The effect of phytocannabinoid treatment on adipogenesis and lipolysis in 3T3-L1 cells
- Authors: Ramlugon, Sonaal
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Cannabinoids , Adipose tissues , Cannabis -- Therapeutic use
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:10361 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1021072
- Description: During the 1800’s cannabis use was described as a treatment for a variety of metabolic disorders but its recreational use in the twentieth century resulted in laws which made the usage of cannabis illegal despite its medicinal properties. Cannabis usage has been reported to be useful in the treatment of Type 2 diabetes but unfortunately conflicting results are often published and its mechanism of action is still unknown. The aim of this project was to investigate the effect of phytocannabinoid treatment on adipogenesis and lipolysis in 3T3-L1 cells, to unravel their mechanism of action and also to test for potential anti-diabetic properties. The studies showed that phytocannabinoid treatment promoted higher glucose uptake and significantly less fat accumulation when compared to Rosiglitazone. Rosiglitazone is an anti-diabetic drug that has recently been withdrawn from the market since its usage has been associated with severe side effects. It was also found that during the 1800’s cannabis use was described as a treatment for a variety of metabolic disorders but its recreational use in the twentieth century resulted in laws which made the usage of cannabis illegal despite its medicinal properties. Cannabis usage has been reported to be useful in the treatment of Type 2 diabetes but unfortunately conflicting results are often published and its mechanism of action is still unknown. The aim of this project was to investigate the effect of phytocannabinoid treatment on adipogenesis and lipolysis in 3T3-L1 cells, to unravel their mechanism of action and also to test for potential anti-diabetic properties. The studies showed that phytocannabinoid treatment promoted higher glucose uptake and significantly less fat accumulation when compared to Rosiglitazone. Rosiglitazone is an anti-diabetic drug that has recently been withdrawn from the market since its usage has been associated with severe side effects. It was also found that phytocannabinoid treatment was able to reverse the insulin-resistant state of 3T3-L1 cells. The study indicates that the mechanism of action occurs at the mitochondrial level where enzymes such as succinate dehydrogenase and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase are modulated thereby affecting oxidative phosphorylation involved in the respiratory chain. In addition the effect observed with phytocannabinoid treatment is time dependent and affects the cells differently at different developmental stages. Therefore it can be concluded that phytocannabinoid treatment not only helps to maintain the balance between adipogenesis and lipolysis in 3T3-L1 cells but its use may also be helpful in the treatment of Type 2 diabetes and/or obesity-related insulin resistance.phytocannabinoid treatment was able to reverse the insulin-resistant state of 3T3-L1 cells. The study indicates that the mechanism of action occurs at the mitochondrial level where enzymes such as succinate dehydrogenase and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase are modulated thereby affecting oxidative phosphorylation involved in the respiratory chain. In addition the effect observed with phytocannabinoid treatment is time dependent and affects the cells differently at different developmental stages. Therefore it can be concluded that phytocannabinoid treatment not only helps to maintain the balance between adipogenesis and lipolysis in 3T3-L1 cells but its use may also be helpful in the treatment of Type 2 diabetes and/or obesity-related insulin resistance.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
The effect of real exchange rate volatility on export performance: evidence from South Africa (2000-2011)
- Authors: Chamunorwa, Wilson
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Monetary policy -- South Africa , Economic development -- South Africa , Foreign exchange rates -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , M Com
- Identifier: vital:11499 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1018600 , Monetary policy -- South Africa , Economic development -- South Africa , Foreign exchange rates -- South Africa
- Description: The effect of real exchange rate volatility on export performance: evidence from South Africa (2000-2011) This study sought to investigate the relationship between exchange rate volatility and export performance in South Africa. The main objective of the study was to examine the impact of exchange rate volatility on export performance in South Africa. This relationship was examined using GARCH methods. Exports were regressed against real effective exchange rate, trade openness and capacity utilisation. The research aimed to establish whether exchange rate volatility impacts negatively on export performance in the manner suggested by the econometric model. The result obtained showed that exchange rate volatility had a significantly negative effect on South African exports in the period 2000-2011.
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- Date Issued: 2014
The effect of the youth credit scheme in the Omaheke region of Namibia
- Authors: Karuuombe, Elvisia
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Youth -- Employment -- Namibia , Youth development -- Namibia , Youth -- Namibia -- Economic conditions
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/11135 , vital:26888
- Description: The primary purpose of the research project was to explore the impact the Namibian Youth Credit Scheme (NYCS) modelled on the Commonwealth Youth Scheme (CYS) is impacting the programme beneficiaries in the Omaheke Region. Namibia as a whole as well as the research locale has a high percentage of youth unemployment where most of the youth experience chronic poverty with limited opportunities to change their fortunes around. Through a qualitative research strategy, the researcher set out to investigate the level and type of impact the programme has had on the beneficiaries of the programme, as well as to ascertain the challenges and sustainability thereof. The researcher utilized the opportunity provided by one of the post-training workshops by converting it into two focus groups of fifteen participants in each. Two implementing agents (IAs) were individually interviewed to gain some insight from employees into the inner working and outlook of the workers in the NYCS programme. Lastly, ten beneficiaries were interviewed as a form of internal triangulation in sourcing credible data. The research found the programme has made a tremendous difference economically in the lives and families of beneficiaries. The programme not only improved their livelihood but it also contributed educationally to their knowledge base and skills formation. Psychologically the programme improved their social outlook generally and their political stance specifically, the latter as it pertains to the NYCS programme in particular. The study concluded by making several recommendations on how the programme could improve. These recommendations are not definitive; they are suggestive. In order for the recommendations to be conclusive, several other factors in terms of the research process would have to be considered. Even so, within its research dimension the research proved the programme to be highly effective.
