A phenomenological study of problematic internet use with massively multiplayer online games
- Authors: Bopp, Stacey-Lee
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Computer games -- Psychological aspects , Internet games -- Psychological aspects Internet addiction
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13757 , vital:27305
- Description: Massively multiplayer online games (MMOG’s) are a specific form of online computer games that allow for millions of people to simultaneously play online at any time. This form of online gaming has become a huge phenomenon worldwide both as a popular past time and a business endeavour for many individuals. There are more than 16 million people worldwide who subscribe to fantasy role-playing online games. Although such games can provide entertainment for many people, they can also lead to problematic Internet use (PIU). PIU has also been referred to as Internet addiction, and can cause significant problems in an individual’s functioning. The study aimed to enhance a greater understanding of the phenomenon of male adults’ experiences PIU with MMOG’s. More specifically the study aims to identify if PIU with MMOG’s can be considered a form of Internet addiction within South Africa. Furthermore, assisting in the further development of online addiction diagnosis and treatment strategies. The study utilised an interpretive phenomenological approach (IPA) and participants were purposively sampled. The data was collected using semi-structured individual interviews. Furthermore, Braun and Clarks thematic analysis was used during data analysis while incorporating the four major processes in phenomenological research, namely 1) epoche, 2) phenomenological reduction, 3) imaginative variation and, 4) synthesis. Themes that emerged from the analysis of the participants’ experiences included, initial description of use, motives for continued use of MMOG’s, consequences of PIU with MMOG’s, perceptions of PIU with MMOG’s, and treatment considerations. This study provided a thick description of South African and international literature and combines the literature with the themes that emerged from the participants experiences in order to produce discussions based on the findings of this qualitative study. Conclusions, recommendations, and limitations of this study informed future research on cyber citizenship by providing a detailed understanding of the context of South African male adults’ experiences of PIU with MMOG’s.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Bopp, Stacey-Lee
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Computer games -- Psychological aspects , Internet games -- Psychological aspects Internet addiction
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13757 , vital:27305
- Description: Massively multiplayer online games (MMOG’s) are a specific form of online computer games that allow for millions of people to simultaneously play online at any time. This form of online gaming has become a huge phenomenon worldwide both as a popular past time and a business endeavour for many individuals. There are more than 16 million people worldwide who subscribe to fantasy role-playing online games. Although such games can provide entertainment for many people, they can also lead to problematic Internet use (PIU). PIU has also been referred to as Internet addiction, and can cause significant problems in an individual’s functioning. The study aimed to enhance a greater understanding of the phenomenon of male adults’ experiences PIU with MMOG’s. More specifically the study aims to identify if PIU with MMOG’s can be considered a form of Internet addiction within South Africa. Furthermore, assisting in the further development of online addiction diagnosis and treatment strategies. The study utilised an interpretive phenomenological approach (IPA) and participants were purposively sampled. The data was collected using semi-structured individual interviews. Furthermore, Braun and Clarks thematic analysis was used during data analysis while incorporating the four major processes in phenomenological research, namely 1) epoche, 2) phenomenological reduction, 3) imaginative variation and, 4) synthesis. Themes that emerged from the analysis of the participants’ experiences included, initial description of use, motives for continued use of MMOG’s, consequences of PIU with MMOG’s, perceptions of PIU with MMOG’s, and treatment considerations. This study provided a thick description of South African and international literature and combines the literature with the themes that emerged from the participants experiences in order to produce discussions based on the findings of this qualitative study. Conclusions, recommendations, and limitations of this study informed future research on cyber citizenship by providing a detailed understanding of the context of South African male adults’ experiences of PIU with MMOG’s.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
A poverty alleviation strategy of Vukuzenzele gardening project in Motherwell township
- Authors: Zitho, Andiswa
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Economic development projects -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , Economic development -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth Community development -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth Poor -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13724 , vital:27302
- Description: Poverty is one of the issues that affects the development in our country. the strategies that are used differ from one to person to another. development is said to be measured through a lot of things but mostly through economic growth which influenced by poverty. the purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of the strategies being used to alleviate poverty in the Motherwell township, in Port Elizabeth. The study focused mainly on Vukuzenzele gardening project, where a sample of 15 participants were purposovely selected to be part of the study. Furthermore, the aim of the study was to contribute towards community development by investigating the social issues that directly influence poverty eradication.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Zitho, Andiswa
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Economic development projects -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , Economic development -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth Community development -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth Poor -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13724 , vital:27302
- Description: Poverty is one of the issues that affects the development in our country. the strategies that are used differ from one to person to another. development is said to be measured through a lot of things but mostly through economic growth which influenced by poverty. the purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of the strategies being used to alleviate poverty in the Motherwell township, in Port Elizabeth. The study focused mainly on Vukuzenzele gardening project, where a sample of 15 participants were purposovely selected to be part of the study. Furthermore, the aim of the study was to contribute towards community development by investigating the social issues that directly influence poverty eradication.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
A psychobiographical study of Robert Nesta “Bob” Marley
- Authors: Willis, Lynn Sherri
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Developmental psychology , Life cycle, Human -- Psychological aspects Marley, Bob , Psychology -- Biographical methods
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13480 , vital:27209
- Description: Psychobiography is a qualitative research design used to explore and understand the life story of an individual through the lens of psychological theory. The application of theory is typically done to finished lives of well-known or enigmatic people, and covers the person’s entire lifespan. The aim of the study was to explore and describe the personality development of the Rastafarian reggae musician Bob Marley.To meet this aim the study created a comprehensive picture of Marley’s life within the particular social, economic and historical context in which he lived. Marley’s work was considered influential both during and after his life. His music is listened to by diverse groups of people, and is known internationally. Marley’s personality was explored by applying Eric Berne’s theory of Transactional Analysis (TA) to his life story. Data was collected and analyzed using a strategy consisting of three steps, namely, data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing and verification. Results of the study indicated that TA is a suitable theory for creating insight into the life of this historical figure, and has led to an increased understanding of the application of this psychological theory. Lastly, the study has contributed towards increasing the number of psychobiographical studies conducted in the South African context.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Willis, Lynn Sherri
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Developmental psychology , Life cycle, Human -- Psychological aspects Marley, Bob , Psychology -- Biographical methods
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13480 , vital:27209
- Description: Psychobiography is a qualitative research design used to explore and understand the life story of an individual through the lens of psychological theory. The application of theory is typically done to finished lives of well-known or enigmatic people, and covers the person’s entire lifespan. The aim of the study was to explore and describe the personality development of the Rastafarian reggae musician Bob Marley.To meet this aim the study created a comprehensive picture of Marley’s life within the particular social, economic and historical context in which he lived. Marley’s work was considered influential both during and after his life. His music is listened to by diverse groups of people, and is known internationally. Marley’s personality was explored by applying Eric Berne’s theory of Transactional Analysis (TA) to his life story. Data was collected and analyzed using a strategy consisting of three steps, namely, data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing and verification. Results of the study indicated that TA is a suitable theory for creating insight into the life of this historical figure, and has led to an increased understanding of the application of this psychological theory. Lastly, the study has contributed towards increasing the number of psychobiographical studies conducted in the South African context.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
An explorative study of the current practises of greenwashing in social media
- Authors: Struwig, Zaskia
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Social media -- Marketing , Green marketing Social networks -- Computer network resources Consumer behavior -- environmental aspects
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13658 , vital:27262
