The effect of dietary fish oil replacement with soybean oil on growth and health of dusky kob, Argyrosomus japonicus (Pisces: Sciaenidae)
- Authors: Rossetti, Nani Adami
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Sciaenidae , Fish culture , Argyrosomus -- Growth , Argyrosomus -- Feeding and feeds , Argyrosomus -- Health , Fish oils as feed , Soy oil , Lipids , Eicosapentaenoic acid , Docosahexaenoic acid
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5272 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005116 , Sciaenidae , Fish culture , Argyrosomus -- Growth , Argyrosomus -- Feeding and feeds , Argyrosomus -- Health , Fish oils as feed , Soy oil , Lipids , Eicosapentaenoic acid , Docosahexaenoic acid
- Description: Lipids are essential components for fish because they contain fatty acids that are vital for regular growth and health. Fish oil is rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which are essential fatty acids for carnivorous fish, and therefore this product has traditionally been used as the main source of lipids in fish feeds. However, with declining fisheries resources worldwide and the rapid expansion of the aquaculture industry pressuring this finite resource, such ingredients are becoming less available and more expensive. It is therefore necessary to explore the utilization of ingredients that are sustainable and competitive alternatives to fish oil in marine finfish feeds. This work investigated the effects of the substitution of fish oil with soybean oil on the growth performance, feed efficiency, fatty acid composition of the liver tissue and some health parameters in juvenile dusky kob, Argyrosomus japonicus; an increasingly popular sciaenid marine aquaculture species in South Africa. Six diets (18 % total lipid and 46 % protein) with increasing percentage substitution of fish oil with soybean oil (1, 14, 28, 42, 56 and 70 %) were fed to juvenile kob. After 84 days of feeding these diets to the fish, no significant differences in fish length and weight between treatments were observed. However, there was a significant trend of a decrease in specific growth rate, ranging from (± standard error) 0.87 ± 0.06 to 0.72 ± 0.04 % body weight day⁻¹, and condition factor, ranging from 1.59 ± 0.03 to 1.54 ± 0.02, with increasing vegetable oil replacement in the diets between days 56 and 84. There were no differences in red blood cell count, haematocrit and haemoglobin concentration after 206 days of feeding. However, visceral fat index (VFI) increased significantly from 1.08 ± 0.17 % for fish fed diets with 28 % soybean oil, to 2.24 ± 0.15 % for fish fed diets with 70 % soybean oil. Similarly, hepatosomatic index (HSI) increased significantly from 0.84 ± 0.08 % to 1.80 ± 0.12 % in the control diet and the 56 % soybean oil diet, respectively. After 206 days of feeding, fish fed diets with 42 to 70 % soybean oil showed greater number of lipid vacuoles in the liver, which were also larger in size, and hepatocytes nuclei were displaced to the cell periphery. The fatty acid composition of the liver tissue strongly corresponded to the fatty acid composition of the diets. Linoleic acid accumulated in the liver of the fish fed increasing soybean oil in the diets. In contrast, EPA and DHA decreased from 13.63 to 1.97 %, and 14.34 to 3.28 %, respectively, in the liver tissue of fish fed diets with increasing soybean oil content; consequently the n-3/n-6 ratio was also significantly reduced with inclusion of vegetable oil in the diets. The trend of decreasing growth rate with increasing oil replacement towards the end of the trial corresponds with increases in VFI, HSI, as well as the fatty acid accumulation and lipid vacuoles in the liver. This suggests that dusky kob is less able to metabolise soybean oil at increased substitution levels which would account for the poorer growth at higher levels. The dependence of fish on dietary marine oil decreased significantly with each inclusion of soybean oil in the diets. Nonetheless, the calculations based on the nutrient ratio presented positive outcomes for all treatments, that is, values of marine oil dependency ratio were below one for all treatments. It is concluded that soybean oil can replace fish oil in formulated diets for dusky kob up to a level of 28 % of total dietary lipids, as evidenced by the good growth and feed efficiency, and no apparent negative health effects observed up to this level.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
The development of a practical diet for juvenile dusky kob, Argyrosomus japonicus, for the South African mariculture industry
- Authors: Woolley, Lindsey
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Fishes -- Nutrition -- Requirements , Fishes -- Food , Fishes -- Growth , Fish culture , Argyrosomus -- Nutrition , Sciaenidae -- Nutrition
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5257 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005100 , Fishes -- Nutrition -- Requirements , Fishes -- Food , Fishes -- Growth , Fish culture , Argyrosomus -- Nutrition , Sciaenidae -- Nutrition
