programme is effective in impacting Secondary School Students’ political knowledge and attitude. It was, therefore, recommended that the Participatory Voter Education programme be adopted by the Social Studies/ Civic Educators for presenting the political concepts to students in their classroom.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Dada, Adekunle Babatunde
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Voting -- Education (Secondary) -- Nigeria Political participation -- Nigeria Education, Secondary -- Nigeria
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/9478 , vital:34355
- Description: Nigeria has been besieged by an array of political, economic and social problems. This became obvious as many Nigerian youths that are said to be future leaders, because of the crucial role played in political and social development of the nation are derailing politically. These young leaders don’t just wake up to become leaders in a day; they need to be empowered and their minds need to be redirected through appropriate civic and electoral education in order for them to be strong enough to play their inevitable roles in sustainable national development and electoral processes. The continuous use of teacher-centered strategies portends retardation in teaching-learning processes; as learning outcomes are largely reduced to mere passing of examination; leaving out the essential knowledge, attitude and practice which are required for enhancing responsible citizenry and active political participation of students. The use of conventional method has also led to poor attitude of students to socio-political issues. This study therefore determined the effect of a Participatory Voter Education Programme on Secondary School Students’ Political Knowledge and Attitude. It also investigated the moderating effects of location and gender on the dependent variables. The pre-test, post-test, control group quasi-experimental design with a 2x2x2 factorial matrix was adopted for the study. One hundred and fifty-four secondary school two students from the three senatorial districts of Ekiti State were randomly selected for the study using multi-stage random sampling and assigned to experimental and control groups. An intact class sample selection was also employed for the study. Seven null hypotheses were generated and tested at 0.05 level of significance. Four instruments were developed. These were Voter Education Concepts (Political) Knowledge Test (VECKT), Voter Education (political) Attitude Test (VEAS) Instructional Guide for the Participatory Teaching Strategy and,Conventional Teaching Method Guide. The study lasted for ten weeks. Data collected were analyzed using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA), Estimated Marginal Means (EMM) and graphs. There was a significant effect of treatment on secondary school students’ political knowledge (F (1,385) = 1026.945; P <0.05). The Secondary school students exposed to the participatory Voter Education programme performed better (X= 29.17) than those exposed to the conventional Method ( X = 6.65). Also there was a significant effect of treatment on Secondary School Students Political Attitude (F (1,385) = 98.970; p < 0.05). Those exposed to participatory Voter Education programme performed better ( X = 63.97) than those in the conventional Method ( X = 56.27). Also, those in the Urban area obtained higher mean Political Knowledge score ( X = 19.78) than those in the rural area ( X = 16.78). While there were no significant main effect of gender on secondary school students’ political knowledge and attitude. The participatory Voter Education programme is effective in impacting Secondary School Students’ political knowledge and attitude. It was, therefore, recommended that the Participatory Voter Education programme be adopted by the Social Studies/ Civic Educators for presenting the political concepts to students in their classroom.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
An investigation into the mathematics teaching practices of non-isiXhosa-speaking teachers teaching isiXhosa-speaking 3rd Graders through the medium of Afrikaans
- Authors: Knoetze, Susanna
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Mathematics -- Study and teaching (Elementary) -- South Africa -- Grahamstown , Language and education -- South Africa -- Grahamstown , Education, Elementary -- Evaluation -- South Africa -- Grahamstown , Mathematics teachers -- Rating -- South Africa -- Grahamstown , Language arts -- Correlation with content subjects -- South Africa -- Grahamstown , Native language and education -- South Africa -- Grahamstown , Second language acquisition , Xhosa language , Afrikaans language
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: vital:2054 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018910
- Description: There is a considerable body of literature on the challenges faced by learners who speak an African language at home but who are taught through the medium of English. Less research has focused, however, on contexts where isiXhosa-speaking learners have Afrikaans as their Language of Learning and Teaching (LoLT), especially in Foundation Phase classrooms where teachers may not speak their learners’ home language. Such learners face the triple challenge of simultaneously learning a second language, learning to read in that language, and also learning new content and concepts through it. Using a multiple case study design, this investigation explores the mathematics teaching practices of Afrikaans-speaking Grade 3 teachers teaching isiXhosa-speaking learners through the medium of Afrikaans. Separate contextual profiles of the teaching practices of the participating teachers at the three schools are presented. Data were derived from school, classroom, and lesson observations (at least five complete mathematics lessons of each teacher), plus interviews with the teachers and with their school principals. By drawing on Vygotskian sociocultural theory and the interactive model of second language acquisition, this study highlighted the teaching practices of the three teachers as they mediated their learners’ mathematical conceptual development. An inductive data analysis approach was used to isolate recurring themes and patterns. Four main themes were identified: structuring of teaching and learning, facilitating of interaction, language use and implementation of mediating strategies. Analysis of the data shows that all three teachers’ language use displayed high levels of modified input, and high levels of context-embedded support. The levels of scaffolded learner talk were, however, found to be much lower than the levels of teacher talk, especially as far as academic registers were concerned. The teachers’ mediation strategies also displayed high levels of teacher-directed input which, on the whole, did not provide optimal opportunities for learners to develop independent levels of academic discourse. The study highlights the need for further research to inform teacher education and development with regard to more effective support structures to assist teachers with the sorts of challenges outlined above.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
