A common currency for countries within the economic community of West African states
- Authors: Djessou, Oze Marie Pascale
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Economic Community of West African States , Africa, West -- Economic integration , Africa -- Economic conditions
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPhil
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/22027 , vital:29814
- Description: While the West African sub-region has progressed in its efforts to achieve sustainable development, more intensive efforts are needed to address its developmental constraints. Among these constraints, the fragmentation of the sub-continent into small and landlocked countries remain one of the structural challenges to be faced. For this reason, strengthening regional co-operation and economic integration is a significant part in the improvement of the region’s economic performance. Monetary integration, which involves the use of a common currency within the area, is part of the process of economic integration. This study reflects upon the difficulties experienced by countries within the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) without a common currency to facilitate economic growth and development. The study adopted a descriptive methodology and embarked on a thorough analysis of recent and relevant secondary sources. This was done in order to determine the expected effects of a common currency in the community, as well as to evaluate the viability of a single currency in the area. The findings indicate that there are potential gains expected from the establishment of a common currency in the relevant community of countries. These gains are contingent upon the meeting of a number of preconditions. These conditions include, inter alia, the need for a multidimensional approach to regionalism, the sustainability of the fiscal policy framework in the region and a greater convergence of the ECOWAS economies.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Djessou, Oze Marie Pascale
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Economic Community of West African States , Africa, West -- Economic integration , Africa -- Economic conditions
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPhil
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/22027 , vital:29814
- Description: While the West African sub-region has progressed in its efforts to achieve sustainable development, more intensive efforts are needed to address its developmental constraints. Among these constraints, the fragmentation of the sub-continent into small and landlocked countries remain one of the structural challenges to be faced. For this reason, strengthening regional co-operation and economic integration is a significant part in the improvement of the region’s economic performance. Monetary integration, which involves the use of a common currency within the area, is part of the process of economic integration. This study reflects upon the difficulties experienced by countries within the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) without a common currency to facilitate economic growth and development. The study adopted a descriptive methodology and embarked on a thorough analysis of recent and relevant secondary sources. This was done in order to determine the expected effects of a common currency in the community, as well as to evaluate the viability of a single currency in the area. The findings indicate that there are potential gains expected from the establishment of a common currency in the relevant community of countries. These gains are contingent upon the meeting of a number of preconditions. These conditions include, inter alia, the need for a multidimensional approach to regionalism, the sustainability of the fiscal policy framework in the region and a greater convergence of the ECOWAS economies.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
A critical appraisal of 21st century peacebuilding in post-colonial Africa
- Authors: Kepe, Lukhanyo
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Peace-building -- Africa -- 21st century , Conflict management -- Africa Africa -- Politics and government Peacekeeping forces -- Developing countries
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPhil
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/30726 , vital:31035
- Description: This study presents a critical appraisal of 21st century peacebuilding in Africa predicated on the evasive nature of peace and development on the continent. Peacebuilding and development initiatives have tended to be unsustainable and post-conflict states have tended to revert to conflict shortly after transitions. This reversion is a cause for concern as the continent has made concerted efforts in establishing organisations and invested large sums of funds in ensuring that the prevalence of conflict and subsequent issues culminating from the instability of conflict-ridden nations diminish. Peacebuilding in Africa remains a field that is continually scrutinised due to the nuanced nature of conflict which occurs in the continent. These include, inter alia, the historically Eurocentric nature of conflict resolution endeavours of the contemporary society which subjects Africa towards being aspirants of modernity in perpetuity through peacebuilding efforts that embody conflict resolution methods that overlook the antecedents of the conflict; an endemic cycle that is erroneous to the efforts of bringing peace that is sustainable. Moreover, although there is an extensive body of work pertaining to understanding of sustainable peace, which focusses mostly on the political economy of conflict resolution and peacebuilding, it has been identified that not many studies have