Exploring domestic workers’ subjectivities through stories of their personal childcare arrangements
- Authors: Michaeu, Nisha
- Date: 2021
- Subjects: Women household employees, Black -- Social conditions -- South Africa , Women household employees, Black -- Social conditions -- South Africa -- Case studies , Women household employees, Black -- Psychology -- South Africa , Day care aides -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/172029 , vital:42150
- Description: Domestic service has long been a major sector of the South African labour market, for black women particularly, who must support their family and children. Existing research has stressed the way in which race, class and gender has shaped the oppressive character of domestic service in South Africa. In this narrative study a new slant is provided on this existing theoretical discussion of domestic labour, one that is focused on exploring the agentic human being beyond ‘the servant question’. This study uses narrative interviews with domestic workers in Makhanda/Grahamstown in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa to show how we can expand on potentially limited or constricted passive ‘domestic worker identities’ and ideas/beliefs about women who do domestic work. A performative and positioning narrative analysis is used to explore the subject positions of domestic workers in their stories about their childcare arrangements. This analysis examines multiple shifting identities and positions that are used by domestic workers in relation to their maternal subjectivity and their audience (here, a white trainee-psychologist esearcher), while highlighting the significance of narrative methodology in making these positions visible. The areas of focus were their history, experience of domestic work, life outside of domestic work, family network/dynamics and personal childcare arrangements. Under these areas of focus the following was analysed: the ways in which the storyteller positioned herself in her narrative, how she compared/contrasted or located herself in relation to the other, claims of identity that were made, what she incorporated or purposefully left out, words and phrases that were chosen, which sections of talk were embellished or elaborated on and appeals that were made to the interviewer (Riessman, 2002). Through exploring the micro-practices of domestic workers’ lives the study found that there were various subject positions constructed and used by this group of women. Findings showed that domestic workers positioned themselves actively as breadwinners, good mothers who give their children opportunities that they were not given, nurturers and crafty mothers who secure good care for their children. In contrast to these active subject positions, positions of sacrifice were performed when domestic workers spoke about leaving their young children in the care of another while they worked. The study also found that participants managed complex positions of disappointment and unmet expectations for a better life in the new South Africa by using narratives of resistance and agency. In certain instances, identity appeals were made to the interviewer that they, and other women who do domestic work, are entrepreneurial and creative with their income and possess skills outside of their day-to-day household cleaning jobs. This was interpreted as an attempt to extend the domestic worker identity positioning beyond the traditionally accepted notions of unskilled/uneducated women who do domestic work. In the study this allowed for more subject positions to be taken up in terms of identities and selves, beyond just being a “domestic worker”.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021
- Authors: Michaeu, Nisha
- Date: 2021
- Subjects: Women household employees, Black -- Social conditions -- South Africa , Women household employees, Black -- Social conditions -- South Africa -- Case studies , Women household employees, Black -- Psychology -- South Africa , Day care aides -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/172029 , vital:42150
- Description: Domestic service has long been a major sector of the South African labour market, for black women particularly, who must support their family and children. Existing research has stressed the way in which race, class and gender has shaped the oppressive character of domestic service in South Africa. In this narrative study a new slant is provided on this existing theoretical discussion of domestic labour, one that is focused on exploring the agentic human being beyond ‘the servant question’. This study uses narrative interviews with domestic workers in Makhanda/Grahamstown in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa to show how we can expand on potentially limited or constricted passive ‘domestic worker identities’ and ideas/beliefs about women who do domestic work. A performative and positioning narrative analysis is used to explore the subject positions of domestic workers in their stories about their childcare arrangements. This analysis examines multiple shifting identities and positions that are used by domestic workers in relation to their maternal subjectivity and their audience (here, a white trainee-psychologist esearcher), while highlighting the significance of narrative methodology in making these positions visible. The areas of focus were their history, experience of domestic work, life outside of domestic work, family network/dynamics and personal childcare arrangements. Under these areas of focus the following was analysed: the ways in which the storyteller positioned herself in her narrative, how she compared/contrasted or located herself in relation to the other, claims of identity that were made, what she incorporated or purposefully left out, words and phrases that were chosen, which sections of talk were embellished or elaborated on and appeals that were made to