Assessing the effects of invasive alien species on rural livelihoods: Case examples and a framework from South Africa
- Shackleton, Charlie M, McGarry, Dylan K, Fourie, Saskia, Gambiza, James, Shackleton, Sheona E, Fabricius, Christo
- Authors: Shackleton, Charlie M , McGarry, Dylan K , Fourie, Saskia , Gambiza, James , Shackleton, Sheona E , Fabricius, Christo
- Date: 2007
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/181279 , vital:43715 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-006-9095-0"
- Description: The detrimental impacts of invasive alien species (IAS) on ecosystem goods and services and local and regional economies are well documented. However, the use of IAS by rural communities is little understood, and rarely factored into IAS control programmes. Understanding the use of IAS by rural communities and factoring these into cost-benefit models is complex, depending upon a range of local-level attributes such as the time since invasion, abundance, and local-level costs and benefits. This paper reports on two case studies examining the role of IAS in rural livelihoods in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. In both cases, rural communities made widespread consumptive use of the IAS and generally would prefer higher densities, except in certain key localities. Several households traded in IAS products to generate supplementary income. We present a conceptual framework to guide interpretation of these and future case studies, considering attributes such as time since invasion, the competitiveness of the species, and the relative costs and benefits.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2007
- Authors: Shackleton, Charlie M , McGarry, Dylan K , Fourie, Saskia , Gambiza, James , Shackleton, Sheona E , Fabricius, Christo
- Date: 2007
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/181279 , vital:43715 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-006-9095-0"
- Description: The detrimental impacts of invasive alien species (IAS) on ecosystem goods and services and local and regional economies are well documented. However, the use of IAS by rural communities is little understood, and rarely factored into IAS control programmes. Understanding the use of IAS by rural communities and factoring these into cost-benefit models is complex, depending upon a range of local-level attributes such as the time since invasion, abundance, and local-level costs and benefits. This paper reports on two case studies examining the role of IAS in rural livelihoods in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. In both cases, rural communities made widespread consumptive use of the IAS and generally would prefer higher densities, except in certain key localities. Several households traded in IAS products to generate supplementary income. We present a conceptual framework to guide interpretation of these and future case studies, considering attributes such as time since invasion, the competitiveness of the species, and the relative costs and benefits.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2007
Synthesis, photophysical and photochemical studies of new water-soluble indium (III) phthalocyanines
- Durmus, Mahmut, Nyokong, Tebello
- Authors: Durmus, Mahmut , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2007
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/283976 , vital:56007 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1039/b618478b"
- Description: The preparation of water-soluble indium(III)phthalocyanine complexes is described for the first time in this study. Peripherally and non-peripherally 3-hydroxypyridine tetrasubstituted indium(III) phthalocyanines (5a, 6a) and their quaternarized derivatives (5b, 6b) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, 1H NMR spectroscopy, electronic spectroscopy and mass spectra. The quaternarized compounds (5b, 6b) show excellent solubility in water, which makes them potential photosensitizers for use in photodynamic therapy (PDT) applications. Photochemical and photophysical measurements were conducted on 3-pyridyloxy appended indium(III) phthalocyanines in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) for non-ionic (5b, 6b) derivatives. General trends are described for quantum yields of photodegradation, fluorescence lifetimes, fluorescence quantum yields, triplet lifetimes and triplet quantum yields as well as singlet oxygen quantum yields of these compounds. The singlet oxygen quantum yields (ΦΔ), which give an indication of the potential of the complexes as photosensitizers in applications where singlet oxygen is required (Type II mechanism) are very high (ΦΔ > 0.55). Thus, these complexes may be useful as Type II photosensitizers.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2007
Synthesis, photophysical and photochemical studies of new water-soluble indium (III) phthalocyanines
- Authors: Durmus, Mahmut , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2007
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/283976 , vital:56007 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1039/b618478b"
- Description: The preparation of water-soluble indium(III)phthalocyanine complexes is described for the first time in this study. Peripherally and non-peripherally 3-hydroxypyridine tetrasubstituted indium(III) phthalocyanines (5a, 6a) and their quaternarized derivatives (5b, 6b) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, 1H NMR spectroscopy, electronic spectroscopy and mass spectra. The quaternarized compounds (5b, 6b) show excellent solubility in water, which makes them potential photosensitizers for use in photodynamic therapy (PDT) applications. Photochemical and photophysical measurements were conducted on 3-pyridyloxy appended indium(III) phthalocyanines in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) for non-ionic (5b, 6b) derivatives. General trends are described for quantum yields of photodegradation, fluorescence lifetimes, fluorescence quantum yields, triplet lifetimes and triplet quantum yields as well as singlet oxygen quantum yields of these compounds. The singlet oxygen quantum yields (ΦΔ), which give an indication of the potential of the complexes as photosensitizers in applications where singlet oxygen is required (Type II mechanism) are very high (ΦΔ > 0.55). Thus, these complexes may be useful as Type II photosensitizers.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2007
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