Transformation in late colonial Ngqika society : a political, economic and social history of African communities in the district of Stutterheim (Eastern Cape), c.1870-1910
- Authors: Wotshela, L E
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: Xhosa (African people) -- History -- 19th century , Stutterheim (South Africa) -- History , Eastern Cape (South Africa) -- History
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2574 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002427
- Description: This study analyses the methods and policies of the colonial government which shaped Stutterheim's African communities between c.1870 and 1910. In 1870 the Stutterheim magisterial district had not yet been officially established. However, creation of the British Kaffrarian administration (1847-1865) had already ensured the entrenchment of colonial rule over the humiliated Xhosa chiefdoms west of the Kei. This work studies transformations in late colonial Ngqika society and the development of Stutterheim as a magisterial district. It analyses the entrenchment of colonial bureaucracy and changes in indigenous social, economic and political structures. In the period c.1860-1877, direct administration of the Ngqika was first attempted. While recovering from the 1856-57 cattle killing, the Ngqika were brought under colonial administration by the annexation of British Kaffraria to the Cape Colony in 1865. The thesis also examines the process and implications of the breakup and resettlement of the Ngqika location after the 1877-1878 war and the mechanisms and complications in forming a new postwar settlement. The focus then narrows to Stutterheim magisterial district (finalised in 1880), where, after the removal of the main Ngqika population to the Transkei formal structures of quitrent settlement were established around mission stations. A new form of social behaviour underpinned by principles of individualism evolved under missionary influence. Urged on by legislation that sought to intensify implementation of individual tenure, this social behaviour predominated under the new administration. Attention is also given to the allocation of farm land in the district. On part of what had once been communally owned land, an immigrant farming community originally intended strictly for whites emerged. Numerous Africans later managed to hold property in this area. An urban area with a mixed African and white population resulted where allotments initially allocated to the German Legion were later auctioned. On crown lands, leasing and purchasing was initiated. By the early twentieth century, settlement patterns were in chaos: on the mission settlements, quitrenters disobeyed settlement regulations, farms were overpopulated by tenants and interracial urban settlements faced imminent segregationist policies. By 1910 local administration was in difficulties and the Africans were becoming politically mobilised against local and colonial policies.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
- Authors: Wotshela, L E
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: Xhosa (African people) -- History -- 19th century , Stutterheim (South Africa) -- History , Eastern Cape (South Africa) -- History
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2574 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002427
- Description: This study analyses the methods and policies of the colonial government which shaped Stutterheim's African communities between c.1870 and 1910. In 1870 the Stutterheim magisterial district had not yet been officially established. However, creation of the British Kaffrarian administration (1847-1865) had already ensured the entrenchment of colonial rule over the humiliated Xhosa chiefdoms west of the Kei. This work studies transformations in late colonial Ngqika society and the development of Stutterheim as a magisterial district. It analyses the entrenchment of colonial bureaucracy and changes in indigenous social, economic and political structures. In the period c.1860-1877, direct administration of the Ngqika was first attempted. While recovering from the 1856-57 cattle killing, the Ngqika were brought under colonial administration by the annexation of British Kaffraria to the Cape Colony in 1865. The thesis also examines the process and implications of the breakup and resettlement of the Ngqika location after the 1877-1878 war and the mechanisms and complications in forming a new postwar settlement. The focus then narrows to Stutterheim magisterial district (finalised in 1880), where, after the removal of the main Ngqika population to the Transkei formal structures of quitrent settlement were established around mission stations. A new form of social behaviour underpinned by principles of individualism evolved under missionary influence. Urged on by legislation that sought to intensify implementation of individual tenure, this social behaviour predominated under the new administration. Attention is also given to the allocation of farm land in the district. On part of what had once been communally owned land, an immigrant farming community originally intended strictly for whites emerged. Numerous Africans later managed to hold property in this area. An urban area with a mixed African and white population resulted where allotments initially allocated to the German Legion were later auctioned. On crown lands, leasing and purchasing was initiated. By the early twentieth century, settlement patterns were in chaos: on the mission settlements, quitrenters disobeyed settlement regulations, farms were overpopulated by tenants and interracial urban settlements faced imminent segregationist policies. By 1910 local administration was in difficulties and the Africans were becoming politically mobilised against local and colonial policies.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