- Description: The first section of this paper looks specifically at the concept of greenwashing from a theoretical perspective. It aims to establish exactly what greenwashing is, what it involves and how it has been used. The second section incorporates both the first section of this paper, and delves deeper into how greenwashing has been present in social media. The third section of this paper is a case study. This section has been broken down into three categories of industries in consideration of greenwashing practises. The first is ‘The Obvious’ - this looks at the obvious examples of industries that use greenwashing practises. ‘The Overlooked’ looks at the industries which are often disregarded in terms of greenwashing practises. The last is ‘The Unexpected’ which looks into the industries that focus on supporting the environment and would not commonly be associated with any form of greenwashing practises at all. This case study aims to identify how the selected companies chosen for the study have been associated with greenwashing in the past, and how their current social presence may still be contributing to greenwashed advertising. As the concept of greenwashing is based on a theory developed around two decades ago and mostly consisted of very direct claims and statements using traditional advertising mediums such as billboards and magazine adverts, and considering the amount of well-known corporations who were proven guilty of such greenwashing practises, it would be ignorant to consider that such practises have simply subsided and ceased to occur. Corporations are aware of being called-out with negative press, especially with regards to issues such as false environmental practises, therefore as the advertising industry has changed with time, wouldn’t such greenwashing practises have adapted as well? Corporations in the past have learnt that direct greenwash statements have backfired negatively, therefore in collaboration with the use of social media, the prospect of using subtle, or even subconscious greenwash strategies seem to create an issue which requires investigation.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Struwig, Zaskia
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Social media -- Marketing , Green marketing Social networks -- Computer network resources Consumer behavior -- environmental aspects
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13658 , vital:27262
- Description: The first section of this paper looks specifically at the concept of greenwashing from a theoretical perspective. It aims to establish exactly what greenwashing is, what it involves and how it has been used. The second section incorporates both the first section of this paper, and delves deeper into how greenwashing has been present in social media. The third section of this paper is a case study. This section has been broken down into three categories of industries in consideration of greenwashing practises. The first is ‘The Obvious’ - this looks at the obvious examples of industries that use greenwashing practises. ‘The Overlooked’ looks at the industries which are often disregarded in terms of greenwashing practises. The last is ‘The Unexpected’ which looks into the industries that focus on supporting the environment and would not commonly be associated with any form of greenwashing practises at all. This case study aims to identify how the selected companies chosen for the study have been associated with greenwashing in the past, and how their current social presence may still be contributing to greenwashed advertising. As the concept of greenwashing is based on a theory developed around two decades ago and mostly consisted of very direct claims and statements using traditional advertising mediums such as billboards and magazine adverts, and considering the amount of well-known corporations who were proven guilty of such greenwashing practises, it would be ignorant to consider that such practises have simply subsided and ceased to occur. Corporations are aware of being called-out with negative press, especially with regards to issues such as false environmental practises, therefore as the advertising industry has changed with time, wouldn’t such greenwashing practises have adapted as well? Corporations in the past have learnt that direct greenwash statements have backfired negatively, therefore in collaboration with the use of social media, the prospect of using subtle, or even subconscious greenwash strategies seem to create an issue which requires investigation.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
An exploratory study of female South African university students’ knowledge and perceptions of subdermal contraceptive implants
- Kalla, Sikander Abdul Razaak
- Authors: Kalla, Sikander Abdul Razaak
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Contraceptives -- South Africa -- Psychological aspects , Birth control -- South Africa -- Students Contraception -- South Africa -- Psychological aspects
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/17691 , vital:28437
- Description: South Africa‟s recent efforts to improve contraceptive uptake include the public launch of the subdermal contraceptive implant (branded Implanon NXT®). The launch of this modern contraceptive was welcomed as an initiative that holds promise in addressing elevated unintended pregnancy rates in the country. However, a paucity of research regarding the uptake of this contraceptive exists. This study sought to narrow this research gap by exploring the knowledge and perceptions that young female South African university students have of contraceptive implants, as well as investigate how these views may shape the willingness for these females to incorporate contraceptive implants into their birth control regimen. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with young female students enrolled at Nelson Mandela University and data from these interviews was analysed using thematic analysis. Findings were examined through a lens of social constructionism and critical psychology. Analysis revealed the following key findings: the function, suitability, and negative perceptions, of a particular contraceptive are notable considerations taken into account by young female university students when investigating contraceptives; psychosocial challenges are prominent in the arena of contraception; contraceptive implants possess the potential to reduce stigmatisation and empower women; however, participants asserted that there are significant psychosocial and structural barriers to the uptake of this contraceptive. These findings highlighted that contraceptive knowledge and perceptions are influenced by an interplay of psychosocial and structural factors. These factors were ultimately noted to influence young female South African university students‟ willingness to incorporate contraceptive implants into their birth control regimen.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Kalla, Sikander Abdul Razaak
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Contraceptives -- South Africa -- Psychological aspects , Birth control -- South Africa -- Students Contraception -- South Africa -- Psychological aspects
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/17691 , vital:28437
- Description: South Africa‟s recent efforts to improve contraceptive uptake include the public launch of the subdermal contraceptive implant (branded Implanon NXT®). The launch of this modern contraceptive was welcomed as an initiative that holds promise in addressing elevated unintended pregnancy rates in the country. However, a paucity of research regarding the uptake of this contraceptive exists. This study sought to narrow this research gap by exploring the knowledge and perceptions that young female South African university students have of contraceptive implants, as well as investigate how these views may shape the willingness for these females to incorporate contraceptive implants into their birth control regimen. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with young female students enrolled at Nelson Mandela University and data from these interviews was analysed using thematic analysis. Findings were examined through a lens of social constructionism and critical psychology. Analysis revealed the following key findings: the function, suitability, and negative perceptions, of a particular contraceptive are notable considerations taken into account by young female university students when investigating contraceptives; psychosocial challenges are prominent in the arena of contraception; contraceptive implants possess the potential to reduce stigmatisation and empower women; however, participants asserted that there are significant psychosocial and structural barriers to the uptake of this contraceptive. These findings highlighted that contraceptive knowledge and perceptions are influenced by an interplay of psychosocial and structural factors. These factors were ultimately noted to influence young female South African university students‟ willingness to incorporate contraceptive implants into their birth control regimen.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Assessing monitoring and evaluation as the control measure to enhance organisational performance with the reference to the Eastern Cape provincial treasury
- Authors: Tshefu, Siyabulela
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Civil service -- Labor productivity -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape -- Evaluation Performance standards -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape -- Evaluation , Organizational effectiveness -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Organizational behavior -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/21373 , vital:29505
- Description: The growing demand for governments and organisations to demonstrate principles of accountability, transparency and participatory decision making, which are the cornerstones of good governance, has fostered renewed efforts to transform the public service to ultimately produce tangible results and meet the needs of the beneficiaries of service delivery. Effective performance management practised across the entire organization in an integrated, iterative and sustained way that can help public service organizations overcome the challenges and deliver more with less. This study focuses on the assessment of monitoring and evaluation as the control measure to enhance organisational performance with the reference to the Eastern Cape Provincial Treasury and assess critical role in supporting performance management and also provides methodological options to support performance management. Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) are management activities that are necessary to ensure the achievement of policy goals in the form of concrete results. The study revealed that the current M and E system is not effective in that there are no clearly defined standards of what a quarterly progress report entail, especially the portfolio of evidence and because the main problem stems from the definition of what constitutes departmental performance. In determining what needs to be done, the effectiveness suffers since we opt for mainly indicators that are “safe”, that the department are sure they can achieve and not necessarily those that will enhance organizational performance. The study revealed that each programme manager should monitor and evaluate his/her processes on a continuous basis without having to wait for M&E unit. M&E unit will then provide an objective evaluation of the process already in place and constant engagement between M&E unit and line management, feedback sessions between staff and M&E unit are essential about the achievement of targets as outlined in the APP and Operational Plan. The study further revealed that there should be continuous meetings to discuss how directorates should sufficiently report on their quarterly targets to avoid inadequate reported information and the department must go step by step in performing activities towards achieving a set vision and on way to the vision, not forgetting to take away risks that may take us to another direction that was not intended as per our vision. The study thus recommends that, inter alia, the department must introduce strong mechanisms to deal with non-implementation of corrective measures regarding under performance and the poor quality of information provided in performance reports related to the performance indicators in the Annual Performance Plans.The introduction of an early warning sign system to warn all programmes when the performance of their planned indicators are not be achieved. The Top Management should continue to use the performance management information as the tool to improve the organisational performance by linking and aligning individual, team and organisational objectives and results, it also provides a means to recognise and reward good performance and to manage under-performance. However the Top Management should be able to conduct in-depth analysis into underperformance to detect whether the underperformance is related to the bad crafting of the indicators or if it relates to the work not done. The department should invest money on training of officials in M&E because it plays a critical role supporting performance management at various levels, in that it contributes to a thinking that is results oriented and also provides methodological options to support performance management. This means that all officials must be capacitated to manage M&E systems in the department that will ensure the production of accurate, objective and reliable information. The M&E unit in the department must facilitate such skills development and provide reasonable technical support where required. The training could be designed to instill a deeper understanding and knowledge of the concepts of M&E and their correct application in order to avoid misunderstandings and misinterpretations which could hinder the achievement of the desired results.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Tshefu, Siyabulela