been done in a way which seeks to address the Eurocentric epistemologies, philosophies and practices which may affect peacebuilding in conflict ridden ‘post-colonial’ African states. Thus, the analytical perspective of the study will be to explore the orientation of ‘coloniality’ and ‘subjectivity’ in the field and attempt to bring in a decolonial perspective to the debates on conflict and peace in Africa. Quintessential to the author was the prevalence and reoccurrence of conflict in Africa, a pertinent feature which resulted to the development of this study. Moreover, the author undertook the journey which sought to unravel the nuanced nature in which conflict manifests in an African context, as well as seeking to establish sustainable methods of resolving conflict. By analysing various efforts and existing methods of peacebuilding, the author aims to find the problem to the cause which leads conflict ridden states to revert to conflict. The study is fundamentally premised on the theoretical and analytical critic of conflict resolution in Africa.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Kepe, Lukhanyo
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Peace-building -- Africa -- 21st century , Conflict management -- Africa Africa -- Politics and government Peacekeeping forces -- Developing countries
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPhil
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/30726 , vital:31035
- Description: This study presents a critical appraisal of 21st century peacebuilding in Africa predicated on the evasive nature of peace and development on the continent. Peacebuilding and development initiatives have tended to be unsustainable and post-conflict states have tended to revert to conflict shortly after transitions. This reversion is a cause for concern as the continent has made concerted efforts in establishing organisations and invested large sums of funds in ensuring that the prevalence of conflict and subsequent issues culminating from the instability of conflict-ridden nations diminish. Peacebuilding in Africa remains a field that is continually scrutinised due to the nuanced nature of conflict which occurs in the continent. These include, inter alia, the historically Eurocentric nature of conflict resolution endeavours of the contemporary society which subjects Africa towards being aspirants of modernity in perpetuity through peacebuilding efforts that embody conflict resolution methods that overlook the antecedents of the conflict; an endemic cycle that is erroneous to the efforts of bringing peace that is sustainable. Moreover, although there is an extensive body of work pertaining to understanding of sustainable peace, which focusses mostly on the political economy of conflict resolution and peacebuilding, it has been identified that not many studies have been done in a way which seeks to address the Eurocentric epistemologies, philosophies and practices which may affect peacebuilding in conflict ridden ‘post-colonial’ African states. Thus, the analytical perspective of the study will be to explore the orientation of ‘coloniality’ and ‘subjectivity’ in the field and attempt to bring in a decolonial perspective to the debates on conflict and peace in Africa. Quintessential to the author was the prevalence and reoccurrence of conflict in Africa, a pertinent feature which resulted to the development of this study. Moreover, the author undertook the journey which sought to unravel the nuanced nature in which conflict manifests in an African context, as well as seeking to establish sustainable methods of resolving conflict. By analysing various efforts and existing methods of peacebuilding, the author aims to find the problem to the cause which leads conflict ridden states to revert to conflict. The study is fundamentally premised on the theoretical and analytical critic of conflict resolution in Africa.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
An assessment of civil society peace building efforts in the Democratic Republic of Congo
- Authors: Tunda, Kitenge
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Peace-building -- Democratic Republic of Congo , Peacekeeping forces -- Developing countries Conflict management -- Developing countries
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPhil
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/35852 , vital:33853
- Description: During the Rwandan genocide, from April to July 1994, more than two million Rwandans, including Hutu extremists who feared retribution, fled to neighbouring countries. The majority of people who took refuge in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC, known until May 1997 as Zaire) were located in North and South Kivu provinces. Tensions grew between DRC and Rwanda governments due to the use of refugee camps in North Kivu as rear bases by Hutu extremists to attack, destabilise and regain control of power in Rwanda (Leeuwen, 2008: 400). In 1996, a group of four political parties [the Council of Resistance for Democracy, the Revolutionary Movement for the Liberation of Congo, the Democratic Alliance of the People and the Party of the Peoples' Revolution] founded the Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo (AFDL) to pursue regime change in DRC [First Congo war]. Mobutu’s 32 years of bad governance had transformed DRC into one of the poorest countries in the world despite its abundant wealth in natural resources. A deadly conflict erupted in 1998 [Second Congo war], in which several armed rebel groups supported by neighbouring countries sought to overthrow the regime of President Kabila. In 1999, a cease-fire agreement was signed in Lusaka, Zambia which paved the way for the deployment of UN peacekeeping troops. An