- Description: The lack of locally manufactured marine finfish diets motivated the current project, which aimed to develop a practical diet specifically formulated for dusky kob. The first growth trial investigated the effect of pellet texture (i.e. hard versus soft pellets) and the inclusion of an additional binder, test treatments were compared to two reference diets. There was no significant difference in weight gain between fish fed the hard or soft pellets (p=0.17), over nine weeks. The fish fed the local trout feed weighed significantly less than those fed the test diets (p=0.003). There was no significant difference in leaching rate amongst treatments (p=0.45). A hard pelleted diet without gelatin is recommended in the commercial culture of dusky kob. Pellets with different physical shapes were tested to determine the effect of shape on settling speeds. A square shaped pellet had a slower sinking rate compared to a round shaped pellet (p<0.0001). Juvenile dusky kob, held in cages, fed the square pellets grew significantly faster than the fish fed the round pellet, with a mean weight gain of 16.81 ± 0.45 g (p=0.018). A growth trial was used to optimize the protein to energy (PE) ratio by adjusting dietary protein and lipid levels. Fish fed the diets with high levels of protein (46 % protein) achieved the better growth rates (125 % weight gain) compared to the lower protein diets (92 % weight gain) (p<0.0001). There was no significant difference in total ammonia production (TAN) level for the 46 and 42 % protein diets (p=0.68). The overall performance of the prototype diet was investigated in a closed recirculating system. Growth and FCR of the fish fed the prototype diet was on a par to those fed the commercially available diet currently used in the local farming industry. There was no significant difference in the blood chemistry for fish held at increased stocking densities. The prototype diet is suitable for use in recirculating systems, as there were no negative effects on water quality parameters. This study has laid a foundation for the manufacture of a practical commercial dusky kob diet in South Africa.
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- Date Issued: 2009
Investigations into the nutritional requirements of juvenile dusky kob, Argyrosomus japonicus (Pisces sciaendae), under ambient culture conditions
- Authors: Daniel, Simon James
- Date: 2004
- Subjects: Argyrosomus -- Nutrition -- Requirements , Sciaenidae -- Nutrition -- Requirements , Fishes -- Food , Fishes -- Growth , Fish culture , Fishes -- Nutrition -- Requirements
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5197 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002602 , Argyrosomus -- Nutrition -- Requirements , Sciaenidae -- Nutrition -- Requirements , Fishes -- Food , Fishes -- Growth , Fish culture , Fishes -- Nutrition -- Requirements
- Description: The effect of dietary protein, protein and energy ratios, fish meal replacement by Soya bean meal and feeding frequency was investigated on the growth, feed efficiency and body composition, of juvenile dusky kob, Argyrosomus japonicus. The effect of dietary protein levels was investigated by comparing isocaloric diets containing 35, 40, 45 and 55% protein. Dietary protein inclusion level significantly affected specific growth rates, feed efficiency and body composition (in terms of fat deposition) and results show that a minimum of 45% and maximum of 52.3% dietary protein is optimal. The protein and energy requirements were investigated by comparing three protein levels (35,40 and 45%) with three lipid levels (6, 9 and 12%) in a 3x3 factorial design. A diet 45% protein and 9% lipid, with a P: E ratio of29 mglkJ and DE of 15.5 kJ/g resulted in an optimal specific growth rate (1.6± 0.2), feed efficiency (FCR= 1.7±0.44; PER= 1.36) and body composition for A. japonicus. To investigate the effect of partial fish meal replacement by Soya bean meal (SBM) in the diet, 20-50% of the protein from fish meal was substituted by protein from SBM, and were compared with a control diet containing only fish meal. No significant differences in the specific growth rates, feed efficiencies and the body composition were recorded for the fish fed the control diet and for fish fed the 20 and 30% SBM treatments. Results show that up to 30% of the protein from fish meal can be replaced with protein from SBM in the diet of this species. The effect of feeding frequency and gut evacuation time was investigated by comparing four feeding frequencies. Fish were fed to satiation either once, twice, three or four times a day. Feed intake was significantly affected by feeding frequency and fish fed 2, 3 and 4 meals a day ate significantly more food (p< 0.05) than the fish fed one meal a day. No significant differences (p> 0.05) in the specific growth rates, feed efficiencies and body composition were recorded for fish fed 2, 3 and 4 times a day. Feed intake was used to calculate an optimal daily ration and feeding two meals a day resulted in an optimal daily ration of 4% BW/day. A gut evacuation time of 7.25 hours indicates that fish fed twice a day probably had sufficient time to digest their food and evacuate their guts, resulting in the same daily feed intake as fish given 3 and 4 meals a day. Results conclude that under the present experimental conditions, a minimum daily ration of 4% BW/day, fed twice a day (in the morning and evening) is required for optimal growth (SGR= 1.33± 0.1), feed efficiency (FCR= 1.96± 0.4; PER= 1.44± 0.2) and body composition in juvenile dusky kob.