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Civil service -- Labor productivity -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape -- Evaluation Performance standards -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape -- Evaluation , Organizational effectiveness -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Organizational behavior -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/21373 , vital:29505
- Description: The growing demand for governments and organisations to demonstrate principles of accountability, transparency and participatory decision making, which are the cornerstones of good governance, has fostered renewed efforts to transform the public service to ultimately produce tangible results and meet the needs of the beneficiaries of service delivery. Effective performance management practised across the entire organization in an integrated, iterative and sustained way that can help public service organizations overcome the challenges and deliver more with less. This study focuses on the assessment of monitoring and evaluation as the control measure to enhance organisational performance with the reference to the Eastern Cape Provincial Treasury and assess critical role in supporting performance management and also provides methodological options to support performance management. Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) are management activities that are necessary to ensure the achievement of policy goals in the form of concrete results. The study revealed that the current M and E system is not effective in that there are no clearly defined standards of what a quarterly progress report entail, especially the portfolio of evidence and because the main problem stems from the definition of what constitutes departmental performance. In determining what needs to be done, the effectiveness suffers since we opt for mainly indicators that are “safe”, that the department are sure they can achieve and not necessarily those that will enhance organizational performance. The study revealed that each programme manager should monitor and evaluate his/her processes on a continuous basis without having to wait for M&E unit. M&E unit will then provide an objective evaluation of the process already in place and constant engagement between M&E unit and line management, feedback sessions between staff and M&E unit are essential about the achievement of targets as outlined in the APP and Operational Plan. The study further revealed that there should be continuous meetings to discuss how directorates should sufficiently report on their quarterly targets to avoid inadequate reported information and the department must go step by step in performing activities towards achieving a set vision and on way to the vision, not forgetting to take away risks that may take us to another direction that was not intended as per our vision. The study thus recommends that, inter alia, the department must introduce strong mechanisms to deal with non-implementation of corrective measures regarding under performance and the poor quality of information provided in performance reports related to the performance indicators in the Annual Performance Plans.The introduction of an early warning sign system to warn all programmes when the performance of their planned indicators are not be achieved. The Top Management should continue to use the performance management information as the tool to improve the organisational performance by linking and aligning individual, team and organisational objectives and results, it also provides a means to recognise and reward good performance and to manage under-performance. However the Top Management should be able to conduct in-depth analysis into underperformance to detect whether the underperformance is related to the bad crafting of the indicators or if it relates to the work not done. The department should invest money on training of officials in M&E because it plays a critical role supporting performance management at various levels, in that it contributes to a thinking that is results oriented and also provides methodological options to support performance management. This means that all officials must be capacitated to manage M&E systems in the department that will ensure the production of accurate, objective and reliable information. The M&E unit in the department must facilitate such skills development and provide reasonable technical support where required. The training could be designed to instill a deeper understanding and knowledge of the concepts of M&E and their correct application in order to avoid misunderstandings and misinterpretations which could hinder the achievement of the desired results.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Attitudes of undergraduate psychology students towards mental illness
- Authors: Lugogwana, Pakama Linda
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: College students -- South Africa -- Attitudes , Psychology -- Study and teaching Mental illness -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/14223 , vital:27454
- Description: Negative attitudes and stigmas against those diagnosed with mental illnesses have been found to prevail in modern society, despite the availability of effective treatments and attempts to educate people about mental health. Numerous studies have been conducted on the attitudes of various groups of people and communities towards mental illness. There is, however, limited research about student populations, particularly students registered for courses in the “allied health professions”. This study aimed to explore and describe the prevailing attitudes towards mental illness of a sample of the undergraduate Psychology student population (registered between 2nd and 4th year of study) within the Faculty of Health Sciences at a South African University. The procedure followed was an electronic intranet based survey, utilising the Community Attitudes to Mental Illness (CAMI) scale. The survey was accessed via the university’s student portal and links were sent via email to students to complete. A total of n=51 student responses were recorded and analysed. Data were quantitatively analysed using t-tests and Analyses of Variance (ANOVA). No statistically significant differences on the CAMI scales were found between the students in relation to the various student demographic variables such as age, gender, race or year level, and the CAMI findings. Overall, the sample of undergraduate Psychology students were shown to have favourable attitudes towards mental illness, which is potentially accounted for by their chosen field of study of Psychology. Education and knowledge about mental health were acknowledged as being most important in reducing stigma towards mental illness.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Lugogwana, Pakama Linda
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: College students -- South Africa -- Attitudes , Psychology -- Study and teaching Mental illness -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/14223 , vital:27454
- Description: Negative attitudes and stigmas against those diagnosed with mental illnesses have been found to prevail in modern society, despite the availability of effective treatments and attempts to educate people about mental health. Numerous studies have been conducted on the attitudes of various groups of people and communities towards mental illness. There is, however, limited research about student populations, particularly students registered for courses in the “allied health professions”. This study aimed to explore and describe the prevailing attitudes towards mental illness of a sample of the undergraduate Psychology student population (registered between 2nd and 4th year of study) within the Faculty of Health Sciences at a South African University. The procedure followed was an electronic intranet based survey, utilising the Community Attitudes to Mental Illness (CAMI) scale. The survey was accessed via the university’s student portal and links were sent via email to students to complete. A total of n=51 student responses were recorded and analysed. Data were quantitatively analysed using t-tests and Analyses of Variance (ANOVA). No statistically significant differences on the CAMI scales were found between the students in relation to the various student demographic variables such as age, gender, race or year level, and the CAMI findings. Overall, the sample of undergraduate Psychology students were shown to have favourable attitudes towards mental illness, which is potentially accounted for by their chosen field of study of Psychology. Education and knowledge about mental health were acknowledged as being most important in reducing stigma towards mental illness.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Barriers to women’s upward mobility in the public sector: a case study of Malawian women chief executives
- Authors: Vitsitsi, Gladys
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Women government executives -- Malawi , Women -- Political activity -- Malawi Women -- Promotions -- Malawi Discrimination in employment
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13469 , vital:27208
- Description: Women representation in management positions is described as a fundamental human right and an important means of fair democratic representation. This study intended to investigate the factors determining women upward mobility and their promotion to management positions. Included as variables were traditional gender roles, access to education and lack of mentoring and role models. The study followed the qualitative approach using snowball sampling and conducting semi structured interviews with ten Controlling Officers from different ministries and department of the Malawi Public Service to find out whether the variables under investigation indeed affect women upward mobility. Empirical evidence shows that traditional gender roles e.g. being mothers affect women upward mobility. Similarly, limited access to education is another factor that limits women access to managerial positions. Lack of mentoring and role models, especially where there are already few women at the top also affects women’s upward mobility. The study recommended that Malawi government should help women get scholarships that provide for their children. Furthermore, the government should provide flexible working hours especially for mothers. Women themselves should meet for a cup of tea where they can empower each other on the most important aspects of their job as chief executives; that is delivering a speech, making presentations and forming networks.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Vitsitsi, Gladys
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Women government executives -- Malawi , Women -- Political activity -- Malawi Women -- Promotions -- Malawi Discrimination in employment
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13469 , vital:27208