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- Date Issued: 2014
The effectiveness of centralised human resource management on service delivery: a case of Bedford Hospital, Department of Health, Province of the Eastern Cape
- Authors: Ncebakazi, Frances Qalase
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPA
- Identifier: vital:11683 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1013557
- Description: The Eastern Cape Department of Health centralised Human Resource functions from the facilities to the provincial office. This according to the provincial office was to address the over expenditure on Compensation of employees that was highlighted by the Auditor General report of 2008/2009. The researcher was of the opinion that various issues of concern were over looked by the provincial office before or during the implementation of the centralisation of HRM. The primary objective of this study was to examine the effectiveness of the centralisation of HRM on service delivery in the ECDoH and Bedford hospital. The secondary objective was to find out what centralisation is and its implications. Lastly, to develop recommendations which address the outcomes of the study. Purposive sampling was used to identify key informants from Bedford hospital and the provincial office. Interview questions were used to collect data from both respondents. The study examined both responses and grouped them into themes. The findings did not imply that centralisation does not improve service delivery but have indicated a lack of service delivery focus on the part of the provincial office. The Eastern Cape Department of Health centralised Human Resource functions from the facilities to the provincial office. This according to the provincial office was to address the over expenditure on Compensation of employees that was highlighted by the Auditor General report of 2008/2009. The researcher was of the opinion that various issues of concern were over looked by the provincial office before or during the implementation of the centralisation of HRM. The primary objective of this study was to examine the effectiveness of the centralisation of HRM on service delivery in the ECDoH and Bedford hospital. The secondary objective was to find out what centralisation is and its implications. Lastly, to develop recommendations which address the outcomes of the study. Purposive sampling was used to identify key informants from Bedford hospital and the provincial office. Interview questions were used to collect data from both respondents. The study examined both responses and grouped them into themes. The findings did not imply that centralisation does not improve service delivery but have indicated a lack of service delivery focus on the part of the provincial office. The research has also revealed that amongst the challenges identified, there were those that were key challenges. The researcher was of the opinion that addressing those key generic challenges would minimise all other challenges and improve service delivery. Lack of communication on organisation strategies and lack of Monitoring and Evaluation systems were identified as key challenges that cut across the entire ECDoH. The study has recommended that the provincial office should improve on communication strategies with the facilities whenever decisions are taken. Secondly, to develop M&E systems in order to ensure that performance standards are monitored and evaluated. This according to the researcher would improve service delivery in the ECDoH and Bedford hospital.that were key challenges. The researcher was of the opinion that addressing those key generic challenges would minimise all other challenges and improve service delivery. Lack of communication on organisation strategies and lack of Monitoring and Evaluation systems were identified as key challenges that cut across the entire ECDoH. The study has recommended that the provincial office should improve on communication strategies with the facilities whenever decisions are taken. Secondly, to develop M&E systems in order to ensure that performance standards are monitored and evaluated. This according to the researcher would improve service delivery in the ECDoH and Bedford hospital.
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- Date Issued: 2014
The effectiveness of tender practises in municipal supply chain management: an exploration of two municipalities in Amathole District Municpality in the Eastern Cape province (2009-2012)
- Authors: Ngqase, S A
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/1119 , vital:26527
- Description: The tendering process is central to acquisition of public services and goods in all over South Africa. Municipalities and government institutions just like any private institution need to buy products and services in order to perform their functions effectively. But the procurement function has not been an easy one for the government with the tender process being slow and not transparent which can lead to a process of selling invoices taking up to three months, potentially destroying small businesses. The primary objective of the study therefore, is to find the causes of nepotisms, bribery, and corruption in tender practices in the two selected municipalities of the Amathole District and the factors that lead to delayed payments in the tender practices and further makes recommendations on how to eliminate such factors. The study used a mixed method approach research methodology which is a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods and included the two municipalities from the Amathole District Municipality, the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality and Nkonkobe Municipality, and used questionnaires and an interview to collect a data.