the interviewer (Riessman, 2002). Through exploring the micro-practices of domestic workers’ lives the study found that there were various subject positions constructed and used by this group of women. Findings showed that domestic workers positioned themselves actively as breadwinners, good mothers who give their children opportunities that they were not given, nurturers and crafty mothers who secure good care for their children. In contrast to these active subject positions, positions of sacrifice were performed when domestic workers spoke about leaving their young children in the care of another while they worked. The study also found that participants managed complex positions of disappointment and unmet expectations for a better life in the new South Africa by using narratives of resistance and agency. In certain instances, identity appeals were made to the interviewer that they, and other women who do domestic work, are entrepreneurial and creative with their income and possess skills outside of their day-to-day household cleaning jobs. This was interpreted as an attempt to extend the domestic worker identity positioning beyond the traditionally accepted notions of unskilled/uneducated women who do domestic work. In the study this allowed for more subject positions to be taken up in terms of identities and selves, beyond just being a “domestic worker”.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021
A case study of role conflict experienced by change champions during organisational change
- Nakani-Mapoma, Xoliswa Faith
- Authors: Nakani-Mapoma, Xoliswa Faith
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Organization change , Organization change -- Management , Role conflict , Organizational behavior -- Case studies , Corporate culture -- Case studies
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/96848 , vital:31337
- Description: A change champion has been defined as a person from any level of the organisation who is skilled at initiating, facilitating and implementing change, and who can effectively champion organisational changes. From a review of the literature, it was anticipated that change champions may experience role conflict, due to the multiple roles that they needed to fulfil simultaneously. Informed by organisational role theory, this research investigated the change management programme of a specific public entity as a case study, and analysed the nature of the role conflict that change champions experienced during a specific organisational change. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with four change champions, the change coordinator and the Executive Director Corporate Services. The organisational documents that relate to change management were also consulted with a view to providing background information and an overview of the change management programme. A deductive thematic analysis approach was used to analyse the data. A coding framework was developed prior to the collection of data, and was used for the identification of theoretical codes and themes in the data. The following codes were developed and explored as types of role conflict: role ambiguity, person role conflict, role strain, role overload and role incompatibility. In terms of the findings, this study confirmed that change champions did experience role conflict during organisational change, mainly due to various expectations that come from different role senders. In the light of these findings, it was recommended that senior managers could reduce the incidents of role conflict by training change champions, introducing an orientation programme for new change champions, consider their personal values when appointing them, and allocating sufficient time for change champions to fulfil this additional role. This study has contributed to the body of knowledge by drawing on role theory and applying it to change management, in order to provide insight on the role of change champions during the organisational change, and in particular the role conflict that they experienced.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Nakani-Mapoma, Xoliswa Faith
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Organization change , Organization change -- Management , Role conflict , Organizational behavior -- Case studies , Corporate culture -- Case studies
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/96848 , vital:31337
- Description: A change champion has been defined as a person from any level of the organisation who is skilled at initiating, facilitating and implementing change, and who can effectively champion organisational changes. From a review of the literature, it was anticipated that change champions may experience role conflict, due to the multiple roles that they needed to fulfil simultaneously. Informed by organisational role theory, this research investigated the change management programme of a specific public entity as a case study, and analysed the nature of the role conflict that change champions experienced during a specific organisational change. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with four change champions, the change coordinator and the Executive Director Corporate Services. The organisational documents that relate to change management were also consulted with a view to providing background information and an overview of the change management programme. A deductive thematic analysis approach was used to analyse the data. A coding framework was developed prior to the collection of data, and was used for the identification of theoretical codes and themes in the data. The following codes were developed and explored as types of role conflict: role ambiguity, person role conflict, role strain, role overload and role incompatibility. In terms of the findings, this study confirmed that change champions did experience role conflict during organisational change, mainly due to various expectations that come from different role senders. In the light of these findings, it was recommended that senior managers could reduce the incidents of role conflict by training change champions, introducing an orientation programme for new change champions, consider their personal values when appointing them, and allocating sufficient time for change champions to fulfil this additional role. This study has contributed to the body of knowledge by drawing on role theory and applying it to change management, in order to provide insight on the role of change champions during the organisational change, and in particular the role conflict that they experienced.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as a bio-indicator of soil health under agricultural management practices in South Africa
