List of Titles

Molecular Detection of Antibiotic-Resistant Genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Nonclinical Environment: Public Health Implications in Mthatha, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

- Mojisola Clara Hosu, Sandeep Vasaikar, Grace Emily Okuthe, Teke Apalata

Authors: Mojisola Clara Hosu , Sandeep Vasaikar , Grace Emily Okuthe , Teke Apalata
Date: 5 January 2021
Subjects: Microbiology
Language: English
Type: Journal Article
Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/2417 , vital:41877
Description: Evaluation of resistant profiles and detection of antimicrobial-resistant genes of bacterial pathogens in the nonclinical milieu is imperative to assess the probable risk of dissemination of resistant genes in the environment. .is paper sought to identify antibiotic-resistant genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa from nonclinical sources in Mthatha, Eastern Cape, and evaluate its public health implications. Samples collected from abattoir wastewater and aquatic environment were processed by membrane filtration and cultured on CHROMagarTM Pseudomonas medium. Species identification was performed by autoSCAN-4 (Dade Behring Inc., IL). Molecular characterization of the isolates was confirmed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (rPCR) and selected isolates were further screened for the possibility of harboring antimicrobial resistance genes. Fifty-one Pseudomonas species were recovered from abattoir wastewater and surface water samples, out of which thirty-six strains were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (70.6%). .e P. aeruginosa isolates demonstrated resistance to aztreonam (86.1%), ceftazidime (63.9%), piperacillin (58.3%), cefepime (55.6%), imipenem (50%), piperacillin/tazobactam (47.2%), meropenem (41.7%), and levofloxacin (30.6%). Twenty out of thirty-six P. aeruginosa displayed multidrug resistance profiles and were classified as multidrug-resistant (MDR) (55.6%). Most of the bacterial isolates exhibited a high Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) Index ranging from 0.08 to 0.69 with a mean MAR index of 0.38. In the rPCR analysis of fifteen P. aeruginosa isolates, 14 isolates (93.3%) were detected harboring blaSHV, six isolates (40%) harbored blaTEM, and three isolates (20%) harbored blaCTX-M, being the least occurring ESBL. Results of the current study revealed that P. aeruginosa isolates recovered from nonclinical milieu are resistant to frontline clinically relevant antipseudomonal drugs. .is is concerning as it poses a risk to the environment and constitutes a public health threat. Given the public health relevance, the paper recommends monitoring of multidrug-resistant pathogens in effluent environments.
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Conference eQoboqobo

- Lubabalo, Ntshoko and Dr Mitchell Cox, Student Researcher

Authors: Lubabalo, Ntshoko and Dr Mitchell Cox , Student Researcher
Date: 27-02-2014
Subjects: Oral history Africa , Healers South Africa Interviews
Language: Xhosa , English
Type: Oral histories , Sound recordings , Interviews , audio recording
Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/458416 , vital:75741 , KHA-008
Description: uLubabalo Ntshoko nongumphandi uthetha ngokubaluleka komhlaba kunye nemdlela ekutyetywe ngayo eQoboqobo. UDr Michell Cox waseRhodes obhale incwadi ethi Voices for the Forest incwadi le ibhalwe ngemithi yonke esiyibilisayo nokubaluleka kwendalo empilweni yethu , Lubabalo Ntshoko and Dr Mitchell Cox speaks about the importance of nature and natural resources in Qoboqobo at a conference and she references her book titled Voices Of the Forest
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Date Issued: 27-02-2014

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VIVA Comrade Moss

- NUMSA

Authors: NUMSA
Date: 25 April
Subjects: NUMSA
Language: English
Type: text
Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/109640 , vital:33163 , SALHA 14b : NUMSA
Description: The last 'Trial Update" reported on Comrade Moss’s case until mid-March. This report covers the period from that time up until 25th April.STADLER - "ANC EXPERT" Brigadier Stadler testified that the ANC had made certain calls to organisations within the country which, according to his "research", had been followed by organisations in the country. As examples he gave the ANC’s call for ungovernability, the formation of organs of people’s power and the destruction of town councils. During cross-examination Stadler conceded that he was not able to give examples of any direct link between the ANC and organisations inside the coutry but he said an inference could be drawn by looking at the ANC’s call and the behaviour of organisations inside the country.
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Date Issued: 25 April

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Morphology, histology and histochemistry of the digestive tract of the Banded tilapia, Tilapia sparrmanii (Perciformes: Cichlidae)

- Grace E. Okuthe, Bongile Bhomela

Authors: Grace E. Okuthe , Bongile Bhomela
Date: December 23, 2020
Subjects: Fish, gastrointestinal tract, histo-architecture
Language: English
Type: Journal Article
Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/2425 , vital:41881
Description: ABSTRACT. This study described anatomical, histological and histochemical features of the mucosal layer of the digestive tract of Tilapia sparrmanii Smith, 1840, an omnivorous freshwater fish endemic to Southern Africa. This species exhibited a short thick oesophagus with long deep longitudinal folds (466.68 ± 16.91 µm), and a thick (173.50 ± 10.92 µm) muscular layer that allow the passage of large food items. The mucosa was lined with stratified secretory epithelium rich in goblet cells that secreted neutral and acid mucins. The stomach was a sac-like structure with simple tubular glands surrounded by connective tissue. The mucosa was lined with simple columnar epithelium and the lamina propria exhibited a well-developed layer of gastric glands that occupied the entire length of the cardio-fundic region. The stomach mucosa consisted of epithelial cells with intense neutral mucin secretion which protects against gastric juice. Neck cells of gastric glands synthesized neutral and acid mucins. The intestine was highly coiled and presented a complex pattern of transversal folds internally (villi). Villi length decreased progressively from the anterior to the posterior intestine (p < 0.0001). Tunica muscularis of the mid-intestine had the thinnest thickness among all parts of the intestine (p < 0.0001). Goblet cells whose numbers increased towards the rectum secreted both acid and neutral mucins. The results indicate structural similarities of T. sparrmanii GIT with other tilapia species and will be useful for understanding the physiology of the digestive systems as well as functional components of the GIT.
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The prevalence of insufficient iodine intake in pregnancy in Africa: Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis

- Charles Bitamazire Businge, Benjamin Longo-Mbenza, Andre Pascal Kengne

Authors: Charles Bitamazire Businge , Benjamin Longo-Mbenza , Andre Pascal Kengne
Date: 22-8-2019
Language: English
Type: text , article
Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/3387 , vital:43338 , https://systematicreviewsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13643-019-1092-7#citeas
Description: Background: Insufficient iodine intake in pregnancy is associated with many adverse pregnancy outcomes. About 90% of African countries are at risk of iodine deficiency due to poor soils and dietary goitrogens. Pregnancy predisposes to insufficient iodine nutrition secondary to increased physiological demand and increased renal loss. Iodine deficiency is re-emerging in countries thought to be replete with pregnant women being the most affected. This review seeks to identify the degree of iodine nutrition in pregnancy on the entire African continent before and after the implementation of national iodization programmes. Methods: A systematic search of published literature will be conducted for observational studies that directly determined the prevalence of insufficient iodine intake among pregnant women in Africa. Electronic databases and grey literature will be searched for baseline data before the implementation of population-based iodine supplementation and for follow-up data up to December 2018. Screening of identified articles and data extraction will be conducted independently by two investigators. Risk of bias and methodological quality of the included studies will be assessed using a risk of bias tool. Appropriate meta-analytic techniques will be used to pool prevalence estimates from studies with similar features, overall and by major characteristics including the region of the study, time period (before and after implementation of iodization programmes), sample size and age. Heterogeneity of the estimates across studies will be quantified and publication bias investigated. This protocol is reported according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 guidelines. Discussion This review will help ascertain the impact of national iodization programmes on the iodine nutrition status in pregnancy in Africa and advise policy on the necessity for monitoring and mitigating iodine deficiency in pregnancy in Africa. This review is part of a thesis that will be submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, for the award of a PhD in Medicine whose protocol has been granted ethics approval (UCT HREC 135/2018). In addition, the results will be published in a peer-reviewed journal.
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Date Issued: 22-8-2019

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Honorary Citation for the Conferment of Doctor of Laws honoris causa - Tandabantu Tennyson August

- Rhodes University, Martin, Tom

Authors: Rhodes University , Martin, Tom
Date: 2024-14-05
Subjects: Uncatalogued
Language: English
Type: Speeches , Transcripts, speech , text
Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/432591 , vital:72885
Description: Rhodes University Honorary Doctorate Citation (5 April 2024) Tandabantu Tennyson August: 1980s. South Africa. In the Bantustans of the time, like the Transkei, the youth have little reason for hope. They have much reason for despair. Their choices seem limited to the politics of struggle or to crime, an attempt to gain some kind of advantage from the meagre and unacceptable options on offer. In those bleak times, what was needed was visionaries. People who could see beyond the current circumstances to a different future and imagine how best to prepare for it. Not as idealists, but as pragmatists. What would happen once circumstances change, once the struggle had succeeded? Would we be ready for it? What qualities would the youth need to have in order to both benefit from and participate in a new dispensation? One such visionary was Tandabantu Tennyson August, and it is my distinct pleasure to have the opportunity to tell you more about him. Born in 1948, Mr. August matriculated from Healdtown High School, before pursuing higher education at the University of Transkei, where obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree majoring in English and Geography. This was followed by Comparative Curriculum Studies at the University of South Africa, alongside obtaining teaching certificates from Lovedale and Cicira teacher training colleges, with majors in Physical Science, Mathematics, Science, and Mathematics. This solid educational foundation laid the groundwork for his impactful career in education. He taught at Wongalethu High, St Johns College and was deputy principal at Norwood, before taking up his first principalship, at Thanga High School in 1980. From 1984 to 1990 he was principal of Ndamase High School. During his tenure there, the matric pass rate never fell below 90%. From 1991 to 1995 he was principal Isivivane High School during which time the school was promoted from a primary to a high school. Following his distinguished service at schools, he worked at the Eastern Cape Department of Basic Education, first as a deputy chief education specialist (1996 – 2006) and then as chief education specialist (2006-2010). During that time, he played a pivotal role in establishing (in conjunction with Rhodes University) and being the provincial coordinator the Advanced Certificate in Education in English, followed by ACEs in mathematical literacy and life orientation. In 2016 he received a provincial teaching award for excellence. In 2017 he was awarded the Kade Asmal award for excellence in teaching. To this day, he remains an Executive member of the eastern cape Education advisory council. Quite a career. But there’s something I haven’t mentioned. He was also an accomplished rugby player of international standing. While at Lovedale College, he was selected to represent Border and then the South African African Rugby Board, playing England in Gqeberha in 1972, in a team that would later be known as the black springboks. He eventually received his green and gold springbok blazer as just recognition of his achievement. He incorporated his love of sport into his vision for the youth under his care, as part of his overriding mission of educating the whole person. He got everyone involved in sport, if not as a player, then as a supporter. Especially during his time as principal of Ndamase High School, I am led to believe, it was extremely intimidating for opposing teams to play them. Not only at Ndamase home games, but especially at their away games. There would be one bus for the team players, and six buses for the supporters. From 1986 – 1990: he was president of the Transkei schools` sports union (TSSU). But there’s yet another thing I haven’t mentioned. In 1981, just as his career as an educational leader was really taking off, he was involved in a terrible motor vehicle accident. It left him permanently disabled and, for much of his life, a wheelchair user. Rather than stopping him, it simply added another string to his bow, now as an advocate for the disabled. From 2012 – 2022: Chairperson Eastern Cape South African National Association For Special Education (SANASE): this organization cater for the education and wellbeing of learners with disabilities and special needs. In 2023, he was the national deputy president of the same organisation. From 2013 – to date: he is a Board Member on the National Council of & for persons with disabilities (NCPD). I had the pleasure of an extensive conversation with one of Mr August’s former pupils at Ndamase High, Professor Deyi Mbelani, the current director of Rhodes University’s Institute for the Study of Englishes in Africa. He told me many stories about Mr August’s leadership, that I only wish I had time to share with you now. I put it to Professor Mbelani that, having read about Mr August, the word that stood out for me was “dedication.” He agreed that “dedication” was the word, but that I must not leave out another: “vision”. It is Mr August’s status as a visionary that best defines him, he said. Going back over the above, I think he is right. Mr Chancellor I have the honour to request you to confer the degree of Doctor of Laws honoris causa on the Mr Tandabantu Tennyson August. *The above citation draws heavily on documents submitted as part of the honorary doctorate nomination process and others compiled by the Division of Communications and Advancement. - Tom Martin.
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Date Issued: 2024-14-05