- Description: Women representation in management positions is described as a fundamental human right and an important means of fair democratic representation. This study intended to investigate the factors determining women upward mobility and their promotion to management positions. Included as variables were traditional gender roles, access to education and lack of mentoring and role models. The study followed the qualitative approach using snowball sampling and conducting semi structured interviews with ten Controlling Officers from different ministries and department of the Malawi Public Service to find out whether the variables under investigation indeed affect women upward mobility. Empirical evidence shows that traditional gender roles e.g. being mothers affect women upward mobility. Similarly, limited access to education is another factor that limits women access to managerial positions. Lack of mentoring and role models, especially where there are already few women at the top also affects women’s upward mobility. The study recommended that Malawi government should help women get scholarships that provide for their children. Furthermore, the government should provide flexible working hours especially for mothers. Women themselves should meet for a cup of tea where they can empower each other on the most important aspects of their job as chief executives; that is delivering a speech, making presentations and forming networks.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Development of aquaculture practitioner’s business skills to enhance income sustainability
- Authors: Koyo, Sichumile
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Aquaculture industry -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape -- Management , Success in business -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Sustainable development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Economic development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/18025 , vital:28561
- Description: The Eastern Cape Province is endowed with numerous aquatic resources with aquaculture potential. Farmers in suitable areas across the province are turning to fish farming as a way of producing high quality food, either for their families or for the market, and as a way of earning extra income. This research study therefore sought to examine the business management skills of the current aquaculture practitioners in the province as to enhance them. Literature reviewed showed that various business management skills that an aquaculture practitioner is required to have in order to enhance income sustainability. The business management that seemed to be of importance in enhancing income generation were identified, and those included, marketing management skills, financial management skills, operations management skills, and supporting skills which include, computer skills, technical skills , negotiation and time management skills. The study employed descriptive survey design and stratified sampling design was used in order to select a sample size of 55 respondents. The study adopted online survey questionnaires as instruments of data collection. Quantitative research approach then took place from chapter three in the empirical data collection, analysis and interpretation. Data collection tool was the constructed using the developed theoretical framework to determine the perception about the level of business management skills of aquaculture practitioners. Data was then collected using an online survey because it was seen as convenient and time saving to the researcher. The collected data was the recorded, organised and cleaned. The necessary statistical calculations which include; Pearson r counts, mean, mode, median, standard deviations, percentiles, chi-square, Spearman rank and percentages were performed. These statistical analyses were used to describe and interpreted the data. The findings indicate that the most aquaculture practitioners are the middle aged people from the age group 45 to 50 years. The results also show that the present aquaculture practitioners marketing management skills are still not considered in the aquaculture business because in the aquaculture industry there is currently less advertising as the demand for the products surpasses the production. The marketing management skills elements that appeared to be low negative include, considering the needs of the market, identifying target market, working out marketing strategy and finding ways to do better that the competition. The findings also indicate that the respondents also seem not to be confident about applying their personal life skill like time management and negotiation skills. The majority the respondents have on average had received education training in Honours/B.Tech Degree qualification. More of the respondents had on average worked more than 11 years. The abalone industry aquaculture sub-sector seems to be the most dominating sub sector.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Koyo, Sichumile
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Aquaculture industry -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape -- Management , Success in business -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Sustainable development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Economic development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/18025 , vital:28561
- Description: The Eastern Cape Province is endowed with numerous aquatic resources with aquaculture potential. Farmers in suitable areas across the province are turning to fish farming as a way of producing high quality food, either for their families or for the market, and as a way of earning extra income. This research study therefore sought to examine the business management skills of the current aquaculture practitioners in the province as to enhance them. Literature reviewed showed that various business management skills that an aquaculture practitioner is required to have in order to enhance income sustainability. The business management that seemed to be of importance in enhancing income generation were identified, and those included, marketing management skills, financial management skills, operations management skills, and supporting skills which include, computer skills, technical skills , negotiation and time management skills. The study employed descriptive survey design and stratified sampling design was used in order to select a sample size of 55 respondents. The study adopted online survey questionnaires as instruments of data collection. Quantitative research approach then took place from chapter three in the empirical data collection, analysis and interpretation. Data collection tool was the constructed using the developed theoretical framework to determine the perception about the level of business management skills of aquaculture practitioners. Data was then collected using an online survey because it was seen as convenient and time saving to the researcher. The collected data was the recorded, organised and cleaned. The necessary statistical calculations which include; Pearson r counts, mean, mode, median, standard deviations, percentiles, chi-square, Spearman rank and percentages were performed. These statistical analyses were used to describe and interpreted the data. The findings indicate that the most aquaculture practitioners are the middle aged people from the age group 45 to 50 years. The results also show that the present aquaculture practitioners marketing management skills are still not considered in the aquaculture business because in the aquaculture industry there is currently less advertising as the demand for the products surpasses the production. The marketing management skills elements that appeared to be low negative include, considering the needs of the market, identifying target market, working out marketing strategy and finding ways to do better that the competition. The findings also indicate that the respondents also seem not to be confident about applying their personal life skill like time management and negotiation skills. The majority the respondents have on average had received education training in Honours/B.Tech Degree qualification. More of the respondents had on average worked more than 11 years. The abalone industry aquaculture sub-sector seems to be the most dominating sub sector.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Die kriteria vir ’n tweerigtingaanleerderwoordeboek met Afrikaans en Frans as taalpaar
- Stone, Hanel, Vrancken, Maria
- Authors: Stone, Hanel , Vrancken, Maria
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Afrikaans language -- Lexicography , Afrikaans language -- Lexicology , Lexicography
- Language: Afrikaans
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13789 , vital:27308
- Description: Die gevarieerde landskap van leksikografie stel aanleerders uit verskillende sosiale agtergronde in staat om ’n vreemde taal vanuit hul eie moedertaal aan te leer. Gevolglik is een van die maniere waarop taalverwerwing bevorder kan word, veral deur die ontwikkeling van aanleerderwoordeboeke, meer spesifiek vreemdetaalwoordeboeke wat volwassenes bemagtig om die vreemde taal aan te leer om beide resepsie en produksie van die taal te bemeester. Die ontwerp en samestelling van ’n woordeboek is ’n komplekse saak, want onder andere moet die verskille tussen kultuurgroepe, die vlak van die aanleerder se vermoë om ’n taal aan te leer, die aanleerder se kennis van die betrokke taal en die beskikbaarheid van leermateriaal en bronne in ag geneem word. Hierby moet ook vertaalekwivalente in beide tale vir resepsie en produksie verskaf word. Die doelwit van hierdie studie is om ’n raamwerk daar te stel vir die kriteria van ’n tweerigtingaanleerderwoordeboek met Afrikaans en Frans as taalpaar. Die hipotese is dat dit moontlik is om ’n doeltreffende raamwerk vir die kriteria vir ‘n tweerigting-aanleerderwoordeboek met Afrikaans en Frans as taalpaar te ontwikkel. Die motivering vir hierdie studie is deels gegrond op die gebrek aan aanleerderwoordeboeke met Afrikaans en Frans as taalpaar. Die Afrikaanssprekende moet tans Frans deur middel van Engels aanleer vanweë die gebrek aan leermateriaal. Die navorser se persoonlike ervaring met die aanleer van Frans as vreemde taal het die ondersoek verder geïnspireer. Kriteria vir ’n tweerigtingaanleerderwoordeboek met Afrikaans en Frans as taalpaar is vasgestel aan die hand van ’n literatuuroorsig. Die geïdentifiseerde kriteria is in detail bespreek en aan die hand van praktiese voorbeelde eksemplaries toegelig.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Stone, Hanel , Vrancken, Maria
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Afrikaans language -- Lexicography , Afrikaans language -- Lexicology , Lexicography
- Language: Afrikaans
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13789 , vital:27308
- Description: Die gevarieerde landskap van leksikografie stel aanleerders uit verskillende sosiale agtergronde in staat om ’n vreemde taal vanuit hul eie moedertaal aan te leer. Gevolglik is een van die maniere waarop taalverwerwing bevorder kan word, veral deur die ontwikkeling van aanleerderwoordeboeke, meer spesifiek vreemdetaalwoordeboeke wat volwassenes bemagtig om die vreemde taal aan te leer om beide resepsie en produksie van die taal te bemeester. Die ontwerp en samestelling van ’n woordeboek is ’n komplekse saak, want onder andere moet die verskille tussen kultuurgroepe, die vlak van die aanleerder se vermoë om ’n taal aan te leer, die aanleerder se kennis van die betrokke taal en die beskikbaarheid van leermateriaal en bronne in ag geneem word. Hierby moet ook vertaalekwivalente in beide tale vir resepsie en produksie verskaf word. Die doelwit van hierdie studie is om ’n raamwerk daar te stel vir die kriteria van ’n tweerigtingaanleerderwoordeboek met Afrikaans en Frans as taalpaar. Die hipotese is dat dit moontlik is om ’n doeltreffende raamwerk vir die kriteria vir ‘n tweerigting-aanleerderwoordeboek met Afrikaans en Frans as taalpaar te ontwikkel. Die motivering vir hierdie studie is deels gegrond op die gebrek aan aanleerderwoordeboeke met Afrikaans en Frans as taalpaar. Die Afrikaanssprekende moet tans Frans deur middel van Engels aanleer vanweë die gebrek aan leermateriaal. Die navorser se persoonlike ervaring met die aanleer van Frans as vreemde taal het die ondersoek verder geïnspireer. Kriteria vir ’n tweerigtingaanleerderwoordeboek met Afrikaans en Frans as taalpaar is vasgestel aan die hand van ’n literatuuroorsig. Die geïdentifiseerde kriteria is in detail bespreek en aan die hand van praktiese voorbeelde eksemplaries toegelig.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Discovering the root of obesity through the symbology of food: a historical and cultural exploration