- Authors: Sekgota, Wendy Maphefo
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Soils -- Quality -- South Africa , Soil fertility -- South Africa , Fungi in agriculture -- South Africa , Mycorrhizal fungi , Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas , Fungi -- Spores , Soils -- Agricultural chemical content
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/72161 , vital:30011
- Description: This study investigated the activity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi as a potential biological indicator of soil health under conventional and conservation agricultural management in South Africa. An experimental trial consisting of three replicates plots under conventional and reduced tillage subdivided into twelve treatments of six crops and two fertilizer inputs was assessed over four growing seasons for various AM fungal parameters such as spore density, most probable number (MPN) of propagules percentage root colonisation and easily extractable glomalin (EEG). Cropping combinations were maize monoculture; maize soybean rotation; maize cowpea rotation; maize cowpea intercropping; maize oats intercropping and maize vetch intercropping. Resident AM fungal spore numbers and EEG protein levels were very low and no root colonization was recorded in the first two growing seasons. These findings prompted the need for the inoculation of the study site in the third growing season with a commercial AM fungal product (MycorootTM). Spore numbers, EEG concentrations and percentage root colonisation increased 8 weeks after inoculation but were significantly reduced in the fourth growing season that was not inoculated. MPN infectivity increased with inoculation particularly under conventional tillage and maize monoculture. Resident spore taxa were morphologically identified into three genera Gigaspora, Scutellospora, and Glomus. For the first two growing seasons, the maize roots were heavily colonized by a pathogenic fungus after mycorrhizal inoculation no evidence of pathogenic fungi was observed. In the fourth growing season which did not receive inoculation, root colonization started to decline. Reduced tillage, high fertilizer input combined with maize cowpea rotation (MC) and maize hairy vetch intercropping (Mv) had a significant effect (P = 0.01) on AM fungal spore numbers. Cropping systems and high fertilizer input had a significant effect on EEG concentrations in the second growing season. Overall, fertilizer application and crop type had implications for mycorrhizal activity. The soil health status in this study site was deemed low as measured by the impaired mycorrhizal activity due to agricultural management practices. Field inoculation combined with classical and molecular tools could provide a more realistic assessment of the effect of agricultural management practices on AM fungi as potential bioindicators of soil health. Therefore, AM fungi could be used as bioindicators of soil health under agricultural management practices in South African soil conditions.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Sekgota, Wendy Maphefo
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Soils -- Quality -- South Africa , Soil fertility -- South Africa , Fungi in agriculture -- South Africa , Mycorrhizal fungi , Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas , Fungi -- Spores , Soils -- Agricultural chemical content
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/72161 , vital:30011
- Description: This study investigated the activity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi as a potential biological indicator of soil health under conventional and conservation agricultural management in South Africa. An experimental trial consisting of three replicates plots under conventional and reduced tillage subdivided into twelve treatments of six crops and two fertilizer inputs was assessed over four growing seasons for various AM fungal parameters such as spore density, most probable number (MPN) of propagules percentage root colonisation and easily extractable glomalin (EEG). Cropping combinations were maize monoculture; maize soybean rotation; maize cowpea rotation; maize cowpea intercropping; maize oats intercropping and maize vetch intercropping. Resident AM fungal spore numbers and EEG protein levels were very low and no root colonization was recorded in the first two growing seasons. These findings prompted the need for the inoculation of the study site in the third growing season with a commercial AM fungal product (MycorootTM). Spore numbers, EEG concentrations and percentage root colonisation increased 8 weeks after inoculation but were significantly reduced in the fourth growing season that was not inoculated. MPN infectivity increased with inoculation particularly under conventional tillage and maize monoculture. Resident spore taxa were morphologically identified into three genera Gigaspora, Scutellospora, and Glomus. For the first two growing seasons, the maize roots were heavily colonized by a pathogenic fungus after mycorrhizal inoculation no evidence of pathogenic fungi was