The history and the problems of Bantu urban secondary education in the Eastern Cape, 1937-1954 (Ciskei region)
- Authors: Dyasi, Hubert Mongameli
- Date: 1961
- Subjects: Black people -- Education -- South Africa -- Ciskei , Black people -- Education -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape -- History
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: vital:1997 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1014827
- Description: 1. Reasons for Choosing the Topic. Much has been written about secondary education in England, Continental Europe, the United States, Canada, China and other countries mainly "because Secondary Education has been one of the most prized of all formal types of education ... because it has been the rung of the educational ladder that has led to opportunity and preferment". Very little research work has been done on Bantu secondary education in the Ciskei, and still less about Bantu urban secondary education. This is a shortcoming since the Ciskei has been one of the most important educational areas for the Bantu in the Union of South Africa and the territories outside her borders. It was here that the experiment of Bantu day secondary schools was carried out. It could aptly have been said of the Ciskei, too, that "experimental work (destined one day to blaze into a consuming fire) has been carried on, where men and women of faith and inspiration have lit up some dark corner of the field, and where teachers of genius have defied tradition and convention, gone their own way in scorn of consequence, and have lit a candle which will never be put out". The Bantu Urban Day Secondary Schools started amidst conflicting opinions as regards their advantages and disadvantages. Difficulties were encountered and efforts made to overcome them. The present writer attempts to show how the problems of these schools were overcome and to assess the progress that was made. 2. Need for the Study. There is a great need for the study of the history and problems of Bantu Urban Day Secondary education because for many years to come these schools will have to serve an increasing number of urban Bantu pupils. The results of the research may serve as a guide to teachers appointed to these schools. The important history of these institutions preserved only in the minds of old men and women, may be lost to posterity. There is also a great need to bring to light the unique problems confronting these schools. 3. Scope of Dissertation. The dissertation limits itself to Bantu Urban Day secondary education, in specific areas of the Ciskei. Two secondary and two high schools have been chosen for special study. Bantu Urban Day Secondary Schools are those schools which are situated in areas under the jurisdiction of municipalities or town councils irrespective of whether the school admits largely pupils who are outside such an area or only those within it or both. The entrance qualification to these schools has always been a pass in Standard VI (normally after eight years of primary or elementary schooling). For the Bantu pupil the Junior Certificate Course was of three years' duration. The successful completion of the J.C. course qualified pupils to train as nurses, in the case of girls, and agricultural demonstrators in the case of boys. Both sexes could undertake studies for Native Primary Higher Teachers' Course, and the Senior Certificate Course or the Matriculation leading to university degrees.
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- Date Issued: 1961
The origin and development of the liturgy in Geneva under Calvin to the present day with special reference to the Sunday morning service and Holy communion and their doctrinal significance
- Authors: Kaltenrieder, André E
- Date: 1961
- Subjects: Liturgics Reformed Church -- Liturgy Reformation -- Switzerland
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Bachelor , BDiv
- Identifier: vital:1261 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1012616
- Description: The first section of this chapter sets out the rise of civil government in Geneva and how the stage was set for the take-over of ecclesiastical authority by the civil powers. The second section outlines the growing discontent of the Genevans with episcopal authority since their bishop had become dangerously favourable to the house of Savoy. Farel's forceful preaching drew many sympathisers and these, added to those who sought political freedom, soon found themselves in a position to proclaim the Reformation of Geneva. Chapter II: In this chapter, we examine the structure of the Church in the later middle ages. The examination of a sixteenth century Missal sets the norm by which Reformation liturgies may be judged. Chapter III: Will attempt to date Farel's Maniero et Fasson is made in the light of his reforming activities. The origin of his thought is traced to Lefèvre d'Etaples. This thought is brought out in the liturgy which must be considered as the first Genevan reformed