inter-Congolese dialogue was convened in 2002 in South Africa. As a result of the dialogue, the war ended [sporadic conflicts continued] and a new transitional government of national unity was formed in June 2003. President Joseph Kabila, who was declared winner of the 2006 presidential elections, promised to restore peace and security in the Kivu provinces. But, after more than 10 years, the root causes of the conflict have not been resolved in South Kivu. The province still faces violence perpetrated by armed rebel groups, human insecurity, human rights violations and economic decline; all these issues have compromised the relative peace that local people have had for a couple of years. The treatise identifies, through a literature and documentary analysis, some local and external Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) which have been advocating, supporting and recommending post-conflict reconstruction and development (PCRD) in South Kivu. The concept of Peacebuilding has been one of the core objectives of dozens of actors in South Kivu. The aim of this treatise is to assess local CSOs’ efforts in building peace in South Kivu. The author has evaluated their capacities in resolving the root causes of conflicts, building capacity of communities through training, delivering humanitarian assistance to vulnerable people, and working towards a sustainable and lasting stability in the province. This treatise’s objectives are aimed at assessing the works and challenges of local non-states actors and stakeholders in peace consolidation. The author has also outlined the programmes implemented by local actors to address the root causes of conflicts; has made recommendations to promote peace and has concluded that a durable stability can be achievable with the support of all peace stakeholders in Eastern DRC.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Tunda, Kitenge
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Peace-building -- Democratic Republic of Congo , Peacekeeping forces -- Developing countries Conflict management -- Developing countries
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPhil
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/35852 , vital:33853
- Description: During the Rwandan genocide, from April to July 1994, more than two million Rwandans, including Hutu extremists who feared retribution, fled to neighbouring countries. The majority of people who took refuge in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC, known until May 1997 as Zaire) were located in North and South Kivu provinces. Tensions grew between DRC and Rwanda governments due to the use of refugee camps in North Kivu as rear bases by Hutu extremists to attack, destabilise and regain control of power in Rwanda (Leeuwen, 2008: 400). In 1996, a group of four political parties [the Council of Resistance for Democracy, the Revolutionary Movement for the Liberation of Congo, the Democratic Alliance of the People and the Party of the Peoples' Revolution] founded the Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo (AFDL) to pursue regime change in DRC [First Congo war]. Mobutu’s 32 years of bad governance had transformed DRC into one of the poorest countries in the world despite its abundant wealth in natural resources. A deadly conflict erupted in 1998 [Second Congo war], in which several armed rebel groups supported by neighbouring countries sought to overthrow the regime of President Kabila. In 1999, a cease-fire agreement was signed in Lusaka, Zambia which paved the way for the deployment of UN peacekeeping troops. An inter-Congolese dialogue was convened in 2002 in South Africa. As a result of the dialogue, the war ended [sporadic conflicts continued] and a new transitional government of national unity was formed in June 2003. President Joseph Kabila, who was declared winner of the 2006 presidential elections, promised to restore peace and security in the Kivu provinces. But, after more than 10 years, the root causes of the conflict have not been resolved in South Kivu. The province still faces violence perpetrated by armed rebel groups, human insecurity, human rights violations and economic decline; all these issues have compromised the relative peace that local people have had for a couple of years. The treatise identifies, through a literature and documentary analysis, some local and external Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) which have been advocating, supporting and recommending post-conflict reconstruction and development (PCRD) in South Kivu. The concept of Peacebuilding has been one of the core objectives of dozens of actors in South Kivu. The aim of this treatise is to assess local CSOs’ efforts in building peace in South Kivu. The author has evaluated their capacities in resolving the root causes of conflicts, building capacity of communities through training, delivering humanitarian assistance to vulnerable people, and working towards a sustainable and lasting stability in the province. This treatise’s objectives are aimed at assessing the works and challenges of local non-states actors and stakeholders in peace consolidation. The author has also outlined the programmes implemented by local actors to address the root causes of conflicts; has made recommendations to promote peace and has concluded that a durable stability can be achievable with the support of all peace stakeholders in Eastern DRC.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
An evaluation of the mediation process that led to the agreement for the resolution of conflict in South Sudan in August 2015
- Authors: Osilo, Betty
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Mediation -- Sudan , Conflict management -- Sudan Dispute resolution (Law) -- Sudan