observed. In the fourth growing season which did not receive inoculation, root colonization started to decline. Reduced tillage, high fertilizer input combined with maize cowpea rotation (MC) and maize hairy vetch intercropping (Mv) had a significant effect (P = 0.01) on AM fungal spore numbers. Cropping systems and high fertilizer input had a significant effect on EEG concentrations in the second growing season. Overall, fertilizer application and crop type had implications for mycorrhizal activity. The soil health status in this study site was deemed low as measured by the impaired mycorrhizal activity due to agricultural management practices. Field inoculation combined with classical and molecular tools could provide a more realistic assessment of the effect of agricultural management practices on AM fungi as potential bioindicators of soil health. Therefore, AM fungi could be used as bioindicators of soil health under agricultural management practices in South African soil conditions.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
A mineralogical, geochemical and metallogenic study of unusual Mn/Na/Ba assemblages at the footwall of conglomeratic iron-ore at farm Langverwacht, Northern Cape Province of South Africa
- Authors: Bursey, James Rodney
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Iron ores -- Geology -- South Africa -- Northern Cape , Conglomerate -- South Africa -- Northern Cape , Petrology -- South Africa -- Northern Cape , Manganese -- South Africa -- Northern Cape , Sodium -- South Africa -- Northern Cape , Barium -- South Africa -- Northern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/62516 , vital:28201
- Description: The Postmasburg Manganese Field (PMF), located in the Northern Cape province of South Africa, plays host to significant deposits of iron and manganese that have been utilized since their discovery in 1922 by Captain L.T. Shone. Further afield, lies the massive high-grade manganese deposit of the Kalahari Manganese Field (KMF), which drew attention away from the PMF after its discovery. These deposits are not limited to iron and manganese ore, but contain significant assemblages of alkali-rich rocks - which is the focus of this study. The existence of alkali-rich assemblages beneath conglomeratic iron-ore on farm Langwervacht, has come under investigation in this study, and in particular, the enrichment of these rocks in Ba, Na and Mn. Petrographic analysis of the clast-supported conglomerate unit (ore-zone), has uncovered the presence of vugs (up to 8mm across) which contain barite, K-feldspar and fluorapatite. In addition to this, the ore-zone of one of the three boreholes contains late carbonate veins (kutnohorite), which travel along Fe-clast boundaries, and exploit clast-fractures and areas of weakness. Further down, within the ‘enriched-zone’ of alkalis, the mineralogy is more diverse - containing elevated concentrations of Ba, Na and Mn. Seventeen distinct minerals containing these three key elements have been identified - along with one solid-solution series in the form of hollandite-coronadite. The existence of minerals such as natrolite, aegirine, albite, banalsite, barite, serandite, celsian and hollandite-coronadite are indicative of hydrothermal activity having influenced these rocks. Bulk-geochemistry was used to compare the major and trace elements of each borehole and the associated units. Both the trace elements and the REE’s from the ore-zone are enriched by an average of 5-10x relative to the BIF standard used - which immediately suggests an influx of elements. Compared to PAAS (Post Archaean Australian Shales), the ore-zone REE’s are slightly depleted, but more importantly the profiles are very similar to that of the Mapedi shales achieved in previous studies. This result points towards a strong shale influence in the ore-zone protolith. Expectedly, many of the enriched-zone trace elements and REE’s show far greater enrichment than what is observed in the ore-zone. Trace and Rare Earth Element profiles between the ore-zone and the enriched-zone are, however, generally correlative, with profiles reflecting similar enrichments and depletions for a given element - even within different rock units. This suggests that the hydrothermal fluid has moved in a general upward direction, reacting with host-rock units, and relinquishing elements carried in solution - wherever conditions have been favourable for the accommodation of these elements. This study has shed light on the relationship between the ore-zone and the enriched-zone, and results suggest that the process of alkali enrichment is not directly related to the process of upgrading of the iron ores. This is due to the extent of the alkali-enrichment below the ore-zone, as well as enrichment factors in some trace elements being superior to that of Fe2O3 in the ore- zone. Hence, both of these zones have both been affected by a later hydrothermal fluid. The source of the fluid is likely a mature basinal brine, of oxidized, alkaline nature - which leached elements (Ba, K, Na, Pb, Ca) from older rocks, and carried them in solution. On a local-scale, this fluid has exploited areas of weakness in the form of fractures, less consolidated conglomeratic material and crosscutting veins. Manganese and iron has been remobilized on a local scale - producing secondary textures and partitioning into phases such as Mn-rich calcite and serandite. Comparisons to other studies in the PMF and KMF have revealed very similar alkali-rich assemblages, bearing many of the same minerals observed in this study - even within more manganiferous deposits. These findings have led to suggestions of a possible regional-scale hydrothermal overprint, which may have imparted a similar geochemical signal over the entire region - with the assistance of faults and unconformities. Of course, proving this is no mean feat, but current work on the source of barium in barite, using Sr isotopes from samples across the region may shed light on the source of at least one key element of these deposits.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Bursey, James Rodney