- Authors: Knoetze, Susanna
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Mathematics -- Study and teaching (Elementary) -- South Africa -- Grahamstown , Language and education -- South Africa -- Grahamstown , Education, Elementary -- Evaluation -- South Africa -- Grahamstown , Mathematics teachers -- Rating -- South Africa -- Grahamstown , Language arts -- Correlation with content subjects -- South Africa -- Grahamstown , Native language and education -- South Africa -- Grahamstown , Second language acquisition , Xhosa language , Afrikaans language
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: vital:2054 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018910
- Description: There is a considerable body of literature on the challenges faced by learners who speak an African language at home but who are taught through the medium of English. Less research has focused, however, on contexts where isiXhosa-speaking learners have Afrikaans as their Language of Learning and Teaching (LoLT), especially in Foundation Phase classrooms where teachers may not speak their learners’ home language. Such learners face the triple challenge of simultaneously learning a second language, learning to read in that language, and also learning new content and concepts through it. Using a multiple case study design, this investigation explores the mathematics teaching practices of Afrikaans-speaking Grade 3 teachers teaching isiXhosa-speaking learners through the medium of Afrikaans. Separate contextual profiles of the teaching practices of the participating teachers at the three schools are presented. Data were derived from school, classroom, and lesson observations (at least five complete mathematics lessons of each teacher), plus interviews with the teachers and with their school principals. By drawing on Vygotskian sociocultural theory and the interactive model of second language acquisition, this study highlighted the teaching practices of the three teachers as they mediated their learners’ mathematical conceptual development. An inductive data analysis approach was used to isolate recurring themes and patterns. Four main themes were identified: structuring of teaching and learning, facilitating of interaction, language use and implementation of mediating strategies. Analysis of the data shows that all three teachers’ language use displayed high levels of modified input, and high levels of context-embedded support. The levels of scaffolded learner talk were, however, found to be much lower than the levels of teacher talk, especially as far as academic registers were concerned. The teachers’ mediation strategies also displayed high levels of teacher-directed input which, on the whole, did not provide optimal opportunities for learners to develop independent levels of academic discourse. The study highlights the need for further research to inform teacher education and development with regard to more effective support structures to assist teachers with the sorts of challenges outlined above.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
Monitoring and evaluation indicators of the HIV & AIDS programme in Grahamstown's public sector health care system
- Authors: Mahasele, Phehello Anthony
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: AIDS (Disease) -- Patients -- Services for -- South Africa -- Grahamstown -- Evaluation HIV-positive persons -- Services for -- South Africa -- Grahamstown -- Evaluation Public health -- South Africa -- Grahamstown -- Evaluation Antiretroviral agents -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPharm
- Identifier: vital:3770 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003248
- Description: South Africa is one of the countries hardest hit with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) epidemic. In response to the epidemic, the South African government adopted the Comprehensive HIV & AIDS Care, Management and Treatment programme strategic plan (CCMT) in 2000 (1) and developed the Operational Plan for CCMT for antiretroviral therapy rollout in 2003 (2). In order to monitor the progress of the implementation of CCMT, the National Department of Health (NDOH) adopted the Monitoring and Evaluation (M & E) framework in 2004 (3). The aim of this study was to assess the HIV & AIDS programme in Grahamstown‘s public sector health care system by using the national M & E indicators of the HIV & AIDS programme. The national M & E framework was used as the data collection tool and available information was collected from various sources such as the District Health Office (DHO), Primary Health Care (PHC) office, accredited antiretroviral sites and the provincial pharmaceutical depot. Group interviews were conducted with key stakeholder health care professionals at the District Health Office, Primary Health Care office, Settlers Hospital and the provincial Department of Health personnel. A one-on-one interview was conducted with the Deputy Director of HIV & AIDS Directorate, monitoring and evaluation in the National Department of Health. Available indicators such as budget and expenditure including antiretroviral procurement; human resources; nutrition-related indicators; prevention care and treatment indicators were collected. A group interview was conducted to document current practices, or where there was a lack of documentation, for indicators such as traditional medicines and pharmacovigilance. Most of the national M & E indicators are not required to be collected or collated by the district because the reporting format designed by the provincial Department of Health is different. Facilities, districts and provinces in South Africa are at different levels of implementation of the antiretroviral programme and hence a common format of the M & E indicators is not used by all provinces. Uniform data collection is not achieved due to human resources‘ constraints and other challenges such as continued use of manual reporting systems by the clinics. Districts are expected to report according to the formats drawn up by the provincial Department of Health (DOH) and there is a lack of awareness regarding the national M & E document amongst the Grahamstown Health Care Professionals. There is a need for training on the use of the M & E national framework so that the HCPs at the primary and secondary levels of the health care system are proficient with the process of M & E, and can provide inputs as well as take ownership of the process. The establishment of an M & E unit in Grahamstown is essential so that data collection and submission of the HIV & AIDS programme in the public sector according to the National M & E framework is addressed. However, despite all constraints and challenges in the public sector health care system in Grahamstown, available human and financial resources are being used effectively to maintain the HIV & AIDS programme.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Mahasele, Phehello Anthony
