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Understanding the perceived role of mobile media in relation to development in a South African rural area

  • Authors: Chatikobo, Tatenda
  • Date: 2019
  • Subjects: Mobile communication systems -- South Africa , Internet telephony -- South Africa , Mobile communication systems -- Social aspects -- South Africa , Internet telephony -- Social aspects --South Africa
  • Language: English
  • Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MA
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/95360 , vital:31148
  • Description: This study explores the different perceptions of mobile media in relation to development within Dwesa, a marginalised rural community in South Africa. The proliferation of mobile phones and increasing access to the internet in Africa, and South Africa in particular, is extensively documented and attempts have been made to explore its impact on development. Drawing on adapted aspects of the Diffusion of innovation theory (DoI), the study seeks to understand the relative advantage, compatibility with needs and values, and observable benefits of using mobile media for a rural community. I provide a critical discussion of the concept of development and its relationship with digital technologies and innovation. I reflect on the Diffusion of innovation theory, highlighting its critiques, adaptations and modifications in studies, particularly in the Global South. The present study employs a qualitative methodology and relies on focus groups, semi-structured interviews and observation as methods of data collection. Participants were divided into three focus groups based on Rogers classification of innovativeness (early adopters, majority adopters and late/non-adopters) and I conducted two follow-up interviews with participants of each focus group. I analysed the data thematically. Research participants identified several areas where mobile media contributed to development and positive change, such as lowering the cost of access to information and communication, staying in touch with distant relatives, increasing access to services and providing entertainment, especially among young people. The participants noted that despite these positive changes, that mobile media on its own cannot be expected to address challenges of infrastructure and public service delivery. Research findings also revealed that mobile media might interfere with socio-cultural values of respect, human dignity and privacy. I conclude that, while mobile media is generally considered as beneficial, its critical role in improving the socio-economic conditions of people in Dwesa still remains in doubt. The study provides an opportunity to further investigate the compatibility of mobile media with socio-cultural values along the lines of age and gender, and address issues of digital skills and digital marginalisation.
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  • Date Issued: 2019

Youth development through basketball in Nelson Mandela Bay

  • Authors: Thuo, Andrew G
  • Date: 2019
  • Subjects: Youth development -- South Africa -- Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality , Youth -- Services for Sports and state Basketball -- South Africa -- Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/43776 , vital:37046
  • Description: Limited research exists, both internationally and in the South African context, on the use of basketball as tool for youth development through sport. In almost all sport-based youth development programs, the desired sport is football and occasionally rugby. Developing the youth is crucial for the development of a nation and the United Nations has highlighted the progress sport has had as a development tool over the past 20 years. South Africa has recently received international acclaim by becoming the focal point of the National Basketball Associations (NBA) presence in Africa by hosting the last three NBA Africa games. South Africa’s Eastern Cape province was the home of elite basketball in the early eighties and is no stranger to the sport of basketball. The study aimed to explore the possibility of using basketball as a tool for youth development in Nelson Mandela Bay in the Eastern Cape. The study employed a mixed methods research approach that was explorative, descriptive and contextual in design. The empirical data was collected by means of a questionnaire distributed to target basketball players in the Nelson Mandela Bay area. While the data analysis and literature favoured basketball as a suitable tool to be used in sport-based youth development programs, there were limitations with respect to the number of female participants in the study. It was recommended that further research be considered within this field of study and on a wider scale, in an effort to expand the knowledge base on youth development through basketball across South Africa.
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  • Date Issued: 2019

Factors contributing to tuberculosis mortality among new tuberculosis patients in Zululand Health District