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Iron ores -- Geology -- South Africa -- Northern Cape , Conglomerate -- South Africa -- Northern Cape , Petrology -- South Africa -- Northern Cape , Manganese -- South Africa -- Northern Cape , Sodium -- South Africa -- Northern Cape , Barium -- South Africa -- Northern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/62516 , vital:28201
- Description: The Postmasburg Manganese Field (PMF), located in the Northern Cape province of South Africa, plays host to significant deposits of iron and manganese that have been utilized since their discovery in 1922 by Captain L.T. Shone. Further afield, lies the massive high-grade manganese deposit of the Kalahari Manganese Field (KMF), which drew attention away from the PMF after its discovery. These deposits are not limited to iron and manganese ore, but contain significant assemblages of alkali-rich rocks - which is the focus of this study. The existence of alkali-rich assemblages beneath conglomeratic iron-ore on farm Langwervacht, has come under investigation in this study, and in particular, the enrichment of these rocks in Ba, Na and Mn. Petrographic analysis of the clast-supported conglomerate unit (ore-zone), has uncovered the presence of vugs (up to 8mm across) which contain barite, K-feldspar and fluorapatite. In addition to this, the ore-zone of one of the three boreholes contains late carbonate veins (kutnohorite), which travel along Fe-clast boundaries, and exploit clast-fractures and areas of weakness. Further down, within the ‘enriched-zone’ of alkalis, the mineralogy is more diverse - containing elevated concentrations of Ba, Na and Mn. Seventeen distinct minerals containing these three key elements have been identified - along with one solid-solution series in the form of hollandite-coronadite. The existence of minerals such as natrolite, aegirine, albite, banalsite, barite, serandite, celsian and hollandite-coronadite are indicative of hydrothermal activity having influenced these rocks. Bulk-geochemistry was used to compare the major and trace elements of each borehole and the associated units. Both the trace elements and the REE’s from the ore-zone are enriched by an average of 5-10x relative to the BIF standard used - which immediately suggests an influx of elements. Compared to PAAS (Post Archaean Australian Shales), the ore-zone REE’s are slightly depleted, but more importantly the profiles are very similar to that of the Mapedi shales achieved in previous studies. This result points towards a strong shale influence in the ore-zone protolith. Expectedly, many of the enriched-zone trace elements and REE’s show far greater enrichment than what is observed in the ore-zone. Trace and Rare Earth Element profiles between the ore-zone and the enriched-zone are, however, generally correlative, with profiles reflecting similar enrichments and depletions for a given element - even within different rock units. This suggests that the hydrothermal fluid has moved in a general upward direction, reacting with host-rock units, and relinquishing elements carried in solution - wherever conditions have been favourable for the accommodation of these elements. This study has shed light on the relationship between the ore-zone and the enriched-zone, and results suggest that the process of alkali enrichment is not directly related to the process of upgrading of the iron ores. This is due to the extent of the alkali-enrichment below the ore-zone, as well as enrichment factors in some trace elements being superior to that of Fe2O3 in the ore- zone. Hence, both of these zones have both been affected by a later hydrothermal fluid. The source of the fluid is likely a mature basinal brine, of oxidized, alkaline nature - which leached elements (Ba, K, Na, Pb, Ca) from older rocks, and carried them in solution. On a local-scale, this fluid has exploited areas of weakness in the form of fractures, less consolidated conglomeratic material and crosscutting veins. Manganese and iron has been remobilized on a local scale - producing secondary textures and partitioning into phases such as Mn-rich calcite and serandite. Comparisons to other studies in the PMF and KMF have revealed very similar alkali-rich assemblages, bearing many of the same minerals observed in this study - even within more manganiferous deposits. These findings have led to suggestions of a possible regional-scale hydrothermal overprint, which may have imparted a similar geochemical signal over the entire region - with the assistance of faults and unconformities. Of course, proving this is no mean feat, but current work on the source of barium in barite, using Sr isotopes from samples across the region may shed light on the source of at least one key element of these deposits.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Primary controls on iron and manganese distribution in sphalerite of the Gams Formation, Gamsberg zinc deposit, Namaqualand, South Africa
- Authors: Poignant-Molina, Léo
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Sphalerite , Sphalerite South Africa Gamsberg , Manganese South Africa Gamsberg , Zinc mines and mining South Africa Gamsberg , Geochemistry South Africa Gamsberg , Metamorphism (Geology) , Electron probe microanalysis
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/63775 , vital:28488
