Physiological traits, anthropometric characteristics and motor development of rural children in Nkonkobe Municipality, South Africa
- Authors: Idamokoro, Mere
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Motor learning Children -- Physiology Children -- Anthropometry -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , Human Movement Science
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/10061 , vital:35314
- Description: Aim: The purpose of this study was to examine the physiological, anthropometric and motor development characteristics of rural children between the ages of 5 – 7 years old. Methods: The study involved 305 school children (159 boys and 146 girls) randomly selected from primary schools in Alice sub-district, Nkonkobe Municipality. Body weight, height, skinfold thickness and girth measurements were measured using standard procedures. Overweight and obesity were defined using body mass index (BMI) for age and gender. Derived variables were: fat mass, fat-free mass, fat mass index, fat-free mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, waist-to-height ratio and subscapular-to-triceps ratio. Motor development levels were measured and assessed using Test of Gross Motor Development –Second Edition (TGMD-2). Blood pressure was measured using aneroid sphygmomanometer. Results: Boys had higher mean values of blood pressure (69.19 ± 7.30 and 38.15 ± 5.91) compared to girls (68.39 ± 7.97 and 37.11 ± 7.53). The proportion of overweight among girls (15.75 percent) was higher compared to boys (10.69 percent). Likewise, the percentage of obesity among boys (16.35 percent) was higher compared to girls (10.27 percent). The motor development results showed that girls (40.9 ± 6.54) performed better than boys (39.7 ± 6.64) in locomotor skills test. Conversely, boys (39.8 ± 7.62) performed better than girls (38.6 ± 7.29) in object control. Conclusion: The prevalence of overweight and obesity among the children is alarmingly high and concerning for the health. At all ages, girls had higher body fat percentage and fat mass than the boys. However, FFMI and WHR were higher in boys compared to the girls. There is no gender difference in the waist-to-height ratio and STR of both boys and girls. The locomotor raw score is higher in girls than in boys; however, the object control raw score is higher in boys compared to girls. The non-correlation of BMI with TGMD-2 tests suggests an equal potential of motor development among the children, regardless of their body fatness. There is need for obesity prevention programme in schools, which should involve all the stakeholders (teachers, parents/guardians, government, NGOs). The programme should focus on creating awareness concerning child body weight, healthy dietary intake and regular BMI screening in schools.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Idamokoro, Mere
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Motor learning Children -- Physiology Children -- Anthropometry -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , Human Movement Science
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/10061 , vital:35314
- Description: Aim: The purpose of this study was to examine the physiological, anthropometric and motor development characteristics of rural children between the ages of 5 – 7 years old. Methods: The study involved 305 school children (159 boys and 146 girls) randomly selected from primary schools in Alice sub-district, Nkonkobe Municipality. Body weight, height, skinfold thickness and girth measurements were measured using standard procedures. Overweight and obesity were defined using body mass index (BMI) for age and gender. Derived variables were: fat mass, fat-free mass, fat mass index, fat-free mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, waist-to-height ratio and subscapular-to-triceps ratio. Motor development levels were measured and assessed using Test of Gross Motor Development –Second Edition (TGMD-2). Blood pressure was measured using aneroid sphygmomanometer. Results: Boys had higher mean values of blood pressure (69.19 ± 7.30 and 38.15 ± 5.91) compared to girls (68.39 ± 7.97 and 37.11 ± 7.53). The proportion of overweight among girls (15.75 percent) was higher compared to boys (10.69 percent). Likewise, the percentage of obesity among boys (16.35 percent) was higher compared to girls (10.27 percent). The motor development results showed that girls (40.9 ± 6.54) performed better than boys (39.7 ± 6.64) in locomotor skills test. Conversely, boys (39.8 ± 7.62) performed better than girls (38.6 ± 7.29) in object control. Conclusion: The prevalence of overweight and obesity among the children is alarmingly high and concerning for the health. At all ages, girls had higher body fat percentage and fat mass than the boys. However, FFMI and WHR were higher in boys compared to the girls. There is no gender difference in the waist-to-height ratio and STR of both boys and girls. The locomotor raw score is higher in girls than in boys; however, the object control raw score is higher in boys compared to girls. The non-correlation of BMI with TGMD-2 tests suggests an equal potential of motor development among the children, regardless of their body fatness. There is need for obesity prevention programme in schools, which should involve all the stakeholders (teachers, parents/guardians, government, NGOs). The programme should focus on creating awareness concerning child body weight, healthy dietary intake and regular BMI screening in schools.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Reasons for late booking of pregnant women at antenatal care clinics in King Sabata Dalindyebo Sub-district in the Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Authors: Ntshanga, Nomvume Signoria
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Pregnant women -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Prenatal Care Late antenatal care booking
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , Public Health
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/10520 , vital:35592
- Description: Background: The initiation of ante-natal care booking is universally recommended in the first trimester of pregnancy. While working in the Oliver Reginald Tambo district in the Eastern Cape Department of Health, the researcher noticed that late booking was the norm in all sub-districts, especially in the King Sabata Dalindyebo (KSD) sub-district, resulting in impaired antenatal care and an increased potential for adverse outcomes such as maternal mortalities. Purpose of the study: The purpose of the study was to explore and describe the reasons for late booking for antenatal care by pregnant women in the KSD sub-district. Objectives: The objective of the study was to determine reasons why women were booking late for antenatal in KSD sub district. Methods: Thirteen in-depth, unstructured interviews were conducted with late bookers (i.e., those who sought antenatal care (ANC) after twenty weeks of pregnancy) between July and August 2015. The interviews were recorded and, subsequently, transcribed by a reputable linguist from Walter Sisulu University (WSU) and analysed using Creswell’s thematic analysis model. Findings: The average gestational age of booking was 22 weeks (ranging from 22 to 28 weeks). Most women were teenagers and young unmarried women, most of whom were still attending school. All were unemployed. Most had experienced previous pregnancies. All these women delayed attending clinic early due to their ignorance of the exact gestational period for one to start the clinic. Although most of the women did not have direct reasons, the bulk of their reasons for delays were linked to long distances being travelled, leading to the payment of expensive taxi fees. This may also be attributed to cultural factors that seem to promote a veil of secrecy regarding pregnancy, the desire for visual evidence of pregnancy first and the practice of married women having to care for sick relatives. Conclusion: Poor access to clinics is a fundamental systemic failure and a major contributor and one of the reasons why women delayed in attending antenatal care clinics. Low socio economic status and cultural beliefs, coupled with long distance and expensive taxi fare, are other reasons for late booking.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Ntshanga, Nomvume Signoria
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Pregnant women -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Prenatal Care Late antenatal care booking
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , Public Health
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/10520 , vital:35592
- Description: Background: The initiation of ante-natal care booking is universally recommended in the first trimester of pregnancy. While working in the Oliver Reginald Tambo district in the Eastern Cape Department of Health, the researcher noticed that late booking was the norm in all sub-districts, especially in the King Sabata Dalindyebo (KSD) sub-district, resulting in impaired antenatal care and an increased potential for adverse outcomes such as maternal mortalities. Purpose of the study: The purpose of the study was to explore and describe the reasons for late booking for antenatal care by pregnant women in the KSD sub-district. Objectives: The objective of the study was to determine reasons why women were booking late for antenatal in KSD sub district. Methods: Thirteen in-depth, unstructured interviews were conducted with late bookers (i.e., those who sought antenatal care (ANC) after twenty weeks of pregnancy) between July and August 2015. The interviews were recorded and, subsequently, transcribed by a reputable linguist from Walter Sisulu University (WSU) and analysed using Creswell’s thematic analysis model. Findings: The average gestational age of booking was 22 weeks (ranging from 22 to 28 weeks). Most women were teenagers and young unmarried women, most of whom were still attending school. All were unemployed. Most had experienced previous pregnancies. All these women delayed attending clinic early due to their ignorance of the exact gestational period for one to start the clinic. Although most of the women did not have direct reasons, the bulk of their reasons for delays were linked to long distances being travelled, leading to the payment of expensive taxi fees. This may also be attributed to cultural factors that seem to promote a veil of secrecy regarding pregnancy, the desire for visual evidence of pregnancy first and the practice of married women having to care for sick relatives. Conclusion: Poor access to clinics is a fundamental systemic failure and a major contributor and one of the reasons why women delayed in attending antenatal care clinics. Low socio economic status and cultural beliefs, coupled with long distance and expensive taxi fare, are other reasons for late booking.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Relationship between alcohol use patterns and knowledge of alcohol-attributable health conditions among undergraduate students' at a university in the Eastern Cape
- Authors: Mandeya, Andrew
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Drinking of alcoholic beverages College students--Alcohol use
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , Public Health
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/11128 , vital:37173
- Description: Background: Alcohol use prevalence has been found to be higher than 50 percent at some universities in South Africa. It is against this background that this study aimed to establish the relationship between alcohol use, knowledge of alcohol-attributable health conditions and biographical characteristics. Literature review: The study was based on a review of literature on prevalence and patterns of alcohol use among university students, knowledge of alcohol-attributable chronic diseases, foetal alcohol syndrome, sexual and reproductive health and alcohol use measurement. Methodology: Data were collected from 213 undergraduate students enrolled for the Statistics service courses on two campuses of the same university. The Mann-Whitney normal approximation and the Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to compare health knowledge across levels of alcohol use and biographical characteristics. The chi-squared test and multiple logistic regression analysis were used to determine the significance and patterns of associations between alcohol use and health knowledge and biographical characteristics. Results: The prevalence rates of alcohol use and risky alcohol use were found to be 58.2 percent and 42.7 percent, respectively. The mean health knowledge was 42.9 percent, which, is rather low. Males [OR=0.3; 95 percentCI (0.18; 0.68)], returning students [OR=0.5; 95 percentCI (0.25; 0.94)] and those with employed fathers [OR=2.3; 95 percentCI (1.19; 4.47)] were found to be at a higher risk of alcohol use. Health knowledge was significantly higher among alcohol users (Z=-2.7; p=0.0074) and those whose fathers had a post matric education (𝜒2=6.4; p=0.0410) and/or employment (Z=-2.7; p=0.0064). Conclusion: While prevalence rates of alcohol use and risky alcohol were high, health knowledge was disappointingly low. This suggests need for interventions designed to minimise alcohol use while at the same time increasing health knowledge.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Mandeya, Andrew
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Drinking of alcoholic beverages College students--Alcohol use
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , Public Health
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/11128 , vital:37173
