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Clinus spatulatus, a new species of clinid fish (Perciformes: Blennoidei) from South Africa: with a modified definition of the genus Clinus

- Bennett, B A, J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology

  • Authors: Bennett, B A , J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology
  • Date: 1983-11
  • Subjects: Fishes -- South Africa -- Classification , Blenniidae -- South Africa
  • Language: English
  • Type: text , book
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/70002 , vital:29606 , Margaret Smith Library (South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB)) Periodicals Margaret Smith Library (South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB))
  • Description: Online version of original print edition of the Special Publication of the J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology; No. 29 , Clinus spatulatus sp. n. is described from 50 specimens collected from an estuary in the southwestern Cape Province, South Africa. The presence of supraorbital tentacles or papillae distinguishes Clinus and Gynutoclinus from other South African genera of the subtribe Clinidi. The new species has simple supraorbital tentacles, an intermediate condition between the well-developed, at least bifid tentacles of Clinus and the simple supraorbital papillae of Gynutoclinus. For this reason Penrith's (1969) diagnosis of Clinus is modified to include the new species as well as the monospecific Gynutoclinus thereby incorporating all South African species with supraorbital papillae or tentacles.
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  • Date Issued: 1983-11

Opistognathus margaretae, a new species of jawfish (Perciformes: Opistognathidae) from the Indian Ocean, with notes on O. nigromarginatus Rüppel and O. muscatensis Boulenger

- Smith-Vaniz, William F, J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology

  • Authors: Smith-Vaniz, William F , J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology
  • Date: 1983-11
  • Subjects: Fishes -- Indian Ocean -- Classification , Perciformes
  • Language: English
  • Type: text , book
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/70013 , vital:29607 , Margaret Smith Library (South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB)) Periodicals Margaret Smith Library (South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB))
  • Description: Online version of original print edition of the Special Publication of the J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology; No. 30 , A new species of jawfish, Opistognathus margaretae, is described from six specimens from the coasts of Kenya, Mozambique, South Africa and Madagascar. Diagnoses, synonymies and illustrations are given for O. nigromarginatus and O, muscatensis, and a key to the three species of jawfishes from southern Africa is presented.
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  • Date Issued: 1983-11

Abasebenzi bempahla manyanani

- Labour History Group

  • Authors: Labour History Group
  • Date: 1983-08
  • Subjects: Uncatalogued
  • Language: Xhosa
  • Type: text , book
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/299946 , vital:57874
  • Description: Abantu abamnyama bahlupheka ngakumbi ngokuye kusanda kobungxowankulu emZantsi Afrika. Abamhlophe abaninzi bazuze kobubungxowa nkulu. Abamhlophe babanolawulo kwinkompani zemiGodi; belawula nefaraa ezinkulu kwanamizi Mvaliso ngo- kunjalo. Abasebenzi abamhlophe emigodini ba- sebenzisa uMona ukuzuza ngokuphindwe kalishumi kunabamnyama.Kodwa ayingabobonke abamhlophe ababanelo- thamsanqa. Abanye abamhlophe babehluphekule. Belahlekana nemihlaba yabo ngokungxothwa ngo- nofama abatyebileyo. Baya ezidolophini apho bahlala ngokuhlwempuzeka okukhulu njengabobonke abamnyama. Uninzi 1walamahlwempu amhlophe yayi- ngamaBulu.Lamahlwempu amaBulu ayengafundanga engenayo na- nqeqesho ngezoshishino bafumana kunzima uku- fumana imisebenzi. Babanokwenza umsebenzi aba- ngawuqeqeshelwanga kodwa abaqeshi babewunika abemnyama bona babehlawula phantsi. uRulumente wancedisana neqaqobana lalamahlwempu amhlophe angena ngqeqesho ngokuwafunela umsebenzi kwa- Loliwe.
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  • Date Issued: 1983-08

A new species of the fish genus Pontinus (Scorpaeniformes: Scorpaenidae) from off Natal, South Africa

- Eschmeyer, William N, J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology

  • Authors: Eschmeyer, William N , J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology
  • Date: 1983-05
  • Subjects: Fishes -- South Africa , Scorpionfishes -- South Africa
  • Language: English
  • Type: text , book
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/69991 , vital:29605 , Margaret Smith Library (South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB)) Periodicals Margaret Smith Library (South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB))
  • Description: Online version of original print edition of the Special Publication of the J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology; No. 28 , Pontinus nigerimum is described as a new species, the first of this genus from the Indian Ocean. This species is known only from one specimen collected off Natal in 146 m . It is characterized by having a black band encircling the base of the long supraocular tentacles.
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  • Date Issued: 1983-05