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- Date Issued: 2014
The effects of age on the worker capacity and mechanisation on the task demands in a South African manufacturing industry
- Authors: Bezuidenhout, Samantha Catherine
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Age and employment -- South Africa , Labor -- Social aspects -- South Africa , Brickmaking -- South Africa -- Automation , Brickmaking -- Social aspects -- South Africa , Brick trade -- South Africa , Aging -- Social aspects -- South Africa , Aging -- Research
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5151 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013167
- Description: The focus of the study was two-fold, firstly to determine the effect of age on the capacity of manual materials handling workers and secondly to determine the effect of increasing task mechanisation on the workers’ responses to task demands. The first component of this study, namely Part I, 101 male and 12 female ‘unskilled’ manual workers – of various ages – from a brick manufacturing industry were assessed. Anthropometric, health and strength factors were measured to improve the understanding of the South African manual worker capacity and more specifically, the effect of age on this capacity. Data collection was done between 7.30am and 9.30am in a laboratory-type setting on-site. Anthropometric characteristics (including body mass index, waist to hip ratio, waist circumference and body fat percentage) provided information on the state of obesity and the impact of age in the South African context. Linked to this, the health factors (including blood pressure, resting heart rate and a self-reported questionnaire) provide an extra snapshot of the disease profile in South Africa, and could potentially influence other capacity factors. Isometric strength capacities (of eight different areas, namely: back, leg, bicep, shoulder, pinch, pinch and pull) demonstrated whether South African manual workers show the same decline in strength with aging as seen in industrially advanced countries. The second component of the study, Part II, was performed in situ and measured the workers’ responses to task demands of three brick palletising tasks, one manual (n=21) and two with increasing mechanisation (n=12 each). Spinal kinematics, joint forces and working heart rate were assessed on normal work days during a 30-lift duration and body discomfort measures were taken at the start, middle and end of the work-shift. Spinal kinematics were measured dynamically using a lumbar motion monitor, whereas the spinal forces were estimated using the three dimensional static strength prediction program. The worker capacity results showed that waist to hip ratio, waist circumference and body fat percentage increased significantly with aging, whereas body mass index was not affected by age. All body morphology values were within ‘normal’ ranges. Although diastolic blood pressure increased significantly with age, systolic was not affected significantly by age. Both groups, however, showed an increasing prevalence of hypertension with aging. There were no significant changes in resting heart rate with aging, with a range of 66 bt.min⁻¹ to 74.86 bt.min⁻¹, therefore within normal ranges. Of the strength factors, age only affected shoulder and push strength significantly: Showing a decrease in shoulder strength from 49.89 kgF to 39.91 kgF in the men aged 20-29 to the 50-59 respectively and an increase in push strength from men aged 30-39 and 40-49 to those aged 50-59. Part II results revealed highly frequent lift rates and large degrees of sagittal flexion and lateral bending in all three tasks. These postures adopted for long durations are likely to lead to the development of musculoskeletal disorders. Heart rates of workers from the three tasks were significantly different and heart rates for two tasks were above the recommended 110 bt.min⁻¹. Similarly the body discomfort ratings of the three tasks differed, although a common trend was seen in that lower back pain was the most commonly reported area of discomfort in all tasks. South African manual materials handling males did not show the same responses to aging as men from industrially advanced countries, calling for further research into these differences. Due to the high risks of the three tasks assessed, future research and interventions are required to reduce the risk of injury in the assessed tasks.
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- Date Issued: 2014
The effects of shot peening on low cycle fatigue life of 7075-T6 aluminium alloy round bar
- Authors: Peters, Donald Michael Dirk
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Shot peening , Aluminum alloys -- Fatigue , Metals -- Fatigue
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MTech
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/2929 , vital:20364
- Description: The aim in this dissertation was to improve our understanding of the effectiveness of shot peening in prolonging fatigue life, of 7075-T6 Aluminium Alloy round bar, taking into consideration surface residual stress, microstructural and micro-hardness parameters. Three point bending, high stress, moderately low cycle, fatigue tests were conducted to study the effects of shot peening and associated surface residual compressive stresses on fatigue life. The influence of shot peening on the microstructure was explored, including the application of mechanical small plastic straining and surface skimming, to vary the surface residual compressive stresses and induce strain hardening. Tests were performed to measure residual stress-depth distribution, plastic straining, micro-hardness, and the microstructure analysed on scanning electron microscopy (SEM) fractographs. The Juvinall and Marshek life prediction model was used in conjunction with the Gerber equation for non-zero mean stress applications to generate a proposed life prediction model for this material which is user-friendly. The proposed life prediction model has a linear equation format with the flexibility to conservatively accommodate most of the various types, and combinations, of treatments applied in this research by the use of customised constants. The results show that there was good correlation between actual and predicted fatigue life as well as useful insights into the role of the microstructure in explaining fatigue life behaviour.
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- Date Issued: 2014
The effects of the labour skills shortage in the construction industry
- Authors: Vanqa, Inga Bongo
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Construction industry -- South Africa , Building trades -- Employees , Skilled labor -- South Africa , Labor supply -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:9728 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1021125
- Description: Purpose of this treatise: The aim of this research is to determine, if the skilled labour shortage has had any impact on how construction projects are executed. If there is an impact the study aims to determine the nature and extent of the problem. Design/methodology/approach: A review of related literature was conducted, mainly to ensure that existing research is not replicated, in order to generate new ideas. The quantitative research approach was applied for this research. The questionnaire was designed so that scores can be easily summed in order to obtain an overall measure of the attitudes and opinions of the respondents. Findings: The results revealed that the skilled labour shortage has a negative effect on how construction projects are executed. The results further revealed that the biggest concern amongst employers and management of construction companies was the negative impact the shortage of skilled labour has on the levels of workmanship. Research limitations: The sample (construction companies) is mostly situated in the Gauteng province of South Africa. Practical implications: The research is of importance to managers and supervisors of construction companies of all sizes. The findings of this study will assist in ensuring that projects are efficiently managed irrespective of the current skills crisis in the construction industry.