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A case study of GADRA’s community-engaged praxis for educational transformation

- Msomi, Nqobile Nomonde

Authors: Msomi, Nqobile Nomonde
Date: 2024-10-11
Subjects: Uncatalogued
Language: English
Type: Academic theses , Doctoral theses , text
Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/464864 , vital:76552 , DOI https://doi.org/10.21504/10962/464864
Description: Although South Africa has achieved considerable steps in development over the last thirty years, post-apartheid South Africa is characterised by widespread poverty, high unemployment and systemic inequality. According to the country’s National Planning Commission, education is central to achieving the overarching democratic goals of eliminating poverty and reducing inequality. This positions education as an important site for the liberation and well-being of our country’s majority. This case study takes a community psychology perspective on education; more specifically the education-development nexus wherein Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) are centrally positioned. NGOs are contentiously positioned in the development discourse. Nonetheless, they have played a key role with regards to siding with the poor, the excluded, persistently marginalised and oppressed majority and to bringing about social justice, following South Africa’s colonial and apartheid histories, as well as in the current democratic dispensation. This study situates a local NGO, GADRA Education, within the country’s socio-political and educational landscape. Founded in the 1950s and located in Makhanda, it has been operating in the rural Eastern Cape province for more than sixty years. In the present-day, GADRA Education positions itself at the centre of a dense network of education institutions in Makhanda, including Rhodes University, and collaborates with a number of education stakeholders in the small city. The case study consisted of two consecutive phases: a Foucauldian discourse analysis of GADRA’s annual reports between 2012 and 2021, followed by individual narrative interviews with 13 organisational members. An Africa(n)-centred community psychology orientation, revealed counter-discourse to the national “crisis in education” discourse surrounding the NGO. The discourse of crisis produced the legitimation for GADRA Education’s continued existence, action and embeddedness in Makhanda. The discourse of transformation informed their modes of support across primary, secondary and higher education. The discourse of access and participation constructed the NGO as a bridge and link between phases of education. The discourse of collaborative partnerships enabled solidarity between state and non-state actors towards educational change. Finally, the discourse of development positioned development at a grassroots level. These constellations formed GADRA Education’s counter-discourse, which produced the Organisation’s apparatus of resistance, formulated as situated praxis. The 5 organisational members’ narratives revealed the apparatus’s impacts on the subjectivities of youth in Makhanda in engendering hope and driving educational change in the city. In contrast to conceptions of education NGOs who work in the public schooling sector making little progress in dismantling educational inequity, this study illustrates the techniques of resistance leveraged, in the context of collaborative partnerships, by the local NGO. These techniques have wider applicability for education-development practitioners concerned with transformative change in their educational locales. It illustrates the principles and modes by which NGOs can operate in solidarity with the persistently marginalised majority, and thus contribute to shaping our imagined educational futures. I argue that psychology is a useful site to think about justice. Critical psychological theory can enable a deeper understanding of practice that contributes to impactful community organisation, intervention and resistance in the country’s education sector. The operationalisation of the values and principles of community psychology can make important contributions at the nexus of theory and practice in working towards educational, and ultimately social, change. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Humanities, Psychology, 2024
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Date Issued: 2024-10-11

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A conspiracy of silence: the authorial potential of full masks in performer training, dramaturgy and audience perception in South African visual theatre

