A sedimentological and structural study of the lower Ecca Group, with a focus on facies analysis of the Collingham Formation, north of Grahamstown, SE Karoo Basin, South Africa
- Authors: Slamang, Shereen
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Formations (Geology) -- South Africa -- Grahamstown Facies (Geology) -- South Africa -- Grahamstown
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/21099 , vital:29439
- Description: A study of the Collingham Formation was conducted in the area of the Ecca Pass and Committees Drift Road some 20km north of Grahamstown, Eastern Cape. The study incorporates outcrops of the lower Ecca Group, with a focus on the Collingham Formation. The structural and sedimentological characteristics have been documented, and a detailed description and facies outcrop characterization of the Collingham Formation has been undertaken. The combined thickness of the Prince Albert (~55m), Whitehill (~12m), and Collingham (~20m) Formations is approximately 85m. These formations are composed of fine grained parallel laminated mudrocks of mostly silt- and clay-size particles. A general north-easterly dip direction is recorded with three prominent joint directions striking NNE, NNW, and ESE. Intense small scale folding is evident in the Whitehill Formation, and is likely linked to local décollement structures; while north-verging duplex faults in the Prince Albert Formation is possibly linked to a sole thrust/detachment fault rooted in rocks of the Cape Supergroup. The foreland model has been proposed for these deformational structures. Six lithofacies have been recognised in the Collingham Formation, namely; claystone facies, mudstone facies, siltstone facies, chert facies, tuff facies, and shale facies. The Collingham Formation is comprised of an upward fining sequence of sediments; seen from the gradual change from siltstone facies in the lower layers, to mudstone facies, and claystone facies in the upper layers. This was created in a delta environment whereby clay particles were held in suspension in a hypopycnal mouth bar, and slowly settled to form claystone facies. An influx of sediment caused silt particles to settle further out to sea under the influence of gravity in a hyperpycnal mouth bar, thereby forming siltstone facies. Mudstone facies formed as the sediment supply gradually depleted, subsequently reducing the concentration of silt particles. The dominance of clay particles present suggests deposition to have occurred in tranquil waters, in a possible intracratonic basin setting, where the water depth is known to be a lot shallower. An upward decrease in organic content is seen by the colour change of mudrocks from dark grey near the base to dark green grey in the upper layers. Chlorite is commonly found in thin section, SEM, and XRD, and is an indication that the formation was later subject to low grade greenschist facies metamorphism.
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- Date Issued: 2017
Investigating the existance of HIV/AIDS health advisory committee in selected senior secondary schools in the Amathole District Municipality schools in the Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Authors: Mbayeka, Sizwe Michael
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: HIV/AIDS -- Health advisory committee -- Education (Secondary)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , M Ed
- Identifier: vital:18466 , http://hdl.handle.net/11260/d1009449
- Description: This study investigated the question: Have the Amathole District Municipality Schools and higher education institutions established and successfully run Health Advisory Committees (HACs) in accordance with stipulations of the National Policy on HIV/AIDS for Learners and Educators in Public Schools Act No.27 0f 1996 (DoE, 1996). The main focus of the study was to determine the existence and the performance of HIV/AIDS Health Advisory Committees in 16 senior secondary schools selected from the Amathole District Municipality in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. The two main research questions which the study seeks to interrogate are: Does any of the selected 16 secondary schools have HIV/AIDS Health Advisory Committees? And if HIV/AIDS Health Advisory Committees had been established in any of the schools, are they managed in accordance with the stipulated guidelines of the national education policy? The decision to investigate this phenomenon stemmed from the researcher’s observation that schools might have failed to establish and to effectively manage the HAC. This assumption was based upon the fact that in rural schools located among the less educated and illiterate rural masses, semi-educated and illiterate parent members of the school governing bodies are more likely to be poorly informed about HIV/AIDS and might not be aware of the importance setting up committees and running them efficiently. The study used a survey as its research design. Surveys typically rely on large scale data, e.g. from questionnaires ,test scores, attendance rates results of public examinations etc., all of which would be enable comparisons to be made over time or between groups. Data was collected by means of questionnaires which were analysed using SPSS. The findings produced evidence that backed the above assumption. The study revealed that Data and the findings indicated that some schools in the Amathole District do not have HAC. Instead of HACs, they have other health advisory structures. However, parents believed that there was the need for HIV/AIDS HACs in their school communities as they were considered capable of addressing health related challenges/ problems such as teenage pregnancy HIV/AIDS diseases, hygiene and healthy living style among the school stakeholders. The study concluded that the existence of the HIV/AIDS HAC is essential and necessary in all schools as it ensures a healthy living in the school communities as suggest by the findings of this study.
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- Date Issued: 2012