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- Date Issued: 2014
The efficacy of agricultural subsidies as social protection measures in rural Malawi
- Authors: Chikafa, Kondwani Watson
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Agricultural subsidies -- Malawi , Economic development -- Malawi , Agriculture -- Economic aspects -- Malawi
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:9248 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1021173
- Description: Social protection measures are poverty reduction interventions implemented to assist in reducing poverty shocks of communities. This study considered the Farm Input Subsidy Programme (FISP) that has been implemented in Malawi with the aim of reducing poverty amongst subsistence farmers by providing them with subsidized farm inputs. The study was conducted in the rural area of Lilongwe District, under Traditional Authority Kabudula. The study mainly focussed on the outcomes of implementing the FISP and it entails whether or not the poverty reduction intervention is really achieving its goals. Thus, the study greatly evaluates the effectiveness of subsidizing farm inputs in reducing poverty amongst households in rural communities characterised by subsistence farming. This study was mainly qualitative in nature and data was collected through interviews and Focus Group Discussions. Some quantitative data for specific trends of national indicators was collected through document. Mainly, content analysis was used to analyse the qualitative data and descriptive statistical analysis with the aid of Microsoft Excel was engaged to analyse the quantitative data. The study found that that FISP assist in household food security only in the short term. Among the reasons cited, the package size received by households has become smaller with sharing tendencies that have been devised to help households that do not receive the inputs or qualify to receive them. This practice is compromising the agricultural productivity in terms of quantities as it lasts only in the short-term before the next harvest. When households’ food reserves are depleted, households become food insecure and poverty sets in again. The study thus reveals that FISP implementation is not operating as a sustainable programme as its intended goal is not being achieved in the long-term. The study also found that coupled with the fact that there is no clear policy guidelines on graduation and that there is continued benefitting of the same beneficiaries, FISP is nowhere close to its phasing-out stage in social protection perspective.
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- Date Issued: 2014
The efficacy of revenue collection strategies in local government: the case of Yei River County, South Sudan
- Authors: Logoro, John Mogga Ezekiel
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/1092 , vital:26526
- Description: The study explores the Efficacy of Revenue Collection Strategies in Local Government as a Public Sector management tool for service provision in Yei River County – Republic of South Sudan. The main research question being pursued sought to find out the extent to which Revenue collection strategies can be an effective tool for public sector management and service provision in Yei River County. The study used both quantitative data (obtained through questionnaire survey) and qualitative data (through in-depth responses from County staff). The findings of the study seem to indicate that ineffective revenue collection strategies are being utilised by the local government officials. Some members of the communities and traders were still ignorant as to why they should be paying taxes which makes many of them to evade paying taxes. The study also reveals some challenges such as corrupt practices, poverty and illiteracy as some of the hindrances to effective revenue collection. However, there is a degree of success in revenue collection in the County as evidenced by the ongoing development activities such as urban road repairs which were financed by local taxes. A lot needs to be done in order to improve revenue collection in this County of Yei River County if services are to be delivered effectively and efficiently to the people. It is therefore strongly recommended that there is a need to put in place good educative measures to ensure that the citizens are informed about why they should be paying taxes to the County other than evading taxes and above all, the County need to strengthen the County Revenue Authority for better revenue collection.
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- Date Issued: 2014
The endocannabinoid system in inflammatory bowel system
- Authors: Ababio, Frank James Kweku
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Inflammatory bowel diseases , Gastrointestinal system , Gastrointestinal system -- Diseases
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:10346 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020338
- Description: Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) constitute the two major forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which are disorders of chronic inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract that are associated with significant morbidity and socioeconomic burden. IBD patients with long-standing intestinal inflammation are more prone to developing colorectal cancer (CRC). Until now, none of the existing IBD treatments is able to heal the mucosal ulcerations satisfactorily. The endocannabinoid system (ECS), which comprises of endogenous cannabinoid ligands, their receptors, and metabolic enzymes, has been implicated in gut homeostasis, visceral sensation, inflammation and gastrointestinal motility. Available studies in rodent models of IBD suggest that enhancing the ECS tone may reduce inflammation and improve mucosal integrity. This evidence indicates that the components of the ECS seem well positioned to exert a protective role in IBD and also to offer a great opportunity for therapeutic exploitation. Despite the role of the ECS in the gut, the presence and function of the components of the ECS is not well characterised in human IBD. The primary aim of the study was to investigate the state of the major components of the ECS in human IBD and to establish whether IBD is associated with any changes of the components of the ECS. Cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors, enzymes for endocannabinoid biosynthesis PLC, “LRAT”, NAPE-PLD and DAGL, and endocannabinoid metabolic enzymes FAAH and MAGL were analysed from colonic tissue samples of CD, UC and control patients by reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) to determine the relative mRNA expression of the above genes. The RT-qPCR analysis showed that the mRNA expression of PLC, LRAT, and NAPE-PLD were unchanged in both CD and UC, whiles DAGL mRNA was decreased in UC but was unchanged in CD. The endocannabinoid degradation enzymes, FAAH mRNA expression was also unchanged in CD but decreased in UC, whereas the mRNA expression of MAGL was significantly decreased in both CD and UC. NAPE-PLD/FAAH and DAGL/MAGL ratios, an estimation of the balance of AEA and 2-AG levels, showed that AEA and 2-AG levels could be increased and unchanged, respectively, in IBD. The mRNA expression of CB1 was significantly decreased in CD and UC whilst CB2 mRNA expression was unchanged in both forms of IBD. The study demonstrated that the components of the ECS which were investigated were present in colonic tissues of both IBD patients and healthy individuals, but they appear to be off balance in CD and UC patients. The decreased CB1 receptors in IBD patients could be an important modifier in the disease and could also provide a possible pathoaetiological mechanism linking IBD and CRC. Although these findings look promising, more studies with larger sample size are required to characterise the components of the ECS in human IBD.