liturgy. Chapter IV The origins of Calvin's liturgy are to be found in Strasburg. Diebold Schwartz was the first to translate the Mass into German, reforming its contents, and is found to have been the first to celebrate this German Mass in Strasburg. This Mass is examined for the tendencies which it represents of a break away from many of the more blatant distortions of late Medieval worship. Bucer's ascendency at Strasburg is outlined because of the changes which he brought about in the liturgy. Chapter V: Calvin' s Strasburg liturgy is examined in relation to Bucer's and its distinguishing tendencies are brought to light. The rise of the first French Psalter, and the origin of its tunes is taken into account. Calvin's return to Geneva resulted in the publication of another liturgy derived from that of Strasburg, but this liturgy did not fulfil Calvin's aspirations for it was limited by the prevailing religious opinion which Calvin was forced to take into account. As against this, Calvin's ideal of worship is exanined, as well as the place given by Geneva to the adherence to the Christian Year. Chapter VI: The eighteenth century in Geneva witnessed the rise of rationalism and the rejection of the oversystemtised Calvinisn which followed the Reformer's death. But at the same time, the prevalent ecumenical concern brought about a new consciousness of the traditional forms of worship. The effect of these two currents of thought is traced in the 1724 Genevan liturgy. Chapter VII: In the nineteenth century we are faced with a more thoroughgoing rationalism, with revivalist pietism and with a new spirit of liberalism which has sprung out of the changing political outlook. These elements are expressed in the liturgies of the time. When the 1875 liturgy was drawn up, liberal opinion had gained such a strong hold that a dual liturgy was deemed necessary, in which alternative forms were prescribed for those who disagreed with the orthodox doctrines. The separation of Church and State government resulted in a revision of the liturgy. But the only exanple of this thought is contained in the forms for the morning service published in 1921. Chapter VIII: The liturgy of the twentieth century is a witness to the vitality of the movement towards liturgical renewal. But it appears to lack solid doctrinal foundation in the multitude of texts provided to cater for all ranges of opinion. Nevertheless, it contains many traditional elements as well as a number of reformation forms, though the latter are usually presented as they appeared in the seventeenth century revision. This liturgy, therefore, is a sign that a new consciousness of worship has entered the Genrvan Church and bears, within it, the promise of possible further developments. C0NCLUSION: In conclusion, we take note of the movements which have influenced the liturgy throughout this study, finding that with the exception of Calvin, there has never been a proper theological approach to thi liturgy. It is just such a theological approach that is necessary if the Genevan liturgy is to reap the benefits of the present air of liturgical renewal. Summary, p. ii-iii.
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- Date Issued: 1961
The Resurrection and early eucharistic liturgy : an investigation into the influence of the Resurrection of Jesus Christ on the eucharistic liturgy of the early Christian church
- Authors: Harris, Vivian W
- Date: 1961
- Subjects: Liturgics Jesus Christ in the liturgy Lord's Supper Resurrection
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Bachelor , BDiv
- Identifier: vital:1256 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1012153
- Description: The Christian Church has always found the origin of the Eucharist to be the Last Supper of our Lord Jesus Christ with His disciples. So firmly rooted has this idea of the origin of the Eucharist become that it is commonly referred to as "The Lord's Supper"- a title with obvious reference to the Last Supper. J.H. Srawley says, "The fact that Jesus suffered at the Paschal season, that He had the Passover in mind at the Supper (Luke 22 : 15) and that He had come to be thought of as 'our Passover' (I Cor. 5 : 7) would naturally lead to the conception of the solemn memorial of His death as a Christian Passover, and this influence may have affected the Synoptists' account of the actual setting of the Supper". This tradition has persisted until the present, so that it is now generally accepted that the origin of the Eucharist is the Jewish Passover. If this is true, then the Eucharist is associated chiefly with the sacrifice and death of Jesus Christ, and there are only tenuous and indirect connections with the Resurrection of the Lord. In that case, the subject of this study would need to be abandoned. If, however, there is proof that the Eucharist is closely related to the Resurrection of Jesus Christ in origin, then it is natural to look for the influence of the Resurrection on eucharistic liturgy. Cahp. 1, p. 1.