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: AIDS (Disease) -- Patients -- Services for -- South Africa -- Grahamstown -- Evaluation HIV-positive persons -- Services for -- South Africa -- Grahamstown -- Evaluation Public health -- South Africa -- Grahamstown -- Evaluation Antiretroviral agents -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPharm
- Identifier: vital:3770 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003248
- Description: South Africa is one of the countries hardest hit with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) epidemic. In response to the epidemic, the South African government adopted the Comprehensive HIV & AIDS Care, Management and Treatment programme strategic plan (CCMT) in 2000 (1) and developed the Operational Plan for CCMT for antiretroviral therapy rollout in 2003 (2). In order to monitor the progress of the implementation of CCMT, the National Department of Health (NDOH) adopted the Monitoring and Evaluation (M & E) framework in 2004 (3). The aim of this study was to assess the HIV & AIDS programme in Grahamstown‘s public sector health care system by using the national M & E indicators of the HIV & AIDS programme. The national M & E framework was used as the data collection tool and available information was collected from various sources such as the District Health Office (DHO), Primary Health Care (PHC) office, accredited antiretroviral sites and the provincial pharmaceutical depot. Group interviews were conducted with key stakeholder health care professionals at the District Health Office, Primary Health Care office, Settlers Hospital and the provincial Department of Health personnel. A one-on-one interview was conducted with the Deputy Director of HIV & AIDS Directorate, monitoring and evaluation in the National Department of Health. Available indicators such as budget and expenditure including antiretroviral procurement; human resources; nutrition-related indicators; prevention care and treatment indicators were collected. A group interview was conducted to document current practices, or where there was a lack of documentation, for indicators such as traditional medicines and pharmacovigilance. Most of the national M & E indicators are not required to be collected or collated by the district because the reporting format designed by the provincial Department of Health is different. Facilities, districts and provinces in South Africa are at different levels of implementation of the antiretroviral programme and hence a common format of the M & E indicators is not used by all provinces. Uniform data collection is not achieved due to human resources‘ constraints and other challenges such as continued use of manual reporting systems by the clinics. Districts are expected to report according to the formats drawn up by the provincial Department of Health (DOH) and there is a lack of awareness regarding the national M & E document amongst the Grahamstown Health Care Professionals. There is a need for training on the use of the M & E national framework so that the HCPs at the primary and secondary levels of the health care system are proficient with the process of M & E, and can provide inputs as well as take ownership of the process. The establishment of an M & E unit in Grahamstown is essential so that data collection and submission of the HIV & AIDS programme in the public sector according to the National M & E framework is addressed. However, despite all constraints and challenges in the public sector health care system in Grahamstown, available human and financial resources are being used effectively to maintain the HIV & AIDS programme.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
Photophysical and photochemical studies of non-transition metal phthalocyanine derivatives
- Ogunsipe, Abimbola Olukayode
- Authors: Ogunsipe, Abimbola Olukayode
- Date: 2005
- Subjects: Photochemotherapy Phthalocyanines Spectrum analysis
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:4445 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007721
- Description: A detailed photophysicochemical study of some non-transition metal (AI, Zn, Si, Ge, and Sn) metallophthalocyanine (MPc) derivatives is presented. The effects of substituents, central metal ions and solvents on the photophysical and photochemical properties are investigated and rationalized accordingly. The presence of peripheral substituents on the macrocycle enhances the yield of the triplet state. Near infra-red absorptions of the solvents reveal that solvents which absorb around 1100 nm and around 1270 nm, quench the triplet state of the MPc derivative and singlet oxygen, respectively. Although water has a high singlet oxygen quenching effect, the singlet oxygen quantum yield (Φ∆) value for sulphonated zinc phthalocyanine in water is still reasonably high at 0.48, which may provide an explanation for the efficient photosensitization by this molecule in photodynamic studies. The lowering of Φ∆ following protonation of the MPc macrocycle is attributed to the lowering of triplet energy to the level where energy transfer to ground state oxygen is no longer favourable. MPc inclusion complexes with cyclodextrins showed larger Φ∆ values when compared to the complexes before inclusion. Job's plots show that 2:1 and 4:1 (CD:MPc) complexes may be formed. Fluorescence quenching by electron donors and acceptors were analysed by StemVolmer relationship and the results used in determining fluorescence lifetimes of the complexes. Qualitative and quantitative interpretations of the interaction of sulphonated MPcs with bovine serum albumin (BSA) are provided in this thesis. 1:1 adducts were formed with BSA, but the binding feasibilities varied markedly. Spectral, photophysical and photochemical properties of the complexes are altered in the presence of BSA.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2005
- Authors: Ogunsipe, Abimbola Olukayode
- Date: 2005
- Subjects: Photochemotherapy Phthalocyanines Spectrum analysis
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:4445 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007721