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- Date Issued: 2014
The enforcement of the right of access to adequate housing in South Africa: a lesson for Lesotho
- Authors: Pule, Sesinyi Edwin
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Housing -- Law and legislation -- South Africa , Housing -- Law and legislation -- Lesotho
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , LLM
- Identifier: vital:11122 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1016249 , Housing -- Law and legislation -- South Africa , Housing -- Law and legislation -- Lesotho
- Description: South Africa is one of the countries with a very horrifying history. However, in the dawn of democratic governance, a worldly admirable constitution was brought into picture. The 1993 and 1996 South African Constitutions entrenched an elaborate Bill of Rights with provisions empowering courts to grant “appropriate relief and to make “just and equitable” orders. Happily, the Bill of Rights included justiciable and enforceable socio-economic rights. Amongst them, there is a right of access to adequate housing, for which this work is about. South Africa is viewed as a country with developed jurisprudence in the enforcement of socio-economic rights, hence it has been used as a lesson for Lesotho. Lesotho is still drowning in deep blue seas on enforcement of socio-economic rights either because the constitution itself hinders the progress thereon or because the parliament is unwilling to commit execute to the obligations found in the socio-economic rights filed. This work scrutinizes many jurisdictions and legal systems with a view to draw lively examples that may be followed by Lesotho courts towards enforcing housing rights. Indian and South African jurisprudences epitomize this notion.
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- Date Issued: 2014
The epibiotic relationship between mussels and barnacles
- Authors: Bell, Caroline Margaret
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Epibiosis , Mussels -- Ecology -- South Africa , Mussels -- Behavior -- South Africa , Mussels -- Habitat -- South Africa , Barnacles -- Ecology -- South Africa , Barnacles -- Behavior -- South Africa , Barnacles -- Habitat -- South Africa , Perna -- Behavior -- South Africa , Mytilus galloprovincialis -- Behavior -- South Africa , Marine biodiversity -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5847 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1011460 , Epibiosis , Mussels -- Ecology -- South Africa , Mussels -- Behavior -- South Africa , Mussels -- Habitat -- South Africa , Barnacles -- Ecology -- South Africa , Barnacles -- Behavior -- South Africa , Barnacles -- Habitat -- South Africa , Perna -- Behavior -- South Africa , Mytilus galloprovincialis -- Behavior -- South Africa , Marine biodiversity -- South Africa
- Description: Epibiosis is an ecological relationship that has been described as one of the closest possible associations in marine ecosystems. In the space limited rocky intertidal, mussel beds provide important secondary space for barnacles. The epibiotic relationship between mussels and barnacles on the south-east coast of South Africa was considered at different scales, from large-scale, natural patterns of epibiosis on the rocky shore, to fine-scale settlement choices of barnacles and the effects on the condition and growth rates of individual mussels. Mussel and barnacle assemblages were generally stable over a 12-month period. The tracking of individual mussels with and without barnacle epibionts resulted in a significant increase in mortality rate of mussels with epibionts over 12 months (two-way ANOVA, p = 0.028). Barnacles on rocks, as well as on mussels, were also tracked with no significant effect of substratum on mortality of barnacles (two-way ANOVA, p = 0.119). Prevalence and intensity of barnacle infestations was also examined in relation to coastline topography on two co-occurring mussel species, the indigenous Perna perna and invasive Mytilus galloprovincialis. The results were complex, but bay status had significant effects on prevalence and intensity for both mussel species, depending on the time and zone. The effect of bay in relation to time was particularly relevant for M. galloprovincialis (four-way nested ANOVA, Season X Site(Bay): p = 0.0002), where summer prevalence was higher than that of winter in bays, regardless of zone, while in open coast sites, the effect of season was only significant in the mid zone. Patterns of intensity generally showed higher values in summer. Substratum preference by barnacles was investigated by recording settlement, survival and mortality of Chthamalus dentatus barnacles on various treatments. There was a strong preference for the rock-like plastic substratum by primary settlers (pair-wise tests of PERMANOVA: Dead < Rock mimic (p = 0.0001); Replica < Rock mimic (p = 0.019) and Live < Rock mimic (p = 0.0001)). This indicates that barnacles settle on mussel shells only as a secondary choice and that micro-topography is an important variable in barnacle settlement. The effect of barnacle epibiosis on condition index and growth of P. perna and M. galloprovincialis was also examined as a direct indication of the health of mussels subjected to the biological stress of epibiosis. Although not significant (PERMANOVA: P. perna: p(perm) = 0.890; M. galloprovincialis: p(perm) = 0.395), growth for both mussel species was slower for barnacle-infested individuals in summer, which is the main growing season for mussels in the region. Results from condition index calculations, however, showed no negative impacts of epibiotic barnacles (three-way ANCOVA: P. perna: p = 0.372; M. galloprovincialis: p = 0.762). Barnacle epibionts create a new interface between the mussel and its environment and this interaction can affect other members of the community. The possibility of the barnacle epibiont causing increased drag also needs further investigation. Biological processes operating within a wide range of physical stressors drive the interactions on the rocky shore, such as epibiosis. Overall, the results of this study suggest that the epibiotic relationship between mussels and barnacles on the south-east coast of South Africa does not significantly affect the mussel species present and that barnacles only use mussel shells as a secondary choice of substratum.
