Metabolic responses to various combinations of gradient, load and marching speed
- Todd, Andrew I, Scott, Patricia A
- Authors: Todd, Andrew I , Scott, Patricia A
- Date: 2002
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6751 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1009331
- Description: This study examined the metabolic cost of South African soldiers carrying loads under various conditions of gradient and marching speed. Thirty-two male soldiers participated in the study. Three speed and load combinations, 4, 5 and 6 km.h[superscript (-1)] carrying of 50, 35 and 20 kg respectively, were imposed, on each of three gradients: -10%, 0% and +10%; a total of nine experimental conditions. Subjects wore standardized military uniforms and breathed into a portable ergospirometer (Metamax) for the duration of each condition. Subjects were required to march for six minutes under each condition, and metabolic responses were monitored during the third and sixth minute of each condition. The metabolic responses to the three level marching conditions showed no significant differences. Marching uphill resulted in a significant increase in metabolic demands under all three speed and load onditions. Downhill marching elicited significant decreases only under the two lighter load conditions. Downhill marching with heavy loads appears to show no reduction in metabolic demands placed on soldiers.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2002
- Authors: Todd, Andrew I , Scott, Patricia A
- Date: 2002
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6751 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1009331
- Description: This study examined the metabolic cost of South African soldiers carrying loads under various conditions of gradient and marching speed. Thirty-two male soldiers participated in the study. Three speed and load combinations, 4, 5 and 6 km.h[superscript (-1)] carrying of 50, 35 and 20 kg respectively, were imposed, on each of three gradients: -10%, 0% and +10%; a total of nine experimental conditions. Subjects wore standardized military uniforms and breathed into a portable ergospirometer (Metamax) for the duration of each condition. Subjects were required to march for six minutes under each condition, and metabolic responses were monitored during the third and sixth minute of each condition. The metabolic responses to the three level marching conditions showed no significant differences. Marching uphill resulted in a significant increase in metabolic demands under all three speed and load onditions. Downhill marching elicited significant decreases only under the two lighter load conditions. Downhill marching with heavy loads appears to show no reduction in metabolic demands placed on soldiers.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2002
mLAN-The Current Status and Future Directions
- Foss, Richard, Fujimori, J I
- Authors: Foss, Richard , Fujimori, J I
- Date: 2002
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/427431 , vital:72438 , https://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=11224
- Description: 'mLAN' describes a network that allows for the transmission and receipt of audio and music control data by audio devices. IEEE 1394 was chosen as the specification upon which to implement mLAN. mLAN has built on IEEE 1394 and related standards, introducing formats, structures, and procedures that enable the deployment of IEEE 1394 within a music studio context. This paper discusses these standards, their implementations, and provides pointers to the future evolution of mLAN.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2002
- Authors: Foss, Richard , Fujimori, J I
- Date: 2002
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/427431 , vital:72438 , https://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=11224
- Description: 'mLAN' describes a network that allows for the transmission and receipt of audio and music control data by audio devices. IEEE 1394 was chosen as the specification upon which to implement mLAN. mLAN has built on IEEE 1394 and related standards, introducing formats, structures, and procedures that enable the deployment of IEEE 1394 within a music studio context. This paper discusses these standards, their implementations, and provides pointers to the future evolution of mLAN.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2002
Studio Exploring Using Universal Plug and Play
- Laubscher, Rob, Foss, Richard
- Authors: Laubscher, Rob , Foss, Richard
- Date: 2002
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/427457 , vital:72440 , https://www.aes.org/e-lib/online/browse.cfm?elib=11301
- Description: This paper explores the use of Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) as a studio control technology. The architecture of a possible studio control technology is introduced. The elements of this studio control architecture are related to the architecture of UPnP. A sample implementation demonstrates the key aspects of using UPnP as a studio control technology.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2002
- Authors: Laubscher, Rob , Foss, Richard
- Date: 2002
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/427457 , vital:72440 , https://www.aes.org/e-lib/online/browse.cfm?elib=11301
- Description: This paper explores the use of Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) as a studio control technology. The architecture of a possible studio control technology is introduced. The elements of this studio control architecture are related to the architecture of UPnP. A sample implementation demonstrates the key aspects of using UPnP as a studio control technology.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2002
The trade in medicinal plants in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
- Dold, Anthony P, Cocks, Michelle L
- Authors: Dold, Anthony P , Cocks, Michelle L
- Date: 2002
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6512 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005940
- Description: A study of the trade in medicinal plants in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa undertook to document the species traded, to determine the quantities harvested annually, and to assess the economic value of the trade. All the participants involved at the different levels of the trade were included in the survey, that is, informal street hawkers, owners of amayeza esiXhosa stores, traditional healers, and consumers of traditional medicines. In total, 282 questionnaires were administered in six urban centres. It was found that poorly educated black middle-aged women of low economic standing dominate the trade. A minimum of 166 medicinal plant species were traded at the study sites alone, providing 525 tonnes of plant material valued at approximately R27 million annually. Plants were harvested from a diverse range of vegetation types including Valley Thicket, Afromontane Forest, Coastal Forest and Moist Upland Grassland, the most frequently sold species differing significantly from those documented in similar studies in other regions. The Forest Biome was the vegetation type found to be most threatened by over-harvesting. Of the species documented, 93% were being harvested unsustainably and 34 species have been prioritised for conservation management.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2002
- Authors: Dold, Anthony P , Cocks, Michelle L
- Date: 2002
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6512 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005940
- Description: A study of the trade in medicinal plants in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa undertook to document the species traded, to determine the quantities harvested annually, and to assess the economic value of the trade. All the participants involved at the different levels of the trade were included in the survey, that is, informal street hawkers, owners of amayeza esiXhosa stores, traditional healers, and consumers of traditional medicines. In total, 282 questionnaires were administered in six urban centres. It was found that poorly educated black middle-aged women of low economic standing dominate the trade. A minimum of 166 medicinal plant species were traded at the study sites alone, providing 525 tonnes of plant material valued at approximately R27 million annually. Plants were harvested from a diverse range of vegetation types including Valley Thicket, Afromontane Forest, Coastal Forest and Moist Upland Grassland, the most frequently sold species differing significantly from those documented in similar studies in other regions. The Forest Biome was the vegetation type found to be most threatened by over-harvesting. Of the species documented, 93% were being harvested unsustainably and 34 species have been prioritised for conservation management.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2002
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