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- Date Issued: 1961
The role of the church in an urban African society
- Authors: Dubb, Allie A
- Date: 1961
- Subjects: Bhengu, Nicholas B H, 1909- , Pentecostal churches -- South Africa -- East London
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:3361 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1011563 , Bhengu, Nicholas B H, 1909- , Pentecostal churches -- South Africa -- East London
- Description: This study is based on research carried out in East London, South Africa during the period September 1957 to August 1959 as an Assistant Research Officer of the Institute for Social and Economic Research, Rhodes University. The study is presented in three parts and its theme, broadly speaking, is the role of the church in an urban African society. In Part I, some aspects of the African Church in East London are discussed in general terms and an attempt was made to relate our own material with the findings of other researchers. Emerging from this discussion we have concluded that the Church could potentially play an important part in combating the social disorganization characteristic of urban locations in South Africa, but that on the whole this potential has not been fully exploited.
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- Date Issued: 1961
The servant of Yahweh : a critical and exegetical study of the Servant Songs in Deutero-Isaiah
- Authors: Dijkman, Jan Hendrik Leonard
- Date: 1961
- Subjects: Bible -- Criticism, interpretation, etc. , Servant songs
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Bachelor , BDiv
- Identifier: vital:1293 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1014812
- Description: For more than two thousand years the question of tbe identity of the Servant of Yahweh in Is. 40 - 55, and especially in the so-called "Servant Songs", has exercised the minds of students of the Old Testament. The first answer which we may trace with any certainty is that of the translator of this particular section in the Septuagint, who adds the words "Jacob" and "Israel" to the text. This is closely followed in the New Testament by the answer which Philip gave to the Ethiopian eunuch's query, "Of whom speaketh the prophet this ? of himself, or of some other ?" ( Acts 8:34f,). These two answers are typical of the two possible extremes in solving the problem. The first sees the Servant as a collective entity, the people Israel, while the second sees him as an individual figure, namely, Jesus Christ. The second answer explains why the interpretation of the Servant figure has been such a live issue throughout the entire history of Christendom. In it Christians have seen a prophecy of Jesus Christ - and more particularly in the suffering of the Servant, a prophecy of the facts which form the basis of the Christian Salvation, the death and resurrection of Jesus. Until the close of the eighteenth century, the generally accepted interpretation of the figure of the Suffering Servant among Christians was to identify him completely with Christ. With the development of the scientific study of the Old Testament during the last two centuries, every generation has raised the question afresh and sought to answer it. There is hardly an Old Testament scholar who has not laboured over it, and many have published their attempts at a solution. Hence the literature on the subject is enormous. In the present study no attempt has been made to give an exhaustive survey of all the interpretations of the Servant figure, but the text of the Servant Songs has been examined before an interpretation of the Servant figure was attempted. It is to be hoped that the final interpretation here given will reflect the thought of the prophet rather than that of the interpreter.
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- Date Issued: 1961
The spectrochemical determination of certain minor trace elements in plant material
- Authors: Eve, Desmond John
- Date: 1961
- Subjects: Trace elements Spectrum analysis Plants -- Analysis Plants -- Effect of trace elements on Trace elements in agriculture
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:4469 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1011773
- Description: A study has been made of three organic complexing reagents , namely dithizone, oxine and cupferron with a view to developing suitable methods for the separation and concentration of Zn, Co, Ni, Pb, Cu, Mn, Ti , V and Mo prior to the spectrometric determination of their concentrations. In particular the influence of pH on the chloroform extraction of ditihizonates, oxinates and cupferrates from aqueous tartrate and citrate solutions and the separation of iron by oxine extraction has been investigated. The development of a method for the chemical concentration and spectrcgraphic determination of Zn, Co, Ni, Pb, Ti, V and Mo is described and the possibility of determining Nn and Cu flame photometrically as part of the analysis scheme is demonstrated. A specially designed slide rule for the calculation of spectrographic results is described. A direct reading spectrometric method for the determination of Zn, Pb and Cu in plant material is presented. The analysis of plant ash for zinc using the 2138 . 6A spectrum line has been studied and a simple, rapid analysis method is described.