  • Authors: Dlamini, Khulekani Zakheleni
  • Date: 2018
  • Subjects: Mortality Tuberculosis -- Mortality Tuberculosis -- Patients
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , Public Health
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/10667 , vital:35657
  • Description: During the period ranging from 2011 to 2013, Zululand Health District reported tuberculosis (TB) related mortality cases above the WHO’s norm of 10 percent. This raised concerns because TB is curable even if the person is HIV positive. The overall performance of TB programme in South Africa concealed the actual problem of TB related mortality in the country and most particularly in Zululand Health District. The aim of the study was to examine factors contributing to TB mortality, and the extent of TB related mortality in Zululand Health District. A retrospective, descriptive study was conducted to review records of data on the electronic TB register at the district level in order to ascertain the relationship between TB mortality and the contributory factors associated with TB mortality. The TB data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics to test the null hypothesis at the significance level of p< 0.05. The study was limited to only new patients enrolled between the periods from the 1st January 2012 to the 31 December 2013. The study found that TB/HIV comorbidity was a main factor contributing to mortality among new TB patients. Eighty percent (80%) of all patients who died were HIV positive. Poor CD4 monitoring, delays or failure to initiate TB/HIV comorbid patients was one of the factors associated with mortality (p < 0.0001, OR 0.51) among this cohort of patients. Poor DOT support system significantly (p< 0.0008, OR 0.81) contributed to mortality in this district. The study also found significant association between mortality and failure to initiate comorbid patient on co-trimoxazole prophylaxis (Chi-square =9.1; df=1; p=0.0025). Tuberculosis and HIV comorbidity, and delays or failure to providing antiretroviral therapy to HIV positive patients were the main factors responsible for TB mortality in Zululand Health District. The whole phenomenon was attributable to health worker related factors. Good TB/HIV clinical management guidelines and protocols developed by the Department of Health, and distributed to all health facilities did not alleviate the problem. Support and supervision could translate policies and protocols to action.
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  • Date Issued: 2018

Developmental dynamics in land reform projects : comparative studies of two different land reform projects, farm-worker equity schemes and beneficiary-owned and run citrus projects

  • Authors: Tiwana, Sebenzile Wilbert
  • Date: 2017
  • Subjects: Land reform -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Sustainable development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MSoc
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/5047 , vital:29025
  • Description: In this study, a comparison was made between two different land reform models in the Sarah Baartman District of the Eastern Cape to, firstly; evaluate and identify factors that influence long-term sustainability and prosperity of farms owned and run by beneficiaries, and farms jointly owned by beneficiaries and former farmer / mentor in a share equity scheme, referred to as Farmworkers Equity Share Schemes (FWES), and secondly; to identify forms of government support in each of the two models. Mixed methods were used to collect data for the study. It involved the administration of structured interviews to beneficiaries, and semi-structured interviews with the mentor and government officials. The study found that the equity share scheme improved the livelihood of the beneficiaries in terms of getting annual dividends and acquiring new properties, empowered beneficiaries in decision-making in terms of having a say in financial expenditure on farm operations and the structuring of dividend pay-outs, and the project showed great potential of long-term sustainability and prosperity. Conversely, the beneficiary-owned and run project did not improve the lives of beneficiaries, was prone to infighting and fraught with organisational and management problems with no prospects of long-term sustainability and economic viability.
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  • Date Issued: 2017

An assessment of the effect of political and administrative leadership in ensuring sustainable service delivery in Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality Eastern Cape

  • Authors: Muteyi,Thembisile
  • Date: 2016
  • Subjects: Political leadership -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Politicians -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Public administration -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , Degree
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/2990 , vital:28229
  • Description: This study attempts to assess the level to which effective political and management leadership for contributes to sustainable services. Looking at the past performance of the municipality one can see that around the years of 2003 and 2004, the municipality achieved a financially unqualified report from the Auditor General with just two points raised. However, from that point on the municipality has been on a steady decline. The most decline was from the period 2006 - 2011. The decline in the performance of the municipality has been so rapid in the five year period mentioned above so much that the 2010/2011 Auditor General Report on the municipality ran up to eighty issues over fourteen pages. Noteworthy is the fact that the decline in service delivery and financial management confirmed by the performance decline marked by the Auditor General coincided with several changes at the senior political and management levels. For example under the period of decline, the Municipality operated without a permanent Chief Financial Officer (CFO) for a period of more than four years. Also, during the period of decline the municipality had six municipal managers all in acting capacities and about four executive mayors in the same period. Regarding the issue of leadership in the municipality, the Auditor General made the following observation.
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  • Date Issued: 2016