AZASO: tribute to women

- AZASO Western Cape Region

  • Authors: AZASO Western Cape Region
  • Date: 1983?
  • Subjects: Tamana, Dora , Anti-apartheid movements -- South Africa , Women civil rights workers -- South Africa , Anti-apartheid activists -- South Africa , South Africa -- Race relations
  • Language: English
  • Type: text , book
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/66212 , vital:28918
  • Description: As women in South Africa, it is important for us to understand the nature of our oppression, for it is only after understanding it, can we identify the target of our attack and plan the appropriate strategy and tactics for our struggle. Black women in South Africa suffer three types of oppression. 1. Political oppression, which is common to all blacks in South Africa, ie. the denial of rights to vote for or choose the type of government we want, and the denial of rights as a people in South Africa. 2. Economic oppression as black workers in South Africa. Black women workers are even more exploited than men workers. They are paid lower wages for the same job, are treated as temporary staff and can be fired at anytime especially if they fall pregnant. 3. Social oppression which stems from the idea that women are born inferior to men and therefore have to play an inferior role in society. The socialization process starts at birth and women and men are geared towards certain roles in society. Men most often towards leadership positions and professional jobs and women towards household duties and secretarial jobs. This socialization process continues throughout ones life such that most people accept it as a natural phenomenon and a way of life. Having understood the forms of oppression, we can see that the struggle is not between men and women, where men are seen as the source of our oppression. Nor is it a struggle for mechanical equality between men and women ie. being paid the same wages as men, and having equal status as men in society, because this will mean equality within the present status quo. Our struggle is a struggle between womenand the existing social order. It is a struggle of the oppressed against oppression. Our main weapons in the struggle for liberation are UNITY and ORGANISATION. Unity is realised through common effort, links are forged through collective work and study, through criticism and self-critcism and through action against opression. Organization can be achieved through women's groups and organization. A women's group's first demand should be the clarification of our ideas, to get rid of miscosepts and erroneous ideas concerning the role and liberation of women. A women's group usually tackles the question of social oppresion, but more important, it must be seen as a stepping stone towards involvement in the broader struggle can we destroy the foundations of exploitative society and rebuild society on new foundations. Foundations built on the demands of the FREEDOM CHARTER. “The fundamental struggle is for national liberation of the oppressed people of South Africa, and any women's organization that stands outside this struggle must stand apart from the mass of women. What was realised by the Federation of South African Women was that it would be impossible for women to achieve their rights as women in a society in which so many fundamental rights are denied to both men and women by virtue of their colour and their class. Therefore just as there can be no revolution without the liberation of women, the struggle for women's emancipation cannot succeed without the victory of the revolution".
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  • Date Issued: 1983?

A new species of the triggerfish genus Xenobalistes matsuura (Tetradontiformes: Balistidae) from South Africa

- Heemstra, Phillip C, Smith, Margaret Mary, J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology

  • Authors: Heemstra, Phillip C , Smith, Margaret Mary , J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology
  • Date: 1983-01
  • Subjects: Fishes -- South Africa , Fishes -- Classification , Balistidae -- South Africa
  • Language: English
  • Type: text , book
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/69968 , vital:29603 , Margaret Smith Library (South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB)) Periodicals Margaret Smith Library (South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB))
  • Description: Online version of original print edition of the Special Publication of the J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology; No. 26 , Xenobalistes punctatus, the second species of the peculiar balistid genus Xenobalistes, is described from one specimen found on the beach at the mouth of the Van Stadens River, eastern Cape Province, South Africa. X. punctatus differs significantly from X. tumidipectoris Matsuura, 1981 in the number of body scale rows and spination of the anterolateral surface of the first dorsal-fin spine. The head and body of X. punctatus are dark brown, covered with numerous, small, evenly-spaced, silvery/white spots.
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  • Date Issued: 1983-01

Nelabrichthys, a new genus of labrid fish (Perciformes: Labridae) from the southern Indian and Atlantic Oceans