- Authors: Jacobs, Nadine
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Obesity -- Psychological aspects , Obesity -- Research Behavior modification Psychophysiology
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/17569 , vital:28379
- Description: Obesity is fast becoming a worldwide issue with detrimental health consequences. The increasing availability of effective nutritional strategies, physical exercise regimes and behaviour modification approaches to weight loss do not offer a satisfactory explanation as to why only two to five percent of people who have lost weight successfully manage to retain the weight loss over the long term. By referring to several concepts on how the symbols of food originate in the unconscious and end up becoming the unconscious impetus for conscious thought and dietary behaviours relating to food, the complexity of food pathologies, with specific reference to obesity is explored. The study presents a narrative review of the available literature on symbols in a variety of cultural-historical contexts through the theoretical lens of the psychoanalytic framework. The study contributed to the current treatment approaches to obesity, by highlighting how the unconscious content of the psyche serve to compromise conscious efforts to address the problem of obesity. Also, the need for further research into the development of a model that, by incorporating the psychoanalytic approach to obesity, will support the long-term success of weight loss intervention by addressing the underlying issues, is emphasised.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Discovering the root of obesity through the symbology of food: a historical and cultural exploration
- Authors: Jacobs, Nadine
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Obesity -- Psychological aspects , Obesity -- Research Behavior modification Psychophysiology
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/17569 , vital:28379
- Description: Obesity is fast becoming a worldwide issue with detrimental health consequences. The increasing availability of effective nutritional strategies, physical exercise regimes and behaviour modification approaches to weight loss do not offer a satisfactory explanation as to why only two to five percent of people who have lost weight successfully manage to retain the weight loss over the long term. By referring to several concepts on how the symbols of food originate in the unconscious and end up becoming the unconscious impetus for conscious thought and dietary behaviours relating to food, the complexity of food pathologies, with specific reference to obesity is explored. The study presents a narrative review of the available literature on symbols in a variety of cultural-historical contexts through the theoretical lens of the psychoanalytic framework. The study contributed to the current treatment approaches to obesity, by highlighting how the unconscious content of the psyche serve to compromise conscious efforts to address the problem of obesity. Also, the need for further research into the development of a model that, by incorporating the psychoanalytic approach to obesity, will support the long-term success of weight loss intervention by addressing the underlying issues, is emphasised.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Exploring maternal parenting styles and methods of discipline in relation to autistic children's challenging behaviour in the home environment
- Authors: Ramjee, Prashana
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Autistic children -- South Africa -- Discipline , Mentally ill children -- South Africa -- Discipline Parenthood -- South Africa -- Psychological aspects Parent and child -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/20570 , vital:29323
- Description: Autism Spectrum Disorder is not a modern phenomenon. Researchers have been studying children with “autism-like” characteristics for over one hundred years and only now it has become recognised, as it is a growing phenomenon. Autism is a vast and complex disorder with a range in which a child’s “autism-like” characteristics fall. Although, the primary distress of autism falls mainly on the child’s shoulders, primary caregivers such as mothers, are faced with many challenges due to the core behavioural characteristics. These challenging behaviours often leave mothers blaming themselves and defending their parenting skills. There are extensive publications regarding parenting that have been published through the years on children who do not have any diagnosed conditions, but limited research and publications exist in the area of parenting children on the autistic spectrum in general and in the South African context. The aim of this study was to explore and describe the maternal parenting styles and methods of discipline in relation to autistic children’s challenging behaviour. The present study incorporated Diana Baumrind’s Parenting Style Model as a framework to better understand the maternal parenting styles and methods of discipline. This study was explorative and descriptive in nature and a biographical questionnaire and a semi-structured interview schedule was utilised to gather data until saturation had been reached. A non-probability purposive sampling technique was employed to obtain participants and thematic analysis was used to analyse data and to extract themes. This study seeks to contribute to psychology's existing body of knowledge by conducting research on parenting styles of learners on the autistic spectrum in South Africa. By conducting this study the researcher hopes to be able to assist parents and helping Exploring Maternal Parenting Styles and Methods of Discipline in Relation to Autistic Children’s Challenging Behaviour in the Home Environment professionals with an understanding of the parenting styles and the methods that are being used to discipline the autistic child’s behaviour in the home environment.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Ramjee, Prashana
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Autistic children -- South Africa -- Discipline , Mentally ill children -- South Africa -- Discipline Parenthood -- South Africa -- Psychological aspects Parent and child -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/20570 , vital:29323
- Description: Autism Spectrum Disorder is not a modern phenomenon. Researchers have been studying children with “autism-like” characteristics for over one hundred years and only now it has become recognised, as it is a growing phenomenon. Autism is a vast and complex disorder with a range in which a child’s “autism-like” characteristics fall. Although, the primary distress of autism falls mainly on the child’s shoulders, primary caregivers such as mothers, are faced with many challenges due to the core behavioural characteristics. These challenging behaviours often leave mothers blaming themselves and defending their parenting skills. There are extensive publications regarding parenting that have been published through the years on children who do not have any diagnosed conditions, but limited research and publications exist in the area of parenting children on the autistic spectrum in general and in the South African context. The aim of this study was to explore and describe the maternal parenting styles and methods of discipline in relation to autistic children’s challenging behaviour. The present study incorporated Diana Baumrind’s Parenting Style Model as a framework to better understand the maternal parenting styles and methods of discipline. This study was explorative and descriptive in nature and a biographical questionnaire and a semi-structured interview schedule was utilised to gather data until saturation had been reached. A non-probability purposive sampling technique was employed to obtain participants and thematic analysis was used to analyse data and to extract themes. This study seeks to contribute to psychology's existing body of knowledge by conducting research on parenting styles of learners on the autistic spectrum in South Africa. By conducting this study the researcher hopes to be able to assist parents and helping Exploring Maternal Parenting Styles and Methods of Discipline in Relation to Autistic Children’s Challenging Behaviour in the Home Environment professionals with an understanding of the parenting styles and the methods that are being used to discipline the autistic child’s behaviour in the home environment.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Family interaction patterns in maternal alcohol abuse: an application of Murray Bowen's family system theory
- Authors: Abraham, Hanlie
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Family psychotherapy , Social psychology Bowen, Murray, -- 1913-1990 Women -- Alcohol use Alcoholism -- Psychological aspects
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13669 , vital:27293
- Description: The aim of this study was to explore and describe the intergenerational interactional patterns in a Coloured family where the mother has abused alcohol. Researchers have found that drinking behaviours of parents can have major effects on the children’s lives throughout generations. Substance abuse of a parent has major influences on the family, their interactions, and relationships, mostly between the parent and the child. There is a major gap in the study of the Coloured families and how substance abuse affects their families and children. The study employed Bowen’s constructs of differentiation of self, multigenerational transmission process, triangulation, emotional cut-off, nuclear family emotional system, sibling position, family projection process, and societal regression and utilized analytical generalization of the concepts to achieve its aim. The mother, an older sibling and maternal mother were the main sources of data although the perspective of the mother herself was privileged in the study. Semi-structured interviews were utilized to gather the data. This allowed participants to freely narrate their personal perceptions and experiences of interaction in both the family of origin and the current nuclear family. The research used a single case study of a purposively sampled family. The researcher is a Coloured female who had specific interest in this specific cultural group and their interactional patterns, which optimised cultural familiarity during the research process and reduced the likelihood of potential discriminatory racial bias of the participants. The findings demonstrate that perceptions of interactional patterns in the nuclear family and family of origin coincided with certain of Bowen’s Family Systems concepts, particularly, triangulation and differentiation. However, the need for further exploration of concepts such as the nuclear family emotional system and the family projection process in Coloured families are still needed in future studies. The findings provided insight into the functioning of the relationships and FAMILY INTERACTION IN MATERNAL ALCOHOL ABUSE interactions in both the nuclear family and the family of origin. Limitations of the current study are identified and recommendations for future studies in this field are also offered.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Abraham, Hanlie
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Family psychotherapy , Social psychology Bowen, Murray, -- 1913-1990 Women -- Alcohol use Alcoholism -- Psychological aspects
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13669 , vital:27293