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- Date Issued: 1961
Rhodeo, Vol. 14, No. 5
- Date: 1960-09-16
- Subjects: Grahamstown -- Newspapers , Journalism, Students -- South Africa , Rhodes University -- Activate , Rhodes University -- Students , Student newspapers and periodicals -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Text
- Identifier: vital:14456 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1019328
- Description: Rhodeo is the Independent Student Newspaper of Rhodes University. Located in Grahamstown, Rhodeo was established in 1947, and renamed in 1994 as Activate. During apartheid Rhodeo became an active part of the struggle for freedom of expression as part of the now defunct South African Student Press Union. Currently Activate is committed to informing Rhodes University students, staff and community members about relevant issues, mainly on campus. These issues range from hard news to more creative journalism. While Activate acts as a news source, one of its main objectives it to be accessible as a training ground for student journalists. The newspaper is run entirely by the students and is published twice a term. Activate is a free newspaper which receives an annual grant from the Rhodes University Student Representative Council, however, majority of its revenue is generated through advertising.
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- Date Issued: 1960-09-16
Rhodeo, Vol. 14, No. 4
- Date: 1960-08-26
- Subjects: Grahamstown -- Newspapers , Journalism, Students -- South Africa , Rhodes University -- Activate , Rhodes University -- Students , Student newspapers and periodicals -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Text
- Identifier: vital:14455 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1019327
- Description: Rhodeo is the Independent Student Newspaper of Rhodes University. Located in Grahamstown, Rhodeo was established in 1947, and renamed in 1994 as Activate. During apartheid Rhodeo became an active part of the struggle for freedom of expression as part of the now defunct South African Student Press Union. Currently Activate is committed to informing Rhodes University students, staff and community members about relevant issues, mainly on campus. These issues range from hard news to more creative journalism. While Activate acts as a news source, one of its main objectives it to be accessible as a training ground for student journalists. The newspaper is run entirely by the students and is published twice a term. Activate is a free newspaper which receives an annual grant from the Rhodes University Student Representative Council, however, majority of its revenue is generated through advertising.
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- Date Issued: 1960-08-26
Rhodeo, Vol. 14, No. 3
- Date: 1960-06-24
- Subjects: Grahamstown -- Newspapers , Journalism, Students -- South Africa , Rhodes University -- Activate , Rhodes University -- Students , Student newspapers and periodicals -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Text
- Identifier: vital:14454 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1019326
- Description: Rhodeo is the Independent Student Newspaper of Rhodes University. Located in Grahamstown, Rhodeo was established in 1947, and renamed in 1994 as Activate. During apartheid Rhodeo became an active part of the struggle for freedom of expression as part of the now defunct South African Student Press Union. Currently Activate is committed to informing Rhodes University students, staff and community members about relevant issues, mainly on campus. These issues range from hard news to more creative journalism. While Activate acts as a news source, one of its main objectives it to be accessible as a training ground for student journalists. The newspaper is run entirely by the students and is published twice a term. Activate is a free newspaper which receives an annual grant from the Rhodes University Student Representative Council, however, majority of its revenue is generated through advertising.
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- Date Issued: 1960-06-24
Rhodeo, Vol. 14, No. 2
- Date: 1960-04-30
- Subjects: Grahamstown -- Newspapers , Journalism, Students -- South Africa , Rhodes University -- Activate , Rhodes University -- Students , Student newspapers and periodicals -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Text
- Identifier: vital:14453 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1019325
- Description: Rhodeo is the Independent Student Newspaper of Rhodes University. Located in Grahamstown, Rhodeo was established in 1947, and renamed in 1994 as Activate. During apartheid Rhodeo became an active part of the struggle for freedom of expression as part of the now defunct South African Student Press Union. Currently Activate is committed to informing Rhodes University students, staff and community members about relevant issues, mainly on campus. These issues range from hard news to more creative journalism. While Activate acts as a news source, one of its main objectives it to be accessible as a training ground for student journalists. The newspaper is run entirely by the students and is published twice a term. Activate is a free newspaper which receives an annual grant from the Rhodes University Student Representative Council, however, majority of its revenue is generated through advertising.