- Russell, Barry C, J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology

  • Authors: Russell, Barry C , J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology
  • Date: 1983-01
  • Subjects: Wrasses , Fishes -- Classification
  • Language: English
  • Type: text , book
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/69980 , vital:29604 , Margaret Smith Library (South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB)) Periodicals Margaret Smith Library (South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB))
  • Description: Online version of original print edition of the Special Publication of the J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology; No. 27 , A new monotypic genus of labrid fish, Nelabrichthys, is recognized for Labrus ornatus Carmichael, described from Tristan da Cunha in the South Atlantic. Labrichthys lantzii Sauvage and L. isleanus Sauvage from Saint-Paul Island in the southern Indian Ocean, and Platyglossus robinsoni Gilchrist and Thompson, erroneously thought to be from the Natal coast of South Africa, are junior syonyms of N. ornatus.
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  • Date Issued: 1983-01

Pteropsaron heemstrai and Osopsaron natalensis (Perciformes: Percophidae), new fish species from South Africa, with comments on Squamicreedia obtusa from Australia and on the classification of the subfamily Hemerocoetinae

- Nelson, Joseph S, J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology

  • Authors: Nelson, Joseph S , J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology
  • Date: 1982-11
  • Subjects: Fishes -- South Africa , Fishes -- Australia , Perciformes , Percophidae
  • Language: English
  • Type: text , book
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/69940 , vital:29597 , Margaret Smith Library (South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB)) Periodicals Margaret Smith Library (South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB))
  • Description: Online version of original print edition of the Special Publication of the J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology; No. 25 , Two new species of percophid fishes are described from off Natal, South Africa, Pteropsaron heemstrai from two specimens dredged at 143 m and Osopsaron natalensis from three specimens dredged at 100 m. This is the first record of a member of the subfamily Hemerocoetinae from the western Indian Ocean. The two new species belong to the lineage of closely related genera Acanthaphrites Gunther, Pteropsaron Jordan and Snyder, Osopsaron Jordan and Starks, Spinapsaron Okamura and Kishida, and Branchiopsaron McKay. A specimen of Squamicreedia obtusa Rendahl, previously known only from the damaged holotype, is described from Western Australia. It is postulated that the genera Squamicreedia Rendahl, Enigmapercis Whitley (whose range is extended to Western Australia), and Matsubaraea Taki form a closely related group in Hemerocoetinae.
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  • Date Issued: 1982-11

Problems of species definition in Lake Malawi cichlid fishes (Pisces: Cichlidae)

- Lewis, Digby S C, J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology

  • Authors: Lewis, Digby S C , J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology
  • Date: 1982-09
  • Subjects: Cichlids -- Nyasa, Lake , Fishes
  • Language: English
  • Type: text , book
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/69918 , vital:29595 , Margaret Smith Library (South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB)) Periodicals Margaret Smith Library (South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB))
  • Description: Online version of original print edition of the Special Publication of the J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology; No. 23 , The evolution of the cichlid species flock in Lake Malawi has taken place very rapidly and resulted in the proliferation of a large number of species many of which are similar to one another. This has given rise to a situation in which traditional methods of distinguishing species based on preserved specimens are often of limited value. There are many instances of different species having almost identical morphologies, of single populations of one species showing considerable morphological variation and of marked geographical intraspecific variation. Polymorphism is considered not to be as widespread as previously thought, and pronounced random intraspecific colour variation within a population is discounted. Sympatric sibling species may be distinguished by observing behavioural and habitat differences in the field, but no means has been devised for ascertaining whether morphologically and behaviourally similar allopatric forms are specifically distinct. Lack of access to fresh specimens and lack of information on distribution and habitat have resulted in numerous errors appearing in taxonomic works on Lake Malawi cichlids. Great care is needed when attempting scientific descriptions of cichlid species from the African Great Lakes, and it is suggested that such work be left to specialists with knowledge of living and fresh fish in these lakes.
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  • Date Issued: 1982-09

The distribution and identification of mormyrid fishes in Malawi, with notes on the synonymy of Marcusenius nyasensis and M. livingstonii (Mormyriformes: Mormyridae)

- Tweddle, D S C, Willoughby, N G, J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology

  • Authors: Tweddle, D S C , Willoughby, N G , J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology
  • Date: 1982-09
  • Subjects: Fishes -- Identification , Fishes -- Malawi
  • Language: English
  • Type: text , book
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/69929 , vital:29596 , Margaret Smith Library (South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB)) Periodicals Margaret Smith Library (South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB))
  • Description: Online version of original print edition of the Special Publication of the J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology; No. 24 , Electrofishing surveys throughout Malawi have increased the number of mormyrid species known to occur in the country, expanded known ranges of the species and cast doubts on some earlier records. The distribution of each of the eight recorded species is given, and a key is provided for the identification of the species. The available evidence suggests that Gnathonemus nyasensis Worthington, 1933 is a junior synonym of Marcusenius livingstonii (Boulenger, 1898) a species described from the Ruvuma River of Tanzania. Geological evidence supports fish distribution evidence that indicates links between Lake Malawi and East Coast Rivers. Some affinities are also noted between Lake Malawi and Upper Zambezi/Zaire faunas.
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  • Date Issued: 1982-09

Plotonus nkunga, a new species of catfish from South Africa, with a redescription of Plotosus limbatus Valenciennes and key to the species of Plotosus (Siluriformes: Plotosidae)

- Gomon, Janet R, Taylor, William Ralph, J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology

  • Authors: Gomon, Janet R , Taylor, William Ralph , J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology
  • Date: 1982-08
  • Subjects: Catfishes
  • Language: English
  • Type: text , book
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/69871 , vital:29590 , Margaret Smith Library (South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB)) Periodicals Margaret Smith Library (South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB))
  • Description: Online version of original print edition of the Special Publication of the J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology; No. 22 , Plotosus nkunga sp. n., from the east coast of South Africa, possibly ranging as far north as Zanzibar, is most similar to Plotosus limbatus Valenciennes, from the coasts of India, Sri Lanka, Kenya and Aldabra. Plotosus nkunga differs most notably in having fewer total gill rakers on the anterior faces of the first two arches, 16 to 21 versus 20 to 25 first arch, 16 to 24 versus 23 to 27 second arch; in having modally one more precaudal vertebra and slight modal differences in number of ribs and branchiostegal rays; in the shapes of the mesethmoid and the parapophyses of the fourth and fifth centra of the anterior complex vertebra; in the length of the maxilla; and in certain body proportions. Descriptions, annotated synonymies and illustrations are given for both species. A key to the five known species of Plotosus is presented.
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  • Date Issued: 1982-08

SASPU editorial style book

- Greaves, Duncan, Quinlan, Vicky

  • Authors: Greaves, Duncan , Quinlan, Vicky
  • Date: 1982-06
  • Subjects: Journalism -- Style manuals
  • Language: English
  • Type: text , book
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/75388 , vital:30410
  • Description: Language is the tool of the journalist. Whatever the aims of the student press, little can be achieved unless copy is written in clean, correct English. The purpose of this style guide is to suggest some guidelines for correct style. Each student newspaper must make its own decisions on the issues discussed here. Many of the points made below are discussed annually at Congress; frequently the only decision is an agreement to disagree. Once a newspaper has made a decision on style, however, that decision should be scrupulously followed. The South African student press cannot be completely consistent, but any newspaper can and should be.
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  • Date Issued: 1982-06

Majority rule: some notes

Notes on the classification and distribution of the Indo-Pacific soapfish, Belonoperca Chabanaudi (Perciformes: Grammistidae)

- Randall, John E, 1924-, Smith, Margaret Mary, Aida, Katsumi, 1944-, Rhodes University. J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology

  • Authors: Randall, John E, 1924- , Smith, Margaret Mary , Aida, Katsumi, 1944- , Rhodes University. J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology
  • Date: 1980-10
  • Subjects: Grammistidae , Perciformes
  • Language: English
  • Type: text , book
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/69860 , vital:29589 , Margaret Smith Library (South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB)) Periodicals Margaret Smith Library (South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB))
  • Description: Online version of original print edition of the Special Publication of the J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology; No. 21 , The former serranid fish Belonoperca chabanaudi Fowler & Bean, 1930 is redescribed and transferred to the Grammistidae. This species is wide-ranging in the tropical Indo-Pacific. Recent collections have provided a number of new records within this region, including South Africa, Japan and the Great Barrier Reef.
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  • Date Issued: 1980-10

The ICU

- Labour History Group

A revision of the anthiine fish genus Sacura (Perciformes: Serranidae) with descriptions of two new species

- Heemstra, Phillip C, Randall, John E, 1924-, Rhodes University. J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology

Simochromis margaretae, a new species of cichlid fish from Lake Tanganyika

- Axelrod, G S (Glen S.), Harrison, J A (James A.), Rhodes University. J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology

  • Authors: Axelrod, G S (Glen S.) , Harrison, J A (James A.) , Rhodes University. J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology
  • Date: 1978-12
  • Subjects: Simochromis margaretae , Simochromis -- Classification , Fishes -- Classification , Fishes -- Tanganyika, Lake
  • Language: English
  • Type: text , book
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/69825 , vital:29585 , Margaret Smith Library (South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB)) Periodicals Margaret Smith Library (South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB))
  • Description: Online version of original print edition of the Special Publication of the J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology; No. 19 , A new cichlid species of the endemic Lake Tanganyikan genus Simochromis is described from four specimens from Kigoma Harbour, illustrated and compared with the other five species of the genus. The new species, S. margaretae, differs from the others in having a greater caudal peduncle depth, longer anal fin spines, and a narrower mouth. The new species further differs from its closest relative, S. marginatus, in having a greater interorbital width, greater postocular head portion, longer mouth, and shorter pectoral fin.
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  • Date Issued: 1978-12

Pavoclinus myae, a new species of clinid fish (Perciformes Blennoidei) from South Africa, with a note on the identity of P. graminis and P. laurentii, and a key to the known species of Pavoclinus

- Christensen, M S (Makkel Skou), Rhodes University. J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology

  • Authors: Christensen, M S (Makkel Skou) , Rhodes University. J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology
  • Date: 1978-07
  • Subjects: Pavoclinus -- Identification , Pavoclinus myae -- Classification , Fishes -- Classification , Fishes -- South Africa -- Classification
  • Language: English
  • Type: text , book
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/69814 , vital:29584 , Margaret Smith Library (South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB)) Periodicals Margaret Smith Library (South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB))
  • Description: Online version of original print edition of the Special Publication of the J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology; No. 18 , Pavoclinus myae n.sp. is described from seven specimens collected off the eastern Cape Province, South Africa. The combination of a separate and high anterior section of the dorsal fin, a narrow caudal peduncle, vomerine teeth and fin counts separates P. myae from the eight other members of the genus. The validity of Pavoclinus graminis and P. laurentii was examined and confirmed. New distinguishing features were found, as characters previously used to differentiate these two species were unreliable.
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  • Date Issued: 1978-07

Conference on the History of Opposition in Southern Africa

- Merè, Gary

  • Authors: Merè, Gary
  • Date: 1978-01-27-30
  • Subjects: South Africa -- Politics and government -- Congresses , Government, Resistance to -- South Africa -- Congresses , Apartheid -- South Africa -- Congresses , South Africa -- Social conditions -- Congresses
  • Language: English
  • Type: text , book
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/66512 , vital:28957
  • Description: The Inkatha movement has received, large publicity over the few years since its revival and especially recently with the formation of an alliance between Inkatha, the ("Coloured") labour Party and the ("Indian") Reform Party, Thi3 paper was done to suggest a possible approach, for discussion, to the analysis of current political, ideological and economic developments in the reserve areas of the South African social formation. More specifically the paper hopes to provide information that could be relevant to an analysis of developments in the kwaZulu region. An elaboration of the hints at an approach, integration of factors relating to the stage of capitalism in the South African social formation and class struggle would have made this a more satisfactory paper for discussion. The approach adopted has to be extremely tentative at this stage, both because of the immediate and obvious problems associated with contemporary research and analysis (It is even less possible to approach the subject with "objectivity", to "distance oneself from it", than is the case with topics that can more properly be called "history") but also because of the dearth of material available on the reserve "homeland" areas and the difficult y of doing research in these areas. (Wages Commission research into conditions on wattle plantations, Cosmas Desmond and others and their work on resettlement etc., and subsequent responses to these investigations, give some idea of the sensitivity of thin work), In the first section I will introduce certain concepts relating to an analysis of the "homelands" through some recent writing on these areas. References will be to the kwaZulu region. The second section deal.3 specifically with the Inkatha movement. Information relating to this movement is provided and one issue is presented in greater detail, hut no rigorous attempt is mado to apply the mode of analysis of the first section to the issues around the position of 'Inkatha. Indicators exist but with so many dynamics operative they can be no more than that. However, I do not believe that it is possible to understand the political, economic and ideological developments in the "homelands" without keeping the questions raised in the first section in mind - and definitely impossible to come to an adequate understanding if these areas are looked at in isolation, ie if apparently "internal" events and processes are not situated within a context broadly defined by the specific stage of the development of capitalism in South Africa (monopoly dominance), and without keeping in mind the history of class struggle within the social formation. , Class formation in the South African reserve areas: Inkatha - a study
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  • Date Issued: 1978-01-27-30