- Description: A detailed photophysicochemical study of some non-transition metal (AI, Zn, Si, Ge, and Sn) metallophthalocyanine (MPc) derivatives is presented. The effects of substituents, central metal ions and solvents on the photophysical and photochemical properties are investigated and rationalized accordingly. The presence of peripheral substituents on the macrocycle enhances the yield of the triplet state. Near infra-red absorptions of the solvents reveal that solvents which absorb around 1100 nm and around 1270 nm, quench the triplet state of the MPc derivative and singlet oxygen, respectively. Although water has a high singlet oxygen quenching effect, the singlet oxygen quantum yield (Φ∆) value for sulphonated zinc phthalocyanine in water is still reasonably high at 0.48, which may provide an explanation for the efficient photosensitization by this molecule in photodynamic studies. The lowering of Φ∆ following protonation of the MPc macrocycle is attributed to the lowering of triplet energy to the level where energy transfer to ground state oxygen is no longer favourable. MPc inclusion complexes with cyclodextrins showed larger Φ∆ values when compared to the complexes before inclusion. Job's plots show that 2:1 and 4:1 (CD:MPc) complexes may be formed. Fluorescence quenching by electron donors and acceptors were analysed by StemVolmer relationship and the results used in determining fluorescence lifetimes of the complexes. Qualitative and quantitative interpretations of the interaction of sulphonated MPcs with bovine serum albumin (BSA) are provided in this thesis. 1:1 adducts were formed with BSA, but the binding feasibilities varied markedly. Spectral, photophysical and photochemical properties of the complexes are altered in the presence of BSA.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2005
The biophysical dynamics of the Lower Shire River Floodplain fisheries in Malawi
- Authors: Chimatiro, Sloans Kalumba
- Date: 2005
- Subjects: Shire River Valley (Malawi and Mozambique) Fisheries -- Malawi
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:5243 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005086
- Description: Fishes of African floodplains typically comprise populations having short life cycles, relatively few age groups, more generalised feeding behaviour, and which experience spawning success that is strongly influenced by abiotic factors such as hydrological regime of the river, climatic seasonality and habitat characteristics. In addition, African river-floodplain ecosystems do not have appropriate predictive models for estimating yield in these ecosystems. While most predictive models developed to date for floodplain fisheries have taken into account morpho-edaphic factors, they have generally excluded climatic factors as a mega-determinant of the variability of floodplain fisheries. The principle aim of this thesis has been to develop a predictive management model that incorporates data on essential biological aspects of the target species, characteristics of the habitat as well as overall climatic factors, and thus allow for adaptive management of the fisheries in a continuously fluctuating floodplain environment. Lower Shire Floodplain (34 ⁰ 45’ – 35 ⁰ E and 16 ⁰ 00’-17 ⁰ 15’ S) in Malawi, one of the major rivers-floodplains in the Zambezi Basin, was used to test this type of model. The major hypothesis tested in this study was that “the dynamics of the fishery of Lower Shire Floodplain are driven by and adapted to the seasonal, but predictable, hydro-climatic regime of the floodplain”. The specific objectives were: to describe the floodplain’s climate and hydrological pattern; to develop a quantitative characterisation of the major habitats of the Lower Shire Floodplain; to assess the fishery in terms of size, gear utilisation, gear selectivity and yield; to assess the biological parameters of the target species, necessary for the management of the fishery; to analyse how water fluctuation in the floodplain affects the recruitment and life history of the two target species; and to develop of a predictive hydro-climatic model to benefit the management of the fisheries. The climate of the floodplain was characterised by low (765 ± 198 mm) and fairly variable (Cv = 27%) rainfall, which largely occurred between December and January. The area was generally humid (mean RH 68%), with mild to hot (25- 33ºC) and variable monthly mean diurnal (12ºC) temperature. Four quarterly hydro-climatic seasons were identified and comprised: Quarter 1 (Jul-Sep) characterised by hot, dry weather with a low flood regime; Quarter 2 (Oct-Dec) hot, windy, wet weather with low-but-rising flood regime; Quarter 3 (Jan-Mar) hot humid, wet weather with the flood regime at peak; and Quarter 4 (Apr-Jun) humid and cool weather with receding flood regime. The annual hydrograph of the floodplain was represented by four categories of flood regime as: low (Jul-Sept), low-but-rising (Oct-Dec), peak (Jan- Mar), and falling (Apr-Jun). The floodplain experienced a water deficit of 95.1 mm.year⁻¹, and it was hypothesised that ground water recharge maintained water in the floodplain the rest of the year. Three major habitats were identified in the floodplain. The river-floodplain, characterised by deep fast-flowing water, sandy substrate and little emergent vegetation; the permanently connected lagoons, were shallow (≤ 2 m) with sandymud bottom and slow flowing water; and the seasonally connected lagoons had slowflowing stagnant water, with comparatively more emergent and floating vegetation. Physicochemical characteristics of the habitats varied significantly with hydroclimatic seasons (one-way ANOVA, p ≤ 0.05), indicating the influence of flood regime, which joined the habitats in a non-equilibrial spatial distribution. Consequently, during receding and low flood regimes river-floodplain and permanently connected lagoons exhibited similar characteristics while all three habitats had similar characteristics during the rising and peak flood regimes. It was, therefore, concluded that in floodplains, habitats shift horizontally and vertically according to the water level. Gill nets, cast nets, long line, and fish traps accounted for 99% of the total count of gears, and hence considered the major fishing sectors. Two principal species in the floodplain were the catfish Clarias gariepinus and the cichlid Oreochromis mossambicus. Length-at-maximum-selectivity (ø) and length-at-50%-sexual-maturity (Lm₅₀) for each of the two species showed that although they were selected into the four fishing sectors at lengths above maturity, maximum selectivity into the long line occurred at a length before maturity for O. mossambicus. In addition, the width of the gamma selectivity function (σ) indicated that a considerable proportion of juveniles of the two species were also selected. Therefore, it was decided that management for the floodplain be centred on controlling over-fishing and preserving the spawner stock, by banning seine and mosquito nets, and closing river-floodplain and permanently connected lagoons to fishing during the low flood regime. There were significant seasonal variations in CPUE, lowest in the low flood, and highest during the peak flood regime. Sectioned otoliths were used to determine the age and growth of the two principal species in the floodplain. Marginal zone analysis revealed that annulus formation in all the species occurred during the period of low air and water temperatures, high evaporation and receding water levels, hence a high rate of desiccation and