- Description: Background: Alcohol use prevalence has been found to be higher than 50 percent at some universities in South Africa. It is against this background that this study aimed to establish the relationship between alcohol use, knowledge of alcohol-attributable health conditions and biographical characteristics. Literature review: The study was based on a review of literature on prevalence and patterns of alcohol use among university students, knowledge of alcohol-attributable chronic diseases, foetal alcohol syndrome, sexual and reproductive health and alcohol use measurement. Methodology: Data were collected from 213 undergraduate students enrolled for the Statistics service courses on two campuses of the same university. The Mann-Whitney normal approximation and the Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to compare health knowledge across levels of alcohol use and biographical characteristics. The chi-squared test and multiple logistic regression analysis were used to determine the significance and patterns of associations between alcohol use and health knowledge and biographical characteristics. Results: The prevalence rates of alcohol use and risky alcohol use were found to be 58.2 percent and 42.7 percent, respectively. The mean health knowledge was 42.9 percent, which, is rather low. Males [OR=0.3; 95 percentCI (0.18; 0.68)], returning students [OR=0.5; 95 percentCI (0.25; 0.94)] and those with employed fathers [OR=2.3; 95 percentCI (1.19; 4.47)] were found to be at a higher risk of alcohol use. Health knowledge was significantly higher among alcohol users (Z=-2.7; p=0.0074) and those whose fathers had a post matric education (𝜒2=6.4; p=0.0410) and/or employment (Z=-2.7; p=0.0064). Conclusion: While prevalence rates of alcohol use and risky alcohol were high, health knowledge was disappointingly low. This suggests need for interventions designed to minimise alcohol use while at the same time increasing health knowledge.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Risk factors of cardio-metabolic diseases among student nurses at Lilitha College of Nursing, East London, South Africa
- Authors: Mkanzi, Noluthando
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Risk assessment Cardiovascular system -- Diseases Human physiology
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCur
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/12924 , vital:39404
- Description: Background: Non-communicable diseases are a growing public health concern and its prevalence is escalating exponentially, with a high frequency of morbidity, premature mortality, disability and loss of productivity. Since health education has become an important part of medical care, student nurses are potentially well suited to assist with the combat of these diseases. Early identification and treatment of modifiable risk factors among young adults would reduce the risk of developing cardio-metabolic diseases, thus, promoting health, prolonging life as well as saving costs related to healthcare. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of cardio-metabolic risk factors among student nurses. Method: This was a descriptive cross sectional study, involving a convenience sample of 228 students during the educational year of 2017-2018 at Lilitha Collegeof Nursing in East London, South Africa. The WHO STEPwise standardized questionnaire was used to collect information on socio-demographic data (age, gender, year of study) and behavioural characteristics (smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and dietary intake) of the participants. Anthropometric screening included measurement of height, weight and waist circumference. The biochemical screening included measurement of blood pressure and determination of fasting blood glucose concentration. Only students with complete data set were included in the data analysis. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 23.0 was employed for descriptive and inferential analysis. Results: About half (41.7 percent) of the study participants were between the ages of 21 to 25 years and majority were females (67.5 percent).The prevalence of overweight and obesity were found to be 33 percent and 44 percent respectively. The prevalence of overweight was higher in males (44.6 percent), while females (53.9 percent) had higher prevalence of obesity. Female gender and increasing age are the only independent predictors of obesity. Results on blood pressure measurement showed that 25 percent of the participants had elevated blood pressure, and 22 percent were on stage 1 of hypertension while 2 percent were on stage 2. According to Joint National Committee on hypertension (JNC)’s criteria for defining hypertension, 44 percent of the participants had pre hypertension and 11percent had hypertension, diabetes and vegetables consumption were statistically associated with hypertension. The prevalence of pre-diabetes and diabetes was 6 percent and 7 percent respectively. Only abdominal obesity measured by waistto- hip ratio had a significant relationship with diabetes. Just 4.8 percent of the participants smoked daily and 33.3 percent consumed alcohol. Regarding physical activity, males were more active (60.8 percent) compared to females (54.8 percent). Conclusion: A high burden of overweight, obesity, and physical inactivity was observed among student nurses in East London. Screening for cardio-metabolic risk factors (CMRFs) among nursing students and implementation of intervention programs are recommended. Programs to raise awareness about CMRFs, encourage young adult students to adopt a healthy dietary behaviour and promote physical exercise should be initiated.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Mkanzi, Noluthando
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Risk assessment Cardiovascular system -- Diseases Human physiology
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCur
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/12924 , vital:39404
- Description: Background: Non-communicable diseases are a growing public health concern and its prevalence is escalating exponentially, with a high frequency of morbidity, premature mortality, disability and loss of productivity. Since health education has become an important part of medical care, student nurses are potentially well suited to assist with the combat of these diseases. Early identification and treatment of modifiable risk factors among young adults would reduce the risk of developing cardio-metabolic diseases, thus, promoting health, prolonging life as well as saving costs related to healthcare. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of cardio-metabolic risk factors among student nurses. Method: This was a descriptive cross sectional study, involving a convenience sample of 228 students during the educational year of 2017-2018 at Lilitha Collegeof Nursing in East London, South Africa. The WHO STEPwise standardized questionnaire was used to collect information on socio-demographic data (age, gender, year of study) and behavioural characteristics (smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and dietary intake) of the participants. Anthropometric screening included measurement of height, weight and waist circumference. The biochemical screening included measurement of blood pressure and determination of fasting blood glucose concentration. Only students with complete data set were included in the data analysis. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 23.0 was employed for descriptive and inferential analysis. Results: About half (41.7 percent) of the study participants were between the ages of 21 to 25 years and majority were females (67.5 percent).The prevalence of overweight and obesity were found to be 33 percent and 44 percent respectively. The prevalence of overweight was higher in males (44.6 percent), while females (53.9 percent) had higher prevalence of obesity. Female gender and increasing age are the only independent predictors of obesity. Results on blood pressure measurement showed that 25 percent of the participants had elevated blood pressure, and 22 percent were on stage 1 of hypertension while 2 percent were on stage 2. According to Joint National Committee on hypertension (JNC)’s criteria for defining hypertension, 44 percent of the participants had pre hypertension and 11percent had hypertension, diabetes and vegetables consumption were statistically associated with hypertension. The prevalence of pre-diabetes and diabetes was 6 percent and 7 percent respectively. Only abdominal obesity measured by waistto- hip ratio had a significant relationship with diabetes. Just 4.8 percent of the participants smoked daily and 33.3 percent consumed alcohol. Regarding physical activity, males were more active (60.8 percent) compared to females (54.8 percent). Conclusion: A high burden of overweight, obesity, and physical inactivity was observed among student nurses in East London. Screening for cardio-metabolic risk factors (CMRFs) among nursing students and implementation of intervention programs are recommended. Programs to raise awareness about CMRFs, encourage young adult students to adopt a healthy dietary behaviour and promote physical exercise should be initiated.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Screening for cardiometabolic risk factors among commercial drivers in Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality, Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Authors: Adedokun, Aanuoluwa Odunayo
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Diabetes -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Obesity -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Commercial vehicles
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , Nursing Science
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/10431 , vital:35463
- Description: Cardio-metabolic risk factors are the aggregates of conditions that increase the susceptibility of developing cardio-metabolic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and diabetes. This includes insulin resistance, obesity, hyperglyceamia, dyslipoproteinemia, hyperinsulinemia and hypertension. This condition are worsen by smoking and physical inactivity as they mostlyare not easily detected. This was a cross-sectional survey of 403 commercial taxi drivers at ten different taxi ranks in BCMM. The study utilized a convenient sampling technique for the participants of the study. The WHO STEPwise approach was used for data collection. The WHO STEPwise questionnaire was used for a face-to-face interview. Socio-demographic (sex, age, marital status, driving experience, income) and behavioural characteristics (smoking, alcohol consumption, consumption of sweet drinks, physical activity, and dietary intake) of participants were obtained. Also, objective reports concerning anthropometric measurements (weight, height, waist and hip circumference), blood pressure and biochemical measurement that is the blood glucose measurement. All anthropometric measurements were taken following a standard procedure using a Lufkin nonextensible flexible anthropometric tape (W606PM), Rosscraft, Canada and a SECA weighing scale and stadiometer (Hamburg, Germany). Blood pressure was checked also in accordance with standard protocols using a Medic+ Digital Blood Pressure Monitor Model 1219 (Hamburg, Germany). A validated ACCU-CHEK glucose monitoring apparatus (Mannheim, Germany) wasused for blood glucose measurement. Overweight and obesity was defined as a body mass index (BMI) of 25.0 kg/m2 –29.9 kg/m2 and≥ 30 kg/m2, respectively. Pre-hypertension was defined according JNC-8 criteria a systolic blood pressure of 120- 139 mmHg and diastolic of BP 80-89 mmHg while hypertension was defined as an average of two systolic BP ≥140mmHg and/or diastolic BP of ≥90mmHg or a history of hypertension or anti hypertensive medication use. Diabetes status was determined using the fasting blood glucose (FBG) test and defined as a FBG ≥ 7.0mmol/L or self-reports of history or current diabetes medication use (treatment), while pre-diabetes was defined as a FBG of 5.6-6.9mmol/L. Awareness of diabetes was defined as self-reported history of diabetes among the people with diabetes. Metabolic syndrome status was determined according to the National agreement among makers of abdominal obesity. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used for data analysis. The mean age of the participants was 43.3 (SD12.5) years. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 34.0 percent and 38.0 percent, respectively. Age, marital status, period of driving, not-smoking, hypertension and diabetes were significantly associated with obesity. In logistic regression analysis, after adjusting for confounding factors, only age (OR 1.6, CI 1.0-2.7), hypertension (OR 3.6, CI 2.3-5.7) and non-smoking (OR 2.0, CI 1.3-3.1) were the independent and significant determinants of obesity. The prevalence rates of abdominal obesity by waist circumference (WC), waist-hip-ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and neck circumference (NC) were 61.5 percent, 67.5 percent, 80.1 percent and 65.3 percent, respectively. A strong correlations exists between WHR and WC (>0.64); and WHtR and WC (>0.62). There exists a good agreement between WC and WHR. Also, a moderate agreement exists between WC and WHtR, WC and NC, WHR and WHtR, and WHtR and NC. The prevalence of above normal body composition for participants with hypertension was 71.0 percent, 65.9 percent, 63.2 percent and 66.5 percent by WC, WHR, WHtR and NC, respectively. For diabetes, the prevalence was 20.6 percent, 19.4 percent, 17.0 percent and 18.6 percent by WC, WHR, WHtR and NC, respectively. Waist circumference was a stronger predictor of hypertension and diabetics, with odds ratio of 3.7 (95 percent CI: 2.3-6.1 and 3.1 (95 percent CI: 1.6-6.0), compared to NC, with odds ratio of 1.7 (95 percent CI: 1.1-2.8). The prevalence of pre-hypertension was 33.7 percent and hypertension was 57.0 percent. Age, marital status, level of education, period of driving, obesity, alcohol, sweet drinks consumption and diabetes were significantly associated with hypertension. After adjusting for confounders, age >35 years (P=0.004), obesity and alcohol use (P<0.001), period of driving >5years (p=0.028) and diabetes (P=0.003) were significant predictors of hypertension. Prevalence of pre-diabetes and diabetes was 17 percent and 16 percent, respectively. Of those who were diabetic (n=63), the majority were aware of their diabetes status (n=43) and were on treatment (n=30). Age, marital status, level of education, period of driving, obesity, sweet drinks consumption, physical activities and hypertension were significantly associated with diabetes. Only age >35 (AOR= 3.6, CI 1.2-11.1), ever married (AOR= 3.3, CI 1.5-7.0) and hypertension (AOR= 3.4, CI 1.7-6.8) were the independent predictors of diabetes after adjusting for confounders. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 22 percent. Age, marital status, level of education, physical inactivity and period of driving were significantly associated with metabolic syndrome. After adjusting for confounders, only age above 35 years (Adjusted Odd Ratio [AOR] =3.8, CI=1.4- 9.5), ever married (AOR=3.0, CI=1.6-5.3) and period of driving above five years (AOR= 2.4, CI=1.2-4.7) were the significant and independent predictors of metabolic syndrome. About 30 percent of the participants were daily smokers, 37 percent consume alcohol regularly and only 18 percent were physically active, while 82 percent were physically inactive. In conclusion, there was a high prevalence of obesity, hypertension and diabetes among the commercial drivers in this setting, which is associated with unhealthy lifestyles (smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, physical inactivity). Interventions aimed at promoting cardiovascular health of commercial drivers such as health education and workplace screening, should prioritize weight reduction, healthy eating and physical activity in this population.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Adedokun, Aanuoluwa Odunayo
