The effect of ER stress in INS-1E cells using IL-1β under hyperglycaemic conditions
- Authors: Jackson, Simon
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Diabetes -- Pathogenesis , Endoplasmic reticulum -- Pathophysiology Endoplasmic reticulum Diabetes
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/30397 , vital:30938
- Description: Diabetes afflicts millions of individuals worldwide, and the statistics rise each year. It is associated with various ailments which reduce the quality of life and has been shown to be associated with seemingly unrelated diseases or conditions. One aspect of the pathogenesis of diabetes is endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which is an imbalance in the protein loading and protein folding capacities of the ER of a cell. Under chronic hyperglycaemic conditions associated with the development of diabetes, excessive insulin production disrupts the ER homeostasis, leading to ER stress. If the ER stress is severe or chronic, cell death of pancreatic β-cells may occur, leading to the onset of diabetes. There is currently a gap in available models that closely resemble the pathogenesis of diabetes in insulinoma-1E (INS-1E) pancreatic β-cells to study ER stress under hyperglycaemic conditions. This study optimised various ER stress-inducing models and tested terpenoid treatments to investigate their potential in modulating ER stress. Using various cell viability assays, five models to induce ER stress were optimised (hyperglycaemic, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tunicamycin (Tm), brefeldin-A (BFA) and thapsigargin (Tg)). The five models were shown to induce ER stress through the expression of the downstream ER stress marker CCAAT-enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) homologous protein (CHOP). The various models induced ER stress under different mechanisms. Insulin secretion analysis using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) demonstrated that low concentrations of IL-1β promoted insulin secretion. Several of the terpenoid treatments showed potential in alleviating different aspects of either ER stress or inflammation.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Jackson, Simon
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Diabetes -- Pathogenesis , Endoplasmic reticulum -- Pathophysiology Endoplasmic reticulum Diabetes
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/30397 , vital:30938
- Description: Diabetes afflicts millions of individuals worldwide, and the statistics rise each year. It is associated with various ailments which reduce the quality of life and has been shown to be associated with seemingly unrelated diseases or conditions. One aspect of the pathogenesis of diabetes is endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which is an imbalance in the protein loading and protein folding capacities of the ER of a cell. Under chronic hyperglycaemic conditions associated with the development of diabetes, excessive insulin production disrupts the ER homeostasis, leading to ER stress. If the ER stress is severe or chronic, cell death of pancreatic β-cells may occur, leading to the onset of diabetes. There is currently a gap in available models that closely resemble the pathogenesis of diabetes in insulinoma-1E (INS-1E) pancreatic β-cells to study ER stress under hyperglycaemic conditions. This study optimised various ER stress-inducing models and tested terpenoid treatments to investigate their potential in modulating ER stress. Using various cell viability assays, five models to induce ER stress were optimised (hyperglycaemic, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tunicamycin (Tm), brefeldin-A (BFA) and thapsigargin (Tg)). The five models were shown to induce ER stress through the expression of the downstream ER stress marker CCAAT-enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) homologous protein (CHOP). The various models induced ER stress under different mechanisms. Insulin secretion analysis using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) demonstrated that low concentrations of IL-1β promoted insulin secretion. Several of the terpenoid treatments showed potential in alleviating different aspects of either ER stress or inflammation.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
An exploration of voluntary counselling and testing : a Port Elizabeth-based study
- Authors: Foster, Caron
- Date: 2010
- Subjects: HIV-positive persons -- Counseling of -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , AIDS (Disease) -- Patients -- Counseling -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , HIV Infections -- Diagnosis -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , AIDS (Disease) -- Diagnosis -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:16139 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1204 , HIV-positive persons -- Counseling of -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , AIDS (Disease) -- Patients -- Counseling -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , HIV Infections -- Diagnosis -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , AIDS (Disease) -- Diagnosis -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth
- Description: The purpose of this study was to explore and identify factors that either facilitate or inhibit individuals volunteering for HIV-testing. The target group was comprised of Xhosa first-language construction workers in a company with an HIV/AIDS workplace policy and programme. This programme provides basic education and awareness about HIV/AIDS. This education includes information about where to access voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) services. Interpretive qualitative research was undertaken in order to explore the beliefs, perceptions and intentions of the target group in regard to the utilisation VCT services. Data was collected using an unstructured interview guide. The data was analysed using Tesch’s approach to content analysis. Concerns about validity and reliability were engaged throughout the research process and supported further by using researcher reflexivity and an independent researcher. The independent researcher analysed data separately and only after discussion and consensus being found between the two researchers were final categories and codes agreed upon and data analysis considered complete. Findings revealed that an HIV/AIDS workplace programme has a positive impact on the health-seeking behaviour of workers in the construction company used in this research. Respondents knew how HIV/AIDS is transmitted, how to prevent transmission and where to find HIV-testing treatment and support. In this case HIV-testing services can easily be accessed further facilitating respondents volunteering for HIV-testing. It was also found that family, friends and churches support HIV-testing behaviour by providing education, guidance and support to respondents encouraging behaviour change. On the other hand, respondents held that community members who had not benefited from an HIV/AIDS workplace programme such as theirs are exposed daily to the devastating effects of HIV leading to AIDS deaths and live in fear of the disease. Debilitating illness and eventual death is equated with an HIV-positive diagnosis which causes community members to believe it is better not to volunteer for HIV-testing than to ascertain one’s HIV-status. The HIV/AIDS workplace policy and xv programme on the other hand is seen to have provided respondents with HIV/AIDS knowledge enabling them to overcome their fear of an HIV-positive diagnosis and to volunteer for regular HIV-testing.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010
- Authors: Foster, Caron
- Date: 2010
- Subjects: HIV-positive persons -- Counseling of -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , AIDS (Disease) -- Patients -- Counseling -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , HIV Infections -- Diagnosis -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , AIDS (Disease) -- Diagnosis -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:16139 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1204 , HIV-positive persons -- Counseling of -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , AIDS (Disease) -- Patients -- Counseling -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , HIV Infections -- Diagnosis -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , AIDS (Disease) -- Diagnosis -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth
- Description: The purpose of this study was to explore and identify factors that either facilitate or inhibit individuals volunteering for HIV-testing. The target group was comprised of Xhosa first-language construction workers in a company with an HIV/AIDS workplace policy and programme. This programme provides basic education and awareness about HIV/AIDS. This education includes information about where to access voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) services. Interpretive qualitative research was undertaken in order to explore the beliefs, perceptions and intentions of the target group in regard to the utilisation VCT services. Data was collected using an unstructured interview guide. The data was analysed using Tesch’s approach to content analysis. Concerns about validity and reliability were engaged throughout the research process and supported further by using researcher reflexivity and an independent researcher. The independent researcher analysed data separately and only after discussion and consensus being found between the two researchers were final categories and codes agreed upon and data analysis considered complete. Findings revealed that an HIV/AIDS workplace programme has a positive impact on the health-seeking behaviour of workers in the construction company used in this research. Respondents knew how HIV/AIDS is transmitted, how to prevent transmission and where to find HIV-testing treatment and support. In this case HIV-testing services can easily be accessed further facilitating respondents volunteering for HIV-testing. It was also found that family, friends and churches support HIV-testing behaviour by providing education, guidance and support to respondents encouraging behaviour change. On the other hand, respondents held that community members who had not benefited from an HIV/AIDS workplace programme such as theirs are exposed daily to the devastating effects of HIV leading to AIDS deaths and live in fear of the disease. Debilitating illness and eventual death is equated with an HIV-positive diagnosis which causes community members to believe it is better not to volunteer for HIV-testing than to ascertain one’s HIV-status. The HIV/AIDS workplace policy and xv programme on the other hand is seen to have provided respondents with HIV/AIDS knowledge enabling them to overcome their fear of an HIV-positive diagnosis and to volunteer for regular HIV-testing.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010
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