negative water budget. For O. mossambicus, maximum age reached was 6 years while in C. gariepinus it was 9 years. The 3-parameter von Bertalanffy growth model adequately described growth as lt = 177.6(1-e⁻·⁴⁴⁽t ⁺ ¹·⁴³⁾) mm TL for O. mossambicus and lt = 502.9(1-e⁻°·³¹⁽t ⁺ ¹·⁹²⁾) mm TL for C. gariepinus. Female O. mossambicus reached 50%-sexual-maturity at 109 mm SL, while males matured at 105 mm, and both male and female C. gariepinus reached Lm₅₀ at 249 mm SL. The breeding seasons of both O. mossambicus and Clarias gariepinus were between September and March, with modal peaks in January and November, respectively. The annual total mortality rates (Z) were 0.62 ± 0.18 yr⁻¹ for O. mossambicus and 0.93 ± 0.47 yr⁻¹ for C. gariepinus. The mean empirical estimates of natural mortality (M) were 0.46 yr⁻¹ for O. mossambicus and 0.50 year⁻¹ for C. gariepinus, and fishing mortality (F) was calculated as 0.16 yr⁻¹ for O. mossambicus and 0.43 yr⁻¹ for C. gariepinus. The overall exploitation level (Z/K) was 1.41 for O. mossambicus and 3.01 for C. gariepinus. Given that the Z/K ratio was >1, it was asserted that both O. mossambicus and C. gariepinus were mortality-dominated and fairly heavily exploited. However, potential for sustainable exploitation existed since both species showed signs of resilience due short longevity and high rate of natural mortality. Given the limitation of simple exponential models of fish mortality and growth under the situation of seasonal fluctuation of water levels, a simple predictive hydroclimatic- fisheries model was developed. The model predicted the life-history and production parameters fairly accurately (0.53 ≤ r² ≥ 0.98, p ≤ 0.05), and showed that environmental and biological events in the floodplain significantly (0.43 ≤ r² ≥ 0.91, p ≤ 0.05) followed the periodic function of time (day-of-the-year), hence, strongly seasonal. In addition, the flood-pulse preceded all the major biological events, with predicted phase lags established at 55.6º for peak flood, 157.2º, 260.1º, 334.6º and 341.4º for condition factor for O. mossambicus, recruitment, spawning period for O. mossambicus and C. gariepinus, respectively. Therefore, it was recommended that water obstruction on the Shire River must ensure sufficient water flow during the peak flood and spawning period to allow flooding and inundation of the floodplain in order to create habitat favourable for spawning and feeding as well as improve recruitment.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2005
- Authors: Chimatiro, Sloans Kalumba
- Date: 2005
- Subjects: Shire River Valley (Malawi and Mozambique) Fisheries -- Malawi
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:5243 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005086
- Description: Fishes of African floodplains typically comprise populations having short life cycles, relatively few age groups, more generalised feeding behaviour, and which experience spawning success that is strongly influenced by abiotic factors such as hydrological regime of the river, climatic seasonality and habitat characteristics. In addition, African river-floodplain ecosystems do not have appropriate predictive models for estimating yield in these ecosystems. While most predictive models developed to date for floodplain fisheries have taken into account morpho-edaphic factors, they have generally excluded climatic factors as a mega-determinant of the variability of floodplain fisheries. The principle aim of this thesis has been to develop a predictive management model that incorporates data on essential biological aspects of the target species, characteristics of the habitat as well as overall climatic factors, and thus allow for adaptive management of the fisheries in a continuously fluctuating floodplain environment. Lower Shire Floodplain (34 ⁰ 45’ – 35 ⁰ E and 16 ⁰ 00’-17 ⁰ 15’ S) in Malawi, one of the major rivers-floodplains in the Zambezi Basin, was used to test this type of model. The major hypothesis tested in this study was that “the dynamics of the fishery of Lower Shire Floodplain are driven by and adapted to the seasonal, but predictable, hydro-climatic regime of the floodplain”. The specific objectives were: to describe the floodplain’s climate and hydrological pattern; to develop a quantitative characterisation of the major habitats of the Lower Shire Floodplain; to assess the fishery in terms of size, gear utilisation, gear selectivity and yield; to assess the biological parameters of the target species, necessary for the management of the fishery; to analyse how water fluctuation in the floodplain affects the recruitment and life history of the two target species; and to develop of a predictive hydro-climatic model to benefit the management of the fisheries. The climate of the floodplain was characterised by low (765 ± 198 mm) and fairly variable (Cv = 27%) rainfall, which largely occurred between December and January. The area was generally humid (mean RH 68%), with mild to hot (25- 33ºC) and variable monthly mean diurnal (12ºC) temperature. Four quarterly hydro-climatic seasons were identified and comprised: Quarter 1 (Jul-Sep) characterised by hot, dry weather with a low flood regime; Quarter 2 (Oct-Dec) hot, windy, wet weather with low-but-rising flood regime; Quarter 3 (Jan-Mar) hot humid, wet weather with the flood regime at peak; and Quarter 4 (Apr-Jun) humid and cool weather with receding flood regime. The annual hydrograph of the floodplain was represented by four categories of flood regime as: low (Jul-Sept), low-but-rising (Oct-Dec), peak (Jan- Mar), and falling (Apr-Jun). The floodplain experienced a water deficit of 95.1 mm.year⁻¹, and it was hypothesised that ground water recharge maintained water in the floodplain the rest of the year. Three major habitats were identified in the floodplain. The river-floodplain, characterised by deep fast-flowing water, sandy substrate and little emergent vegetation; the permanently connected lagoons, were shallow (≤ 2 m) with sandymud bottom and slow flowing water; and the seasonally connected lagoons had slowflowing stagnant water, with comparatively more emergent and floating vegetation. Physicochemical characteristics of the habitats varied significantly with hydroclimatic seasons (one-way ANOVA, p ≤ 0.05), indicating the influence of flood regime, which joined the habitats in a non-equilibrial spatial distribution. Consequently, during receding and low flood regimes river-floodplain and permanently connected lagoons exhibited similar characteristics while all three habitats had similar characteristics during the rising and peak flood regimes. It was, therefore, concluded that in floodplains, habitats shift horizontally and vertically according to the water level. Gill nets, cast nets, long line, and fish traps accounted for 99% of the total count of gears, and hence considered the major fishing sectors. Two principal species in the floodplain were the catfish Clarias gariepinus and the cichlid