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Diabetes -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Obesity -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Commercial vehicles
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , Nursing Science
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/10431 , vital:35463
- Description: Cardio-metabolic risk factors are the aggregates of conditions that increase the susceptibility of developing cardio-metabolic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and diabetes. This includes insulin resistance, obesity, hyperglyceamia, dyslipoproteinemia, hyperinsulinemia and hypertension. This condition are worsen by smoking and physical inactivity as they mostlyare not easily detected. This was a cross-sectional survey of 403 commercial taxi drivers at ten different taxi ranks in BCMM. The study utilized a convenient sampling technique for the participants of the study. The WHO STEPwise approach was used for data collection. The WHO STEPwise questionnaire was used for a face-to-face interview. Socio-demographic (sex, age, marital status, driving experience, income) and behavioural characteristics (smoking, alcohol consumption, consumption of sweet drinks, physical activity, and dietary intake) of participants were obtained. Also, objective reports concerning anthropometric measurements (weight, height, waist and hip circumference), blood pressure and biochemical measurement that is the blood glucose measurement. All anthropometric measurements were taken following a standard procedure using a Lufkin nonextensible flexible anthropometric tape (W606PM), Rosscraft, Canada and a SECA weighing scale and stadiometer (Hamburg, Germany). Blood pressure was checked also in accordance with standard protocols using a Medic+ Digital Blood Pressure Monitor Model 1219 (Hamburg, Germany). A validated ACCU-CHEK glucose monitoring apparatus (Mannheim, Germany) wasused for blood glucose measurement. Overweight and obesity was defined as a body mass index (BMI) of 25.0 kg/m2 –29.9 kg/m2 and≥ 30 kg/m2, respectively. Pre-hypertension was defined according JNC-8 criteria a systolic blood pressure of 120- 139 mmHg and diastolic of BP 80-89 mmHg while hypertension was defined as an average of two systolic BP ≥140mmHg and/or diastolic BP of ≥90mmHg or a history of hypertension or anti hypertensive medication use. Diabetes status was determined using the fasting blood glucose (FBG) test and defined as a FBG ≥ 7.0mmol/L or self-reports of history or current diabetes medication use (treatment), while pre-diabetes was defined as a FBG of 5.6-6.9mmol/L. Awareness of diabetes was defined as self-reported history of diabetes among the people with diabetes. Metabolic syndrome status was determined according to the National agreement among makers of abdominal obesity. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used for data analysis. The mean age of the participants was 43.3 (SD12.5) years. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 34.0 percent and 38.0 percent, respectively. Age, marital status, period of driving, not-smoking, hypertension and diabetes were significantly associated with obesity. In logistic regression analysis, after adjusting for confounding factors, only age (OR 1.6, CI 1.0-2.7), hypertension (OR 3.6, CI 2.3-5.7) and non-smoking (OR 2.0, CI 1.3-3.1) were the independent and significant determinants of obesity. The prevalence rates of abdominal obesity by waist circumference (WC), waist-hip-ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and neck circumference (NC) were 61.5 percent, 67.5 percent, 80.1 percent and 65.3 percent, respectively. A strong correlations exists between WHR and WC (>0.64); and WHtR and WC (>0.62). There exists a good agreement between WC and WHR. Also, a moderate agreement exists between WC and WHtR, WC and NC, WHR and WHtR, and WHtR and NC. The prevalence of above normal body composition for participants with hypertension was 71.0 percent, 65.9 percent, 63.2 percent and 66.5 percent by WC, WHR, WHtR and NC, respectively. For diabetes, the prevalence was 20.6 percent, 19.4 percent, 17.0 percent and 18.6 percent by WC, WHR, WHtR and NC, respectively. Waist circumference was a stronger predictor of hypertension and diabetics, with odds ratio of 3.7 (95 percent CI: 2.3-6.1 and 3.1 (95 percent CI: 1.6-6.0), compared to NC, with odds ratio of 1.7 (95 percent CI: 1.1-2.8). The prevalence of pre-hypertension was 33.7 percent and hypertension was 57.0 percent. Age, marital status, level of education, period of driving, obesity, alcohol, sweet drinks consumption and diabetes were significantly associated with hypertension. After adjusting for confounders, age >35 years (P=0.004), obesity and alcohol use (P<0.001), period of driving >5years (p=0.028) and diabetes (P=0.003) were significant predictors of hypertension. Prevalence of pre-diabetes and diabetes was 17 percent and 16 percent, respectively. Of those who were diabetic (n=63), the majority were aware of their diabetes status (n=43) and were on treatment (n=30). Age, marital status, level of education, period of driving, obesity, sweet drinks consumption, physical activities and hypertension were significantly associated with diabetes. Only age >35 (AOR= 3.6, CI 1.2-11.1), ever married (AOR= 3.3, CI 1.5-7.0) and hypertension (AOR= 3.4, CI 1.7-6.8) were the independent predictors of diabetes after adjusting for confounders. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 22 percent. Age, marital status, level of education, physical inactivity and period of driving were significantly associated with metabolic syndrome. After adjusting for confounders, only age above 35 years (Adjusted Odd Ratio [AOR] =3.8, CI=1.4- 9.5), ever married (AOR=3.0, CI=1.6-5.3) and period of driving above five years (AOR= 2.4, CI=1.2-4.7) were the significant and independent predictors of metabolic syndrome. About 30 percent of the participants were daily smokers, 37 percent consume alcohol regularly and only 18 percent were physically active, while 82 percent were physically inactive. In conclusion, there was a high prevalence of obesity, hypertension and diabetes among the commercial drivers in this setting, which is associated with unhealthy lifestyles (smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, physical inactivity). Interventions aimed at promoting cardiovascular health of commercial drivers such as health education and workplace screening, should prioritize weight reduction, healthy eating and physical activity in this population.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Secrets that kill : reflections on violation of cultural rights enshrined in the constitution and human rights through traditional circumcision
- Authors: Mlisa, Lily Rose Nomfundo
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Human rights--South Africa Circumcision Circumcision--Law and legislation
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , Public Health
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/11150 , vital:37176
- Description: The study was based on four research objectives: (1) to identify philosophy, psychology, cultural reasons behind the harsh and traumatic experiences of young Xhosa boys and their mothers during ukwaluka (male circumcision) as a mark for transition to manhood; (2) to review perceptions concerning the role of mothers during the male circumcision (MC) process (3) identify cultural and psycho-social construction and meaning of MC and (4) to explore recommended possible strategies on managing MC-related traumas and deaths in the Sub-Saharan region and Eastern Cape Province in particular. Desktop literature review methodology was followed. An in depth literature review was conducted on diverse website search engines using a set of inclusion criteria. Published articles from 1995 to 2015 were selected. Thematic content analysis was used to categorise and interpret emerging themes from the reviewed articles as aligned to set research objectives. Results revealed diverse philosophical and cultural perceptions around MC, its construction and meaning among different cultures whether circumcising or non-circumcising cultures. In addition, various reasons are laid out for the harsh treatment given to initiates in different settings. Results also indicated that the MC is no longer a secret due to social media profuse publications about it. The impact of education and health care benefits around medical male circumcision (MMC) has influenced women from both non-circumcising and circumcising cultures to accept it. It is recommended that MC should continue under strict observation of prescribed protocols to lessen or prevent malpractices in the process. MMC is also highly recommended. In addition, the government and traditional leaders have to continue to conduct capacity building of traditional surgeons, prospective initiates and initiates including nurses and family members about crucial protocols and health matters around MC. Finally, results recommend best practices that could be learnt from other circumcising cultures to restore the respect of MC in the Eastern Cape, as well as inclusion of women in the MC process management.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Mlisa, Lily Rose Nomfundo
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Human rights--South Africa Circumcision Circumcision--Law and legislation
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , Public Health
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/11150 , vital:37176
- Description: The study was based on four research objectives: (1) to identify philosophy, psychology, cultural reasons behind the harsh and traumatic experiences of young Xhosa boys and their mothers during ukwaluka (male circumcision) as a mark for transition to manhood; (2) to review perceptions concerning the role of mothers during the male circumcision (MC) process (3) identify cultural and psycho-social construction and meaning of MC and (4) to explore recommended possible strategies on managing MC-related traumas and deaths in the Sub-Saharan region and Eastern Cape Province in particular. Desktop literature review methodology was followed. An in depth literature review was conducted on diverse website search engines using a set of inclusion criteria. Published articles from 1995 to 2015 were selected. Thematic content analysis was used to categorise and interpret emerging themes from the reviewed articles as aligned to set research objectives. Results revealed diverse philosophical and cultural perceptions around MC, its construction and meaning among different cultures whether circumcising or non-circumcising cultures. In addition, various reasons are laid out for the harsh treatment given to initiates in different settings. Results also indicated that the MC is no longer a secret due to social media profuse publications about it. The impact of education and health care benefits around medical male circumcision (MMC) has influenced women from both non-circumcising and circumcising cultures to accept it. It is recommended that MC should continue under strict observation of prescribed protocols to lessen or prevent malpractices in the process. MMC is also highly recommended. In addition, the government and traditional leaders have to continue to conduct capacity building of traditional surgeons, prospective initiates and initiates including nurses and family members about crucial protocols and health matters around MC. Finally, results recommend best practices that could be learnt from other circumcising cultures to restore the respect of MC in the Eastern Cape, as well as inclusion of women in the MC process management.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Semi-rural community pharmacists’ perceptions of their future role in the national health insurance
- Authors: Pambuka, Simbongile Patrick
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: National health insurance -- South Africa , Health care reform -- South Africa Pharmacy -- Practice -- South Africa Community health services -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/23027 , vital:30396
- Description: The healthcare system in South Africa is currently characterised by distinctly different public and private sectors. The public sector services approximately 84% of the population while the private sector services the smaller portion, 16% of the population. However, the expenditure in both the private and public sectors is almost the same, with approximately five times more being spent per capita in the private sector than in the public sector. The South African health care system is therefore unbalanced with respect to expenditure per capita resulting in inequitable access to and quality of health services. In particular, the public sector is very under-resourced relative to the population and disease burden that it serves. In order to address the inequities inherent in the current two-tiered system, the South African government is in the process of introducing a National Health Insurance (NHI). The NHI will provide a means of pooling all healthcare funding, thereby providing a means of cross subsidization of the public sector. Funding contributions will be linked to an individual’s ability-to-pay and benefits will be determined by an individual’s need for care. It has been suggested that within an NHI system private pharmacies may be contracted through service agreements to provide both chronic and acute medicines. However, there are currently no policies that have been developed specifying the roles and functions of pharmacists in the NHI, and in a re-engineered Primary Health Care system. Furthermore, research suggests that the majority of pharmacists do not believe that the NHI is a suitable means to address South Africa’s healthcare problems and many do not agree with the principles behind it. This study used a qualitative approach in order to provide a comprehensive exploration of the attitudes and perceptions of community pharmacists in the semirural Eastern Cape towards the NHI as well as their future role and function within it. In this explorative and descriptive study, semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with community pharmacists within a 60km radius of Queenstown in the Eastern Cape. The interviews were digitally recorded and then transcribed. The transcriptions were coded and thematically analysed using computer assisted qualitative data analysis software - Atlas.ti®. It is envisaged that this understanding will provide a basis for addressing pharmacists’ concerns and may contribute towards the further development of the role and the scope of practice of community pharmacists in the NHI.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Pambuka, Simbongile Patrick