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPhil
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/34521 , vital:33389
- Description: In December 2013, a civil war broke out in South Sudan, following the dismissal of the former Vice-President Riek Machar by President Salva Kiir, who accused him of attempting a coup. This led to the splitting of the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement (SPLM) and saw the formation of the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement in Opposition (SPLM-IO). The political power struggle brought an ethnic dimension to the conflict with confrontations between the Dinka and the Nuer, the two largest ethnic groups in South Sudan. In August 2015, the Agreement for the Resolution of Conflict in South Sudan, which was spear headed by the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), was signed by President Salva Kiir, Riek Machar, and the G10. Riek Machar returned to the capital Juba, and the Transitional Government of National Unity was formed with his swearing in as the first Vice-President. However, the agreement did not hold as just a day before South Sudan’s fifth independence anniversary; shootings erupted outside the presidential palace in Juba causing Machar to flee. The collapse of the transitional government and an increase in the intensity of violence has threatened the security of the South Sudanese and entire region. This evaluative qualitative study applied the critical research methodology to examine the reasons for the continued civil war in South Sudan. It assessed why intervention through mediation by IGAD, which is the recognised regional authority, failed to bring about peace and stability in South Sudan. The study also applied the Contingency Framework of Mediation to South Sudan’s mediation process to explain the theoretical complexities surrounding the inability for the militant factions to find a sustainable peace agreement. It was found that the regional players and the international community were more interested in pushing for their own interests rather than achieving sustainable peace and stability. The study concludes that provided both the adversaries and the mediators lack a genuine commitment to the mediation process, little can be done to achieve peace and stability in South Sudan.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Osilo, Betty
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Mediation -- Sudan , Conflict management -- Sudan Dispute resolution (Law) -- Sudan
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPhil
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/34521 , vital:33389
- Description: In December 2013, a civil war broke out in South Sudan, following the dismissal of the former Vice-President Riek Machar by President Salva Kiir, who accused him of attempting a coup. This led to the splitting of the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement (SPLM) and saw the formation of the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement in Opposition (SPLM-IO). The political power struggle brought an ethnic dimension to the conflict with confrontations between the Dinka and the Nuer, the two largest ethnic groups in South Sudan. In August 2015, the Agreement for the Resolution of Conflict in South Sudan, which was spear headed by the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), was signed by President Salva Kiir, Riek Machar, and the G10. Riek Machar returned to the capital Juba, and the Transitional Government of National Unity was formed with his swearing in as the first Vice-President. However, the agreement did not hold as just a day before South Sudan’s fifth independence anniversary; shootings erupted outside the presidential palace in Juba causing Machar to flee. The collapse of the transitional government and an increase in the intensity of violence has threatened the security of the South Sudanese and entire region. This evaluative qualitative study applied the critical research methodology to examine the reasons for the continued civil war in South Sudan. It assessed why intervention through mediation by IGAD, which is the recognised regional authority, failed to bring about peace and stability in South Sudan. The study also applied the Contingency Framework of Mediation to South Sudan’s mediation process to explain the theoretical complexities surrounding the inability for the militant factions to find a sustainable peace agreement. It was found that the regional players and the international community were more interested in pushing for their own interests rather than achieving sustainable peace and stability. The study concludes that provided both the adversaries and the mediators lack a genuine commitment to the mediation process, little can be done to achieve peace and stability in South Sudan.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Coega industrial development zone as a catalyst for development in NMBM
- Authors: Younouss, Sanda Oumarou
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Industrial development projects -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , Industrial development projects -- South Africa Economic development -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPhil
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/36162 , vital:33901