- Murray, Robert Ian

Authors: Murray, Robert Ian
Date: 2024-10-11
Subjects: Uncatalogued
Language: English
Type: Academic theses , Doctoral theses , text
Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/467083 , vital:76813 , DOI https://doi.org/10.21504/10962/467083
Description: Silent Mask Theatre in South Africa has the potential to cut across linguistic divides and deliver a product that offers an intimate, unique experience for the audience as well as the actor. South Africa not only has a complicated history, but also 11 languages (12 if one counts South African Sign Language – SASL -, which still holds a curious position of being counted official or not), and the one that theatre-makers choose to present in gives a certain “authority” to the production. Silent masks remove the need for linguistic understanding, something necessary for more abstract thought, and focusses instead on the emotional relevance and interplay between characters. In doing so, it proves an important way to create relevance for an audience, creating a delicate dance between the Mask (character and thereby text), how the actor plays it, and then the closing of meaning through the audience experience. Thus, is created a trialogue between these elements that gives the production the opportunity to speak to the hearts and minds of the audience. Globally, the study of silent character masks is still relatively new, with proponents of it only coming to the fore in the past few years (Wilsher, 2007). Mask Theatre has grown exponentially in the UK and Europe with companies like Vamos Theatre, exploring PTSD in works like A Brave Face (2018) or death in Dead Good (2021), and Familie Flöz either on the more whimsical side like Hotel Paradiso (2011) or the more hard-hitting Infinito (2006), gaining popularity and exposure. In South Africa, there is strangely not an indigenous tradition of masks, as opposed to other parts of Africa. This is fascinating, and probably points towards a more “oral tradition” of South Africa/Africa. However, the author aims to point out the ways that the silent mask entered South African consciousness at a time where more attention was being paid to “performing objects” (Proschan, 1985), and particularly in Cape Town with the advent of the Out the Box Festival. This thesis aims to contextualise Visual Theatre and Mask Theatre in a South African context, seeing within it a movement towards a more global perspective of puppetry, material performances, and performing objects. Although “ghettoised” for a long time (Taylor, 2004), performing objects emerged and became a leading case for the primal “text” of a performance. Handspring Puppet Company, Janni Younge, and the author’s company, FTH:K, became primary grounds of contestation against more conventional, text-based theatre. Starting with a reflective account of the author’s journey towards masks, the thesis branches out into a reflection on its author’s pedagogical praxis, and how silent masks work, before critically reflecting on and analysing his key works, such as Pictures of You (2008-2013), which deals with home invasions and grief, and Benchmarks (2011), which deals with the wave of xenophobia that hit South Africa around that time. . This were built from the ground up, working with current issues both in the author’s, and the country’s, mileau. In the last two decades, performing object work in South Africa has begun to flourish. This is the first thesis to investigate mask work in the country during this period. Its possibilities for Screen and Stage Acting are still being explored. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Humanities, Drama, 2024
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Date Issued: 2024-10-11

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A content analysis of the framing and representation of Black Lives Matter protests by South African mainstream media

- Manyike, Lerato Gladys

Authors: Manyike, Lerato Gladys
Date: 2024-10-11
Subjects: Uncatalogued
Language: English
Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/465799 , vital:76654
Description: This study conducted a detailed analysis of 277 headlines using content analysis, focusing on how News24 portrays racial protests, particularly within the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement. It explored News24's coverage of BLM protests from March to December 2020, uncovering various framing strategies and language nuances in news headlines. The research aimed to identify thematic frames, linguistic patterns, and overall media framing of BLM protests. The findings highlighted different framing strategies, including legitimising, conflict, and delegitimizing frames, along with the impact of descriptive language on audience perceptions. The study concluded that media framing is dynamic, responding to evolving events and public discourse, and provided recommendations for media transparency, diversity in newsrooms, media literacy, and ethical reporting. Future research suggestions include comparative analyses, audience reception studies, and policy impact assessments to deepen understanding and inform strategic interventions in media representations and public discourse on racial justice. Overall, the study contributes valuable insights into media framing practices and their impact on societal perceptions of racial justice issues. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Humanities, Psychology, 2024
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Date Issued: 2024-10-11

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A decision support tool for equitable and sustainable water management in the Koue Bokkeveld

- Tholanah, Rodney

Authors: Tholanah, Rodney
Date: 2024-10-11
Subjects: Uncatalogued
Language: English
Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/464344 , vital:76503
Description: Water is an important natural resource with multiple domestic and industrial uses. South Africa has a water scarcity problem, with domestic and industrial demand projected to increase due to population growth. One affected area is the Koue Bokkeveld (KBV), an agricultural catchment in the Western Cape. Water scarcity, especially in the summer, can cause conflicts among the farmers. This study sought to determine the extent to which Agent-Based (AB) modelling could be used to model the KBV catchment area and simulate future climate and usage scenarios. The study used the ComMod methodology as it allows stakeholders to be involved at each step of the modelling process, thus improving the model’s credibility as a decision-support tool (DST). The model was implemented using Cormas, an Agent-Based Model (ABM) implementation framework built with the Smalltalk language. The model was verified and validated through consultations with the catchment coordinator and through workshops with stakeholders. The ABM reflected the catchment characteristics. Farms known to have water shortages had water shortages in the ABM. However, there was one that did not have shortages, which is attributed to land use change. The ABM was used to run multiple simulation scenarios, and it provides simulation results at the crop field, farm and catchment levels, which allows the ABM to be used as a bottom-up DST. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Computer Science, 2024
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Date Issued: 2024-10-11