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: National health insurance -- South Africa , Health care reform -- South Africa Pharmacy -- Practice -- South Africa Community health services -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/23027 , vital:30396
- Description: The healthcare system in South Africa is currently characterised by distinctly different public and private sectors. The public sector services approximately 84% of the population while the private sector services the smaller portion, 16% of the population. However, the expenditure in both the private and public sectors is almost the same, with approximately five times more being spent per capita in the private sector than in the public sector. The South African health care system is therefore unbalanced with respect to expenditure per capita resulting in inequitable access to and quality of health services. In particular, the public sector is very under-resourced relative to the population and disease burden that it serves. In order to address the inequities inherent in the current two-tiered system, the South African government is in the process of introducing a National Health Insurance (NHI). The NHI will provide a means of pooling all healthcare funding, thereby providing a means of cross subsidization of the public sector. Funding contributions will be linked to an individual’s ability-to-pay and benefits will be determined by an individual’s need for care. It has been suggested that within an NHI system private pharmacies may be contracted through service agreements to provide both chronic and acute medicines. However, there are currently no policies that have been developed specifying the roles and functions of pharmacists in the NHI, and in a re-engineered Primary Health Care system. Furthermore, research suggests that the majority of pharmacists do not believe that the NHI is a suitable means to address South Africa’s healthcare problems and many do not agree with the principles behind it. This study used a qualitative approach in order to provide a comprehensive exploration of the attitudes and perceptions of community pharmacists in the semirural Eastern Cape towards the NHI as well as their future role and function within it. In this explorative and descriptive study, semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with community pharmacists within a 60km radius of Queenstown in the Eastern Cape. The interviews were digitally recorded and then transcribed. The transcriptions were coded and thematically analysed using computer assisted qualitative data analysis software - Atlas.ti®. It is envisaged that this understanding will provide a basis for addressing pharmacists’ concerns and may contribute towards the further development of the role and the scope of practice of community pharmacists in the NHI.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Sexual relationship power in negotiating safer sex practices amongst female university students in heterosexual relationships
- Authors: Simmers, Lionel
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Sex (Psychology) , Psychosexual development Safe sex in AIDS prevention Couples -- Sexual behavior Communication -- Sex differences
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/35689 , vital:33777
- Description: The structural effects of patriarchy, culture and socially constructed gender roles on women‟s identities, sexuality and relationship power is still a relatively under-researched area within South Africa. This study aimed to explore and describe the sexual relationship power of female university students in negotiating for safer sex practices, as women between 18 and 25 years of age are considered the most at-risk cohort for HIV and sexual health related risk and infection. The study utilized purposive sampling techniques, selecting young women and men to explore the influence of culture, socially constructions, gender, sexuality and sexual relationship power in negotiating for safer sex. Data was collected via semi structured individual interviews with 5 female participants and a focus group discussion with 8 female and 3 male participants. All data collection procedures were conducted in English, as this is the language of instruction at the institution. The data was analysed using a six-phase model for thematic analysis. The study used an interpretivist lens to allow the participants understanding of their experiences with the phenomenon of sexual relationship power. The findings revealed that gender, power and sexuality are contradictory and contested terrains. Traditional gender discourses make men‟s greater power within heterosexual relationships appear normal. Yet, the results reveal that gender identities and roles, and sexual relationship power is tension filled and that these individuals experience discontinuities and gaps in their power. This is apparent in the women participants‟ assertion that their personal sexual relationship power depends on the context. This means that men do not enjoy overall power and that these breaks in power hold promise for the construction and creation of newer forms of gender behaviour which will give women‟s identities greater power in expressing themselves in their sexual relationships and will equip them to better protect their sexual health.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Simmers, Lionel
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Sex (Psychology) , Psychosexual development Safe sex in AIDS prevention Couples -- Sexual behavior Communication -- Sex differences
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/35689 , vital:33777
- Description: The structural effects of patriarchy, culture and socially constructed gender roles on women‟s identities, sexuality and relationship power is still a relatively under-researched area within South Africa. This study aimed to explore and describe the sexual relationship power of female university students in negotiating for safer sex practices, as women between 18 and 25 years of age are considered the most at-risk cohort for HIV and sexual health related risk and infection. The study utilized purposive sampling techniques, selecting young women and men to explore the influence of culture, socially constructions, gender, sexuality and sexual relationship power in negotiating for safer sex. Data was collected via semi structured individual interviews with 5 female participants and a focus group discussion with 8 female and 3 male participants. All data collection procedures were conducted in English, as this is the language of instruction at the institution. The data was analysed using a six-phase model for thematic analysis. The study used an interpretivist lens to allow the participants understanding of their experiences with the phenomenon of sexual relationship power. The findings revealed that gender, power and sexuality are contradictory and contested terrains. Traditional gender discourses make men‟s greater power within heterosexual relationships appear normal. Yet, the results reveal that gender identities and roles, and sexual relationship power is tension filled and that these individuals experience discontinuities and gaps in their power. This is apparent in the women participants‟ assertion that their personal sexual relationship power depends on the context. This means that men do not enjoy overall power and that these breaks in power hold promise for the construction and creation of newer forms of gender behaviour which will give women‟s identities greater power in expressing themselves in their sexual relationships and will equip them to better protect their sexual health.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Social factors that contribute to poor academic performance of second-year nursing students at a public nursing college
- Authors: Luzipo, Nomawabo Lessie
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Nursing students -- South Africa , Nursing -- Study and teaching -- South Africa Academic achievement - -South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCur
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/30897 , vital:31211
- Description: The study sought to discover the determinants of the poor academic performance of second-year nursing students at a public nursing college in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Poor academic performance results in a number of consequences, for example: an increased cost for students and their parents when the study period is prolonged; a larger number of discontinuations; an increase in students who repeat modules, which has cost implications for institutions; and many personal effects on students, such as depression, demotivation and lack of confidence. Paucity was found regarding the social factors that contribute to the poor academic performance of second-year nursing students at a public nursing college in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. This paucity led to this study being conducted.The aim of the study was to investigate the social factors that contribute to the poor academic performance of second-year nursing students at a public nursing college in the Eastern Cape, South Africa, in order to develop strategies to assist nursing college management and staff to manage the social factors that contribute to the poor academic performance of these students. The researcher utilized a quantitative, exploratory, and descriptive design that was contextual in nature. The study was conducted in two phases. In the first phase, a self-administered questionnaire was used to investigate the social factors that contribute to the poor academic performance of second-year nursing students at a public nursing college in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. The second phase included the development of strategies for managing the social factors that contribute to poor academic performance of second-year nursing students at the public nursing college. The research population consisted of 304 second-year nursing students. A census sampling method was used to select 293 respondents. The data was collected by means of a self-administered questionnaire that was developed based on a literature review and existing questionnaires. The questionnaire consisted of questions and statements. It was comprised of three sections: demographic information (Section A), social factors that contribute to the poor academic performance (Section B), and additional relevant information on social factors that contribute to the poor academic performance (Section C). Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data, with the assistance of a statistician. The study revealed a number of factors that negatively affect students’ academic performance for instance, drug and alcohol abuse, absenteeism and stress were discussed in Chapter Four. The findings were used to develop strategies for educators and managers to manage the social factors that contribute to poor academic performance of second-year nursing students at a public nursing college. The limitations and recommendations were identified and can be found in the closing chapter. Reliability and validity were ensured. Ethical principles such as respect for persons, beneficence were upheld throughout the study.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Luzipo, Nomawabo Lessie
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Nursing students -- South Africa , Nursing -- Study and teaching -- South Africa Academic achievement - -South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCur
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/30897 , vital:31211
- Description: The study sought to discover the determinants of the poor academic performance of second-year nursing students at a public nursing college in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Poor academic performance results in a number of consequences, for example: an increased cost for students and their parents when the study period is prolonged; a larger number of discontinuations; an increase in students who repeat modules, which has cost implications for institutions; and many personal effects on students, such as depression, demotivation and lack of confidence. Paucity was found regarding the social factors that contribute to the poor academic performance of second-year nursing students at a public nursing college in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. This paucity led to this study being conducted.The aim of the study was to investigate the social factors that contribute to the poor academic performance of second-year nursing students at a public nursing college in the Eastern Cape, South Africa, in order to develop strategies to assist nursing college management and staff to manage the social factors that contribute to the poor academic performance of these students. The researcher utilized a quantitative, exploratory, and descriptive design that was contextual in nature. The study was conducted in two phases. In the first phase, a self-administered questionnaire was used to investigate the social factors that contribute to the poor academic performance of second-year nursing students at a public nursing college in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. The second phase included the development of strategies for managing the social factors that contribute to poor academic performance of second-year nursing students at the public nursing college. The research population consisted of 304 second-year nursing students. A census sampling method was used to select 293 respondents. The data was collected by means of a self-administered questionnaire that was developed based on a literature review and existing questionnaires. The questionnaire consisted of questions and statements. It was comprised of three sections: demographic information (Section A), social factors that contribute to the poor academic performance (Section B), and additional relevant information on social factors that contribute to the poor academic performance (Section C). Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data, with the assistance of a statistician. The study revealed a number of factors that negatively affect students’ academic performance for instance, drug and alcohol abuse, absenteeism and stress were discussed in Chapter Four. The findings were used to develop strategies for educators and managers to manage the social factors that contribute to poor academic performance of second-year nursing students at a public nursing college. The limitations and recommendations were identified and can be found in the closing chapter. Reliability and validity were ensured. Ethical principles such as respect for persons, beneficence were upheld throughout the study.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Social factors that contribute to poor academic performance of second-year nursing students at a public nursing college