- Description: The aim of this study was to explore and describe the intergenerational interactional patterns in a Coloured family where the mother has abused alcohol. Researchers have found that drinking behaviours of parents can have major effects on the children’s lives throughout generations. Substance abuse of a parent has major influences on the family, their interactions, and relationships, mostly between the parent and the child. There is a major gap in the study of the Coloured families and how substance abuse affects their families and children. The study employed Bowen’s constructs of differentiation of self, multigenerational transmission process, triangulation, emotional cut-off, nuclear family emotional system, sibling position, family projection process, and societal regression and utilized analytical generalization of the concepts to achieve its aim. The mother, an older sibling and maternal mother were the main sources of data although the perspective of the mother herself was privileged in the study. Semi-structured interviews were utilized to gather the data. This allowed participants to freely narrate their personal perceptions and experiences of interaction in both the family of origin and the current nuclear family. The research used a single case study of a purposively sampled family. The researcher is a Coloured female who had specific interest in this specific cultural group and their interactional patterns, which optimised cultural familiarity during the research process and reduced the likelihood of potential discriminatory racial bias of the participants. The findings demonstrate that perceptions of interactional patterns in the nuclear family and family of origin coincided with certain of Bowen’s Family Systems concepts, particularly, triangulation and differentiation. However, the need for further exploration of concepts such as the nuclear family emotional system and the family projection process in Coloured families are still needed in future studies. The findings provided insight into the functioning of the relationships and FAMILY INTERACTION IN MATERNAL ALCOHOL ABUSE interactions in both the nuclear family and the family of origin. Limitations of the current study are identified and recommendations for future studies in this field are also offered.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Imagining the promised land: an intermestic analysis of Zimbabwean political crisis, 2000-2013
- Authors: Mupondiwa, Primrose
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Zimbabwe -- Political aspects -- 21st century
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/19320 , vital:28850
- Description: The main aim of the analysis is to investigate the intermestic factors that led to political decay in Zimbabwe. By thoroughly assessing the dynamics of political development, one is then able to identify the factors that drive a state towards political decay. The study commences by delineating the domestic factors that contributed to the crisis in Zimbabwe. One unravels how the absence of democracy leads states to political decay. Democracy structured on effective institutions, good governance, transparency and a good relationship between civil society and the state are identified as being key factors that contribute towards political development. By assessing these factors meticulously, one is able to identify how disregarding them leads to political decay as evident in the case study. The study also explores how failed government policies can lead to political decay. Thus, ESAPs, the chaotic land reform program and corruption are discussed as being key contributing factors of political decay in Zimbabwe. The study makes use of interviews with 15 participants. The main objective of interviews in this study is to be able to compare the lived experiences of Zimbabweans vis a vis the information gathered from secondary sources. Also, by using thematic analysis on the gathered data, one will be able to unravel the participants’ perceptions regarding factors that led to stunted political development in the country. Contrastingly, the study seeks to explore whether domestic factors alone can be blamed for the crisis. One begins to question if external factors were also responsible for the crisis in the country. A closer look at the topic of discussion reveals that the AU, SADC and the EU also contributed to the crisis in Zimbabwe. Through the use of discourse analysis, one explores the reactions of the SADC and AU and how quiet diplomacy and the lack of a sterner response towards Mugabe led to an exacerbation of the crisis. Leaders who blatantly disregard the principles of democracy ought to be punished accordingly and not appeased, as in this case study. The EU sanctions on the country are also critically analysed and identified as being key contributors to the crisis. One ponders on whether they can be identified as a selfish response to protect EU interests in the country and punish Mugabe. By the end of the analysis it should be clear that both internal and external factors contributed to the political decay in Zimbabwe, as no country can live in complete isolation from other states in this global era.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Mupondiwa, Primrose
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Zimbabwe -- Political aspects -- 21st century
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/19320 , vital:28850
- Description: The main aim of the analysis is to investigate the intermestic factors that led to political decay in Zimbabwe. By thoroughly assessing the dynamics of political development, one is then able to identify the factors that drive a state towards political decay. The study commences by delineating the domestic factors that contributed to the crisis in Zimbabwe. One unravels how the absence of democracy leads states to political decay. Democracy structured on effective institutions, good governance, transparency and a good relationship between civil society and the state are identified as being key factors that contribute towards political development. By assessing these factors meticulously, one is able to identify how disregarding them leads to political decay as evident in the case study. The study also explores how failed government policies can lead to political decay. Thus, ESAPs, the chaotic land reform program and corruption are discussed as being key contributing factors of political decay in Zimbabwe. The study makes use of interviews with 15 participants. The main objective of interviews in this study is to be able to compare the lived experiences of Zimbabweans vis a vis the information gathered from secondary sources. Also, by using thematic analysis on the gathered data, one will be able to unravel the participants’ perceptions regarding factors that led to stunted political development in the country. Contrastingly, the study seeks to explore whether domestic factors alone can be blamed for the crisis. One begins to question if external factors were also responsible for the crisis in the country. A closer look at the topic of discussion reveals that the AU, SADC and the EU also contributed to the crisis in Zimbabwe. Through the use of discourse analysis, one explores the reactions of the SADC and AU and how quiet diplomacy and the lack of a sterner response towards Mugabe led to an exacerbation of the crisis. Leaders who blatantly disregard the principles of democracy ought to be punished accordingly and not appeased, as in this case study. The EU sanctions on the country are also critically analysed and identified as being key contributors to the crisis. One ponders on whether they can be identified as a selfish response to protect EU interests in the country and punish Mugabe. By the end of the analysis it should be clear that both internal and external factors contributed to the political decay in Zimbabwe, as no country can live in complete isolation from other states in this global era.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Intimate strangers: encountering the foreign in urban spaces
- Authors: Seshoka, Thabo Jerry
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Urbanization -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth -- History , Cities and towns -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth -- History Architecture -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth Cultural property -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13746 , vital:27304
- Description: The year 2015 marked a significant year in South African History and it ignited a deep desire in the hearts of locals in Port Elizabeth, Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan to question and engage with the city’s ambivalent heritage landscape and heritage discourse. The year 2015 was the year in which the country witnessed the rise community movements that called for the removal of Victorian and Apartheid era heritages across the country. The year also saw a rise in violent service delivery protests and a rise in the amount of xenophobic attacks across the county, including Port Elizabeth. In this thesis, positioned within the field of heritage studies (Anthropology) and employing the concept of the ubuhlanti (Kraal) as a tool to understand the former within a heritage framework. The thesis unpacks and demonstrate how the city centre of Port Elizabeth can be likened to the concept of the ubuhlanti. The ubuhlanti: an intimate community space, which has the potential to double up as an exclusionary space, excluding those who do not possess the necessary social capital to enter its centre.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Seshoka, Thabo Jerry
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Urbanization -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth -- History , Cities and towns -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth -- History Architecture -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth Cultural property -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13746 , vital:27304
- Description: The year 2015 marked a significant year in South African History and it ignited a deep desire in the hearts of locals in Port Elizabeth, Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan to question and engage with the city’s ambivalent heritage landscape and heritage discourse. The year 2015 was the year in which the country witnessed the rise community movements that called for the removal of Victorian and Apartheid era heritages across the country. The year also saw a rise in violent service delivery protests and a rise in the amount of xenophobic attacks across the county, including Port Elizabeth. In this thesis, positioned within the field of heritage studies (Anthropology) and employing the concept of the ubuhlanti (Kraal) as a tool to understand the former within a heritage framework. The thesis unpacks and demonstrate how the city centre of Port Elizabeth can be likened to the concept of the ubuhlanti. The ubuhlanti: an intimate community space, which has the potential to double up as an exclusionary space, excluding those who do not possess the necessary social capital to enter its centre.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Livelihood strategies in rural areas of Makhoaseng village
- Authors: Lehlapa, Kgotsofalang
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Rural development -- South Africa Rural poor -- South Africa , Poverty -- Developing countries Sustainable development -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/18156 , vital:28581