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A descriptive study of lead arm muscle activation patterns during cricket batting

- McCarthy, Ryan Aidan

Authors: McCarthy, Ryan Aidan
Date: 2024-10-11
Subjects: Uncatalogued
Language: English
Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/464754 , vital:76542
Description: Introduction: Kinematic studies identify elbow extension and wrist flexion as key movements for bat swinging speed during cricket batting. Knowledge of lead arm muscle activation during cricket batting may provide a greater understanding of the mechanics leading to the generation of faster bat speed. Aim: The current investigation aimed to determine selected muscle activation of cricketer's lead arm, maximum bat swinging speed and angular separation of the pelvis and thorax in the transverse plane (known as the X-angle) during a distance-hitting batting protocol. Materials and Methods: 12 cricket players playing for a South African school 1st XI school team aged 16-19 years completed a distance-hitting batting protocol. Due to issues in data recording two participants' data was excluded leading to 10 participants being kept in the final analyses.Participants attempted to hit straight lofted drives while facing full-length deliveries at 80-100 km.h-1 from a bowling machine. Each participant faced 12-24 balls split into overs while lead arm muscle activation, bat speed, and angle of lead-elbow flexion were recorded. Each participant's elbow and wrist flexors and extensors were monitored by electromyography (EMG) units while they batted. The EMG units were placed on the wrist flexor and extensor origins and on Triceps and Biceps Brachii. Muscle activation for each muscle was recorded in millivolts (mv) and divided by the maximum measurement of voluntary muscle activation to determine the percentage of maximum voluntary contraction (%MVC) during each shot. Percentage MVC for batting phases of backlift, downswing, contact and follow-through were averaged to compare average %MVC per muscle across all batters and obtain inter-participant variability. Lead arm elbow angle and the %MVC of the elbow and wrist muscles will be compared between successful and unsuccessful shots for analysis. Each participant's lead arm elbow angle was monitored in degrees of flexion by a goniometer placed across the anterior aspect of the elbow joint. Due to the data not having a normal distribution, non-parametric tests were used to establish the variance between dependent variables. To determine the effect of multiple groups on the independent variables a Kruskal-Wallis test for ANOVA was used. Where significant differences were identified, multiple pairwise comparisons were completed to determine where the differences occurred. Results: Successful Lofted straight drives (32 shots) were compared to unsuccessful shots (101 shots) across all participants. Participants and batting phase were found to be significantly different for lead arm elbow angle and muscle activation however shot type was not found to be significantly different. Meaning that lead arm elbow angle and muscle activation differ based on the participant observed or based on the batting phase observed. The backswing phase recorded a higher amount of elbow flexion (155.25°) for Lofted straight drive compared to unsuccessful shots (157.86°) and lower activation across all muscles for Lofted straight drive. The lofted straight drive had a higher amount of elbow flexion (129.52°) compared to unsuccessful shots (149.24°) for the downswing phase and muscle activation was similar with greater variation for unsuccessful shots. At contact Lofted straight drive had a higher amount of elbow flexion (153.44° v 160.13°), and higher activation in the Biceps brachii (34.61% v 28.41%) and Triceps brachii (51.07% v 43.02%). For the follow-through phase Lofted straight drives had a higher amount of elbow flexion (144.87° v 149.59°) and greater Forearm extensor activation (37.13% v 31.28%). There was a large variation across all phases (coefitient of variation between 8.79%-70.28%) with backswing having the least variation and contact having the greatest. Meaning that the backswing phase is fairly predictable for batters and the contact phase is highly variable. Conclusion: Muscle activation increased in the last few milliseconds before contact. The Forearm extensor had the greatest activation during the backswing and follow-through phases. During the downswing phase, Forearm flexors had the greatest activation and at contact, the Triceps brachii had the greatest activation. This study emphasizes the importance of forearm and elbow muscle for batting. Appropriate strengthening of the muscles could also help a batter execute a powerful lofted drive. Future studies with objective measures linked to batting success in prior studies can build on the importance of these findings for batter success. This study provides insight into individual batter techniques and identifies important topics for future research. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Human Kinetics and Ergonomics, 2024
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Date Issued: 2024-10-11

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A house accursed: reconsidering Sophocles’ sisters, Antigone & Ismene