- Authors: Luzipo, Nomawabo Lessie
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: College students -- South Africa -- Social conditions , Nursing students -- South Africa , Academic achievement -- Social aspects -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCur
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/30902 , vital:31210
- Description: The study sought to discover the determinants of the poor academic performance of second-year nursing students at a public nursing college in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Poor academic performance results in a number of consequences, for example: an increased cost for students and their parents when the study period is prolonged; a larger number of discontinuations; an increase in students who repeat modules, which has cost implications for institutions; and many personal effects on students, such as depression, demotivation and lack of confidence. Paucity was found regarding the social factors that contribute to the poor academic performance of second-year nursing students at a public nursing college in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. This paucity led to this study being conducted. The aim of the study was to investigate the social factors that contribute to the poor academic performance of second-year nursing students at a public nursing college in the Eastern Cape, South Africa, in order to develop strategies to assist nursing college management and staff to manage the social factors that contribute to the poor academic performance of these students. The researcher utilized a quantitative, exploratory, and descriptive design that was contextual in nature. The study was conducted in two phases. In the first phase, a self-administered questionnaire was used to investigate the social factors that contribute to the poor academic performance of second-year nursing students at a public nursing college in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. The second phase included the development of strategies for managing the social factors that contribute to poor academic performance of second-year nursing students at the public nursing college. The research population consisted of 304 second-year nursing students. A census sampling method was used to select 293 respondents. The data was collected by means of a self-administered questionnaire that was developed based on a literature review and existing questionnaires. The questionnaire consisted of questions and statements. It was comprised of three sections: demographic information (Section A), social factors that contribute to the poor academic performance (Section B), and additional relevant information on social factors that contribute to the poor academic v performance (Section C). Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data, with the assistance of a statistician. The study revealed a number of factors that negatively affect students’ academic performance for instance, drug and alcohol abuse, absenteeism and stress were discussed in Chapter Four. The findings were used to develop strategies for educators and managers to manage the social factors that contribute to poor academic performance of second-year nursing students at a public nursing college. The limitations and recommendations were identified and can be found in the closing chapter. Reliability and validity were ensured. Ethical principles such as respect for persons, beneficence were upheld throughout the study.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Luzipo, Nomawabo Lessie
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: College students -- South Africa -- Social conditions , Nursing students -- South Africa , Academic achievement -- Social aspects -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCur
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/30902 , vital:31210
- Description: The study sought to discover the determinants of the poor academic performance of second-year nursing students at a public nursing college in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Poor academic performance results in a number of consequences, for example: an increased cost for students and their parents when the study period is prolonged; a larger number of discontinuations; an increase in students who repeat modules, which has cost implications for institutions; and many personal effects on students, such as depression, demotivation and lack of confidence. Paucity was found regarding the social factors that contribute to the poor academic performance of second-year nursing students at a public nursing college in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. This paucity led to this study being conducted. The aim of the study was to investigate the social factors that contribute to the poor academic performance of second-year nursing students at a public nursing college in the Eastern Cape, South Africa, in order to develop strategies to assist nursing college management and staff to manage the social factors that contribute to the poor academic performance of these students. The researcher utilized a quantitative, exploratory, and descriptive design that was contextual in nature. The study was conducted in two phases. In the first phase, a self-administered questionnaire was used to investigate the social factors that contribute to the poor academic performance of second-year nursing students at a public nursing college in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. The second phase included the development of strategies for managing the social factors that contribute to poor academic performance of second-year nursing students at the public nursing college. The research population consisted of 304 second-year nursing students. A census sampling method was used to select 293 respondents. The data was collected by means of a self-administered questionnaire that was developed based on a literature review and existing questionnaires. The questionnaire consisted of questions and statements. It was comprised of three sections: demographic information (Section A), social factors that contribute to the poor academic performance (Section B), and additional relevant information on social factors that contribute to the poor academic v performance (Section C). Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data, with the assistance of a statistician. The study revealed a number of factors that negatively affect students’ academic performance for instance, drug and alcohol abuse, absenteeism and stress were discussed in Chapter Four. The findings were used to develop strategies for educators and managers to manage the social factors that contribute to poor academic performance of second-year nursing students at a public nursing college. The limitations and recommendations were identified and can be found in the closing chapter. Reliability and validity were ensured. Ethical principles such as respect for persons, beneficence were upheld throughout the study.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Strategies to facilitate the use of birth care provided by skilled birth attendants in the rural areas of Ghana
- Authors: Adatara, Peter
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Maternity nursing -- Ghana , Neonatal nursing -- methods Delivery (Obstetrics) Midwifery -- Ghana
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , DCur
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/23415 , vital:30541
- Description: Increasing skilled attendance during childbirth is well established in literature to play a significant role in averting the many preventable maternal deaths that occur in developing countries such as Ghana.Inadequate utilisation of skilled birth care services in Sub-Saharan Africa is believed to be a major hindrance to efforts aimed at improving the health of women, especially during delivery. There is low utilisation of birth care services provided by skilled birth attendants in the rural areas in Ghana. The purpose of this study was to develop strategies that could facilitate the utilisation of skilled birth care provided by skilled birth attendants in the rural areas of Ghana. The study adopted a qualitative, explorative, descriptive and contextual method to explore and describe women’s experiences regarding the utilisation or non-utilisation of skilled birth care services provided by skilled birth attendants in the rural areas in Ghana. The study was conducted in three phases: Phase One of this study described the research population, sampling method, data collection and analysis to obtain women’s experiences regarding the utilisation or non-utilisation of skilled birth care services. In this study, data were collected and analysed from the research population. The research population consisted of women who utilised skilled birth care attendants or unskilled care attendants during child birth. The data collection method used was individual interviews. Data collected from the interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed according to the steps suggested by Tesch to identify themes and sub-themes. The study identified three themes and sub-themes: Theme 1: Experiences of participants related to the use of skilled birth care attendants; Theme 2: Participants expressed their reasons for choosing a home birth; Theme 3: Participants offered suggestions to improve skilled birth care at healthcare facilities. The findings in Phase one of this study formed the basis for the development of the strategies in Phase three. Phase Two of the research design focused on the development of a conceptual framework based on the research findings and utilized to develop strategies which skilled birth attendant may use to facilitate the use of skilled birth care services by women in the rural areas of Ghana where there is low utilisation of birth services provided by skilled birth attendants. The conceptual framework of Dickoff, James and Wiedenbach was used to provide a guide and a link between the different concepts in the research study. Phase Three of this study focused on the development of strategies that will facilitate an increased in the labouring women utilisation of the services provided by skilled birth attendants. The data obtained was used to developed three strategies such as collaboration, education and training, supportive supervision as well as community mobilisation and participation to guide skilled birth attendants to facilitate the utilisation of skilled birth care services during childbirth. The WHO Health for All model, the theoretical model underpinning this study, also guided the development of the strategies to facilitate labouring women utilisation of the services provided by skilled birth attendants. Recommendations regarding the implementation of a national collaborative, education and supportive supervision policies on a macro level are made, as well as recommendations for nursing practice, education and research. It is therefore concluded that the researcher succeeded in achieving the purpose for this study because the strategies which are understandable, clear, simple, applicable and significant to skilled birth care in rural areas has been developed for use by skilled birth attendants to facilitate the utilisation of skilled birth care provided by skilled birth attendants in the rural areas of Ghana.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Adatara, Peter
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Maternity nursing -- Ghana , Neonatal nursing -- methods Delivery (Obstetrics) Midwifery -- Ghana
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , DCur
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/23415 , vital:30541