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- Date Issued: 2014
The evolution of the function and role of finance within the current South African business envionment
- Authors: Sonjica, Siphokazi Nondumiso
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Business enterprises -- Finance , Industrial management -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: vital:8925 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1021144
- Description: The objective of this study was to determine the extent to which the finance function has evolved from being mere transactional – into one being more value-adding and business-partnering. The main focus of this study is on the role of finance as a business partner. Its main function is to add value to the business and the operations, and to offer the required support, in order for management to be able to make the right decisions. In this role, finance is regarded as part of the management team – and not just an external support function providing number ‘crunching’ – but a member that provides valuable input in the processes that the business follows. They become an in-house consultant for the business, thereby providing technical knowledge, which is aligned to the manner in which the business conducts its operations. The activities that are to be done by finance in this role comprise the following: Alignment of the functions of finance with those of the business, and what is thereby required; Providing information to the business on a timely basis; Providing information that assists and is relevant in the decision-making process of the business; Having a balance between providing governance support, as well as ensuring adequate control of the assets of the organisation. Reducing non-value adding activities that can be outsourced, such as standard reports, which can be developed and housed within a linked IT system. In order to be able to perform these activities effectively, there needs to be adequate support from the organisation’s IT environment, where standard templates can be developed, which are linked, and which lead to the availability of time for the analysis of the data. The resources also needs to have the required soft skills – of which communication and the ability to influence are important aspect – as there would be times when the people in operations would need to align their business decisions to the right finance decision – without becoming an obstruction to the business. A survey was carried out involving the accountants, whose role was to support the business in the South African environment, and which provided information on the following research questions: (i) Are finance professionals moving towards becoming business partners and away from transactional back-office work? (ii) What are the main reasons for the lack of transformation of the finance function? (iii) Is the size of the organisation a factor in its transformation? (iv) Does the fact that a company is a multinational or a South African organisation have any impact on the transition? The results of the survey were used to draw a conclusion on the extent of the change in the role of finance. The research concluded that there had been some change in the role that finance was performing in regard to the business. However, there were still areas where more could be done to move the change along, and to arrive at a position where finance becomes a full business partner.
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- Date Issued: 2014
The expanded public works programme in Setsoto Municipality
- Authors: Moholi, Teboho Daniel
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Community development -- South Africa -- Ficksburg , Public works -- South Africa -- Ficksburg , Job creation -- South Africa -- Ficksburg
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/6379 , vital:21080
- Description: The Expanded Public Works Programme (EPWP) has been seen by government as a poverty-alleviation initiative in which many South Africans receive training and temporary employment that assist them in enhancing their employability. This has been seen in many rural communities as assisting with development of the community. It has been emphasize that this programme boosts the local economy while at the same time providing much needed financial support to those that are faced with lack of community development and unemployment. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the programme on community upliftment, with particular reference to community perceptions of the programme and training that is offered within the programme itself. Challenges with the implementation and execution of the programme were explored, in order to develop recommendations that will enhance the effectiveness of the programme within the local municipality. The literature study included interviews with key informants involved directly with the programme in the local municipality. A descriptive research approach within a qualitative paradigm was adopted for the study. Data was collected mainly from secondary sources. The findings of the study indicate that the Expanded Public Works Programme is the main source of employment within the local municipality, benefiting not only the beneficiaries involved in the programme, but also the community as a whole. The beneficiaries in the local area are able to sustain their needs through participating in the programme, and the community becomes safer and cleaner, with income being brought into families by participants in the programme. However, the local municipality is not achieving its set targets, and there is evidence of a lack of skills development and misuse of the beneficiaries by the local municipality officials, which is causing the programme to be ineffective.