The governorship of Sir Galbraith Lowry Cole
- Authors: Scheepers, Unus
- Date: 1940
- Subjects: Cole, Galbraith Lowry, Sir, 1772-1842 , Colonial administrators -- South Africa -- Cape of Good Hope , Cape of Good Hope (South Africa) History -- 1814-1835 , Cape of Good Hope (South Africa) -- Race relations , Slaves -- Emancipation -- South Africa -- Cape of Good Hope , Xhosa (African people) -- History -- 19th century , Xhosa (African people) -- Colonization -- South Africa -- Cape of Good Hope , Khoikhoi (African people) -- History -- 19th century
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2600 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007899 , Cole, Galbraith Lowry, Sir, 1772-1842 , Colonial administrators -- South Africa -- Cape of Good Hope , Cape of Good Hope (South Africa) History -- 1814-1835 , Cape of Good Hope (South Africa) -- Race relations , Slaves -- Emancipation -- South Africa -- Cape of Good Hope , Xhosa (African people) -- History -- 19th century , Xhosa (African people) -- Colonization -- South Africa -- Cape of Good Hope , Khoikhoi (African people) -- History -- 19th century
- Description: From Conclusion: There were no great upheavals during Cole's governership, but his rule has been a very interesting study. The old order of things was coming to a close. The way was prepared under Cole for freeing of the slaves; and the old despotic rule became a thing of the past. The British Settlers agitated for and obtained a free press; thus the foundation was laid for democratic institutions. He was the first governor to lay emphasis on the necessity of municipal councils not only as a way of decreasing expenditure, but also as a school for representative government. The Boers were becoming race conscious and the present orientation of the political parties had their origin in this period, though subsequent events have made the political struggle embittered. Above all the stage was being set for the Great Trek and the opening up of the whole of the present Union of South Africa and Rhodesia ... Last but not least the native question was entering upon its modern phase. Chiefs were losing their power, they admitted that they could not control their subjects, and natives were entering the service of Europeans; not only to steal with greater impunity but also to be able to enjoy the security offered by a well organised and disciplined society.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1940
- Authors: Scheepers, Unus
- Date: 1940
- Subjects: Cole, Galbraith Lowry, Sir, 1772-1842 , Colonial administrators -- South Africa -- Cape of Good Hope , Cape of Good Hope (South Africa) History -- 1814-1835 , Cape of Good Hope (South Africa) -- Race relations , Slaves -- Emancipation -- South Africa -- Cape of Good Hope , Xhosa (African people) -- History -- 19th century , Xhosa (African people) -- Colonization -- South Africa -- Cape of Good Hope , Khoikhoi (African people) -- History -- 19th century
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2600 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007899 , Cole, Galbraith Lowry, Sir, 1772-1842 , Colonial administrators -- South Africa -- Cape of Good Hope , Cape of Good Hope (South Africa) History -- 1814-1835 , Cape of Good Hope (South Africa) -- Race relations , Slaves -- Emancipation -- South Africa -- Cape of Good Hope , Xhosa (African people) -- History -- 19th century , Xhosa (African people) -- Colonization -- South Africa -- Cape of Good Hope , Khoikhoi (African people) -- History -- 19th century
- Description: From Conclusion: There were no great upheavals during Cole's governership, but his rule has been a very interesting study. The old order of things was coming to a close. The way was prepared under Cole for freeing of the slaves; and the old despotic rule became a thing of the past. The British Settlers agitated for and obtained a free press; thus the foundation was laid for democratic institutions. He was the first governor to lay emphasis on the necessity of municipal councils not only as a way of decreasing expenditure, but also as a school for representative government. The Boers were becoming race conscious and the present orientation of the political parties had their origin in this period, though subsequent events have made the political struggle embittered. Above all the stage was being set for the Great Trek and the opening up of the whole of the present Union of South Africa and Rhodesia ... Last but not least the native question was entering upon its modern phase. Chiefs were losing their power, they admitted that they could not control their subjects, and natives were entering the service of Europeans; not only to steal with greater impunity but also to be able to enjoy the security offered by a well organised and disciplined society.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1940
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