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- Date Issued: 2004
Aspects of nutrition of the swordtail fish, Xiphophorus Helleri, (Family : Poeciliidae) under intensive culture conditions
- Authors: Kruger, David Philip
- Date: 1996
- Subjects: Xiphophorus helleri -- Nutrition , Fish culture
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5219 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005062 , Xiphophorus helleri -- Nutrition , Fish culture
- Description: The aim of this work was to investigate the nutrition of a popular ornamental fish, the swordtail (Xiphophorus helleri), under intensive aquaculture conditions. The study focused on the formulation and manufacture of artificial dry diets, as well as the influence of livefeed supplementation on growth and nutritional indices of both juvenile and broodstock fish. A combination of 65% fishmeal and 35% soya oil cake meal was found to closely approximate the essential amino acid profile of X helleri (r² = 94,3%) and lysine was identified as the first limiting amino acid. The influence of dietary protein and energy on the growth of X helleri was investigated by means of a growth trial comparing a range of nine test diets combining 3 crude protein (45,38 and 30%) and 3 digestible energy (16,5, 14,5 and 12,5 kJ/gram) levels. A high crude protein content (45% dry matter) and a protein to energy ratio of ≥ 27 mg protein per kJ digestible energy was shown to promote optimal growth rate and feed conversion ratio in juvenile X helleri. The final body protein and lipid content of the fish were significantly correlated with the dietary protein to energy ratio. The nutritional value of identical dietary formulations prepared by drum-drying or cold extrusion techniques and presented either as flake or crumble particles was evaluated in a growth trial and through analysis of vitamin C levels in the diets. Up to 27% of vitamin C activity was destroyed during the drum-drying of flake diets, while 80% of the remaining vitamin C was lost through leaching within 10 minutes of immersion in water. A crumble-type diet was shown to be acceptable to X helleri, and yielded significantly better growth rate and feed conversion than the equivalent flake feed. Almost 19% of fish fed the flake diets developed vitamin C deficiency symptoms including scoliosis and lordosis, while this was completely prevented by feeding crumbles, indicating a significant restriction of leaching losses from this type of particle. The use of livefeed (Daphnia spp.) as a daily supplement to dry feeds was shown to result in a significant improvement in growth rate and survival of juvenile swordtail fish. Furthermore, the synergistic action of nutrients contained in the livefeed resulted in an improvement in the feed conversion efficiency of the artificial formulation. While mortalities of 13,4% and 15% were recorded in fish fed exclusively on flake feed or Daphnia, no mortality occurred in the group fed the supplemented diet. Furthermore, the incidence of vitamin C deficiency symptoms was prevented by daily supplementation with Daphnia. Fish fed exclusively on Daphnia exhibited significantly more intense pigmentation due to carotenoids contained in the livefeed. In broodstock fish maintained primarily on flake diets, growth rate, feed conversion ratio as well as reproductive performance, as measured by fecundity, were significantly improved by daily livefeed supplementation. Weekly supplementation showed no measurable advantage over flake feed only. A direct correlation was demonstrated between fecundity and size of female fish with a mean fecundity of 190 embryos per female in those fed a daily Daphnia supplement. This was significantly higher than the yield from the non-supplemented or weekly supplemented treatments (133 and 140 embryos per female respectively). Despite these differences, the number of young harvested during the experiment did not differ between treatments and this discrepancy was ascribed to parental cannibalism of newborn juveniles. This phenomenon constitutes a major potential bottleneck in production with estimates of up to seventy percent of young lost in some exp experimental tanks. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that established aquaculture nutrition principles and techniques are applicable to the tropical ornamental fish species, X helleri. It was demonstrated that by using balanced crumble feed formulations, and regular livefeed supplementation, production yields under intensive conditions may be significantly improved. Suggestions for future work on poeciliid production in South Africa include investigation of the economic implications of the recommendations stemming from this project, and further research into effective restriction of parental cannibalism of newborn fish.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1996
A study of coeval sibling cannibalism in larval and juvenile fishes and its control under culture conditions