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- Date Issued: 2014
The experiences, challenges, motivations and coping strategies of informal caregivers in a Grahamstown township
- Authors: Ntshobane, Zephania Zingqi Zongamele
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Caregivers -- South Africa -- Grahamstown , Caregivers -- Psychology , Volunteers -- South Africa -- Grahamstown , Voluntarism -- Psychological aspects , Adjustment (Psychology)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:3236 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013171
- Description: The health care system in South Africa is currently under strain and it does not cater for everyone's needs. This has left a gap in society whereby you will find that the poor citizens of the country are not being catered for in terms of getting access to adequate healthcare. With this existing gap, there are Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in some of the poor communities in the country. These NGOs have volunteer caregivers who go around the community and taking care of the sick people. Research has often ignored these volunteer caregivers, this current research study investigated the experiences of these volunteer caregivers. The goals of the research study were to investigate the experiences of the caregiver, the motivations of the caregivers and the challenges that they encounter and how they cope with the challenges that arise while performing their caregiving duties. The study was based on the phenomenological paradigm. This paradigm believes that the subjective experience of the individual is an essential source of information. In-depth interviews were conducted with the four participants who took part in the study. An interview guide was utilised to help guide the interview process. Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was used in analysing the data. IPA is a way of analysing data, which investigates how a person, in a given setting understands an experience. The findings showed that the caregivers had both negative and positive experiences. They experienced the care recipients as being appreciative of them. However, they experienced the family members of the care recipients as being uncaring; financial constraints were also a negative experience. Several challenges were stated by the participants, including a lack of government support, alcohol abuse by the care recipients and challenging working conditions. The participants were motivated to volunteer as caregivers by a number of things. Altruistic motivation was the first, which included the love for the community and the poverty in the community. Reciprocity was another motivating factor, as well as religious duty and career advancement. In this research study there was one coping strategy that came out; the participants stated that they seek advice and consult with someone or go for supervision within the organization when they are faced with a difficult situation. The findings in the research study were similar to those found in previous research. One notably different finding was that in previous research, the caregivers have been found to abuse alcohol in order to cope with stress. However, in this research study, the care recipients are the ones who are abusing alcohol. The research recommends that the government assists the informal caregivers, either financially or with infrastructure.
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- Date Issued: 2014
The extent to which selected management accounting techniques are practised by SMEs in Nelson Mandela Bay
- Authors: Korkie, Waven Merchan
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Managerial accounting Small business -- Accounting
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MTech
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/45792 , vital:38990
- Description: The aim of this study is to investigate the extent to which selected management accounting techniques are practised by small-medium enterprises (SMEs) in Nelson Mandela Bay. Management accounting techniques can be described as the information and methods management use for decision-making in order to operate the business more effectively. Management accounting research has focused on large companies over the years. Limited research exists with regards to the practises of management accounting techniques within SMEs and the extent to which it is used. It is widely accepted that SMEs are an important part of most economies and contribute significantly in economic terms. This study outlines the selected management accounting techniques, and highlights the importance of management accounting within SMEs. This study appropriately considered a quantitative method, by using a self-administered questionnaire for the primary objective of the study. The designated population, who was surveyed, included the financial manager, management accountant or skilled accounting staff members within SMEs. Purposive sampling was considered, which consisted of the database of Nelson Mandela Bay Chamber of Commerce, Business Partners and Transnet, all of which work closely with SMEs in Nelson Mandela Bay. The study obtained 53 responses from 126 SMEs targeted. However, only 50 responses were usable. The main findings of the study reveal that SMEs are neutral with regards to the usage of the selected management accounting techniques, which means that to some extent the selected management accounting techniques are used, and to another extent it is not used. Conclusions with regard to the extent to which SMEs use the selected management accounting techniques, cannot be generalised, and further research is recommended. However, this research can be used as a basis for future research.
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- Date Issued: 2014
The factors affecting the retention of talent at an industrial development zone in the Eastern Cape
- Authors: Ntoyakhe, Nomandla Dorothy
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Employee retention -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Job satisfaction -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Employee motivation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Labor turnover -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/6170 , vital:21045
- Description: The retention of knowledge workers has become an increasing challenge both locally and internationally. This study focusses on the factors contributing to the retention of knowledge workers at an Industrial Development Zone in the Eastern Cape. The aim of the study was to investigate the factors that would facilitate the retention of knowledge workers in the IDZ. This was explored through the employee value proposition framework which includes affiliation, career development, work content, compensation, company benefits, work-life balance and performance and recognition. The sample consisted of 30 employees from the IDZ from all business units. Three categories of employee levels were selected namely the executive managers, managers and specialists and professionals. Thematic analysis was used to analyse data which was gathered through semi-structured interviews. The literature reviewed explored the various retention strategies used by organisations. From the literature review it is realised that employee retention strategies vary from one organisation to another. In most cases they are very similar. Although this is the case, not all strategies will work for all organisations, each organisation requires preferred and unique strategies for its employees. The findings indicate that the majority of employees were satisfied with the employee value proposition dimensions in the organisation. The exceptional areas of satisfaction were retirement benefits, career development, performance recognition, relationships with colleagues, health benefits, relationships with direct manager or supervisor and relationships generally within the organisation. Areas of dissatisfaction were also raised on long service incentives, autonomy to do work, relationships with other business units and the performance review process. In order to retain employees at the IDZ, it is recommended that the organisation should focus on enhancing long service incentives. It is also recommended that employees should be given greater autonomy to do their work. Relationships with business units also need to be strengthened. Work-life balance of employees and performance review process also need to be revised.