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- Date Issued: 1960-04-30
Rhodeo, Vol. 14, No. 1
- Date: 1960-04-01
- Subjects: Grahamstown -- Newspapers , Journalism, Students -- South Africa , Rhodes University -- Activate , Rhodes University -- Students , Student newspapers and periodicals -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Text
- Identifier: vital:14452 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1019324
- Description: Rhodeo is the Independent Student Newspaper of Rhodes University. Located in Grahamstown, Rhodeo was established in 1947, and renamed in 1994 as Activate. During apartheid Rhodeo became an active part of the struggle for freedom of expression as part of the now defunct South African Student Press Union. Currently Activate is committed to informing Rhodes University students, staff and community members about relevant issues, mainly on campus. These issues range from hard news to more creative journalism. While Activate acts as a news source, one of its main objectives it to be accessible as a training ground for student journalists. The newspaper is run entirely by the students and is published twice a term. Activate is a free newspaper which receives an annual grant from the Rhodes University Student Representative Council, however, majority of its revenue is generated through advertising.
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- Date Issued: 1960-04-01
A study of the fluorescence excitation spectrum of crystalline anthracene
- Authors: Driver, Adrian Stanford
- Date: 1960
- Subjects: Fluorimetry , Anthracene crystals -- Spectra
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5518 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1011463 , Fluorimetry , Anthracene crystals -- Spectra
- Description: The work described in this thesis was performed at the Physics Department, Rhodes University during 1958 and 1959 under the supervision of Professor J.A. Gledhill. Use was made of a vacuum ultra-violet spectrograph which had been constructed in the Physics Department (1.1) and modifications to be described were made to this instrument. The instrument was used for studying the effects of oxygen on the fluorescence excitation spectrum of Anthracene.
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- Date Issued: 1960
An investigation of the profiles of bursts of solar radio noise
- Authors: Wild, Peter Anthony Thornton
- Date: 1960
- Subjects: Solar radio emission , Radio noise , Solar noise storms , Radio astronomy
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5551 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013504
- Description: [Summary] Chapter I . The general characteristics of solar radiation at metre wavelengths are described, with reference to data published in the literature. A brief description of some aspects of solar physics relevant to the study of solar noise is given, and the literature relating to the correlation of radio effects with solar disturbances is reviewed. Chapter II. A concise description of the apparatus constructed for the continuous recording of the flux density of solar radio noise at a frequency of 300 Mc/s is given, with some mention of difficulties experienced, and how these were overcome. Full circuit diagrams of electronic apparatus, and illustrative photographs, are supplied. Chapter III. The development of theories of the origin and propagation of solar noise radiation is historically reviewed and the success of each theory in explaining or predicting observed phenomena, is assessed. A working model is chosen from among these theories, and reasons for its adoption are given. Chapter IV. Observations made by the author of solar radiation at a frequency of 300 Mc/s are described, together with a description of the objects and methods, of analysis of the records. Chapter V. Phenomena observed by the author are compared with those observed by other workers. It is concluded that storm bursts are caused by transients similar to those producing Type II and Type ITI bursts, and a model for the production of storm bursts is tentatively suggested. Chapter VI. Suggestions for further research, including suggestions for methods of testing the author's conclusions, are made.