- Description: It is common for countries to adopt growth-targeted strategies to address poverty and as a result, achieve development. South Africa is not an exception and that is the reason for implementing the industrial development zone (IDZ) programme, intended to achieve growth through exports. As part of this programme, the country established five IDZs, each of which operates in specific investment sectors. The economy of the Eastern Cape is experiencing difficulties in terms of unemployment, low wages and a declining population and the migration out of the Eastern Cape is due to limited job opportunities and low wages. The four largest economic sectors in the province are manufacturing, construction, agriculture and mining. The Coega IDZ (CIDZ) is located in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa and operates in six investment sectors, namely automotive, agro-processing and aqua farming, chemical manufacturing, business process outsourcing, energy and metals. This research investigated the contribution of the CIDZ as a tool for development in the Eastern Cape and South Africa. It further investigates its contribution to the development of the Eastern Cape in the event of its expansion across three additional investment sectors, namely electronics, clothing and furniture. With the aim of conducting a proper assessment of their contribution, the strengths and weaknesses of these three investment sectors were elucidated. Additionally, the research described the operation of four special economic zones (SEZs), namely the Zarqa Free Zone, the Jebel Ali Free Zone, the East London Industrial Development Zone (ELIDZ) and the Coega Industrial Development Zone (CIDZ). The research methodology used was that of a descriptive study (literature-based). The research revealed that there is a need to add these three investment sectors to the CIDZ in order to develop the Eastern Cape, as they have the potential to meet the challenges that the province is facing. The research led to a number of recommendations inspired by the SEZs presented in the descriptive study, to improve the contribution of the CIDZ to the development of the Eastern Cape.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Younouss, Sanda Oumarou
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Industrial development projects -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , Industrial development projects -- South Africa Economic development -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPhil
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/36162 , vital:33901
- Description: It is common for countries to adopt growth-targeted strategies to address poverty and as a result, achieve development. South Africa is not an exception and that is the reason for implementing the industrial development zone (IDZ) programme, intended to achieve growth through exports. As part of this programme, the country established five IDZs, each of which operates in specific investment sectors. The economy of the Eastern Cape is experiencing difficulties in terms of unemployment, low wages and a declining population and the migration out of the Eastern Cape is due to limited job opportunities and low wages. The four largest economic sectors in the province are manufacturing, construction, agriculture and mining. The Coega IDZ (CIDZ) is located in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa and operates in six investment sectors, namely automotive, agro-processing and aqua farming, chemical manufacturing, business process outsourcing, energy and metals. This research investigated the contribution of the CIDZ as a tool for development in the Eastern Cape and South Africa. It further investigates its contribution to the development of the Eastern Cape in the event of its expansion across three additional investment sectors, namely electronics, clothing and furniture. With the aim of conducting a proper assessment of their contribution, the strengths and weaknesses of these three investment sectors were elucidated. Additionally, the research described the operation of four special economic zones (SEZs), namely the Zarqa Free Zone, the Jebel Ali Free Zone, the East London Industrial Development Zone (ELIDZ) and the Coega Industrial Development Zone (CIDZ). The research methodology used was that of a descriptive study (literature-based). The research revealed that there is a need to add these three investment sectors to the CIDZ in order to develop the Eastern Cape, as they have the potential to meet the challenges that the province is facing. The research led to a number of recommendations inspired by the SEZs presented in the descriptive study, to improve the contribution of the CIDZ to the development of the Eastern Cape.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Financial constraints of SMMEs in the Fezile Dabi District Municipality, Freestate Province
- Authors: Mashiyi, Gcobani
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Small business -- Finance , Business enterprises -- Finance Development credit corporations
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPhil
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/22672 , vital:30053
- Description: SMMEs have been identified as key role players in economic growth and development in South Africa. SMMEs contribute fifty two percent in the Growth and Domestic Product. Subsequently to that there various interventions by South African Government to support small enterprise developments with intentions to address financial constraints faced by SMMEs emanating from lack of access to funding. Despite these efforts or interventions by South African Government SMMEs are still confronted by financial constraints that if difficult for them to sustain themselves. Financial Institutions are still reluctant to avail finances to SMMEs because of their risk profile being in the new venture category. Tedious and complex funding application processes, complex funding criteria and geographical location of SMMEs prohibits SMMEs in accessing funding from Development Finance Institutions. To do this a survey existing literatures was viewed and analysed. Viewed and analysed literature indicated various constraints faced by SMMEs in South Africa. Among factors contribute to SMMEs financial constraints are the size and capacity of SMMEs serves as stumbling blocks to financial access, extent to which the complex requirements on the funding application forms affect access to funding by SMMEs in the District Municipality and geographic location of SMMEs effects on their access to funding from DFIs.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Mashiyi, Gcobani