- Description: The Gamsberg deposit is a 200 Mt zinc reserve belonging to the world class base metalrich Aggeneys-Gamsberg mining district. A rifting environment permitted the development of four proximal SEDEX-type deposits whereby Gamsberg is localized in the eastern side of the district and characterised by a peculiar enrichment in manganese. This study investigates the geochemistry of sphalerite in the Gams Formation holding the economic units of the deposit. Microscopic petrography revealed that most of primary textures have been overprinted by recrystallization, alteration, replacement and deformational textures produced during the polyphase metamorphism of the Namaquan Orogeny. Therefore, EPMA analysis provided the bulk of information to define the geochemical distribution of sphalerite. A lateral variation was noticed throughout the Gams Formation, whereby the North orebody presents Zn-rich and Fe+Mn-poor sphalerite while the West and East orebodies contain Zn-poor and Fe-Mn-rich sphalerite. This feature has been interpreted as the association of a chemocline and a variation in the basin topography defining deep Mn+Fe-rich zones and shallow Mn+Fe-poor zones in the primitive basin. It is suggested that mineralized hot brines mixed with seawater developed the chemocline. The uneven topography shaped the geochemical variation between the actual orebodies.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Poignant-Molina, Léo
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Sphalerite , Sphalerite South Africa Gamsberg , Manganese South Africa Gamsberg , Zinc mines and mining South Africa Gamsberg , Geochemistry South Africa Gamsberg , Metamorphism (Geology) , Electron probe microanalysis
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/63775 , vital:28488
- Description: The Gamsberg deposit is a 200 Mt zinc reserve belonging to the world class base metalrich Aggeneys-Gamsberg mining district. A rifting environment permitted the development of four proximal SEDEX-type deposits whereby Gamsberg is localized in the eastern side of the district and characterised by a peculiar enrichment in manganese. This study investigates the geochemistry of sphalerite in the Gams Formation holding the economic units of the deposit. Microscopic petrography revealed that most of primary textures have been overprinted by recrystallization, alteration, replacement and deformational textures produced during the polyphase metamorphism of the Namaquan Orogeny. Therefore, EPMA analysis provided the bulk of information to define the geochemical distribution of sphalerite. A lateral variation was noticed throughout the Gams Formation, whereby the North orebody presents Zn-rich and Fe+Mn-poor sphalerite while the West and East orebodies contain Zn-poor and Fe-Mn-rich sphalerite. This feature has been interpreted as the association of a chemocline and a variation in the basin topography defining deep Mn+Fe-rich zones and shallow Mn+Fe-poor zones in the primitive basin. It is suggested that mineralized hot brines mixed with seawater developed the chemocline. The uneven topography shaped the geochemical variation between the actual orebodies.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Regional value chains and development integration in the SADC Region: the case of the pharmaceutical industry
- Authors: Faydherbe, Sean
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Pharmaceutical industry -- Africa, Southern , Southern African Development Community , Africa, Southern -- Economic integration , Regional value chains (RVCs) , Global value chains (GVCs)
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/62906 , vital:28309
- Description: This thesis investigates how regional value chains (RVCs) can be used to further development integration in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region with a focus on the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry. The study is motivated by the apparent lack of attention given to the development of the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry in Southern Africa, the region’s high disease burden and the identification of the industry as economically and socially important by the SADC (2015) Industrialisation Strategy and Roadmap and the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) (2017a) Industrial Policy Action Plan (IPAP). At the same time, South Africa and other countries in the region are exploring alternative approaches to regional integration, given the failure or stagnation of numerous formal integration arrangements throughout Africa, which have often lead to polarised rather than balanced development. This thesis argues that the development of RVCs within SADC may be an effective tool for development integration in the region, particularly in sectors such as pharmaceuticals. The study employs a value chain framework for the analysis and discusses development integration options, drawing on the East Asian experience with RVCs and on case studies involving India in the case of the pharmaceutical industry. It provides a sector profile of the industry in South Africa, due to its dominant status in the region, and also of Zimbabwe, due to that country’s potential to become a pharmaceutical industry leader in the region once again. The thesis first explores the important theoretical aspects underlying value chain analysis, namely governance and upgrading, while also outlining the rise of global value chains (GVCs). It analyses the complex relationships between RVCs and GVCs, and RVCs and regional integration. From this it concludes that RVCs are a stepping stone to participation in GVCs and that RVCs should be promoted within a development integration framework through strong regional cooperation. Value chain analysis is applied to the entire pharmaceutical manufacturing industry with a focus on SADC. The thesis examines how the sector is evolving with manufacturing multinational corporations (MNCs) outsourcing production and setting up centres of excellence in regional production hubs. The study argues that with the application of recommended policies, RVCs in sectors such as pharmaceutical manufacturing may provide a tool for achieving balanced development in the region. However, the study also