- Description: Increasing skilled attendance during childbirth is well established in literature to play a significant role in averting the many preventable maternal deaths that occur in developing countries such as Ghana.Inadequate utilisation of skilled birth care services in Sub-Saharan Africa is believed to be a major hindrance to efforts aimed at improving the health of women, especially during delivery. There is low utilisation of birth care services provided by skilled birth attendants in the rural areas in Ghana. The purpose of this study was to develop strategies that could facilitate the utilisation of skilled birth care provided by skilled birth attendants in the rural areas of Ghana. The study adopted a qualitative, explorative, descriptive and contextual method to explore and describe women’s experiences regarding the utilisation or non-utilisation of skilled birth care services provided by skilled birth attendants in the rural areas in Ghana. The study was conducted in three phases: Phase One of this study described the research population, sampling method, data collection and analysis to obtain women’s experiences regarding the utilisation or non-utilisation of skilled birth care services. In this study, data were collected and analysed from the research population. The research population consisted of women who utilised skilled birth care attendants or unskilled care attendants during child birth. The data collection method used was individual interviews. Data collected from the interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed according to the steps suggested by Tesch to identify themes and sub-themes. The study identified three themes and sub-themes: Theme 1: Experiences of participants related to the use of skilled birth care attendants; Theme 2: Participants expressed their reasons for choosing a home birth; Theme 3: Participants offered suggestions to improve skilled birth care at healthcare facilities. The findings in Phase one of this study formed the basis for the development of the strategies in Phase three. Phase Two of the research design focused on the development of a conceptual framework based on the research findings and utilized to develop strategies which skilled birth attendant may use to facilitate the use of skilled birth care services by women in the rural areas of Ghana where there is low utilisation of birth services provided by skilled birth attendants. The conceptual framework of Dickoff, James and Wiedenbach was used to provide a guide and a link between the different concepts in the research study. Phase Three of this study focused on the development of strategies that will facilitate an increased in the labouring women utilisation of the services provided by skilled birth attendants. The data obtained was used to developed three strategies such as collaboration, education and training, supportive supervision as well as community mobilisation and participation to guide skilled birth attendants to facilitate the utilisation of skilled birth care services during childbirth. The WHO Health for All model, the theoretical model underpinning this study, also guided the development of the strategies to facilitate labouring women utilisation of the services provided by skilled birth attendants. Recommendations regarding the implementation of a national collaborative, education and supportive supervision policies on a macro level are made, as well as recommendations for nursing practice, education and research. It is therefore concluded that the researcher succeeded in achieving the purpose for this study because the strategies which are understandable, clear, simple, applicable and significant to skilled birth care in rural areas has been developed for use by skilled birth attendants to facilitate the utilisation of skilled birth care provided by skilled birth attendants in the rural areas of Ghana.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Stress, resiliency and coping of hostel housemothers caring for children on the autistic spectrum
- Authors: Thiart, Sarita
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Autism spectrum disorders -- Patients -- Home care , Caregivers -- Psychology
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/23272 , vital:30510
- Description: Autism is a life-long neurological disease that manifests differently in every autistic person. Children with autism have difficulties with four developmental areas, namely: language and communication, social interaction, imagination, and sensory issues. These behaviours make it extremely difficult to care for, or teach, autistic children as these children often present with behaviours that are psychologically, cognitively and physically challenging. As there is only one government subsidised school with the expertise and support structures to teach and care for autistic children in the Eastern Cape, parents often have no option, but to place such children in residential care in order for the children to receive the expert teaching they need. As a result, hostel housemothers are often placed in parental roles as they provide much of the parenting on a daily basis. Many of these caregivers have their own families that also need support and care. This may place additional burdens on these employees that could lead to a variety of psychological and physical conditions, depending on their resilience, and ability to handle frequent stressful situations. It is for this reason that this study is imperative, as it will uncover the stressors experienced by the hostel housemothers who play such a pivotal role in the lives of autistic children. The results of the study will serve to inform possible future interventions. This is a qualitative study. Participants were obtained through purposive sampling, and data was analysed through a thematic analysis approach. The Salutogenesis theory of Antonovsky was used, which particularly looks at stressors, tension, breakdown, and Salutogenesis. The study has generated, in the researcher, an understanding of how hostel housemothers cope with the stressors of caring for autistic children, and intends to do the same for readers.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Thiart, Sarita
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Autism spectrum disorders -- Patients -- Home care , Caregivers -- Psychology
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/23272 , vital:30510
- Description: Autism is a life-long neurological disease that manifests differently in every autistic person. Children with autism have difficulties with four developmental areas, namely: language and communication, social interaction, imagination, and sensory issues. These behaviours make it extremely difficult to care for, or teach, autistic children as these children often present with behaviours that are psychologically, cognitively and physically challenging. As there is only one government subsidised school with the expertise and support structures to teach and care for autistic children in the Eastern Cape, parents often have no option, but to place such children in residential care in order for the children to receive the expert teaching they need. As a result, hostel housemothers are often placed in parental roles as they provide much of the parenting on a daily basis. Many of these caregivers have their own families that also need support and care. This may place additional burdens on these employees that could lead to a variety of psychological and physical conditions, depending on their resilience, and ability to handle frequent stressful situations. It is for this reason that this study is imperative, as it will uncover the stressors experienced by the hostel housemothers who play such a pivotal role in the lives of autistic children. The results of the study will serve to inform possible future interventions. This is a qualitative study. Participants were obtained through purposive sampling, and data was analysed through a thematic analysis approach. The Salutogenesis theory of Antonovsky was used, which particularly looks at stressors, tension, breakdown, and Salutogenesis. The study has generated, in the researcher, an understanding of how hostel housemothers cope with the stressors of caring for autistic children, and intends to do the same for readers.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Students’ experiences of hunger at an institution of higher learning in South Africa
- Ntloko, Nkqubela Aphiwe Jackson
- Authors: Ntloko, Nkqubela Aphiwe Jackson
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Hunger , College students -- Social aspects Universities and colleges -- Students College students -- Physiological aspects
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/30353 , vital:30933
- Description: Student hunger is a violation of the right to sufficient food guaranteed in the Constitution section 7(2) (1996). The State must respect, protect, promote and fulfil this right in addition to all other rights in the Bill Rights. This study sought to gain an in-depth understanding of hunger, as experienced by students at Nelson Mandela University (NMU), furthermore the study sought to generate student-centred recommendations on sustainable ways to address student hunger. Data was collected using a semi-structured interview method from sixteen, registered NMU students who were purposively selected. Collected data were analysed using the eight steps suggested by Tesch (1990), in Creswell, (2009). Guba's model of trustworthiness was applied for data verification. Findings of the study suggest that student hunger is a multifaceted concept which includes both physical, material hunger as well as lack of basic needs. Food insecurity, structural poverty and structural inequalities (colonisation and dispossession) are some of the factors contributing to student hunger. Research results show that hunger negatively affects students’ academic and emotional well-being. Participants recommend the use of alternative funding models that can address student hunger; a new policy should be formulated to inform interventions to eradicate student hunger. Among these suggested interventions is the creation of employment opportunities for students, provision of food parcels, meal subsidy and meal cards. Ending student hunger requires a wide range of approaches that consider both the contributing factors as well as its adverse impact on students. The depth of hunger as experienced by students requires institutions of higher learning, in collaboration with students, government, NGO’s and the private sector to be proactive in enhancing the wellbeing of students suffering from hunger, through empowerment initiatives. In order to eradicate hunger and restore the dignity and well-being of students, a student-driven social justice, multi-disciplinary approach that is developmental in nature is required.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Ntloko, Nkqubela Aphiwe Jackson
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Hunger , College students -- Social aspects Universities and colleges -- Students College students -- Physiological aspects
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/30353 , vital:30933
- Description: Student hunger is a violation of the right to sufficient food guaranteed in the Constitution section 7(2) (1996). The State must respect, protect, promote and fulfil this right in addition to all other rights in the Bill Rights. This study sought to gain an in-depth understanding of hunger, as experienced by students at Nelson Mandela University (NMU), furthermore the study sought to generate student-centred recommendations on sustainable ways to address student hunger. Data was collected using a semi-structured interview method from sixteen, registered NMU students who were purposively selected. Collected data were analysed using the eight steps suggested by Tesch (1990), in Creswell, (2009). Guba's model of trustworthiness was applied for data verification. Findings of the study suggest that student hunger is a multifaceted concept which includes both physical, material hunger as well as lack of basic needs. Food insecurity, structural poverty and structural inequalities (colonisation and dispossession) are some of the factors contributing to student hunger. Research results show that hunger negatively affects students’ academic and emotional well-being. Participants recommend the use of alternative funding models that can address student hunger; a new policy should be formulated to inform interventions to eradicate student hunger. Among these suggested interventions is the creation of employment opportunities for students, provision of food parcels, meal subsidy and meal cards. Ending student hunger requires a wide range of approaches that consider both the contributing factors as well as its adverse impact on students. The depth of hunger as experienced by students requires institutions of higher learning, in collaboration with students, government, NGO’s and the private sector to be proactive in enhancing the wellbeing of students suffering from hunger, through empowerment initiatives. In order to eradicate hunger and restore the dignity and well-being of students, a student-driven social justice, multi-disciplinary approach that is developmental in nature is required.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
The correlation between polygraph results and nonverbal behaviour
- Authors: Ferreira, Ian
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Lie detectors and detection , Movement, Psychology of Body language Nonverbal communication
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/29827 , vital:30782
- Description: The long history, serious and multiple negative consequences, and the global prevalence of human deception inspired the current correlational study. According to certain researchers and practitioners, the polygraph has emerged as one of the most promising methods to detect deception. Although its use has not been without controversy, it is still one of the most frequent means used to detect human deception. In an attempt to address the continued reliance on the polygraph, often in the absence of other evidence, the current study aimed to explore and describe the relationship between final polygraph test results and nonverbal behaviour observations during the pre-interview of the polygraph test. The research design was a correlational study, which explored and described the relationship between specified nonverbal behavioural observations, and deceptive and non-deceptive indicator results, of the participants taking the polygraph test. The nonverbal movements of the head, shoulders, hands and feet were the focus of the study. The research hypothesis of the study was that participants who were identified as deceptive on the polygraph would demonstrate significant statistical differences in specific nonverbal behaviours compared to non-deceptive participants. The results indicated significant statistical difference between the hand movements between the deceptive and the non-deceptive groups who participated in the study. The nonverbal behaviour related to the two groups’ hand movements was found to show significant differences, specifically related to five specific domains, hand hold symmetrical action, right arm/hand still, left hand/finger actions, touch behaviour, and thumbs up and downwards movements. The data were described and analysed by means of descriptive and inferential statistics and significant correlational findings were discussed in relation to the relevant published literature.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Ferreira, Ian
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Lie detectors and detection , Movement, Psychology of Body language Nonverbal communication
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/29827 , vital:30782