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- Date Issued: 2014
The feasibility of reintroducing African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) into the Great Fish River Nature Reserve, Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Authors: Page, Samantha Karin
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Great Fish River Nature Reserve (South Africa) , African wild dog -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Population biology -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , African wild dog -- Reintroduction -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , African wild dog -- Population viability analysis -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5915 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1016078
- Description: With a declining population of roughly 3000-5000 individuals in Africa, African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) are one of the most endangered carnivores in the world. As the global human population expands, it is becoming increasingly unlikely that large portions of land will be set aside for conservation, especially in developing countries. Thus, recent wild dog conservation efforts in South Africa have concentrated on establishing a managed metapopulation. A metapopulation is a group of geographically isolated subpopulations of a species that are managed (using supplementation and harvesting) to mimic natural gene flow. The Great Fish River Nature Reserve (GFRNR) in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa has been identified as a potential reserve to become part of the national wild dog metapopulation. My research aimed to conduct a feasibility assessment of the long-term (~ 25 years) success of a wild dog reintroduction into the GFRNR. This assessment included biological modelling of wild dogs and their expected prey, and determining the potential anthropogenic threats to wild dogs on the private and communal land surrounding the reserve. I used VORTEX population modelling and determined that the GFRNR is likely to have a wild dog carrying capacity of ~22 individuals. Using a 25-year modelling simulation, the most appropriate wild dog reintroduction scenario would be to reintroduce six females and four males initially and supplement the population with one female and two males in years 3, 10, 15 and 23. In addition, the harvesting/removal of one male and one female in years 10 and 20 would be required to ensure 100% population persistence and adequate genetic diversity. Kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) and bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) are expected to be the two most important prey species for reintroduced wild dogs in the GFRNR. Furthermore, wild dogs are likely to prefer the north-western and south-western sectors of the reserve because of the relatively high prey densities in these areas. However, regular monitoring of both the potential prey and the wild dog populations is essential to ensure persistence of the wild dogs and to prevent prey populations decreasing precipitously. Using structured questionnaire interviews (n = 128), I found that while neighbouring land owners and local communities were generally positive about the potential wild dog reintroduction (56 % of all respondents), several threats to wild dogs were identified along the reserve boundary and on the adjoining unprotected land. Some private landowners and members of rural communities around the reserve (34 %) stated that they would kill any wild dogs that dispersed onto their land. In addition, some respondents (8 %) admitted to believing in traditional uses for wild dog products (e.g. fur) which could result in the illegal killing of wild dogs outside of the GFRNR for traditional purposes. Poaching and the presence of unvaccinated domestic dogs on neighbouring land were also identified as being potential threats to a reintroduced wild dog population. However, such anthropogenic threats appear to be localised to the western and southern boundaries of the reserve. Therefore, by implementing preventative measures (such as anti-snare collars, anti-poaching patrols and vaccination against rabies and canine distemper) the likelihood of such threats occurring can be reduced. I conclude that the GFRNR can sustain a population of wild dogs and successfully contribute to South Africa‘s national metapopulation. An additional reserve will benefit the country‘s metapopulation by increasing the number of wild dogs available for translocation, thereby increasing genetic diversity and overall resilience (to environmental change, disease etc.) of South Africa‘s wild dog population. This will contribute towards the future conservation of this endangered species.
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- Date Issued: 2014
The framing of China in Nigeria : an analysis of the coverage of China's involvement in Nigeria by Thisday newspaper
- Authors: Umejei, Emeka Lucky
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Thisday (Nigeria) , Nigeria -- Foreign economic relations -- China , China -- Foreign economic relations -- Nigeria , Journalism -- Nigeria , Journalism -- Political aspects -- Nigeria , Nigerian newspapers -- Objectivity , Social responsibility of business -- Nigeria
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:3525 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1012974
- Description: This study identified the media frames that dominate Thisday newspaper's coverage of China's engagement with Nigeria and relate these frames to frame sponsors, who articulate and contest these framings. Frame analysis is applied to a sample of 40 news, feature and opinion articles between the sample period of 1 November 2011 and 31 December 2012. The study analysed media content from Thisday newspapers, drawing on the four dimensions of frames identified by Entman: define problems, diagnose causes, evaluate causal agents and their effects, and recommend treatment (Entman 1993). Using an inductive approach to frame analysis, the study identified two overarching mega frames, contested among the ruling elites who sponsor their views on China in the media, which define China's engagement with Nigeria; partner/role model and predator. The two mega frames mirror the broad characterisation prevalent in the academic literature on China in Africa. The primary partner/role model mega frame constructs China's engagement with Nigeria as a mutually beneficial economic partnership while on the other hand the predator mega frame constructs it as unequal and exploitative. The study identified the activities of frame sponsors who are articulating and promoting their views on China's engagement with Nigeria in the media as primarily responsible for these framings. The study also identified the activities of frame sponsors (ruling and economic elites) was key to the exclusion of ordinary peoples' voices, civic organisations, trade unions and human rights organisation in the text. However, the study also attributes the exclusion of ordinary voices, human rights, democracy and civic engagements in the text to the weakness of Thisday journalism in mediating the framings of China being promoted and articulated by elite frame sponsors. This is, however, symptomatic of the fault lines of journalism practice in Nigeria.
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- Date Issued: 2014