Dominion: architecture as a symbol of authority in the Eastern Cape Colonial Frontier

  • Authors: Mnyila, Desmond
  • Date: 2016
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MFA
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/4256 , vital:20639
  • Description: My mini thesis is an exploration of architecture as part of the landscape of Grahamstown and how ideas of dominion and subordination of the non- white citizens of this town were asserted or communicated through space. I concur with theories about architectural buildings as objects that express power and reinforce power relations in any given society. Markus (1993) goes into great lengths to explain how buildings are primarily about power and town planning is a means of control. The area under consideration is very rich in history especially during the period that interested me which is the nineteenth century as this was a period of the establishment of Grahamstown, firstly, as a military establishment and then as a small town serving as a residential area for the British Settlers who arrived in 1820. Throughout the mini thesis I have unpacked the nature of power itself by referring to Njoh (2009) who refers to different categories of the use and especially the abuse or demonstration of power. It wouldn’t do justice to an area as rich in history as the area which is now referred to as the Albany to not dwell into some of the events that were played out here, some of which had consequences and implications for the rest of South Africa. After 1820, the town developed as more buildings of domestic houses, churches, houses of officials, prisons and schools were built. In the thesis I unpack the different architectural styles like the Georgian, Victorian and Cape Dutch styles that formed a significant part of this small town. I draw attention to the ideas of dominion that Njoh elucidates, which were played out in the building of the town architectural structures. Architecture demonstrated British might and power through the imposition of British and European architectural styles on an African landscape. The sheer magnitude of the buildings, I argue, was carefully planned and the use of durable materials, often stones that were imported from abroad, was a carefully orchestrated move to demonstrate British wealth and power through intimidation and seduction. Thomas Baines was one of the artists who spent some time in Grahamstown and made a series of the landscape of this town. My interest in Baines for purposes of this thesis is the manner in which he represented Grahamstown and how he was propagator of British imperialism under the guise of ‘spreading civilisation’ among the ‘back ward’ inhabitants of this continent. My painting practice is influenced by and responds to the vacant land theory especially Baines’ works which were executed to present a Grahamstown as a purely British town ‘emptying’ it of all traces of non- British non- European dwellings or citizens. My practice brings back the layers of history that I have witnessed and the painting surface is slowly built up with water metaphorically destroying the solid structures that were built in the nineteenth century in Grahamstown. As a person who has lived through apartheid and a new dispensation in South Africa, this is reflected in my paintings with a tension between aesthetically pleasing painting styles and disturbing rough surface textures. Anselm Kiefer is the artist who has influenced my work in the manner of working he prefers and also in his tendency to look back at past periods in history.
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  • Date Issued: 2016

The development of a recommended digital marketing strategy for Pan Macmillan, South Africa

  • Authors: Conradie, Tessa Jane
  • Date: 2016
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
  • Identifier: vital:865 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1021247
  • Description: This research attempts to create a recommended digital marketing strategy for Pan Macmillan, South Africa. As a result of the advance of technology and the increase of connectivity, digital marketing is becoming a highly important tool with regards to competitive advantage, differentiation and the overall marketing of a company and its product or service (Barwise and Farley, 2005, p. 68). Digital marketing is, in South Africa specifically, a relatively new concept (Sandmann, 2014, p. 1). If South African companies are able to efficiently utilise the gap in the market, they will ensure a significant competitive advantage (Sandmann, 2013, p. 1). In order to accomplish this successfully a digital marketing strategy must be created and adopted to ensure a full understanding of the requirements of effective digital marketing. This research focusses on understanding digital marketing requirements in relation to a South African book publisher and how those requirements can be met by the publisher through the development of a digital marketing strategy. The literature has been reviewed and previous research indicates that an established framework is needed to guide the development of a digital marketing strategy. The framework used in this research is the RACE framework (Chaffey and Bosomworth, 2013, p. 14) which is used in conjunction to the SOSTAC planning system (Chaffey and Bosomworth, 2014, p. 11) and the 7 steps to digital marketing strategy creation (Chaffey and Bosomworth, 2014, p. 2). The literature suggests that a combination of the established traditional marketing strategy of a company and current digital marketing practices and tools is the most practical with regards to the development of a successful digital marketing strategy, implementation and evaluation. In order to understand the current marketing strategy and practices of Pan Macmillan, interviews with the Marketing Manager of the company were conducted as well as an analysis of marketing documents relating to Pan Macmillan’s current marketing actions. Results of the interviews and documentation analysis showed that Pan Macmillan had many elements digital marketing but no decisive digital marketing strategy. Using the selected frameworks and information gathered on the company’s marketing practices, digital marketing goals were established and a digital marketing strategy was created. The goals of the research were reached as a recommended digital marketing strategy was developed for Pan Macmillan based on the assessment made, using RACE, SOSTAC and the 7 steps to digital marketing creation, of the company’s current practices, challenges and opportunities with regards to digital marketing.
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  • Date Issued: 2016