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- Date Issued: 1960
Insecticide resistance in the blue tick, Boophilus Decoloratus Koch, in South Africa
- Authors: Whitehead, G B
- Date: 1960
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:5897 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013426
- Description: The work described in this dissertation was undertaken in an attempt to obtain a better understanding of the causes and relationships of insecticide resistance in Blue Tick, Boophilus decoloratus Koch, which has become an acute problem in some localities of the country. The work was undertaken at the Research Department of African Explosives and Chemical Industries Limited over a period of six years from 1953 to 1958. An attempt has been made to keep up to date with the published literature on the various aspects of these investigations up until the end of 1958. Information gained from the literature subsequent to end of 1958 has been made use of but it has not been possible for a number of reasons to follow all recent developments in the various aspects of insecticide resistance published during 1959. In the execution of this work assistance has been obtained from colleagues better equipped in the field of organic chemistry, biochemistry and statistics, than the author. Where information so gained has been used it has been duly acknowledged. Considerable assistance was rendered by laboratory assistants who were responsible for performing the considerable amount of routine collection, breeding and testing of the biological material. The blue tick is not a convenient experimental organism for studies on insecticide resistance. Even with the best facilities the tick cannot be bred satisfactorily and in consequence all supplies had to be collected from naturally-occurring populations. Although this had decided advantages in some aspects of the work, a great deal of useful information might have been obtained if certain strains of ticks could have been maintained. The lack of a standard sensitive reference strain has been a considerable disadvantage which could not be overcome and which has influenced the manner in which this work has been carried out. Because the tick could not be bred artificially the work could only be undertaken with unfed larvae and fully engorged adult females . Larvae are extremely small and in consequence could only be handled in batches while the fully engorged female is sluggish and contains a large quantity of semi-digested mammalian blood which invariably interfered with chemical or biochemical studies.
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- Date Issued: 1960
Rhodes University Graduation Ceremony 1960
- Authors: Rhodes University
- Date: 1960
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: vital:8094 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004409
- Description: Rhodes University Graduation Ceremonies in the University Great Hall on Saturday, 2nd April, 1960, at 11 a.m. [and] 23rd April, 1960, at 11 a.m.
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- Date Issued: 1960
Some aspects of the chemistry of zirconium compounds relating to their combination with collagen
- Authors: Williams-Wynn, David Ernest Arthur
- Date: 1960
- Subjects: Zirconium compounds , Collagen
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4513 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013456
- Description: [Summary] Some properties of zirconium compounds in aqueous solution have been determined using physico-chemical techniques. Zirconium oxychloride was used as the source of zirconium in all detailed investigations; zirconium sulphate was used in a few cases for comparative purposes. The Stokes diaphragm cell method has been used to determine the diffusion coefficient of zirconium in hydrochloric acid solution. It was found that the diffusion coefficient fell progressively with time, a limiting value being reached 4 to 5 weeks after dissolving the salt, and it was demonstrated that particles in the aged solutions were more homogeneous than in freshly prepared solutions. The limiting values were concentration dependent; dilute solutions had a lower diffusion coefficient than the more concentrated solutions when measured at the natural pH. In the presence of added acid the rate of diffusion was increased until a limiting value was reached in 0.5 M acid. The addition of alkali or complexing acids reduced the rate of diffusion.
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- Date Issued: 1960
The contribution of the Anglican church to education in the Cape
- Authors: Rawlins, G E
- Date: 1960
- Subjects: Church and education -- South Africa , Church of England -- Education -- South Africa , Education -- South Africa -- Cape of Good Hope
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: vital:1978 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013055
- Description: In his "Onderwys in Kaapland, 1652 - 1939", Dr. P.S. du Toit makes special references to the educational work of the Anglican Church, indicating that there is some contribution. This attitude has as its aim to expose more of the reef of which the outcrops receive attention by Dr. du Toit ... much can happen between 1807 and 1829, and some of what did is described in these pages. One of Dr. du Toit's interests is the effect of the attempt to make English and instruction in English the basis of all education. Chap. 1, p. 1.