- Fox, Peta Ann

Authors: Fox, Peta Ann
Date: 2024-10-11
Subjects: Uncatalogued
Language: English
Type: Academic theses , Doctoral theses , text
Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/467028 , vital:76808 , DOI https://doi.org/10.21504/10962/467028
Description: Traditionally, Ismene’s refusal to help Antigone bury their brother in Sophocles’ Antigone tends to be regarded only in relation to Antigone’s own remarkable bravery. Antigone exists on the heroic level, Ismene on the ordinary; Antigone is courageous, Ismene is timid and submissive; Antigone is an idealist and an individualist, Ismene is convention and herd-bound. Ismene is, in many ways, presented as the antithesis of Antigone and Sophocles does indeed make use of her character as a foil to Antigone, but this thesis will argue that the relation between the two sisters is far more complicated than a dichotomous contrast between ‘extraordinary heroine’ and ‘average woman’. Like Antigone, Ismene is very much a character in her own right, and her emotions, motivations and impulses are every bit as realised and compelling as Antigone’s own. Both sisters have been deeply affected by the tragic misfortunes of their family, but their sad history affects each sister quite differently. Whereas Antigone’s instinctive reaction to Creon’s edict is a furious determination not to tolerate any further dishonour, Ismene’s equally instinctive reaction is to avoid the pattern of self-destructive inwardness that has plagued their family for generations. By offering a comprehensive re-examination of the key passages that have informed our critical reception of Ismene and the nature of her relationship with Antigone, this study aims to disrupt the established, and largely prejudiced, reading of Ismene as a model of feminine timidity and submission. Although Ismene is certainly no grand tragic heroine, titling the theoretical focus away from the death-oriented extremism of Antigone towards a more balanced consideration of the so-called ‘weaker sister’ not only allows for new insights into the nature of Sophoclean tragedy, but also challenges the very basis on which Ismene has so often been dismissed in favour of her more intrepid sister: the pervasive assumption that Sophocles has only given us one sister who is willing to risk her life for a principle. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Humanities, School of Languages and Literatures, 2024
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Date Issued: 2024-10-11

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A mechanistic and trait-based approach to investigating macroinvertebrates distribution and exposure to microplastics in riverine systems

- Owowenu, Enahoro Kennedy

Authors: Owowenu, Enahoro Kennedy
Date: 2024-10-11
Subjects: Uncatalogued
Language: English
Type: Academic theses , Doctoral theses , text
Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/466666 , vital:76765 , DOI https://doi.org/10.21504/10962/466666
Description: Microplastics in rivers pose an ecological risk. Hydraulic biotopes form distinct flow patches that vary longitudinally along the river, potentially influencing the transport dynamics of microplastics. Macroinvertebrates exhibit adaptations to different hydraulic biotopes through their unique traits. These traits can mediate their exposure to microplastics, thereby imposing selective pressures on these organisms. Different taxa often demonstrate preferences for specific hydraulic biotopes characterized by distinct flow regimes. Understanding the transport dynamics of microplastics mediated by hydraulic biotopes and the potential exposure of macroinvertebrates at the hydraulic biotope scale is important for determining the fate of riverine microplastics and detecting species at risk. Both empirical and theoretical studies have highlighted the interconnectedness of hydrology, geomorphology, and microplastic transport in rivers, yet, there remains a gap in understanding how a hydro-geomorphological approach could enhance the understanding of the microplastic transport process. Little is known about the role of traits in driving macroinvertebrate exposure to microplastics at a scale relevant to ecological dynamics. This study addressed these gaps by applying a hydro-geomorphological approach to investigate the distribution of microplastics at the hydraulic biotope scale and assessed the potential exposure of macroinvertebrates using a trait-based approach. This study also explored the relationship between microplastic abundance and selected water physicochemical properties, as well as the influence of adjacent land use types. By integrating these aspects the research provided a comprehensive understanding of microplastics dynamics in river systems, shedding light on both environmental factors shaping their distribution and the potential impacts on aquatic organisms. The study was conducted over the wet and dry seasons (October 2021 – July 2022) at 10 sites located in the upper, middle, and lower reaches of the Swartkops and Buffalo River systems in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. The hydraulic biotopes (i.e., pools, runs, riffles) were grouped into two conceptualised forms, namely, sink and flush hydraulic zones and were characterized by hydraulic indices such as the Froude number and the Reynolds number. The flush hydraulic zone represents hydraulic biotopes where microplastics can potentially be remobilized quickly into suspension, and the sink represents biotopes where microplastics can potentially accumulate and remobilisation is far slower. Fast-to-moderate flowing hydraulic biotopes were conceptualised as microplastics flush zones while slow-flowing to still biotopes as microplastic sink zones. Samples were collected at different depths in each hydraulic zone to quantify suspended and settled forms of microplastics. Microplastics targeted in this study ranged in size from 0.063 mm to less than 5 mm. Classification was achieved through microscopic observation, and confirmation via Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR) was conducted for samples ranging from 0.5 mm to less than 5 mm. At the site level, settled microplastics showed statistically significant spatial and temporal variations between the sites, and between the seasons (P < 0.05). The suspended microplastic varied only spatially. Fibres and fragments were the dominant microplastic shape, while polyethylene and polypropylene were the dominant microplastic polymers. Suspended microplastics showed statistically significant variation between urban land cover and other land cover categories (industrial, agricultural, rural, and natural land cover). Microplastics abundance was associated with high levels of turbidity, total suspended solids, total inorganic nitrogen, higher temperatures and increasing electrical conductivity. At the hydraulic biotope scale, the mean occurrence of suspended microplastics (1.76 ± 1.44 items/L; mean + SD) in the flush hydraulic zone was higher than that in the sink zone (1.54 ± 1.46 items/L), while settled microplastics were more abundant in the sink hydraulic zone (1.82 ± 1.98 items/L) than the flush hydraulic zone (1.32 ± 1.49 items/L). This observation was in line with the prediction in this study. The mean suspended and settled microplastics concentrations were higher during the wet season across the flush and sink hydraulic zones than in the dry season. Global multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant spatial and temporal variations in settled microplastics abundances between the flush and sink hydraulic zones. The results indicated that geomorphologically defined units such as riffles and moderate to fast runs (flush) generally contained lower amounts of settled microplastics compared to pools and backwaters (sink). However, this distinction between the flush and sink microplastic zones was observed only for settled microplastics and not for suspended microplastics. Suspended and settled microplastics showed a statistically significant relationship with the Froude number index. The generalised additive model indicated that settled microplastics abundance distribution decreased significantly with increasing Froude number value in the flush zone. Suspended microplastics decreased at low Froude number values and showed an increasing trend at higher Froude number values of about 0.75. The results indicate the usefulness of the hydraulic biotope scale microplastic monitoring approach in detecting microplastic hotspots and explaining variations in microplastics abundances driven by instream hydraulics. Four traits and ecological preferences of macroinvertebrates including body size, gill type, feeding habit, and velocity preferences were selected and resolved into 17 trait attributes. The sink hydraulic zones such as pools were indicated to favour exposure to and ingestion of microplastics compared to the flush zones such as riffles and fast runs. Large body size macroinvertebrates were associated with the sink zone. Taxa with a very small body size had a higher likelihood for microplastics ingestion than taxa with other body sizes. Collectorgathering macroinvertebrates taxa that have operculate gills with small body sizes were more prone to exposure to microplastics in hydraulic biotopes with slow to very slow velocities. Fibres were the most abundant plastic ingested by macroinvertebrates preferring the flush zone while fibres and fragments were mostly ingested by those preferring the sink zones. The binomial logistic model revealed a highly significant result for the likelihood of operculate gill shape to clog in the sink hydraulic zone. The result of the binomial logistic regression indicates the usefulness of the trait-based approach for predicting exposure to microplastics. Overall, the study reveals the influences of hydro-geomorphological features on the transport dynamics of microplastics and the usefulness of the trait-based approach in the ecological study of microplastics in riverine systems. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science, Institute for Water Research, 2024
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Date Issued: 2024-10-11

