- Title
- Medicinal Plants Used to Treat and Manage Respiratory Infections in the Limpopo Province, South Africa: Phytotherapeutic Study of Bapedi Traditional Healers’ Practices
- Creator
- Semenya, Sebua Silas
- Subject
- Medicinal plants Respiratory infections -- Alternative treatment
- Date Issued
- 2019
- Date
- 2019
- Type
- Thesis
- Type
- Doctoral
- Type
- PhD
- Identifier
- http://hdl.handle.net/10353/15716
- Identifier
- vital:40512
- Description
- There is paucity of data on South African traditional healers’ (THs) phytotherapeutic practices regarding respiratory infections (RIs). Several people in South Africa are contracting RIs due to prevalence of risk factors. This situation is exacerbated by limited modern health care facilities and associated personnel in some provinces in the country. The primary objectives of this study were twofold. First purpose was to execute a comprehensive social and ethnobotanical surveys aimed at (a) establishing the types of RIs treated by THs and diagnosis techniques used, (b) plants used as therapies for RIs and associated indigenous knowledge practices, (c) source/s of plants used as medicines, (d) harvesting practices, current local availability status, conservation status and threats of indigenous plants as well as the level of conservation knowledge possessed by THs. The second objective was to assess the therapeutic value of the four most frequently used plant species by THs by (a) analysing the phytochemical profile of the plant extracts, (b) their antioxidant activities, and (c) their antibacterial activities. Information linked to the social and ethnobotanical surveys was gathered via a semi-structured questionnaires, supplemented by field observations during face-to-face interview with 240 conveniently selected THs practicing in the municipalities of Capricorn, Sekhukhune and Waterberg districts of the Limpopo Province, South Africa. Data were generally analysed using Microsoft Excel and Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). In addition to these softwares, ethnobotanical data were analysed via quantitative ethnobotanical indexes namely use mention (UM), fidelity level (FL), use value (UV) and preference ranking (PR). For laboratory experiments, qualitative phytochemical constitutes of the crude extracts were determined using the standard screening methods. The antioxidant activities of acetone, dichlomethane, hexane, methanol and water crude extracts were evaluated using qualitative and quantitative 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays. Antibacterial activities of these extracts was assessed using microdilution and bioautography assays. Six types of RIs; tuberculosis (84.1%), sore throat (65%), asthma (58.3%), sinusitis (55%), pneumonia (53.3%) and rhinitis (43.7%) were treated by THs practicing as herbalists (58.7%), herbalists and diviners (40.5%), and diviners (0.4%). The identification of these RIs was based on the patients’ presentation of certain clinical symptoms, with THs practicing both herbalism and divination additionally using bone casting. There was a broad overlap between the clinical signs used to diagnose most of the RIs, and the specificity of symptoms followed when ascertaining an individual infection was low. A total of 224 plant species (83% indigenous and 16.9% exotics) belonging to 177 genera and 85 botanical families, mainly the Fabaceae (25 spp.) and Asteraceae (16 spp.) were used by THs as herbal medicines for the aforesaid RIs and perceived related symptoms (RSs). Most of the documented plant species were used for tuberculosis (82.1%) and asthma (46.4%). Roots (64%) and leaves (13%) formed an important mainstay for medicinal recipes preparations. Different routes of administering these recipes were noted, with oral (75.6%) and nasal (18.8%) being the most preferred. The most widely used species by THs to treat and manage all the six RIs with high UM, FL, UV and PR values included Clerodendrum ternatum, Cryptocarya transvaalensis, Enicostema axillare, Lasiosiphon caffer and Stylochaeton natalensis. Overall larger numbers of species used by Bapedi THs including the mentioned ones are recorded for the first time in scientific literature as remedies for RIs and RSs, thus reflecting a need for more similar studies amongst other ethnic groups of South Africa and elsewhere. The phytochemical screening of four most used plants C. ternatum, C. transvaalensis, E. axillare and L. caffer crude extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, phlobatannin, saponins, steroids, tannins and terpenes. All plants including those that did not display any antioxidant activities using qualitative DPPH assay displayed a certain level of scavenging activity when quantified, with the mentioned extracts from E. axillare (water and hexane), L. caffer (water and acetone) and C. ternatum (acetone) showing excellent activity almost comparable to a standard antioxidant drug (ascorbic acid). Plant extracts from all used solvents were active against Mycobacterium smegmatis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with miniumum bactericidal concentration values ranging between 0.019 and 2.5 mg/ml depending on the plant species. Some of plant extracts exhibited minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging between 0.63 to 2.5 mg/ml. This study showed that most of the diagnosis methods used by Bapedi THs and their herbal medicines have the potential to contribute towards the management and treatment of RIs and RSs. iii | Page Future endeavour should be focused on the following: (a) possibility of collaboration between questioned THs and local western health care practitioners in the treatment of these diseases, and (b) isolation, purification and characterization of the biologically active compounds from extract of the above-stated plants, amongst other inquiries.
- Format
- 376 leaves
- Format
- Publisher
- University of Fort Hare
- Publisher
- Faculty of Science and Agriculture
- Language
- English
- Rights
- University of Fort Hare
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UFH Department of Botany
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