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- Date Issued: 1960
The cost of discipleship and the reward of righteousness
- Authors: Samson, Robert McNeil
- Date: 1960
- Subjects: Jesus Christ -- Teachings , Christian life -- Biblical teaching
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Bachelor , BDiv
- Identifier: vital:1272 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013158
- Description: CHAPTER ONE. In the Old Testament we meet with the problem of suffering and reward, and the attempts made to resolve it. It becomes the one great problem after the time of the Exile. Most commentators are agreed that it grew to hold that place in relation to the increase of importance of the individual in Hebrew thinking. While certain aspects of the problem are presented in Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Isaiah, and Psalm 73, the most important contributions are made by the Deuteronomist and the poet who wrote the Book of Job. The Deuteronomist theory presents the belief that there is a rigid correspondence between the sins of the individual and his suffering. The reply in Job makes it clear that this is not so. Job himself passes through the desperate situation of feeling deserted by God to a certain faith that whatever happens to him, God is faithful. CHAPTER TWO. Jesus' teaching on "discipleship". Basically Jesus's teaching centres around Mark 8 : 34, "Whosoever will come after me, let him deny himself and take up his cross, and follow me". The cost of discipleship from this point of view means, then, that even as Jesus Himself bears the cross for the salvation of the world, so the disciple is called upon to bear that cross in association with his Lord. Jesus offers the reward of both a present foretaste and a future consummation of eternal life, as the disciple shares in His resurrection. St. Paul's teaching of "Life in Christ". The central teaching of Paul is found in Romans 6 : 11, "Likewise reckon ye also yourselves to be dead indeed unto sin, but alive unto God through Jesus Christ our Lord." The cost of discipleship is death, the death of self- will. It means being crucified with Christ. The reward of the righteous man is both a present and future participation in the risen life of Christ. CHAPTER THREE The need of man. Because man is a sinner, being estranged from God in whose image he was created, he stands in need of being reconciled to God. This he cannot do himself because, to his sin, he is not able to make the full sacrifice of his self-will. "Man requires to be put right with God because as a matter of fact he is not right." The Christ. Only in the person of the God-man is God able to effect man's resolution. Jesus, the Christ, who alone of all men did not participate in the sinfulness of man, is this God-man, realising in Himself the fact that salvation can only be wrought by one who is both God and man. The necessity of the Cross. The death of the Christ is seen to be necessary both from the side of man and from that of God. It was essential that the Christ should give His life for man; everything for His purpose of salvation turns on the will to die. He must give himself to reconcile man to God. The sacrifice of the Cross. Seen in the context of the Old Testament sacrificial system, what is important about the sacrifice of the Christ is that on the cross He offered up His life for man. The sacrifice of the Christ is both in the category of divine revelation and that of human response. It is the love of God in its utter self-offering making a way whereby the sinner might be reconciled to Him. The use of the Ransom Theory of the atonement is regarded as inadequate for expressing this cost. Basically it is a costly sacrifice because it is the self-offering of the Son of God upon the cross. CHAPTER FOUR The New Testament picture. A closer analysis is made of the New Testament teaching of discipleship, where it is seen that it is required of men that he should make, like the Christ, the costly sacrifice of himself. Soren Kierkegaard. This existential thinker felt the need of awakening men to a full recognition of the costliness of life. Despair. Man, due to his state of sinfulness is in despair, for "sin can be defined as despair at not willing to be oneself or not willing to be oneself before God." It is necessary to make the leap of faith to pass from this despair. The Three Stages. These are the aesthetical, ethical and religious stages. The individual must enter the last by making the leap of faith out of his despair; and this leap means the costly commitment of the self to the Christ. "Purify your hearts." In this book, Kierkegaard analyses man's double-mindedness. He comes to two conclusions. "If anybody would will the Good truly, then he must with knowledge of himself be ready to renounce all double-mindedness. If anybody would will the Good truly, then he must be ready to do all for the Good, and suffer for for the Good." His teaching on the cost of discipleship could be summed up thus : "The negating of one's finite self, or the negating of one's finitude means for him nothing less than the