- Description: The long history, serious and multiple negative consequences, and the global prevalence of human deception inspired the current correlational study. According to certain researchers and practitioners, the polygraph has emerged as one of the most promising methods to detect deception. Although its use has not been without controversy, it is still one of the most frequent means used to detect human deception. In an attempt to address the continued reliance on the polygraph, often in the absence of other evidence, the current study aimed to explore and describe the relationship between final polygraph test results and nonverbal behaviour observations during the pre-interview of the polygraph test. The research design was a correlational study, which explored and described the relationship between specified nonverbal behavioural observations, and deceptive and non-deceptive indicator results, of the participants taking the polygraph test. The nonverbal movements of the head, shoulders, hands and feet were the focus of the study. The research hypothesis of the study was that participants who were identified as deceptive on the polygraph would demonstrate significant statistical differences in specific nonverbal behaviours compared to non-deceptive participants. The results indicated significant statistical difference between the hand movements between the deceptive and the non-deceptive groups who participated in the study. The nonverbal behaviour related to the two groups’ hand movements was found to show significant differences, specifically related to five specific domains, hand hold symmetrical action, right arm/hand still, left hand/finger actions, touch behaviour, and thumbs up and downwards movements. The data were described and analysed by means of descriptive and inferential statistics and significant correlational findings were discussed in relation to the relevant published literature.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
The effect of school-based physical activity interventions on body composition of grade 4 children from lower socio-economic communities in Port Elizabeth
- Authors: Nqweniso, Siphesihle
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Physical fitness for children -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , Physical education and training Exercise -- Physiological aspects Body composition
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/33556 , vital:32886
- Description: South Africa is classified as a low- to middle-income country and is amongst countries affected by the double burden of disease. This double burden may occur in the same household and may be related to food insecurity, nutritional transition and economic inequalities. While the prevalence of underweight has been reduced in the country, stunting and the rise in overweight and obesity in children still remains a problem. The study aimed to determine the effect of various combinations of school-based interventions on the body composition of Grade 4 children from lower socio-economic communities in Port Elizabeth. A cluster randomized controlled trial was conducted with eight schools which were randomly assigned to the experimental group (n=442) and control group (n=437). A ten-week school-based intervention was implemented, consisting of three components, namely: a physical activity (PA) intervention including physical education lessons, dance-to-music lesson and in-class PA breaks, a health and hygiene education intervention, and a nutrition intervention. Body composition measures, pre- and post the intervention included height, weight and skinfolds (triceps & subscapular). Body mass index (BMI), percentage body fat, and BMI-for-age (BAZ), height-for-age (HAZ), and weight-for-age (WAZ) z-scores were also calculated. Baseline data indicated that Coloured children were more likely to be underweight and stunted than Black African children, who were more likely to be obese. After the ten-week intervention, children exposed to the PA intervention showed significantly (p<.05; d>0.2) lower BF% and higher HAZ scores. The nutrition intervention resulted in significantly (p<.05; d>0.2) higher BMI and BAZ scores, indicating an increase in the prevalence of obesity in children. The health and hygiene education intervention had a significant effect on children’s underweight status (WAZ), showing higher WAZ scores. Findings suggest that participating in various combinations of school-based interventions had beneficial effects on children’s body composition and nutritional status. Therefore, strategies to implement school-based interventions are recommended as a means to improve children’s health status.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Nqweniso, Siphesihle
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Physical fitness for children -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , Physical education and training Exercise -- Physiological aspects Body composition
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/33556 , vital:32886
- Description: South Africa is classified as a low- to middle-income country and is amongst countries affected by the double burden of disease. This double burden may occur in the same household and may be related to food insecurity, nutritional transition and economic inequalities. While the prevalence of underweight has been reduced in the country, stunting and the rise in overweight and obesity in children still remains a problem. The study aimed to determine the effect of various combinations of school-based interventions on the body composition of Grade 4 children from lower socio-economic communities in Port Elizabeth. A cluster randomized controlled trial was conducted with eight schools which were randomly assigned to the experimental group (n=442) and control group (n=437). A ten-week school-based intervention was implemented, consisting of three components, namely: a physical activity (PA) intervention including physical education lessons, dance-to-music lesson and in-class PA breaks, a health and hygiene education intervention, and a nutrition intervention. Body composition measures, pre- and post the intervention included height, weight and skinfolds (triceps & subscapular). Body mass index (BMI), percentage body fat, and BMI-for-age (BAZ), height-for-age (HAZ), and weight-for-age (WAZ) z-scores were also calculated. Baseline data indicated that Coloured children were more likely to be underweight and stunted than Black African children, who were more likely to be obese. After the ten-week intervention, children exposed to the PA intervention showed significantly (p<.05; d>0.2) lower BF% and higher HAZ scores. The nutrition intervention resulted in significantly (p<.05; d>0.2) higher BMI and BAZ scores, indicating an increase in the prevalence of obesity in children. The health and hygiene education intervention had a significant effect on children’s underweight status (WAZ), showing higher WAZ scores. Findings suggest that participating in various combinations of school-based interventions had beneficial effects on children’s body composition and nutritional status. Therefore, strategies to implement school-based interventions are recommended as a means to improve children’s health status.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
The effectiveness of employee assistance programme and its contribution in the improvement of employee productivity in the Department of Health, OR Tambo District : a case study of forensic pathology laboratory
- Authors: Siyangaphi, Thembinkosi
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Employee assistance programs -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Labor productivity Employee motivation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , Public Health
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/10542 , vital:35603
- Description: The Employee Assistance Programme (EAP) is a programme used by organizations to address problems related to drug addiction, stress and family problems, aimed at enhancing both work productivity and promoting high morale among the workers. The employees in the Department of Health (DoH) are faced with many challenges which affect them, personally, and their output at work. The OR Tambo District is currently faced with high levels of absenteeism, stress, low morale amongst health staff members, resulting in most employees resigning from the service. Others die due to ill health caused by high levels of stress and depression. Some employees are being dismissed for unethical behaviour, which include, among other things, alcohol and drug abuse and abuse of state resources, non-performance and absenteeism. Furthermore, due to the shortage of staff which results in a very high workload for the incumbents, some employees experience burnout, stress, depression and exhaustion. The main objective of the study was to assess the effectiveness of the Employee Assistance Programme among OR Tambo health workers in order to improve their work productivity and performance. The study applied a descriptive, quantitative design. The target population were all employees in the Forensic Pathology Laboratory in OR Tambo District and the sample included Managers, FPOs, Supervisors and General Assistants. The questionnaire was used to collect data. The major findings of the study demonstrated that most workers are dissatisfied with their personal growth and development in the organization. Furthermore, the results indicate that respondents are not satisfied with the decision space in their job functions, salary and benefits. The findings of this study demonstrated that most employees of the Department of Health experienced health, emotional and financial problems relating to alcohol and drug abuse, stress and work overload in their workplace. The study shows that the managers referred their employees for cases related to poor performance, absenteeism, alcohol and drug abuse, tiredness, employee and health problems; changes which were noticeable after referral. One of the major conclusions and recommendations that have been drawn in this study is that EAP is a good programme in terms of its contribution to work productivity of employees, however, it needs to be marketed and services should be utilized effectively.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Siyangaphi, Thembinkosi
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Employee assistance programs -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Labor productivity Employee motivation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , Public Health
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/10542 , vital:35603
- Description: The Employee Assistance Programme (EAP) is a programme used by organizations to address problems related to drug addiction, stress and family problems, aimed at enhancing both work productivity and promoting high morale among the workers. The employees in the Department of Health (DoH) are faced with many challenges which affect them, personally, and their output at work. The OR Tambo District is currently faced with high levels of absenteeism, stress, low morale amongst health staff members, resulting in most employees resigning from the service. Others die due to ill health caused by high levels of stress and depression. Some employees are being dismissed for unethical behaviour, which include, among other things, alcohol and drug abuse and abuse of state resources, non-performance and absenteeism. Furthermore, due to the shortage of staff which results in a very high workload for the incumbents, some employees experience burnout, stress, depression and exhaustion. The main objective of the study was to assess the effectiveness of the Employee Assistance Programme among OR Tambo health workers in order to improve their work productivity and performance. The study applied a descriptive, quantitative design. The target population were all employees in the Forensic Pathology Laboratory in OR Tambo District and the sample included Managers, FPOs, Supervisors and General Assistants. The questionnaire was used to collect data. The major findings of the study demonstrated that most workers are dissatisfied with their personal growth and development in the organization. Furthermore, the results indicate that respondents are not satisfied with the decision space in their job functions, salary and benefits. The findings of this study demonstrated that most employees of the Department of Health experienced health, emotional and financial problems relating to alcohol and drug abuse, stress and work overload in their workplace. The study shows that the managers referred their employees for cases related to poor performance, absenteeism, alcohol and drug abuse, tiredness, employee and health problems; changes which were noticeable after referral. One of the major conclusions and recommendations that have been drawn in this study is that EAP is a good programme in terms of its contribution to work productivity of employees, however, it needs to be marketed and services should be utilized effectively.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
The effects of father absenteeism on the development of a masculine identity of young Xhosa men in an urban township
- Authors: Kibi, Aluta
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Absentee fathers -- South Africa , Men -- Identity , Masculinity , Men -- Psychology
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/22332 , vital:29944
- Description: The absence of a biological father in a family system is associated with a myriad of familial and societal problems. Although father absenteeism affects the entire family system, boys raised in the absence of a paternal figure appear to be the most affected especially when they belong to patriarchal cultures. Among the many important roles played by a father in his son’s development he plays a significant role in modelling a culture specific masculinity. This masculinity enables him to effectively navigate the social spaces to acceptance from others within his culture. In his absence, boys look elsewhere for masculinity models some of which may be damaging to the males identity. Although there is substantial research on masculinity there is however paucity of research on how young Xhosa men develop a masculine identity in the absence of a paternal figure. This study sought to elucidate common themes through semi-structured interviews with young Xhosa men in navigating a masculine identity for themselves in the absence of a biological father. A purposive sampling technique was used to recruit participants for this study. Thematic content analysis was used to analyse the data, using Tesch’s method. The results of the study are beneficial to absent fathers, single mothers raising boy children and cultural leaders.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Kibi, Aluta
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Absentee fathers -- South Africa , Men -- Identity , Masculinity , Men -- Psychology
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/22332 , vital:29944