Conference on the History of Opposition in Southern Africa

- Yawitch, Joanne

  • Authors: Yawitch, Joanne
  • Date: 1978-01-27-30
  • Subjects: Riots -- South Africa -- Durban , Beer -- South Africa -- Durban -- History , Women, Black -- Durban -- Economic conditions -- Congresses , Black people -- South Africa -- Durban -- Social conditions -- Congresses , Apartheid -- South Africa -- Durban -- History
  • Language: English
  • Type: text , book
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/66623 , vital:28972
  • Description: In June 1959 there were widespread riots and disturbances in the Durban African area of Cato Manor. The fundamental causes were socio-economic; arising from such factors as poor living conditions and widespread poverty. But it was the exhaustive beer-raids on illegal stills that provided a flashpoint. It was illegal for Africans to brew their own beer; instead they were obliged to purchase it from the municipal beer-halls - the money then being used for the development and administration of African facilities, (l) Amongst the inhabitants of Cato Manor and particularly amongst women who traditionally brewed the beer, this caused much dissatisfaction. However, discontent was prevented from reaching breaking -point by the police strategy of ignoring illegal brewing as long as amounts did not exceed more than k to 8 gallons, and also by only carrying out very perfunctory raids. (2) Another dimension was added to the beer-hall issue in the form of complaints by women that this was not the traditional way of doing things. They said that men should obtain beer from their women instead of frequenting the beer halls, and more importantly, by patronising the beer-halls, men were depriving their women of what little money they could have paid them. (3) In this complaint centering around the fact that an element of traditional life was being disrupted, is contained another issue of basic importance to the Natal riots in general. The policies of the government as implemented by the Durban Corporation in the case of Cato Manor meant the fragmentation of a traditional and still important social order. The economic function of the women of Cato Manor, and ass will be seen later, of most Natal women was being removed. In addition to basic deprivation it was this factor that can to a large extent be seen as the reason for the intensity and militancy of the women's attacks on the beer-halls and on Corporation property. Cato Manor was an area unique among the locations and townships of Durban. Its inhabitants had moved there in the years just after the war without any official sanction. Cato Manor was unplanned, and as a result of its spontaneous creation far less controlled and policed than any of the townships set up as a result of government planning. Because of this freedom Cato Manor was a haven for all those who were illegally in the urban areas, or whose livelihood contravened the multitude of rules and regulations governing the lives of Africans. Cato Manor's large population of shebeen queens owed its existence to this lack of control. (4) In 1958 there had been considerable discontent and unrest in Cato Manor over the attempt to implement shack-removal schemes, thereby clearing the slum and transferring much of its population to the new township of Kwa Mashu. At Kwa Mashu where rents were higher and which was also less centrally situated than Cato Manor, there was far more rigid control. Removals would have in effect meant that. Cato Manor's large illegal population, including the shebeen Queens and petty traders, would have been deprived of their livelihoods or endorsed out of the urban areas. (5) It was in this context that threats of a Typhoid epidemic in June 1959 caused the Durban Corporation to decide to radically increase and improve sanitation measures in Cato Manor, and to eliminate any conditions conducive to the breeding of flies. The refusal of the inhabitants of Cato Manor to do away with the large quantities of illegal liquor negated the health measures taken by the authorities. Finally, municipal labourers were ordered to enter Cato Manor and destroy all stills. The resentment aroused by this action caused a large group of women to march on the Booth Road Beerhall on June 17th whereupon they chased out the male customers and destroyed the beer. (6) The rioting spread rapidly to other Durban beerhalls and a large proportion of the Corporations property was destroyed. In addition, a successful beer boycott was launched. In Cato Manor violence had subsided by the beginning of July at which time it had already spread to such areas as Verulam and Umbumbulu. Six weeks after the initial rioting essential services had not yet been restored fully in Cato Manor. By the beginning of August unrest was rife in many of Natal's smaller towns as well as a large section of the rural areas.
  • Full Text:
  • Date Issued: 1978-01-27-30
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