- Description: Despite the establishment of local municipalities, rural villages are still under-developed. Under-development is an economic situation in which there are persistent discriminatory customary laws, high inequality, low levels of income and employment, low consumption, high dependence, weak community structures, little or no access to resources and inadequate services. Rural communities have not reached a satisfactory stage of economic development. This is due to the fact that these communities start from a low developmental base. They require assistance from government and other development agencies, such as Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in order to achieve economic stability and a sense that they are living a meaningful life. The fundamental purpose of this study is to gain better understanding of rural livelihoods, and unpack efficiency of policy interventions that assist people in rural areas to pursue livelihood strategies that could help them to reduce poverty. The study mainly used documents from Statistics South Africa and Integrated Development Plan (IDP) documents from Elundini Local Municipality that made it possible to access socio-economic information about the village. The study found that, education levels, hawkership, welfare grants, Expanded Public Works Programme, livestock production and migration are strategies that determine livelihood in Makhoaseng village. The socio-economic conditions such as low levels of education, age, lack of access to basic infrastructure have effect on poverty and kind of livelihoods pursuit in different households. These conditions hinder people in the village to meet their basic needs. On the hand, the agricultural sector has a potential to boost Local Economic Development (LED) in the village. Lack of financial and social support from the government and private sector causes deficiencies in agricultural sector. Moreover, the village has weak structures with strong patriarchal norms. This confirms the need for holistic support from the government because few private sectors are willing to invest in such village. The implications are that, without community interest in education, attainment of better educational qualifications, skills and jobs will remain a challenge in the village. Other sectors of the population such as women will remain disadvantaged if community structures do not abandon patriarchal norms. Rural people are not waiting for government or development agencies to come up with interventions but they are engaging in some economic activities such as hawkership and wool production that enable them to go out of poverty. The government must partner with Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) to support community economic initiatives. On-farm activities ought to be intensified by venturing into mutton and beef production in the village. Government and development agencies must support women hawkers by developing them as cooperatives and explore other economic opportunities such as stone brick making and thatch for roofing. Low levels of education worsen the low living standards and create high dependency in the village. These conditions force the majority of the households in the Makhoaseng village to pursue involuntary livelihood strategies, while very few pursue deliberate livelihood strategies.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Lehlapa, Kgotsofalang
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Rural development -- South Africa Rural poor -- South Africa , Poverty -- Developing countries Sustainable development -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/18156 , vital:28581
- Description: Despite the establishment of local municipalities, rural villages are still under-developed. Under-development is an economic situation in which there are persistent discriminatory customary laws, high inequality, low levels of income and employment, low consumption, high dependence, weak community structures, little or no access to resources and inadequate services. Rural communities have not reached a satisfactory stage of economic development. This is due to the fact that these communities start from a low developmental base. They require assistance from government and other development agencies, such as Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in order to achieve economic stability and a sense that they are living a meaningful life. The fundamental purpose of this study is to gain better understanding of rural livelihoods, and unpack efficiency of policy interventions that assist people in rural areas to pursue livelihood strategies that could help them to reduce poverty. The study mainly used documents from Statistics South Africa and Integrated Development Plan (IDP) documents from Elundini Local Municipality that made it possible to access socio-economic information about the village. The study found that, education levels, hawkership, welfare grants, Expanded Public Works Programme, livestock production and migration are strategies that determine livelihood in Makhoaseng village. The socio-economic conditions such as low levels of education, age, lack of access to basic infrastructure have effect on poverty and kind of livelihoods pursuit in different households. These conditions hinder people in the village to meet their basic needs. On the hand, the agricultural sector has a potential to boost Local Economic Development (LED) in the village. Lack of financial and social support from the government and private sector causes deficiencies in agricultural sector. Moreover, the village has weak structures with strong patriarchal norms. This confirms the need for holistic support from the government because few private sectors are willing to invest in such village. The implications are that, without community interest in education, attainment of better educational qualifications, skills and jobs will remain a challenge in the village. Other sectors of the population such as women will remain disadvantaged if community structures do not abandon patriarchal norms. Rural people are not waiting for government or development agencies to come up with interventions but they are engaging in some economic activities such as hawkership and wool production that enable them to go out of poverty. The government must partner with Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) to support community economic initiatives. On-farm activities ought to be intensified by venturing into mutton and beef production in the village. Government and development agencies must support women hawkers by developing them as cooperatives and explore other economic opportunities such as stone brick making and thatch for roofing. Low levels of education worsen the low living standards and create high dependency in the village. These conditions force the majority of the households in the Makhoaseng village to pursue involuntary livelihood strategies, while very few pursue deliberate livelihood strategies.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Male youth leaders’ perceptions and experiences of young men’s constructions of domestic violence against women and its prevention
- Authors: Catazo, Ntombizandile
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Family violence -- Prevention , Women -- Crimes against Child abuse Social work with youth
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/14807 , vital:27852
- Description: South Africa is faced with many social problems; amongst them is domestic violence, a dilemma which is experienced by almost all racial groups. There is a widespread belief that social learning and patriarchy perpetuate this dilemma, as is evident in theories. Many studies on domestic violence have focused on the experiences of women and there is a gap on how men view it against women. Research had to be conducted on young men’s views on this issue. The researcher in this study sought to explore the male youth leaders’ perceptions of domestic violence against women and its prevention. The study utilised generic qualitative methods based on the explorative, descriptive and contextual design to gather information. In-depth interviews were conducted with each participant. The study employed semi-structured interviews using snowball sampling. A sample of male youth leaders in Port Elizabeth participated in the interviews of the study. Data was verified using member checking, peer debriefing, clarifying bias by the researcher, and dense description of the application of the selected methods used in the research. The major findings of this study include men as main perpetrators of violence, patriarchy as a cause of domestic violence, men not knowing and not involved into prevention programmes for domestic violence. The findings will contribute into the prevention of domestic violence.
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- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Catazo, Ntombizandile
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Family violence -- Prevention , Women -- Crimes against Child abuse Social work with youth
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/14807 , vital:27852
- Description: South Africa is faced with many social problems; amongst them is domestic violence, a dilemma which is experienced by almost all racial groups. There is a widespread belief that social learning and patriarchy perpetuate this dilemma, as is evident in theories. Many studies on domestic violence have focused on the experiences of women and there is a gap on how men view it against women. Research had to be conducted on young men’s views on this issue. The researcher in this study sought to explore the male youth leaders’ perceptions of domestic violence against women and its prevention. The study utilised generic qualitative methods based on the explorative, descriptive and contextual design to gather information. In-depth interviews were conducted with each participant. The study employed semi-structured interviews using snowball sampling. A sample of male youth leaders in Port Elizabeth participated in the interviews of the study. Data was verified using member checking, peer debriefing, clarifying bias by the researcher, and dense description of the application of the selected methods used in the research. The major findings of this study include men as main perpetrators of violence, patriarchy as a cause of domestic violence, men not knowing and not involved into prevention programmes for domestic violence. The findings will contribute into the prevention of domestic violence.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Management of official accommodation in the Department of Roads and Public Works in Port Elizabeth
- Authors: Mthathi, Noxolo
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Public works -- Housing -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape South Africa -- Government -- Housing , Housing policy -- South Africa -- Government Occupancy (Law) -- South Africa Eviction -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/19234 , vital:28802
- Description: The study investigates management of official accommodation in the Department of Roads and Public Works. Government immovable asset plays an essential role in ser-vice delivery. The official accommodation policies were not implemented as intendant and as a result, the former government employees are illegal occupants in government properties. The implementation of legislation and departmental policy for official ac-commodation are problematic when illegal occupants occupied government immova-ble assets without lease agreement. The present of illegal occupants has a negative impact to officials who qualify to occupy government properties in terms of the depart-mental policy for service delivery purposes. The study proposed to provide literature search using books, legislation, policies, and personal interviews among others. The research methodology employed in this study was described, followed by the legislative framework employed in this study. Some of the findings on a legislative framework for official accommodation in the department of Roads and Public Works in the department of Roads and Public Works include gaps at the implementation of departmental policy on Allocation of Official Housing in rela-tion to the lease of state owned properties. Recommendations as a result of descriptive literature search are presented and how the existing problem of implementation of official accommodation policies can be changed to enhance service delivery and to provide accommodation to officials who qualify to occupy government immovable assets. The recommendations will enable the Department of Roads and Public Works as custodian of immovable assets, to fulfil its Constitutional mandate to provide official accommodation to their officials and cli-ents departments who qualify in terms of the policy for service delivery purposes.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Mthathi, Noxolo
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Public works -- Housing -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape South Africa -- Government -- Housing , Housing policy -- South Africa -- Government Occupancy (Law) -- South Africa Eviction -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/19234 , vital:28802