Oreochromis mossambicus. Length-at-maximum-selectivity (ø) and length-at-50%-sexual-maturity (Lm₅₀) for each of the two species showed that although they were selected into the four fishing sectors at lengths above maturity, maximum selectivity into the long line occurred at a length before maturity for O. mossambicus. In addition, the width of the gamma selectivity function (σ) indicated that a considerable proportion of juveniles of the two species were also selected. Therefore, it was decided that management for the floodplain be centred on controlling over-fishing and preserving the spawner stock, by banning seine and mosquito nets, and closing river-floodplain and permanently connected lagoons to fishing during the low flood regime. There were significant seasonal variations in CPUE, lowest in the low flood, and highest during the peak flood regime. Sectioned otoliths were used to determine the age and growth of the two principal species in the floodplain. Marginal zone analysis revealed that annulus formation in all the species occurred during the period of low air and water temperatures, high evaporation and receding water levels, hence a high rate of desiccation and negative water budget. For O. mossambicus, maximum age reached was 6 years while in C. gariepinus it was 9 years. The 3-parameter von Bertalanffy growth model adequately described growth as lt = 177.6(1-e⁻·⁴⁴⁽t ⁺ ¹·⁴³⁾) mm TL for O. mossambicus and lt = 502.9(1-e⁻°·³¹⁽t ⁺ ¹·⁹²⁾) mm TL for C. gariepinus. Female O. mossambicus reached 50%-sexual-maturity at 109 mm SL, while males matured at 105 mm, and both male and female C. gariepinus reached Lm₅₀ at 249 mm SL. The breeding seasons of both O. mossambicus and Clarias gariepinus were between September and March, with modal peaks in January and November, respectively. The annual total mortality rates (Z) were 0.62 ± 0.18 yr⁻¹ for O. mossambicus and 0.93 ± 0.47 yr⁻¹ for C. gariepinus. The mean empirical estimates of natural mortality (M) were 0.46 yr⁻¹ for O. mossambicus and 0.50 year⁻¹ for C. gariepinus, and fishing mortality (F) was calculated as 0.16 yr⁻¹ for O. mossambicus and 0.43 yr⁻¹ for C. gariepinus. The overall exploitation level (Z/K) was 1.41 for O. mossambicus and 3.01 for C. gariepinus. Given that the Z/K ratio was >1, it was asserted that both O. mossambicus and C. gariepinus were mortality-dominated and fairly heavily exploited. However, potential for sustainable exploitation existed since both species showed signs of resilience due short longevity and high rate of natural mortality. Given the limitation of simple exponential models of fish mortality and growth under the situation of seasonal fluctuation of water levels, a simple predictive hydroclimatic- fisheries model was developed. The model predicted the life-history and production parameters fairly accurately (0.53 ≤ r² ≥ 0.98, p ≤ 0.05), and showed that environmental and biological events in the floodplain significantly (0.43 ≤ r² ≥ 0.91, p ≤ 0.05) followed the periodic function of time (day-of-the-year), hence, strongly seasonal. In addition, the flood-pulse preceded all the major biological events, with predicted phase lags established at 55.6º for peak flood, 157.2º, 260.1º, 334.6º and 341.4º for condition factor for O. mossambicus, recruitment, spawning period for O. mossambicus and C. gariepinus, respectively. Therefore, it was recommended that water obstruction on the Shire River must ensure sufficient water flow during the peak flood and spawning period to allow flooding and inundation of the floodplain in order to create habitat favourable for spawning and feeding as well as improve recruitment.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2005
Detection of neurotransmitters using metallophthalocyanines as electrocatalysts
- Authors: Oni, Joshua Idowu
- Date: 2002
- Subjects: Neurotransmitters Electrochemistry
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:4435 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007470
- Description: Some metallophthalocyanine complexes were synthesized and their catalytic activities towards the detection and quantification of the neurotransmitters dopamine, serotonin and histamine were investigated. The study of the possible interaction between these transmitter substances and the metallophthalocyanine complexes was undertaken. Dopamine, serotonin and histamine formed complexes with Iron (II) tetrasulfophthalocyanine. The rate and equilibrium constants obtained for the coordination are in the range of values reported in the literature for ligand coordination to iron phthalocyanine complexes. Carbon paste electrodes of millimetric diameters modified with Iron (II) tetrasulfophthalocyanine exhibited good electro catalytic activity towards the detection and analysis of dopamine and serotonin while at the same time eliminated the problem of interference posed by ascorbic acid in the electrochemical analysis of neurotransmitters. A detection limit of the order of 10-6 mol dm-3 was obtained for both dopamine and serotonin at the modified electrodes. Carbon paste ultra micro electrodes modified with iron (II) tetrasulfophthalocyanine were also used for the detection of dopamine and serotonin as well as the simultaneous determination of dopamine and ascorbic acid in a mixture. The detection limit obtained for dopamine at the ultra microelectrode was 4.2xlO-7 mol dm-3 The electrode kinetics of vitamin BI as well as the stability of the electrode towards its determination was improved upon by modifying carbon paste electrodes with manganese phthalocyanine. The modified electrodes were used for the analysis of vitamin BI in tablets.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2002
- Authors: Oni, Joshua Idowu
- Date: 2002
- Subjects: Neurotransmitters Electrochemistry
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:4435 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007470
- Description: Some metallophthalocyanine complexes were synthesized and their catalytic activities towards the detection and quantification of the neurotransmitters dopamine, serotonin and histamine were investigated. The study of the possible interaction between these transmitter substances and the metallophthalocyanine complexes was undertaken. Dopamine, serotonin and histamine formed complexes with Iron (II) tetrasulfophthalocyanine. The rate and equilibrium constants obtained for the coordination are in the range of values reported in the literature for ligand coordination to iron phthalocyanine complexes. Carbon paste electrodes of millimetric diameters modified with Iron (II) tetrasulfophthalocyanine exhibited good electro catalytic activity towards the detection and analysis of dopamine and serotonin while at the same time eliminated the problem of interference posed by ascorbic acid in the electrochemical analysis of neurotransmitters. A detection limit of the order of 10-6 mol dm-3 was obtained for both dopamine and serotonin at the modified electrodes. Carbon paste ultra micro electrodes modified with iron (II) tetrasulfophthalocyanine were also used for the detection of dopamine and serotonin as well as the simultaneous determination of dopamine and ascorbic acid in a mixture. The detection limit obtained for dopamine at the ultra microelectrode was 4.2xlO-7 mol dm-3 The electrode kinetics of vitamin BI as well as the stability of the electrode towards its determination was improved upon by modifying carbon paste electrodes with manganese phthalocyanine. The modified electrodes were used for the analysis of vitamin BI in tablets.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2002
