- Title
- The effect of orchard sanitation and predatory ants on the eclosion of the internal feeding pests and Oriental fruit fly, in South Africa
- Creator
- Makitla, Tshepang
- Subject
- Orchards South Africa
- Subject
- Phytosanitation
- Subject
- Citrus Diseases and pests Biological control
- Subject
- Ants
- Subject
- Insects as biological pest control agents
- Date Issued
- 2022-10-14
- Date
- 2022-10-14
- Type
- Academic theses
- Type
- Master's theses
- Type
- text
- Identifier
- http://hdl.handle.net/10962/362927
- Identifier
- vital:65375
- Description
- There are several pests of phytosanitary concern in the citrus industry in South Africa. Orchard sanitation can play an important role in suppressing the populations of these pests, however there are little data on the efficacy of sanitation techniques. Therefore, the current study investigated the effect of fruit disposal techniques and burying depths on the eclosion of the most important pests of citrus in South Africa, false codling moth Thaumatotibia leucotreta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), Mediterranean fruit fly or Medfly Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann (Diptera: Tephritidae), Natal fruit fly Ceratitis rosa Karsh (Diptera: Tephritidae), and Oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel (Diptera: Tephritidae). Abscised C. sinensis fruits were inoculated with larvae of T. leucotreta, and eggs of C. capitata, C. rosa, and B. dorsalis, before being disposed as pulped, or whole, and buried at different depths (0 cm, 5 cm, 25 cm, and 50 cm). Abundance and richness of predatory ants were monitored using pitfall traps to ascertain their effect on the mortality of the immature stages of these pests. Ceratitis capitata and C. rosa failed to eclose from the inoculated fruits disposed at different depths, however, T. leucotreta and B. dorsalis adults did eclosed. Significantly fewer B. dorsalis eclosed from fruits that were pulped in comparison to eclosion where the fruit were left whole (F (3, 16) = 11.45, P < 0.01). Furthermore, depth of burial had a significant effect on the number of eclosed adults of Drosophila sp (F (3, 112) = 3.43, P < 0.01). Burying fruits at 50 cm suppressed the eclosion of all the internal feeding pests tested. Twenty-seven thousand seventy-three individual ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) were sampled from the same plots as used above, with at least 47% and 53% sampled from plots where pulped and whole C. sinensis fruits were disposed of, respectively. The ants were identified to morphospecies which included Pheidole1, Pheidole2, Formicinae1, Formicinae2, Formicinae3, and Myrmicinae1. The disposal of the inoculated C. sinensis fruits either as pulped or whole and burying at different depths significantly suppressed and/or delayed the eclosion of either of the tested internal feeding pests of citrus. Although, predacious ants were sampled from the same treatment plots they did not affect the survival or eclosion of the tested pests, and this could be attributed to the application of the slow toxic ant bait. Therefore, based on the observed results B. dorsalis adults showed the ability to eclose from 50 cm depth where fruit was either disposed as pulped or whole, thus, citrus farmers are advised to use hammer mill that will finely crush sanitised fruit, and/or bury fruit beyond 50 cm depth to prevent the adult od this pest from eclosing.
- Description
- Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Zoology and Entomology, 2022
- Format
- computer
- Format
- online resource
- Format
- application/pdf
- Format
- 1 online resource (69 pages)
- Format
- Publisher
- Rhodes University
- Publisher
- Faculty of Science, Zoology and Entomology
- Language
- English
- Rights
- Makitla, Tshepang
- Rights
- Use of this resource is governed by the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons "Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike" License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/)
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| Thumbnail | File | Description | Size | Format | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| View Details Download | SOURCE1 | MAKITLA-MSC-TR22-169.pdf | 581 KB | Adobe Acrobat PDF | View Details Download |