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Small business -- Finance , Business enterprises -- Finance Development credit corporations
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPhil
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/22672 , vital:30053
- Description: SMMEs have been identified as key role players in economic growth and development in South Africa. SMMEs contribute fifty two percent in the Growth and Domestic Product. Subsequently to that there various interventions by South African Government to support small enterprise developments with intentions to address financial constraints faced by SMMEs emanating from lack of access to funding. Despite these efforts or interventions by South African Government SMMEs are still confronted by financial constraints that if difficult for them to sustain themselves. Financial Institutions are still reluctant to avail finances to SMMEs because of their risk profile being in the new venture category. Tedious and complex funding application processes, complex funding criteria and geographical location of SMMEs prohibits SMMEs in accessing funding from Development Finance Institutions. To do this a survey existing literatures was viewed and analysed. Viewed and analysed literature indicated various constraints faced by SMMEs in South Africa. Among factors contribute to SMMEs financial constraints are the size and capacity of SMMEs serves as stumbling blocks to financial access, extent to which the complex requirements on the funding application forms affect access to funding by SMMEs in the District Municipality and geographic location of SMMEs effects on their access to funding from DFIs.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Improving internal control systems in the public sector: the Eastern Cape department of Sport, Recreation, Arts and Culture
- Authors: Mtshotshisa, Mongezi
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Finance, Public -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Financial management Public administration -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPhil
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/32997 , vital:32489
- Description: It is important to note that control weaknesses are of two types. Firstly, design weaknesses are where controls are inadequately designed. Secondly, implementation weaknesses are where controls may be designed very well, but implementation by officials may be inadequate or irregular. Hence this study is about improving internal control systems in the public sector. The objective of this study is to determine how the Department of Sport, Recreation, Arts, and Culture can move from an unqualified audit report to a clean audit report. The researcher found that internal controls are very important in the operations of the department as a whole, especial in financial governance. The internal controls play an integral part in the organisation because all processes need controls as a tool to mitigate against the risks. In order for the department to prevent the emphasis of matter on audit reports or to achieve clean audit report, it must strengthen its internal controls. Although this study did not cover the issues of pre-determined objectives, implementation of internal controls is necessary for the improvement of reporting on performance information. The study concluded that the Department of Sport, Recreation, Arts, and Culture complies with international best practice pertaining to internal controls and financial reporting. The department has a great opportunity to obtain a clean audit report. It also has the potential to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of its internal controls by strengthening the functioning of the internal control committee, risk management committee as well as the finance committee (In Year Monitoring). The executive authority and senior management of the department are the people who should enforce the implementation of internal controls through the use of the internal control function of the department, although the audit committee assists in ensuring the effectiveness of these internal controls.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Mtshotshisa, Mongezi
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Finance, Public -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Financial management Public administration -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPhil
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/32997 , vital:32489