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A review of African praying mantises (Dictyoptera: Mantodea) incorporating molecular and morphological data

- Roestof, Bruce

Authors: Roestof, Bruce
Date: 2024-10-11
Subjects: Uncatalogued
Language: English
Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/464428 , vital:76510
Description: Praying mantises (Dictyoptera: Mantodea) are an iconic group of predatory insects, comprising around 2500 species globally, that occur in all zoogeographic regions except the poles. Their presence in the social psyche of many cultures has existed for millennia, but until the past decade, Mantodea has received little attention from the scientific community as the constituent species are of little economic or medical importance. Africa is rich in praying mantis diversity, accounting for approximately 45% of all described species, yet it remains largely under-sampled compared to the New World and Asian regions. Recent exploration of Gabon and Central African Republic have proved fruitful, with new species descriptions being major highlights. A recent re-cataloguing of southern African praying mantises has proved useful as specimen identifications were checked, new distributions were recorded, and most importantly, it was revealed that museum collections have significantly more diversity than previously recorded. A meta-analysis of African praying mantises was conducted; we present a species checklist to the countries of Africa, including Madagascar and surrounding islands. Currently, 17 families, 182 genera, and 1104 species occur in Africa.Historically, the classification of praying mantises was based solely on morphological features, and the novelty of the field at the time made it unclear which characteristics were of taxonomic importance. The onset of molecular systematics brought attention to incongruences between morphological and molecular phylogenies, believed to be attributed to convergent evolution masking the underlying evolutionary processes that occurred. Significant progress has been made in the past two decades regarding Mantodean classification and most described genera have their phylogenetic position. With the addition of more African taxa, we present mantodean phylogenies for molecular and morphological data. Molecular phylogenies were estimated through Bayesian Inference and Maximum Likelihood analyses using two nuclear (28S and H3) and two mitochondrial markers (16S and COI) for 210 individuals that represented 24 of the 29 families globally. Morphological phylogenies were estimated through Maximum Likelihood analyses of a morphological data matrix comprising 149 characters for 248 individuals that represent 24 families. The same data matrix was used to produce a key to all African mantodean families, accompanied by their descriptions. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Zoology and Entomology, 2024
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Date Issued: 2024-10-11

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A scoping review on problematic Internet use and Substance Use Disorder among men

- Adolph, Miché Tania

Authors: Adolph, Miché Tania
Date: 2024-10-11
Subjects: Internet addiction , Substance abuse , Men Mental health , Scoping review protocol , Compulsive behavior Sex differences
Language: English
Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/465788 , vital:76653
Description: Problematic Internet Use (PIU) and Substance Use Disorder (SUD) interact in complex ways that influence the current mental health landscape. Concurrently, the advent of the digital era has presented new difficulties, one of which is the emergence of problematic internet use as a significant issue that negatively impacts mental health. The increasing popularity of internet use has led to an increasing number of reports highlighting the potential negative consequences of overuse, such as substance use. Thus, the study aimed to synthesise literature on problematic internet use and substance use disorder, including the way in which they affect men, given that prior research has predominantly focused on women. The methods employed follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) which is largely based on a PRISMA statement and checklist, the JBI methodological guidance, and other approaches for undertaking scoping reviews. A total of 16 studies were eligible for final review, and the themes identified from the reviewed studies were obtained using Braun and Clarke’s thematic analysis. An analysis of the articles showed a large focus on gender differences in addiction patterns, vulnerability to problematic internet use across age groups, associations between substance use and behavioural addictions, problematic internet use and mental health disorders, the psychological consequences of problematic internet use and substance use disorders, and the various risk factors associated with the development of problematic internet use and substance use disorder. A clear understanding and conceptualisation of this behavioural addiction is vital, including the development and utilisation of appropriate and validated diagnostic and screening tools to measure its presence and, in turn, address it as an emerging mental health disorder. Focus should be given to the assessment of problematic internet use by distinguishing the two different forms, namely the generalised and specific forms of problematic internet use. Additionally, given that there were very few to no qualitative studies conducted on the topic of problematic internet use, much less addressing the possible association with substance use disorder, an assessment of the individual’s experience, especially that of men, is lacking. Future research could therefore aim to incorporate more qualitative studies to address the above. Further research is also needed to clarify the nature of the relationship between problematic internet use and substance use disorder for the purpose of establishing possible causality, including the neurobiological substrates involved. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Humanities, Psychology, 2024
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Date Issued: 2024-10-11