- Authors: Pienaar, Anthony Graham
- Date: 1990
- Subjects: Fishes -- Behavior , Fishes -- Larvae , Fish culture
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5781 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005469 , Fishes -- Behavior , Fishes -- Larvae , Fish culture
- Description: The primary objective of this study was to examine environmental parameters thought to affect cannibalism in certain fish species. It was found that environmental, behavioural, genetic and physiological factors all affect cannibalism in the species exhibiting the phenomenon. The diversity of factors nfluencing cannibalism served to illustrate the complexity of this behaviour pattern. Feeding to satiation was found to suppress cannibalism in catfish, trout and koi carp. High population densities were found to increase the rate of cannibalism, thereby acting as a population regulation mechanism for catfish, trout and the common and koi carps. Live food, as compared with dry pelletized feed was found to significantly suppress cannibalistic aggression. Catfish grown in total darkness, provided with refuges and living in turbid conditions were found to exhibit lowered cannibalistic and territorial aggression. Various lines of evidence suggested that cannibalism has a genetic basis, as was shown by the differences in cannibalistic behaviour of the two strains of Cyprinus carpio, viz. common and koi carp, with cannibalism being higher in the latter. This finding substantiates the hypothesis that cannibalism is genetically controlled and therefore open to evolutionary change. It is concluded that cannibalism is adaptive in times of food limitation, but that it is merely a by-product of normal feeding behaviour when food is abundant. Since cannibalism is advantageous and thus adaptive, the question arises ai to whether selection is occurring at the individual or the population level (or both). It was concluded that it is acting at the individual level, and that any benefits accruing at the population level iv were simply the effect of the initial cause, viz. individual selection. One of the aims of this study was to determine whether cannibalistic tendencies in fish are influenced by differing life history style trajectories. Based on the results of this study it is hypothesized that cannibalism is an r-selected trait. wi th the understanding gained from the knowl edge of the fundamental principles governing cannibalism, certain recommendations for its control in fish culture could be made. It is, however, imperative that further intensive studies be carried out to understand more fully this complex subject. General "rules" for regulating cannibalism could be helpful for any given cannibalistic species. However, in considering the differing life-history styles of each species, it becomes evident that species-specific guidelines need to be worked out. Until then, any suggestions for cannibalistic control offered to the aquaculturist can only serve as unrefined tools.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1990
Environmental requirements for the hatchery rearing of African catfish Clarias Gariepinus (Pisces: Clariidae) larvae and juveniles
- Authors: Britz, P J (Peter Jacobus), 1959-
- Date: 1988
- Subjects: Catfishes -- Africa , Fish culture , Clariidae , Clarias
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5188 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001964 , Catfishes -- Africa , Fish culture , Clariidae , Clarias
- Description: Inadequate seed production has historically been a factor limiting the commercial culture of Clarias gariepinus. The need to determine the environmental requirements of larvae was identified, in order to facilitate their successful mass rearing in hatcheries. The effects of key environmental factors on the growth, survival and aspects of the behaviour of C. gariepinus larvae and juveniles were investigated under controlled conditions. A strong emphasis was placed on the interpretation of the observed responses in terms of the natural history of the animal. Larvae were obtained by artificially inducing and spawning feral adult broodfish. Larval growth rates were highest in the temperature range 26-33ºC, with a peak at 30ºC. Survival of larvae was high between 22 and 33ºC. The final temperature preferendum of juveniles, determined in a thermal gradient was 30ºC, and it was concluded that this temperature is probably optimal for most of the physiological processes of the animal. Larvae and juveniles displayed strong negative phototaxis. When reared under different photoperiod regimes, larval growth increased with longer dark periods, however a similar rate of mortality was recorded in all photoperiod treatments. The provision of cover was found to enhance larval growth under conditions of continual light (24L/OD), however under conditions of continual darkness (OL/24D) similar growth rates were recorded regardless of the presence or