- Description: The study investigates management of official accommodation in the Department of Roads and Public Works. Government immovable asset plays an essential role in ser-vice delivery. The official accommodation policies were not implemented as intendant and as a result, the former government employees are illegal occupants in government properties. The implementation of legislation and departmental policy for official ac-commodation are problematic when illegal occupants occupied government immova-ble assets without lease agreement. The present of illegal occupants has a negative impact to officials who qualify to occupy government properties in terms of the depart-mental policy for service delivery purposes. The study proposed to provide literature search using books, legislation, policies, and personal interviews among others. The research methodology employed in this study was described, followed by the legislative framework employed in this study. Some of the findings on a legislative framework for official accommodation in the department of Roads and Public Works in the department of Roads and Public Works include gaps at the implementation of departmental policy on Allocation of Official Housing in rela-tion to the lease of state owned properties. Recommendations as a result of descriptive literature search are presented and how the existing problem of implementation of official accommodation policies can be changed to enhance service delivery and to provide accommodation to officials who qualify to occupy government immovable assets. The recommendations will enable the Department of Roads and Public Works as custodian of immovable assets, to fulfil its Constitutional mandate to provide official accommodation to their officials and cli-ents departments who qualify in terms of the policy for service delivery purposes.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Mhlontlo Municipality local economic development strategy as a driver of economic development
- Authors: Zipete, Zwelixolile
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Economic development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Local government -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Municipal government -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/21165 , vital:29453
- Description: The main aim of the research study was to review the Mhlontlo Municipality Local Economic Development Strategy as a driver of economic development. The Mhlontlo LED Strategy was developed in 2007 to guide economic development of Mhlontlo Local Municipality. The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (Act 108 of 1996), the White Paper on Local Government (1998), Section B, the National Framework for LED in South Africa (2006), and other pieces of legislation gave direction in the development of LED Strategies in South Africa, including the Mhlontlo LED Strategy. An in depth study was undertaken to review the Mhlontlo LED strategy using document analysis to look at the relevance of the strategy to the current economic activities, its alignment to the current national and provincial development plans. The LED Strategy is no longer aligned to the current development plan, the National Development Plan. It was clear during the study that the Mhlontlo LED Strategy was never understood by both councilors and officials, not working in the LED department and that led to the neglect of the LED strategy in the development plans of the various departments in the municipality. This had adversely compromised the development corridors identified in the LED strategy. The recommendation is that the LED Strategy be holistically reviewed, so that it can be aligned with the National Development Plan, the Mhlontlo Local Municipality Integrated Development Plan 2017-2021 and other municipal documents. Both Mhlontlo municipality councilors and officials should be trained on the role of the LED strategy in development taking place in the municipality.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Zipete, Zwelixolile
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Economic development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Local government -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Municipal government -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/21165 , vital:29453
- Description: The main aim of the research study was to review the Mhlontlo Municipality Local Economic Development Strategy as a driver of economic development. The Mhlontlo LED Strategy was developed in 2007 to guide economic development of Mhlontlo Local Municipality. The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (Act 108 of 1996), the White Paper on Local Government (1998), Section B, the National Framework for LED in South Africa (2006), and other pieces of legislation gave direction in the development of LED Strategies in South Africa, including the Mhlontlo LED Strategy. An in depth study was undertaken to review the Mhlontlo LED strategy using document analysis to look at the relevance of the strategy to the current economic activities, its alignment to the current national and provincial development plans. The LED Strategy is no longer aligned to the current development plan, the National Development Plan. It was clear during the study that the Mhlontlo LED Strategy was never understood by both councilors and officials, not working in the LED department and that led to the neglect of the LED strategy in the development plans of the various departments in the municipality. This had adversely compromised the development corridors identified in the LED strategy. The recommendation is that the LED Strategy be holistically reviewed, so that it can be aligned with the National Development Plan, the Mhlontlo Local Municipality Integrated Development Plan 2017-2021 and other municipal documents. Both Mhlontlo municipality councilors and officials should be trained on the role of the LED strategy in development taking place in the municipality.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Occupational exposure to tuberculosis: knowledge and practices of employees at specialised tuberculosis hospitals
- Authors: Ndlebe, Lusanda
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Tuberculosis -- Hospitals -- South Africa , Medical personnel -- Health risk assessment -- South Africa Tuberculosis -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/14245 , vital:27490
- Description: Knowledge and safer practices regarding occupational exposure are crucial to all employees working in healthcare facilities, especially Tuberculosis (TB) hospitals. This study aimed to explore and describe the knowledge and practices of employees working in three specialised TB hospitals regarding occupational exposure to TB. The results of the study will be used to make recommendations to the Eastern Cape Department of Health (ECDOH) and hospital managers that could assist in reducing the prevalence of occupational TB. This quantitative, descriptive and contextual study was conducted in three specialised TB hospitals in the Nelson Mandela Bay Health District (NMBHD). Convenience sampling was used to select the research participants. The knowledge and practices of 181 employees towards occupational exposure to TB and infection control was measured through a self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire covered areas such as the knowledge of TB and infection control, the infection control policy, infrastructure as well as patient transportation. The whole population was targeted and out of a potential 253 employees, 181 were on duty during the stage of data collection and agreed to willingly participate in the study. The data was analysed descriptively using MS excel and MS word. This study revealed that 69% (n=124/181) of employees in the three specialised TB hospitals in the NMBHD have adequate knowledge of infection control. However, only 10% (n=18/181) of employees reported appropriate infection control practices, while almost half of the participants 42% (n=76) apparently practice infection control poorly. The majority (78%, n=141) of the employees in the three specialised TB hospitals in the NMBHD reported knowing about the availability of an infection control policy in their respective hospitals, however only 42 % (n=76) have reportedly read the policy. In conclusion, knowledge and practices regarding occupational exposure in specialised TB hospitals in the NMBHD is not optimal. It is however, important to note that the majority of employees have knowledge about the TB disease itself and its symptoms. Recommendations were made in order to improve infection control knowledge and practices. These include the development of a plan for purchasing of equipment to address infection control, development of a curriculum specific for non-nursing personnel and the establishment of a plan to ensure the availability of patient consultation rooms and dining halls. A further recommendation deemed important by the researcher was isolation glass as a compulsory specification when purchasing patient transportation vehicles, in order to provide protection for the drivers transporting patients to and from the hospital.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Ndlebe, Lusanda
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Tuberculosis -- Hospitals -- South Africa , Medical personnel -- Health risk assessment -- South Africa Tuberculosis -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/14245 , vital:27490
- Description: Knowledge and safer practices regarding occupational exposure are crucial to all employees working in healthcare facilities, especially Tuberculosis (TB) hospitals. This study aimed to explore and describe the knowledge and practices of employees working in three specialised TB hospitals regarding occupational exposure to TB. The results of the study will be used to make recommendations to the Eastern Cape Department of Health (ECDOH) and hospital managers that could assist in reducing the prevalence of occupational TB. This quantitative, descriptive and contextual study was conducted in three specialised TB hospitals in the Nelson Mandela Bay Health District (NMBHD). Convenience sampling was used to select the research participants. The knowledge and practices of 181 employees towards occupational exposure to TB and infection control was measured through a self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire covered areas such as the knowledge of TB and infection control, the infection control policy, infrastructure as well as patient transportation. The whole population was targeted and out of a potential 253 employees, 181 were on duty during the stage of data collection and agreed to willingly participate in the study. The data was analysed descriptively using MS excel and MS word. This study revealed that 69% (n=124/181) of employees in the three specialised TB hospitals in the NMBHD have adequate knowledge of infection control. However, only 10% (n=18/181) of employees reported appropriate infection control practices, while almost half of the participants 42% (n=76) apparently practice infection control poorly. The majority (78%, n=141) of the employees in the three specialised TB hospitals in the NMBHD reported knowing about the availability of an infection control policy in their respective hospitals, however only 42 % (n=76) have reportedly read the policy. In conclusion, knowledge and practices regarding occupational exposure in specialised TB hospitals in the NMBHD is not optimal. It is however, important to note that the majority of employees have knowledge about the TB disease itself and its symptoms. Recommendations were made in order to improve infection control knowledge and practices. These include the development of a plan for purchasing of equipment to address infection control, development of a curriculum specific for non-nursing personnel and the establishment of a plan to ensure the availability of patient consultation rooms and dining halls. A further recommendation deemed important by the researcher was isolation glass as a compulsory specification when purchasing patient transportation vehicles, in order to provide protection for the drivers transporting patients to and from the hospital.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017