Censorship of the press in South Africa during the Angolan War: a case study of news manipulation and suppression
- Authors: Addison, Graeme
- Date: 1982
- Subjects: Mass media -- Censorship -- South Africa Censorship -- South Africa Mass media -- Censorship -- South Africa Government and the press -- South Africa Freedom of the press -- South Africa Angola -- History -- Civil War, 1975-2002 Angola -- History -- South African Invasion, 1975-1976
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:3495 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003058
- Description: During the Angolan War of 1975-6, whilst South African troops were actively engaged on the side of the Unita/FNLA alliance, news media in South Africa were prohibited from disclosing information about the country's role in the war. Under Section 118 of the Defence Amendment Act of 1967, no information about SA troop movements or plans could be published without the permission of the Minister of Defence or his nominees. This case study shows how the Government used the Defence Act to censor certain news while releasing other news which suited its political outlook and objectives. The study documents the history of the Defence Act and of the military-press liaison machinery which grew out of it. The introduction defines propaganda as a technique of ideological control designed to supplement the control of society by means of repression. The study sets in context the Government's propaganda strategy before, during and after the Angolan War, arguing that the structures of white domination, including the newspaper industry, are being drawn into the Government's scheme of total co-ordination to fight a total war.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1982
- Authors: Addison, Graeme
- Date: 1982
- Subjects: Mass media -- Censorship -- South Africa Censorship -- South Africa Mass media -- Censorship -- South Africa Government and the press -- South Africa Freedom of the press -- South Africa Angola -- History -- Civil War, 1975-2002 Angola -- History -- South African Invasion, 1975-1976
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:3495 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003058
- Description: During the Angolan War of 1975-6, whilst South African troops were actively engaged on the side of the Unita/FNLA alliance, news media in South Africa were prohibited from disclosing information about the country's role in the war. Under Section 118 of the Defence Amendment Act of 1967, no information about SA troop movements or plans could be published without the permission of the Minister of Defence or his nominees. This case study shows how the Government used the Defence Act to censor certain news while releasing other news which suited its political outlook and objectives. The study documents the history of the Defence Act and of the military-press liaison machinery which grew out of it. The introduction defines propaganda as a technique of ideological control designed to supplement the control of society by means of repression. The study sets in context the Government's propaganda strategy before, during and after the Angolan War, arguing that the structures of white domination, including the newspaper industry, are being drawn into the Government's scheme of total co-ordination to fight a total war.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1982
Die stedelike informele sektor in die volkshuishouding van die Ciskei
- Authors: Jacobs, François Alwyn
- Date: 1981
- Subjects: Community development -- South Africa -- Ciskei , Urban policy -- South Africa -- Ciskei , Ciskei (South Africa) -- Economic conditions
- Language: Afrikaans
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: vital:1054 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006876 , Community development -- South Africa -- Ciskei , Urban policy -- South Africa -- Ciskei , Ciskei (South Africa) -- Economic conditions
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1981
- Authors: Jacobs, François Alwyn
- Date: 1981
- Subjects: Community development -- South Africa -- Ciskei , Urban policy -- South Africa -- Ciskei , Ciskei (South Africa) -- Economic conditions
- Language: Afrikaans
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: vital:1054 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006876 , Community development -- South Africa -- Ciskei , Urban policy -- South Africa -- Ciskei , Ciskei (South Africa) -- Economic conditions
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1981
A contribution to the biology of Pseudodiaptomus hessei (Mrázek) (Copepoda : Calanoida) in Lake Sibaya, South Africa
- Authors: Hart, Robert Clynton
- Date: 1974
- Subjects: Copepoda -- South Africa Freshwater biology -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:5854 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1012210
- Description: Aspects of the biology of the calanoid copepod Pseudodiaptomus hessei are described, with particular reference to its vertical migratory behaviour. The present investigations were carried out largely by means of Nansen-type plankton nets, but several new pieces of apparatus were developed and. are described herein. The daytime vertical distribution of P. hessei varies according to developmental stage and depth of water. In shallow areas of the lake the entire population is benthic or in very close association with the lake bed. In the deepest part of the lake (40m) the naupliar and early (i.e. C I - C III) copepodite stages are essentially pelagic, but the adult and late (i.e. C IV - C V) copepodite stages are predominantly benthic and may be quiescent or infaunal. During the hours of darkness, the calanoids are distributed through the water column. The nauplii are consistently abundant in the surface waters but the distribution of the other stages is not regular. The distribution can be related to lunar intensity in many cases, with the post-naupliar stages frequently occurring deeper in the water column on bright moonlight nights and in the surface waters on overcast moolnless nights. The dusk ascent and dawn descent of the calenoids is clearly related to changes in light penetration in most individuals. The movements of a fraction of the adults occur in the apparent absence of adequate light cues. This behaviour