absence of cover. All growth rates in continual darkness (OL/24D) were higher than those in continual light (24L/OD), regardless of whether cover was provided or not. It was concluded that a OL/24D photoperiod is optimal for larval rearing. At salinities between 0 and 5% similar growth and mortality rates of larvae were recorded. At 7.5 % larval growth and survival rates were lower, and at 10 % all larvae died within 48 hours. The 96h-LCSO for unionised ammonia was found to be 2.3 mg/l. The cytological effects of unionised ammonia were evident as degenerative changes in the gill and liver tissues. In an investigation of tank hygiene, it was found that larval growth and survival rates were highest in tanks not cleaned at all. As the frequency of tank cleaning increased, the growth and survival rates of larvae decreased. When reared at densities ranging from 45-450/1, larval growth was found to be density dependent. A model of hatchery productivity (number larvae of standard size produced/time/vol.) was developed based on the density dependent nature of larval growth. The model predicts that maximum productivity, will be achieved at a rearing density of 1400/1. The high growth and survival rates obtained over a broad range of each environmental parameter investigated serve to explain how larvae survive and grow in their unstable floodplain habitat in nature. The broad environmental tolerances of C. gariepinus are of benefit with respect to the culture of larvae, as successful larval rearing is possible over a fairly wide range of environmental conditions.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1988
Some aspects of the ecological structure of a segmented barrier lagoon system with particular reference to the distribution of fishes
- Authors: Hall, Colin Mark
- Date: 1985
- Subjects: Marine fishes , Aquatic animals , Fish culture , Serpentine
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5633 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004936 , Marine fishes , Aquatic animals , Fish culture , Serpentine
- Description: The Wilderness lakes system represents a segmented barrier lagoon and comprises three interconnected lakes; Rondevlei, Langvlei and Eilandvlei. The latter is further linked by the Serpentine channel to the Touw river and Wilderness lagoon. The role of these channels, as well as a sluice in the Serpentine, in structuring certain aspects of the ecology of the system was investigated. An analysis of the salt budget of the lakes suggests that the Serpentine dampens tidaI processes to such an extent that they play only a minor role in the overall budget. Furthermore, the channel between Eilandvlei and Langvlei prevents any tidal salt input to the upper lakes. Their estuarine environments are however maintained by salt inputs which occur when the mouth is closed. This unusual phenemenon means that the sluice may have a minimal effect on the salt budget of the system because it is only closed when the mouth of the lagoon is open. Environmental conditions in each of the lakes, the Touw river and Wilderness lagoon were compared in terms of their physico-chemical characteristics and submerged macrophyte communities. A principal components analysis suggests that the physico-chemical environment of each lake is similar. The Touw river however has a very different environment, whilst that of Wilderness lagoon has some similarities to both the lakes and the river. During the study macrophyte communities recovered from a major recession which occurred between 1979 and 1981 . Biomasses in excess of 1000g m⁻² were recorded in both Langvlei and Eilandvlei. In the latter however, macrophyte growth was less prolific than in the former, as some areas of the littoral supported no growth at all. Macrophyte encroachment in the channels is a major factor inhibiting water flow between the lakes. This encroachment is most severe in the Eilandvlei/Langvlei channel where macrophytes covered 80% of the channel's area.The dominant fish fauna throughout the system is composed of a marine/estuarine migratory component. In the lakes the Mugilidae and Sparidae are the most common families, whilst in the lagoon and Touw river predators such as Lichia amia and Argyrosomus hololepidotus also commonly occur. Eilandvlei serves as the initial nursery area for most migratory species. An estimated 52000 fish migrated up the Serpentine towards Eilandvlei during February 1984 . Most fish do not penetrate as far as Langvlei, and this can be related to macrophyte encroachment in the Eilandvlei/Langvlei channel. However, it is argued that should this channel be dredged and the macrophytes removed, the nursery potential of the system would not be greatly enhanced . This is because environmental heterogeneity, in association with an abundance of food in Eilandvlei, make this lake the most attractive nursery area to juvenile marine/estuarine fish.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1985