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A social realist account of the way smallholder farmers exercised their agency in the adoption of climate-smart agriculture practices in degraded landscapes in Machubeni, Eastern Cape, South Africa

- Mbengo, Idah

Authors: Mbengo, Idah
Date: 2024-10-11
Subjects: Climate-smart agriculture , Climatic changes South Africa , Climate change adaptation South Africa Eastern Cape , Social realism , Farms, Small South Africa Eastern Cape
Language: English
Type: Academic theses , Doctoral theses , text
Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/466884 , vital:76795 , DOI https://doi.org/10.21504/10962/466884
Description: Over the last two decades, climate-smart agriculture (CSA) has been promoted as a way to address the challenges of climate change for smallholder farmers' productivity, food security and livelihoods. Given concerns about climate change, many studies have contributed to developing an understanding of resilience building and crop and livestock systems adaptation. Despite evidence of the effectiveness of CSA practices, several studies report on their limited uptake by farmers involved in various projects. The reasons for low rates of adoption remain unclear. In this context, the study on which this thesis is based drew on Bhaskar’s critical realism and Archer’s social realism to explore the way smallholder farmers in five villages in a rural area in South Africa were enabled and constrained as they exercised their agency in a project intended to introduce them to CSA practices. The study was not about adaptation and resilience building per se but rather, following Bhaskar and Archer, sought to identify the generative mechanisms enabling and constraining the adoption of CSA practices. Bhaskar’s critical realism posits a view of reality as layered. The topmost layer of reality is the Empirical. This consists of observations and experiences of the world around us and is understood to be relative. The second layer, the Actual, is the layer of events from which observations and experiences located at the level of the Empirical emerge. Events at the level of the Actual and experiences and observations at the level of the Empirical emerge from an interplay of mechanisms at the deepest layer of reality identified by Bhaskar, as the Real. In positing a layered ontology, critical realism allows for the relativity of experiences and observations while, at the same time, acknowledging the reality of structures and mechanisms, which cannot be directly observed but nonetheless exist. Archer’s work on agency accords personal powers and properties (PEPs) to all individuals. Although all individuals have the power to act in relation to the world around them, they are nonetheless conditioned by their previous histories and experiences as they do so. As individuals set about exercising their agency, they are enabled or constrained by structures and mechanisms in two domains at the level of the Real which are understood to possess their own powers and properties: the structural domain and the cultural domain. In addition to drawing on Archer’s conceptualisation of the interaction between agency, structure and culture, the study also uses her “morphogenetic framework” which allows for the identification of ‘whose conceptual shifts are responsible for which structural changes, when, where and under what conditions’ (Archer, 1998: 361) and for understanding change as a series of never-ending cycles. The first phase of Archer’s morphogenetic framework, entitled T1, involves social and cultural conditioning. In the study, T1 was understood to be the time until 2017 when the project on which the study focused began. The second phase, T2 to T3, is the phase of social and cultural interaction as agents exercise their PEPs to pursue concerns they have identified for themselves and encounter structural emergent powers and properties (SEPs) and cultural emergent powers and properties (CEPs) of mechanisms located in the domains of structure and culture as they do so. The final phase of the framework, T4, allows for an evaluation of what has changed and what has not changed. My claim is that the uptake of CSA practices is impacted by different forms of consciousness or ways of experiencing the world, which is the result of the social and cultural conditioning of different groups involved in the project at T1, and clashes between them. The use of the framework drawing on critical realism and social realism allowed for the identification of these different forms of consciousness in different social groups (project facilitators, elderly farmers and the youth). These different forms of consciousness were understood to condition the agency of the three groups and thus enable or constrain the introduction of CSA practices and how they were taken up. Elderly women in the project had been conditioned to be caregivers and to see their roles tending kitchen gardens as part of their identity. This consciousness led to the uptake of CSA practices in their home gardens. By contrast, young people engaged with the project shared a very different way of experiencing the world. They were better educated and had been socialised into using social media and watching films on electronic devices from a young age. As a result, they valued the role of money in accessing consumer goods and the good life and thus valued paid employment rather than working on the land to provide subsistence. This led to a limited uptake of CSA practices. It is envisaged that insights from the study will offer new ways of understanding what might otherwise be seen as resistance to adopting CSA practices as well as new ways of engaging with different groups of agents involved in projects in the future. The study demonstrates the explanatory power of critical realism and social realism to analyse a climate change adaptation project. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science, Environmental Science, 2024
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Date Issued: 2024-10-11

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