conscious sacrifice of all that is finite." Paul Tillich. Tillich deals with the ultimate problem of being and non-being, and in the "Courage to be" he develops the reactions of the individual when he is faced with the possibility of his non-being. The individual can either lose himself in his world by the courage to be as a part, or lose his world in himself by the courage to be as himself. These two forms of courage are transcended by the courage to accept acceptance, which is the ultimate courage to be, in which the individual accepts the fact that though he is sinful, yet God accepts him. This courage is the outcome of faith, which is found in an encounter with the New Being, in which the self is lost in the Christ, being found also in the Christ. The disciple surrenders himself that he may be made more truly himself. CHAPTER FIVE In this chapter an attempt is made to analyse the reward of righteousness. This reward is firstly seen to be the outcome of the life of discipleship and not its motive. Basically it is found in the new quality of life which is called eternal life. It is a reward both in the future and in the present. In the future it is the fullness of life in communion, peace and joy in the presence of God. In the present it is a foretaste of that life which is to come, a present possession in the midst of finitude of communion, peace and joy with God. Ultimately this means participation in the resurrection of the Christ. CHAPTER SIX We can conclude from this thesis, then, that Jesus the Christ is the prototype of the Christian. Discipleship is costly because it means participation in His utter self-offering of Himself; and the righteous man, who is the one who by faith commits himself to and in the Christ, is rewarded with the new quality of eternal life. The death and resurrection of Jesus the Christ are the criteria of the cost of discipleship and the reward of the righteous man.
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- Date Issued: 1960
The diary of C. L. Stretch - a critical edition and appraisal
- Authors: Crankshaw, Grahame Bruce
- Date: 1960
- Subjects: Stretch, Charles Lennox, 1797-1882 , South Africa -- History -- Frontier Wars, 1811-1878 , Treaties -- Interpretation and construction
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2535 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002387 , Stretch, Charles Lennox, 1797-1882 , South Africa -- History -- Frontier Wars, 1811-1878 , Treaties -- Interpretation and construction
- Description: In the investigation of the Diary and its validity as evidence, the origin and structure of the treaty System, and the functioning of the treaties, in both their original form and subsequent modification, has been examined, with special reference to Stretch and the Gaika tribes.
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- Date Issued: 1960
The frontier in South African English verse : 1820-1927
- Authors: Taylor, Avis Elizabeth
- Date: 1960
- Subjects: South African poetry (English) -- 19th century , South African literature (English) -- History and criticism , South Africa -- In literature
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:2318 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013347
- Description: The concept of a distinctively South African poetry in English has been, and still is, derided as a "pipe dream" as part of the fallacy which stems from the desire for a "national" literature. In 1955, for instance, C.J. Harvey (in an article containing much common sense as well as sound literary judgment) denounced the self-conscious hunting for "Local Colour" which engrosses so many South African writers. Harvey claimed: "Our civilization is not "South African", except in trivial details, it is Western European, and more specifically as far as poetry written in English is concerned, English ... ". There is a serious error of emphasis here. It would be more accurate to say that our ancestors brought Western European civilization to this continent. To imagine that this civilisation has not undergone and is not still constantly suffering a subtle but far-reaching metamorphosis in Africa would be to fly in the face of reality. White South Africans do not only carry the same identity-card but they can be distinguished from Frenchmen, Englishmen or Irishmen by more than "trivial details". This thesis is an examination of some af the earliest English written in southern Africa, particularly of the verse produced by our poetasters and near-poets. It attempts, during the course of this examination, to call attention to a few of the more significant changes which have arisen as the result of the importation of Western civilsation to an African frontier. Further I hope to show some at the varying ways in which these differences affected the white pioneer and how this has been reflected in our verse since pioneering times. In this sense the Frontier may be thought of as the background against which South African English writers developed certain characteristic traits. Intro., p. 1-2.
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- Date Issued: 1960