Two uses of DNA sequence variation in tracing evolutionary processes in Old World primates (Primates: Catarrhini)

  • Authors: Dosi, Banele
  • Date: 2016
  • Subjects: Primates -- Evolution Monkeys Cercopithecidae
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/8022 , vital:31464
  • Description: Primate evolution is particularly interesting to humans, because it includes our own history. Molecular genetics is by far the most dynamic field in contemporary biology, and offers a host of new techniques for investigating evolutionary processes and patterns. In the mid-twentieth century molecular genetics evolved from being a means of visualising hidden variation (e.g. allozymes) to tracing phylogenetic relationships between and among species (evolutionary histories of populations), and now has a wide variety of applications in medicine, species identification and relationships, and even wildlife forensics. For my Master’s project I investigated two applications of molecular genetic analysis to questions regarding the evolution of Old World monkeys (Catarrhini). First, I participated in a study designed to test the hypothesis that different primate social structures – particularly mating systems – may be reflected in the structure of a species genome. We investigated whether increased sperm production as a result of sexual selection increases the number of copy number variations (CNVs) that can be detected by comparing the male specific region Y (MSY) located on the Y chromosome in a sample of primate species. We did not find a clear differentiation between the primate species as hypothesised, which thus requires a more complex explanation, e.g. in terms of the type of environment rather than the mating system of the species, or possibly the active/inactive status of the genes. The second part of my study was phylogeographic in approach. I collaborated with researchers studying the distribution of Afromontane samango monkeys (Cercopithecus albogularis labiatus) in the Eastern Cape. I sequenced tissues from 5 samango monkey specimens found opportunistically in the Hogsback and coastal forests and analysed their genetic variation relative to the data published by Dalton et al. 2015. The Hogsback sample was not monophyletic relative to the sample from the coastal forests, indicating that, on the basis of this very small sample size, these populations have not been separated historically. In order to validate this conclusion, I will need to investigate a larger sample size. From this study I developed valuable skills in the areas of the laboratory techniques involved in molecular sequence analysis, and an appreciation for the importance of large sample sizes in deriving reliable results. I intend to continue in the future with a phylogeographic study of samango monkeys.
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  • Date Issued: 2016

Urban agriculture and the enhancement of food security and household Income in Grahamstown, Makana Municipality

  • Authors: Mahandana, Funzani Nicholas
  • Date: 2016
  • Subjects: Urban agriculture -- South Africa -- Grahamstown , Income -- South Africa -- Grahamstown , Food security -- South Africa -- Grahamstown
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/8467 , vital:26367
  • Description: This study draws on the relationship between household food security and household income through small scale community gardens and backyard vegetable gardens in Grahamstown Townships within Makana Municipality of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. The study explores the contribution of vegetable gardens in household food security and income and finding ways in which this contribution may be enhanced. This study offers insights into the relationships among individuals, households, stakeholders (Government institutions, NGOs, Municipalities, Farmers Associations etc.), and broader community dynamics that are central to understanding the local gardening projects and the dynamics of food security and household income. The implications of this research includes and understanding of how the challenges faced by the community and backyards gardens could be addressed.
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  • Date Issued: 2016