is shown more extensively by the adult females. An endogenous activity rhythm has been shown in the species under laboratory conditions and it is suggested that this may play a part in the migratory movements. A basic examination of the feeding methods, feeding appendages and food sources of adult and late copepodite stages has been made. Changes in feeding intensity through twenty-four have been examined in the field and under laboratory conditions. Using as an index of feeding intensity, the proportion of animals with food in their guts, it has been shown that a pronounced diel difference occurs in adult calanoids in the lake. Feeding is almost entirely restricted to the nocturnal presence of the calanoids in the water coloumn. This difference exists in the pre-adult copepodite stages, but is not nearly as striking. The absence of feeding during daylight is not readily accounted for in terms of food availability and it is attributed to the quiescent or possible infaunal existence of the adults. A periodicity in egg hatching has been shown Naupliar release from the parental egg sac is predominantly a nocturnal phenomenon in the hot and cool seasons. It is suggested that this may be important in attaining a favourable vertical distritution for the nauplii, and may be important in the distribution of the species. A preliminary acccunt of the seasonal cycle and population dynamics of P. hessei is given, based on data collected over two years at a single station. Seasonal changes in calanoid abundance are intermediate between those recorded in truly tropical areas and in temperate latitudes. Potential food sources show relatively little change. The vertical migration of P. hessei is considered in relation to its apparent ecological significance and comparisons are drawn with observations made on the same species or other pseudodiaptomids in estuaries and lagoons elsewhere.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1974
- Authors: Hart, Robert Clynton
- Date: 1974
- Subjects: Copepoda -- South Africa Freshwater biology -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:5854 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1012210
- Description: Aspects of the biology of the calanoid copepod Pseudodiaptomus hessei are described, with particular reference to its vertical migratory behaviour. The present investigations were carried out largely by means of Nansen-type plankton nets, but several new pieces of apparatus were developed and. are described herein. The daytime vertical distribution of P. hessei varies according to developmental stage and depth of water. In shallow areas of the lake the entire population is benthic or in very close association with the lake bed. In the deepest part of the lake (40m) the naupliar and early (i.e. C I - C III) copepodite stages are essentially pelagic, but the adult and late (i.e. C IV - C V) copepodite stages are predominantly benthic and may be quiescent or infaunal. During the hours of darkness, the calanoids are distributed through the water column. The nauplii are consistently abundant in the surface waters but the distribution of the other stages is not regular. The distribution can be related to lunar intensity in many cases, with the post-naupliar stages frequently occurring deeper in the water column on bright moonlight nights and in the surface waters on overcast moolnless nights. The dusk ascent and dawn descent of the calenoids is clearly related to changes in light penetration in most individuals. The movements of a fraction of the adults occur in the apparent absence of adequate light cues. This behaviour is shown more extensively by the adult females. An endogenous activity rhythm has been shown in the species under laboratory conditions and it is suggested that this may play a part in the migratory movements. A basic examination of the feeding methods, feeding appendages and food sources of adult and late copepodite stages has been made. Changes in feeding intensity through twenty-four have been examined in the field and under laboratory conditions. Using as an index of feeding intensity, the proportion of animals with food in their guts, it has been shown that a pronounced diel difference occurs in adult calanoids in the lake. Feeding is almost entirely restricted to the nocturnal presence of the calanoids in the water coloumn. This difference exists in the pre-adult copepodite stages, but is not nearly as striking. The absence of feeding during daylight is not readily accounted for in terms of food availability and it is attributed to the quiescent or possible infaunal existence of the adults. A periodicity in egg hatching has been shown Naupliar release from the parental egg sac is predominantly a nocturnal phenomenon in the hot and cool seasons. It is suggested that this may be important in attaining a favourable vertical distritution for the nauplii, and may be important in the distribution of the species. A preliminary acccunt of the seasonal cycle and population dynamics of P. hessei is given, based on data collected over two years at a single station. Seasonal changes in calanoid abundance are intermediate between those recorded in truly tropical areas and in temperate latitudes. Potential food sources show relatively little change. The vertical migration of P. hessei is considered in relation to its apparent ecological significance and comparisons are drawn with observations made on the same species or other pseudodiaptomids in estuaries and lagoons elsewhere.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1974
Studies in Gusii kinship
- Authors: Mayer, Iona
- Date: 1966
- Subjects: Gusii (African people) -- Kinship
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:2119 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1012846
- Description: This thesis has two aims. In Part I the aim is to present some unpublished field material on Gusii kinship, particularly on domestic relations between the generations and the sexes. In Part II the aim is to clarify a theoretical model of 'relation by kinship', and of ' kinship categories" and 'classificntion', based on an examination of the ways in which Gusii use kinship terms. Intro., p. 1.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1966
- Authors: Mayer, Iona
- Date: 1966
- Subjects: Gusii (African people) -- Kinship
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:2119 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1012846
- Description: This thesis has two aims. In Part I the aim is to present some unpublished field material on Gusii kinship, particularly on domestic relations between the generations and the sexes. In Part II the aim is to clarify a theoretical model of 'relation by kinship', and of ' kinship categories" and 'classificntion', based on an examination of the ways in which Gusii use kinship terms. Intro., p. 1.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1966
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