An exploration of affirming family communication in families with adolescent children
- Authors: Jordaan, Cabriere
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: Communication in families , Families -- Psychological aspects
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:9958 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020054
- Description: Affirming or positive family communication is important to equip families and individuals to meet life challenges. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between affirming family communication and family functioning, as well as the relationship between family functioning and the quality of communication between the adolescent and the father and mother respectively. Following this, affirming family communication was explored qualitatively from the perspective of the adolescent. A cross-sectional, quantitative survey research design was combined with an exploratory, qualitative design. The quantitative data was collected by asking participants to complete self-report questionnaires. The qualitative component consisted of focus groups discussing the topic of affirming family communication. One hundred first-year Psychology students of Stellenbosch University in South Africa completed the questionnaires. Fourteen of these students also participated in the focus groups. The quantitative results revealed a significant positive correlation between affirming family communication and family functioning. Furthermore, a significant positive correlation was found between family functioning and openness in communication between the adolescent and the mother and father respectively. Three core categories (with sub- categories) emerged from the content analysis of the focus group discussions. These core categories were verbal affirming communication, non-verbal affirming communication and functional affirming communication. The findings of this study highlight the importance of affirming family communication, especially in families with adolescent children, while also providing a description of affirming family communication from the adolescent’s perspective.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2013
- Authors: Jordaan, Cabriere
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: Communication in families , Families -- Psychological aspects
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:9958 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020054
- Description: Affirming or positive family communication is important to equip families and individuals to meet life challenges. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between affirming family communication and family functioning, as well as the relationship between family functioning and the quality of communication between the adolescent and the father and mother respectively. Following this, affirming family communication was explored qualitatively from the perspective of the adolescent. A cross-sectional, quantitative survey research design was combined with an exploratory, qualitative design. The quantitative data was collected by asking participants to complete self-report questionnaires. The qualitative component consisted of focus groups discussing the topic of affirming family communication. One hundred first-year Psychology students of Stellenbosch University in South Africa completed the questionnaires. Fourteen of these students also participated in the focus groups. The quantitative results revealed a significant positive correlation between affirming family communication and family functioning. Furthermore, a significant positive correlation was found between family functioning and openness in communication between the adolescent and the mother and father respectively. Three core categories (with sub- categories) emerged from the content analysis of the focus group discussions. These core categories were verbal affirming communication, non-verbal affirming communication and functional affirming communication. The findings of this study highlight the importance of affirming family communication, especially in families with adolescent children, while also providing a description of affirming family communication from the adolescent’s perspective.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2013
How female street vendors in Nelson Mandela Bay are organized
- Authors: Tyida, Vuyokazi Andisiwe
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Street vendors -- South Africa -- Nelson Mandela Bay , Businesswomen -- South Africa -- Nelson Mandela Bay , Merchants -- South Africa -- Nelson Mandela Bay
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:9106 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1012674 , Street vendors -- South Africa -- Nelson Mandela Bay , Businesswomen -- South Africa -- Nelson Mandela Bay , Merchants -- South Africa -- Nelson Mandela Bay
- Description: As one of the most impoverished provinces in South Africa with a high unemployment rate the Eastern Cape (Stats SA, 2011) was more suited for a study of this nature. In executing the research aims and objectives the study will be limited to focus specifically on one of the provinces cities, the Nelson Mandela Bay. The investigation will be focused on women street vendors mainly trading with fruits and vegetables, as well as other perishables. This industry was chosen because according to the Labour Force Survey (2000), there was an estimated 500,000 street traders operating in South Africa and more than 70 percent of them were found to be dealing in the trade of food items (Motala, 2002). The focus on women was driven by mainly by the fact that they constitute a majority of the street traders that are involed in the sale perishables/food items (Skinner, 2008).
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Tyida, Vuyokazi Andisiwe
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Street vendors -- South Africa -- Nelson Mandela Bay , Businesswomen -- South Africa -- Nelson Mandela Bay , Merchants -- South Africa -- Nelson Mandela Bay
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:9106 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1012674 , Street vendors -- South Africa -- Nelson Mandela Bay , Businesswomen -- South Africa -- Nelson Mandela Bay , Merchants -- South Africa -- Nelson Mandela Bay
- Description: As one of the most impoverished provinces in South Africa with a high unemployment rate the Eastern Cape (Stats SA, 2011) was more suited for a study of this nature. In executing the research aims and objectives the study will be limited to focus specifically on one of the provinces cities, the Nelson Mandela Bay. The investigation will be focused on women street vendors mainly trading with fruits and vegetables, as well as other perishables. This industry was chosen because according to the Labour Force Survey (2000), there was an estimated 500,000 street traders operating in South Africa and more than 70 percent of them were found to be dealing in the trade of food items (Motala, 2002). The focus on women was driven by mainly by the fact that they constitute a majority of the street traders that are involed in the sale perishables/food items (Skinner, 2008).