- Description: It is important to note that control weaknesses are of two types. Firstly, design weaknesses are where controls are inadequately designed. Secondly, implementation weaknesses are where controls may be designed very well, but implementation by officials may be inadequate or irregular. Hence this study is about improving internal control systems in the public sector. The objective of this study is to determine how the Department of Sport, Recreation, Arts, and Culture can move from an unqualified audit report to a clean audit report. The researcher found that internal controls are very important in the operations of the department as a whole, especial in financial governance. The internal controls play an integral part in the organisation because all processes need controls as a tool to mitigate against the risks. In order for the department to prevent the emphasis of matter on audit reports or to achieve clean audit report, it must strengthen its internal controls. Although this study did not cover the issues of pre-determined objectives, implementation of internal controls is necessary for the improvement of reporting on performance information. The study concluded that the Department of Sport, Recreation, Arts, and Culture complies with international best practice pertaining to internal controls and financial reporting. The department has a great opportunity to obtain a clean audit report. It also has the potential to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of its internal controls by strengthening the functioning of the internal control committee, risk management committee as well as the finance committee (In Year Monitoring). The executive authority and senior management of the department are the people who should enforce the implementation of internal controls through the use of the internal control function of the department, although the audit committee assists in ensuring the effectiveness of these internal controls.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Monetary policy and microfinance in Sub-Sahara Africa: Ghana’s perspective
- Authors: Wiredu, Nana Kwame
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Monetary policy -- Ghana , Microfinance -- Ghana Ghana -- Economic policy
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPhil
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/36037 , vital:33884
- Description: Ghana, like many other developing countries in Sub-Sahara Africa, recognises the important role that the micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) play in economic development. These enterprises need an environment conducive to thriving and growth, to contribute to employment and overall output. A key pillar to this is access to affordable credit. Credit in itself is thought to be affected by monetary policy formulated and put forth by the central bank, on behalf of government. The pass-through effect of monetary policy on commercial banking rates, as charged by bank and non-bank financial institutions (NBFIs), is a concern for MSMEs. Therefore, this study sought to highlight cause and effects relationship between monetary policy, the lending rate and private sector credit, and also sought to find a possible cushion for MSMEs through the microfinance targeting approach. Annual aggregate monetary time series data from the Bank of Ghana (BoG) was analysed. Multiple linear regression and analysis of variance test results reveal evidence of a significant and proportional effect of both the monetary policy rate and commercial banking rate on credit to the private sector. The key implication of the findings is that the pass-through effect of monetary policy negatively affects MSMEs. The study recommends that governments in Sub-Sahara Africa (SSA), and particularly the government of Ghana, should take into consideration the effects of monetary policy on MSMEs, when formulating monetary policies. It is also recommended that governments in SSA should formulate policies that enhance MSMEs access to adequate and affordable credit to enable it contribute more to economic growth. Perhaps, this can be done through microfinance.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Wiredu, Nana Kwame
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Monetary policy -- Ghana , Microfinance -- Ghana Ghana -- Economic policy
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPhil
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/36037 , vital:33884
- Description: Ghana, like many other developing countries in Sub-Sahara Africa, recognises the important role that the micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) play in economic development. These enterprises need an environment conducive to thriving and growth, to contribute to employment and overall output. A key pillar to this is access to affordable credit. Credit in itself is thought to be affected by monetary policy formulated and put forth by the central bank, on behalf of government. The pass-through effect of monetary policy on commercial banking rates, as charged by bank and non-bank financial institutions (NBFIs), is a concern for MSMEs. Therefore, this study sought to highlight cause and effects relationship between monetary policy, the lending rate and private sector credit, and also sought to find a possible cushion for MSMEs through the microfinance targeting approach. Annual aggregate monetary time series data from the Bank of Ghana (BoG) was analysed. Multiple linear regression and analysis of variance test results reveal evidence of a significant and proportional effect of both the monetary policy rate and commercial banking rate on credit to the private sector. The key implication of the findings is that the pass-through effect of monetary policy negatively affects MSMEs. The study recommends that governments in Sub-Sahara Africa (SSA), and particularly the government of Ghana, should take into consideration the effects of monetary policy on MSMEs, when formulating monetary policies. It is also recommended that governments in SSA should formulate policies that enhance MSMEs access to adequate and affordable credit to enable it contribute more to economic growth. Perhaps, this can be done through microfinance.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Renewable energy project financing for economic growth and development: the case of Zambia
- Authors: Banda, Zondwayo
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Renewable energy sources -- Economic aspects -- Zambia , Energy industries -- Zambia -- Finance Economic development -- Zambia