An analysis of challenges facing basic education in South Africa

  • Authors: Njongi-Ndleleni, Nomthandazo
  • Date: 2013
  • Subjects: Economic development -- Effect of education on -- South Africa , Education -- Economic aspects -- South Africa
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/4598 , vital:20620
  • Description: The study seeks to analyse challenges facing Basic Education in South Africa. There is a major emphasis on the education of the South African people to become responsible, participatory and reflective citizens that contribute to an emerging democracy. However, the government of SA is faced with many challenges that hinder the South African people from becoming an educated nation. This is based on the assumption that education plays a major role in improving the economic status of the nation. The education in South Africa is categorized into sectors, primary, secondary and tertiary which are interlinked through a fine thread that determines the success of individuals. It has been established that a number of factors or problems hinder learners from receiving a good standard of education. These include: parents’ lack of participation in their children’s education and the weak functioning of School Governing Bodies (SGBs) especially in the area of finance and general administration of the school, poor infrastructure and shortage or non-delivery of textbooks. Good leadership in schools is also needed to make sure that teachers attend to their classes diligently and learners take the importance of education seriously. Government needs to ensure that teachers are trained accordingly and schools have adequate basic resources. The qualitative research method was used and no interviews and survey were made during this study. This research will discuss these factors that have been identified as causing the drop in the standard of education in South Africa. The research concludes with an attempt to make some recommendations to improve this situation.
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  • Date Issued: 2013

The impact of mining on infrastructure development and poverty reduction in mining communities

  • Authors: Xongo, Nosipho
  • Date: 2013
  • Subjects: Mineral industries -- Economic aspects -- South Africa , Mineral industries -- Environmental aspects -- South Africa -- Gauteng , Economic development -- Environmental aspects -- South Africa -- Gauteng , Poverty -- South Africa
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
  • Identifier: vital:9309 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1018576
  • Description: There is a growing concern from government, communities, civil society and mining companies on the sustained development of the impact of mining on communities and the benefits of mineral development. Communities are more vocal in expressing their expectations for benefits and on the other hand mines are concerned about profits and maintaining a social licence to operate. This study critically evaluates the impact mining has on socio-economic development in mining communities. The focus area of the study is the West Rand District Municipality in Gauteng Province, South Africa. The ‘impact’ refers to the mine’s contribution to infrastructure development and poverty reduction projects in areas where the mine is operating and sourcing labour from. Forecasts for better performance in the future will be assessed. Issues such as community consultation, identification of projects, development forums, the Integrated Development Plan (IDP) and partnerships are addressed. The literature was reviewed from existing national and international research on the topic. The study starts from two assumptions. The first is that minerals are potentially a great resource of wealth for poor countries. The second assumption is that minerals have the potential to benefit the local population through the creation of indirect employment, skills transfer, enhancing the capacity of health and education services, improved infrastructure and small and medium business opportunities. Poverty levels are viewed on a national and international scale. The study reveals problems, with existing approaches, on mine community development. It concludes that the impact of mining on infrastructure development and poverty reduction projects can be huge, but only if a variety of demanding preconditions are met. The study concludes that the reality of mineral led development in mine communities has not lived up to a roaring promise.
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  • Date Issued: 2013

Analysis of models of development in Ethiopia on ADLI policy after Ethio-Eritrean war of 1998-2000