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
Synthesis of P-Methane-3,8-Diol
- Authors: Mpuhlu, Batsho
- Date: 2007
- Subjects: Insect baits and repellents
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MTech
- Identifier: vital:10411 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/570 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1011717 , Insect baits and repellents
- Description: The synthesis of para-menthane-3,8-diol in a batch reactor was investigated in some detail with the view to evaluate the potential of producing said p-menthane- 3,8-diol in a continuous-flow reactor from the results obtained from the batch process. The methodology used as base for this investigation was a published procedure by Takasago of Japan. The Takasago-method produced 92.3 percent Yield for the product para-menthane-3,8-diol, and 2.7 percent Yield of the by-product, acetal. The objective for this investigation was to produce a minimum p-menthane-3,8- diol content of 97.0 percent and a maximum content of 3.0 percent for the by-product acetal. The batch production process was evaluated in detail using statistical experimental design methodologies. Three process variables, namely catalyst loading, organic/aqueous phase ratio and reaction temperature were selected for the study. The experimental method was based on the Takasago procedure, however the substrate was added as a single slug as opposed to gradual addition method and the reaction period was reduced to 30 minutes. Apart from statistical analysis, mechanistic aspects were also used to interpret the following results. Using a central composite design, three response models (one for the conversion of citronellal, p-menthane-3,8-diol and acetal formation) were determined. An analysis of the response surfaces indicated that, to increase the citronellal conversion all three variables should be increased. To increase the amount of pmenthane- 3,8-diol, the reaction temperature and acid concentration should be increased, but the Aq/org ratio should be decreased as the acid catalyst concentration is increased. To minimize the amount of acetals formed during the reaction, the Aq/org ratio should be decreased; temperature and acid concentration can be decreased or increased. The reaction mechanism suggested that p-menthane-3,8-diol may be formed along two pathways: One pathway directly forms p-menthane-3,8-diol, whilst the second pathway forms the isopulegol first, then proceeds to form product by hydrolysis. The acetal is formed as result of the reaction between unreacted citronellal and p-menthane-3,8-diol. From the design experiments it was suggested that reaction time can be reduced to 8 minutes at reaction temperatures between, 80-85 0C The product and acetal were isolated by simple vacuum evaporation of the low boiling citronellal and isopulegol. Results from recycling the catalyst phase were similar to those of the initial process. The results of this investigation has clearly shown that with a proper understanding of the effect of process variables on the performance of the batch synthesis route, the conversion of this traditionally batch (actually semi-batch) process into a continuous process is quite feasible provided that suitable equipment is available. The most important features required for such equipment would be: Intense mixing throughout the reaction zone so as to maximise the surface area between the two immiscible phases, hence the rate of mass transfer between the two phases; and the ability to run reactions above the boiling point of water. Plans for the further study of the process are already well underway and sections of static mixing tubes have been acquired to build a continuous lab scale tubular reactor that would be capable of providing the level of mixing required.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2007
- Authors: Mpuhlu, Batsho
- Date: 2007
- Subjects: Insect baits and repellents
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MTech
- Identifier: vital:10411 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/570 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1011717 , Insect baits and repellents
- Description: The synthesis of para-menthane-3,8-diol in a batch reactor was investigated in some detail with the view to evaluate the potential of producing said p-menthane- 3,8-diol in a continuous-flow reactor from the results obtained from the batch process. The methodology used as base for this investigation was a published procedure by Takasago of Japan. The Takasago-method produced 92.3 percent Yield for the product para-menthane-3,8-diol, and 2.7 percent Yield of the by-product, acetal. The objective for this investigation was to produce a minimum p-menthane-3,8- diol content of 97.0 percent and a maximum content of 3.0 percent for the by-product acetal. The batch production process was evaluated in detail using statistical experimental design methodologies. Three process variables, namely catalyst loading, organic/aqueous phase ratio and reaction temperature were selected for the study. The experimental method was based on the Takasago procedure, however the substrate was added as a single slug as opposed to gradual addition method and the reaction period was reduced to 30 minutes. Apart from statistical analysis, mechanistic aspects were also used to interpret the following results. Using a central composite design, three response models (one for the conversion of citronellal, p-menthane-3,8-diol and acetal formation) were determined. An analysis of the response surfaces indicated that, to increase the citronellal conversion all three variables should be increased. To increase the amount of pmenthane- 3,8-diol, the reaction temperature and acid concentration should be increased, but the Aq/org ratio should be decreased as the acid catalyst concentration is increased. To minimize the amount of acetals formed during the reaction, the Aq/org ratio should be decreased; temperature and acid concentration can be decreased or increased. The reaction mechanism suggested that p-menthane-3,8-diol may be formed along two pathways: One pathway directly forms p-menthane-3,8-diol, whilst the second pathway forms the isopulegol first, then proceeds to form product by hydrolysis. The acetal is formed as result of the reaction between unreacted citronellal and p-menthane-3,8-diol. From the design experiments it was suggested that reaction time can be reduced to 8 minutes at reaction temperatures between, 80-85 0C The product and acetal were isolated by simple vacuum evaporation of the low boiling citronellal and isopulegol. Results from recycling the catalyst phase were similar to those of the initial process. The results of this investigation has clearly shown that with a proper understanding of the effect of process variables on the performance of the batch synthesis route, the conversion of this traditionally batch (actually semi-batch) process into a continuous process is quite feasible provided that suitable equipment is available. The most important features required for such equipment would be: Intense mixing throughout the reaction zone so as to maximise the surface area between the two immiscible phases, hence the rate of mass transfer between the two phases; and the ability to run reactions above the boiling point of water. Plans for the further study of the process are already well underway and sections of static mixing tubes have been acquired to build a continuous lab scale tubular reactor that would be capable of providing the level of mixing required.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2007
- «
- ‹
- 1
- ›
- »