- Description: The absence of a biological father in a family system is associated with a myriad of familial and societal problems. Although father absenteeism affects the entire family system, boys raised in the absence of a paternal figure appear to be the most affected especially when they belong to patriarchal cultures. Among the many important roles played by a father in his son’s development he plays a significant role in modelling a culture specific masculinity. This masculinity enables him to effectively navigate the social spaces to acceptance from others within his culture. In his absence, boys look elsewhere for masculinity models some of which may be damaging to the males identity. Although there is substantial research on masculinity there is however paucity of research on how young Xhosa men develop a masculine identity in the absence of a paternal figure. This study sought to elucidate common themes through semi-structured interviews with young Xhosa men in navigating a masculine identity for themselves in the absence of a biological father. A purposive sampling technique was used to recruit participants for this study. Thematic content analysis was used to analyse the data, using Tesch’s method. The results of the study are beneficial to absent fathers, single mothers raising boy children and cultural leaders.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
The factors that affect the low uptake of medical male circumcision among adult males 20-39 years of age in Gauteng Province, South Africa
- Authors: Palmer, Eurica Laetitia
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Circumcision Circumcision -- South Africa -- Gauteng Initiation rites -- South Africa -- Gauteng
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , Public Health
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/10553 , vital:35606
- Description: The objective of this study is to determine the factors that contribute to low MMC uptake with the aim of proposing strategies to improve MMC demand creation for older adult males (20-39 years). By employing a qualitative research methodology, the study explores the factors and barriers that contribute to the low MMC uptake of adult males aged between 20 to 39 years in order to understand the situation from the perspective of the participants. A purposive sampling method was used to select 24 participants. Individual in-depth interviews were conducted with four Provincial Programme Managers from the National and the Gauteng Provincial Department of Health. Two focus-group discussions were also conducted with 20 adult males aged 20 to 39 years. The data collected were analysed, categorised, synthesised and decoded. The results of the research were explained well comprising the narratives of the participants. The main findings show that there are various contextual, individual and community factors contributing to the low MMC uptake. The study also found that the MMC programme does not review MMC communication messages consistently and continuously and demand creation strategies for adult males in the age group 20 to 39 years.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Palmer, Eurica Laetitia
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Circumcision Circumcision -- South Africa -- Gauteng Initiation rites -- South Africa -- Gauteng
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , Public Health
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/10553 , vital:35606
- Description: The objective of this study is to determine the factors that contribute to low MMC uptake with the aim of proposing strategies to improve MMC demand creation for older adult males (20-39 years). By employing a qualitative research methodology, the study explores the factors and barriers that contribute to the low MMC uptake of adult males aged between 20 to 39 years in order to understand the situation from the perspective of the participants. A purposive sampling method was used to select 24 participants. Individual in-depth interviews were conducted with four Provincial Programme Managers from the National and the Gauteng Provincial Department of Health. Two focus-group discussions were also conducted with 20 adult males aged 20 to 39 years. The data collected were analysed, categorised, synthesised and decoded. The results of the research were explained well comprising the narratives of the participants. The main findings show that there are various contextual, individual and community factors contributing to the low MMC uptake. The study also found that the MMC programme does not review MMC communication messages consistently and continuously and demand creation strategies for adult males in the age group 20 to 39 years.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
The perceptions of Nursing service and Operational Managers on the role of nursing sub-professionals in the Health Service System at Mhlontlo Municipality
- Authors: Mpini, Minah Malakiwe
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Health service management -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Nursing sub-professional
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , M Nursing
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/1341 , vital:32258
- Description: South Africa is experiencing a serious shortage of nurses, especially nursing sub-professionals. The Eastern Cape Province is among the provinces with highest percentage of vacancies for nurses in all nursing categories. Nursing shortage has compromised South African health care services as health services are mostly supported by this group of health professionals. As a result of this shortage, rural health services have for a long time depended on the nursing sub-professionals to perform basic nursing services. This category is however also decreasing, which makes it difficult for nursing professionals to cope with the amount of work. South African rural health centres put pressure on professional nurses to do some of the health care activities that are meant to be done by medical doctors. The aim of the study was to explore the role and value of nursing sub-professionals in the health care system as viewed by the nursing managers. A qualitative exploratory study was conducted to get the perceptions of nursing service managers and operational managers on the role and value of nursing sub-professionals in the health service. A purposive sample of 23 participants was selected and interviewed. Most of the participants viewed the retention of nursing sub-professionals as crucial in the health service system. The participants saw sub-professionals as playing a vital role in the health services as the latter have a scope of practice that enables them to work independently. The reasons they put forth in support of their retention include reduction of litigations, easing the work load of professional nurses, sometimes performing non-nursing duties during crisis periods, reduction in the waiting time for patients/clients, and enabling professional nurses to perform more sophisticated professional duties which include management. Few managers viewed the existence of sub-professional nurses as increasing the work of nursing professionals. They felt that nursing sub-professionals worked under the supervision of nursing professionals. This, according to them, resulted in more work for nursing professionals who had to check and/or repeat what had been done in the name of supervision.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Mpini, Minah Malakiwe
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Health service management -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Nursing sub-professional
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , M Nursing
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/1341 , vital:32258
- Description: South Africa is experiencing a serious shortage of nurses, especially nursing sub-professionals. The Eastern Cape Province is among the provinces with highest percentage of vacancies for nurses in all nursing categories. Nursing shortage has compromised South African health care services as health services are mostly supported by this group of health professionals. As a result of this shortage, rural health services have for a long time depended on the nursing sub-professionals to perform basic nursing services. This category is however also decreasing, which makes it difficult for nursing professionals to cope with the amount of work. South African rural health centres put pressure on professional nurses to do some of the health care activities that are meant to be done by medical doctors. The aim of the study was to explore the role and value of nursing sub-professionals in the health care system as viewed by the nursing managers. A qualitative exploratory study was conducted to get the perceptions of nursing service managers and operational managers on the role and value of nursing sub-professionals in the health service. A purposive sample of 23 participants was selected and interviewed. Most of the participants viewed the retention of nursing sub-professionals as crucial in the health service system. The participants saw sub-professionals as playing a vital role in the health services as the latter have a scope of practice that enables them to work independently. The reasons they put forth in support of their retention include reduction of litigations, easing the work load of professional nurses, sometimes performing non-nursing duties during crisis periods, reduction in the waiting time for patients/clients, and enabling professional nurses to perform more sophisticated professional duties which include management. Few managers viewed the existence of sub-professional nurses as increasing the work of nursing professionals. They felt that nursing sub-professionals worked under the supervision of nursing professionals. This, according to them, resulted in more work for nursing professionals who had to check and/or repeat what had been done in the name of supervision.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
The perceptions of professional nurses about the introduction of the National Health Insurance in a private hospital in Gauteng
- Molokomme, Victoria Khabonina
- Authors: Molokomme, Victoria Khabonina
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Health insurance Hospitals Primary health care
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPH
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/13057 , vital:39444
- Description: The National Health Insurance is a relatively new concept in South Africa currently being piloted to ensure that all citizens have access to quality and affordable health care regardless of their socio-economic status. This study was prompted by concerns regarding the introduction of the NHI and its implications on the South African health system. Therefore it seeks to determine the professional nurses concerns about the introduction of the NHI in a private hospital in Gauteng and to describe recommendations based on these perceptions. This study used a qualitative, exploratory and descriptive design. Data was collected using a semi-structured individual interview schedule. The sample was purposive consisting of professional nurses employed in a private hospital in Gauteng. Thematic data saturation determined the number of professional nurses interviewed. Data analysis was done with the aid of Creswell’s theory (2014:1996). Ethical considerations were observed and trustworthiness maintained. The results of the study outlined that professional nurse’s perception about the NHI is centred on equal distribution of health services to benefit all South Africans. However, concerns were based on its financial implications for those mandated to pay towards the fund. The feasibility of its implementation in the midst of staff shortage, inadequate resources and its impact on the public health sector was seen as a major challenge. The notion of a joint effort between public and private health sector in creating one health system was anticipated by most participants. The NHI implementation raised concerns about the impact it will have on the private sectors viability in the future. Professional nurse’s non-involvement in policy making, poor communication, lack of transparency, concerns about governance and management were perceived to be stumbling blocks towards efficient and effective implementation of the NHI.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Molokomme, Victoria Khabonina
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Health insurance Hospitals Primary health care
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPH
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/13057 , vital:39444
- Description: The National Health Insurance is a relatively new concept in South Africa currently being piloted to ensure that all citizens have access to quality and affordable health care regardless of their socio-economic status. This study was prompted by concerns regarding the introduction of the NHI and its implications on the South African health system. Therefore it seeks to determine the professional nurses concerns about the introduction of the NHI in a private hospital in Gauteng and to describe recommendations based on these perceptions. This study used a qualitative, exploratory and descriptive design. Data was collected using a semi-structured individual interview schedule. The sample was purposive consisting of professional nurses employed in a private hospital in Gauteng. Thematic data saturation determined the number of professional nurses interviewed. Data analysis was done with the aid of Creswell’s theory (2014:1996). Ethical considerations were observed and trustworthiness maintained. The results of the study outlined that professional nurse’s perception about the NHI is centred on equal distribution of health services to benefit all South Africans. However, concerns were based on its financial implications for those mandated to pay towards the fund. The feasibility of its implementation in the midst of staff shortage, inadequate resources and its impact on the public health sector was seen as a major challenge. The notion of a joint effort between public and private health sector in creating one health system was anticipated by most participants. The NHI implementation raised concerns about the impact it will have on the private sectors viability in the future. Professional nurse’s non-involvement in policy making, poor communication, lack of transparency, concerns about governance and management were perceived to be stumbling blocks towards efficient and effective implementation of the NHI.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018