finds that the pharmaceutical industry in SADC lags a long way behind the rest of the world and that many countries and firms will need to begin at the bottom of the value chain, with formulation, in order to contribute to the development of RVCs. The thesis concludes with recommendations on what policies are needed to foster the growth and development of pharmaceutical RVCs in the SADC region. These include strengthening public procurement, providing incentives for investment into the industry, incremental production and incremental export volumes, as well as certainty and predictability around the regulatory and business environment. Further, policy should aim to construct synergies and linkages on the ground between health systems and industrial developments; regulate service links important to pharmaceutical manufacturing; develop a coherent regional policy agenda; remove unnecessary non-tariff barriers to trade in the region and, in line with development integration, implement trade policy along with trade infrastructure that is efficient and includes airports, rail, roads and ports, as well as effective access to the internet.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Faydherbe, Sean
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Pharmaceutical industry -- Africa, Southern , Southern African Development Community , Africa, Southern -- Economic integration , Regional value chains (RVCs) , Global value chains (GVCs)
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/62906 , vital:28309
- Description: This thesis investigates how regional value chains (RVCs) can be used to further development integration in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region with a focus on the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry. The study is motivated by the apparent lack of attention given to the development of the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry in Southern Africa, the region’s high disease burden and the identification of the industry as economically and socially important by the SADC (2015) Industrialisation Strategy and Roadmap and the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) (2017a) Industrial Policy Action Plan (IPAP). At the same time, South Africa and other countries in the region are exploring alternative approaches to regional integration, given the failure or stagnation of numerous formal integration arrangements throughout Africa, which have often lead to polarised rather than balanced development. This thesis argues that the development of RVCs within SADC may be an effective tool for development integration in the region, particularly in sectors such as pharmaceuticals. The study employs a value chain framework for the analysis and discusses development integration options, drawing on the East Asian experience with RVCs and on case studies involving India in the case of the pharmaceutical industry. It provides a sector profile of the industry in South Africa, due to its dominant status in the region, and also of Zimbabwe, due to that country’s potential to become a pharmaceutical industry leader in the region once again. The thesis first explores the important theoretical aspects underlying value chain analysis, namely governance and upgrading, while also outlining the rise of global value chains (GVCs). It analyses the complex relationships between RVCs and GVCs, and RVCs and regional integration. From this it concludes that RVCs are a stepping stone to participation in GVCs and that RVCs should be promoted within a development integration framework through strong regional cooperation. Value chain analysis is applied to the entire pharmaceutical manufacturing industry with a focus on SADC. The thesis examines how the sector is evolving with manufacturing multinational corporations (MNCs) outsourcing production and setting up centres of excellence in regional production hubs. The study argues that with the application of recommended policies, RVCs in sectors such as pharmaceutical manufacturing may provide a tool for achieving balanced development in the region. However, the study also finds that the pharmaceutical industry in SADC lags a long way behind the rest of the world and that many countries and firms will need to begin at the bottom of the value chain, with formulation, in order to contribute to the development of RVCs. The thesis concludes with recommendations on what policies are needed to foster the growth and development of pharmaceutical RVCs in the SADC region. These include strengthening public procurement, providing incentives for investment into the industry, incremental production and incremental export volumes, as well as certainty and predictability around the regulatory and business environment. Further, policy should aim to construct synergies and linkages on the ground between health systems and industrial developments; regulate service links important to pharmaceutical manufacturing; develop a coherent regional policy agenda; remove unnecessary non-tariff barriers to trade in the region and, in line with development integration, implement trade policy along with trade infrastructure that is efficient and includes airports, rail, roads and ports, as well as effective access to the internet.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Research & innovation report 2019/2020
- Subjects: Universities and colleges - Research , f-sa
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/53066 , vital:44937
- Description: Annual report highlighting research and innovation undertaken at the Nelson Mandela University.
- Full Text:
- Subjects: Universities and colleges - Research , f-sa
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/53066 , vital:44937
- Description: Annual report highlighting research and innovation undertaken at the Nelson Mandela University.
- Full Text:
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