  • Authors: Masomelele, Mviko
  • Date: 2012
  • Subjects: Economic development -- Developing countries , Postwar reconstruction -- Ethiopia , Agriculture -- Ethiopia , Eritrean-Ethiopian War, 1998- -- Ethiopia
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
  • Identifier: vital:9109 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1014623
  • Description: In this research, the researcher is analysing the models of development in Ethiopia on ADLI policy after the Ethio-Eritrean War of 1998-2000. As a post- conflict country it is always important to know how a country reconstructs its economy after the war. The researcher will give a brief background of Ethiopia with her different regime changes. Ethiopia is a landlocked country and is found in the Horn of Africa. Her boarders are Eritrea on the north and north east, and Djibouti and Somalia on the East, Kenya on the south, on the west and south west by Sudan. (BCC) Ethiopia has been under three remarkably different political regimes; the feudal imperial era under Emperor Haile Selassie; the socialist military dictatorship of Colonel Mangistu’s Derg; and the marketoriented Western aligned democracy of Prime Minister Meles Zenawi.(Devereux et al,2005:121 ) Each regime had applied different policies on agriculture which employs 80 percent of the population. Feudal policies where the land was in the hands of the landlords failed during Selassie’s regime and this was proved by the famine of 1974. He was overthrown by Derg in a coup in 1974. Derg introduced a “radical agrarian transformation based on land redistribution. His policies on agriculture were based on the Marxist egalitarian ideology and by conviction that feudal relations in agriculture had exposed millions of highland Ethiopians to intolerable levels of poverty and vulnerability.” (Devereux et al, 2005:121-122). According to Derg’s agricultural policy land was confiscated from the landlords and was redistributed to the rural farmers and it was trying to break inequalities over land control and it aimed at achieving agricultural productivity and rural incomes. Derg’s regime was overthrown by Ethiopian Peoples’ Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) in 1991. EPRDF further continued with land redistribution in the wake of 1990s and it gave farmlands to demobilised soldiers and tried to correct the inequalities that emerged with time as farming families were growing. (Devereux et al, 2005:122) In all these regimes, land was owned by the state. Ethiopian economy is based on agriculture which contributes 47 percent to GNP and more than 80 percent of exports, and employs 85 percent of the population. Ethiopia’s agriculture is plagued by periodic droughts, soil degradation emanating from poor agricultural practices and overgrazing, deforestation, high population density, underdeveloped water resources and poor transport infrastructure which makes extremely difficult and expensive to get goods to the market. (BCC, 07) The EPRDF came up with the new agricultural policy in the beginning of 1991 and it was known as Agriculture Development Led Industrialisation (ADLI). ADLI is the policy that emphasised on modernising smallholder agriculture and intensifying yield productivity through the supply of appropriate technology, certified seeds, fertilizers, rural credit facilities and technical assistance. (Getachew, 2003:9) This policy introduced some reforms in agriculture as it introduced a nationwide agricultural extension program, the propagation of laws that liberalised the purchasing and distribution of inputs and to increase and to make credit facilities available to rural farmers. In 1995 Minister of Agriculture (MoA) introduced a vehicle to drive the policy, which was called the Plan for Accelerated and Sustained Development to End Poverty (PADETES). The PADETES started with 32047 farmers on board. The aim was to educate farmers in new farming methods which will increase productivity and make farmers self sufficient. Agriculture Sample Survey 2009/10 states that ‘country’s experience showed that farmers’ attitude and tendency to adapt and accept new innovations, modern agricultural techniques and technologies, such as use of fertilizers, irrigation, improved seeds and pesticides that help to improve their living standards through attaining enhanced productivity, do have positive impact on the development on the agricultural sector as a whole.’(Central Statistical Agency, 2010: i) Teshome (2006:1) shows complexity of Ethiopian agriculture when he says that it largest contributor to the GDP, exports and foreign earnings and it employs almost 85 percent of the population. On the contrary, despite its socio-economic importance its performance continues to be low due to many natural and manmade factors which will be discussed in this research.
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  • Date Issued: 2012

Gender and racial stereotyping in rape coverage: an analysis of rape coverage in Grocott's Mail

A preliminary investigation of the toxic principle of Moraea polystachya Ker

  • Authors: Dry, L J
  • Date: 1954
  • Subjects: Iridaceae Moraea polystachya ker
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
  • Identifier: vital:4461 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1011494
  • Description: A member of the Iridaceae family, the plant (also known as the Blue Tulp) ... is a monocotyledon. The blue tulp grows profusely in rainy parts of the Union, for example along much of the Cape coastal belt as far east as Grahamstown, in both the Karroos, and in parts of the Transvaal. It is a perennial plant but only appears above the ground once a year for about two months. This is at the start of the rainy season and in Grahamstown the plant appears in April and May, after which it disappears again. Chapter 1, p.1.
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  • Date Issued: 1954
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