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPhil
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/21527 , vital:29533
- Description: Energy is a critical component for the economic growth and development of developing countries. In particular Zambia’s economy requires energy in order to contribute to the reduction of poverty and inequalities in income and gender. Zambia faces an energy deficit which is compounded by lack of adequate financing and low electricity tariffs. The current energy deficit can challenge the achievement of such goals by Zambia. The aim of this research was to explore the impact of renewable energy project financing on Zambia’s economic growth and development. The mixed research methods through the use of questionnaires and interviews were used in achieving the research aim and objectives. In addition primary and secondary data were used as data sources for this research study. The current energy deficit in Zambia has negatively affected all the sectors in Zambia. In order to address the energy deficit, investments in the energy sector particularly through the use of project finance are required as such investments have the potential to improve energy generation, distribution and supply. Zambia has many sources of renewable energy such as solar, wind, hydro, biomass and geothermal making renewable energy project financing as the potential energy source to plug the energy deficit. By extension investments in renewable energy provide an opportunity for investors to expand their businesses and recoup their investments with high returns. Thus many sectors such as health, education, agriculture and service among others would benefit from the increased energy supply thereby improving their operations and spurring economic activities. Furthermore, renewable energy would improve access to energy in both urban and rural areas where electrification rates are as low as 25% and 3% respectively. Despite such positive impacts of renewable energy project the following account for the negative impacts: Externalisation of profits by investors; and, Over dependence on hydro-power. As energy is critical for economic growth and development of Zambia the major recommendations include the following: Seizing Project Finance Opportunities – with the abundance renewable energy resources such as solar, wind, geothermal and biomass, project finance in the form of debt and equity can be utilised to develop and implement renewable energy projects in order to improve energy generation, supply and distribution; Accelerating Renewable Energy Projects - Given the positive impacts of renewable energy project financing on economic growth and development in Zambia, renewable energy projects should be accelerated to result in increased economic growth and development; Removal of Red Tape - The government should reduce the red tape to ensure attraction of investments and implementation of renewable energy projects. Removal of red tape can accelerate investments and implementation of renewable energy projects as was the case in Kenya; Raising Awareness on Renewable Energy Benefits - Making investors and citizens aware (through investment forums and government websites) about the benefits of renewable energy would attract investors but would also allow local people to participate in the implementation of renewable energy projects. Further research – As this research involved organisations and participants in Lusaka province further research involving more participants and organisations outside Lusaka province is required to improve the research results. In addition further research is required to be conducted during reduced levels of energy deficits to improve research results. In this regard the recommendations are aimed at improving energy generation, distribution and supply so as to contribute to the economic growth and development of Zambia.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Banda, Zondwayo
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Renewable energy sources -- Economic aspects -- Zambia , Energy industries -- Zambia -- Finance Economic development -- Zambia
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPhil
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/21527 , vital:29533
- Description: Energy is a critical component for the economic growth and development of developing countries. In particular Zambia’s economy requires energy in order to contribute to the reduction of poverty and inequalities in income and gender. Zambia faces an energy deficit which is compounded by lack of adequate financing and low electricity tariffs. The current energy deficit can challenge the achievement of such goals by Zambia. The aim of this research was to explore the impact of renewable energy project financing on Zambia’s economic growth and development. The mixed research methods through the use of questionnaires and interviews were used in achieving the research aim and objectives. In addition primary and secondary data were used as data sources for this research study. The current energy deficit in Zambia has negatively affected all the sectors in Zambia. In order to address the energy deficit, investments in the energy sector particularly through the use of project finance are required as such investments have the potential to improve energy generation, distribution and supply. Zambia has many sources of renewable energy such as solar, wind, hydro, biomass and geothermal making renewable energy project financing as the potential energy source to plug the energy deficit. By extension investments in renewable energy provide an opportunity for investors to expand their businesses and recoup their investments with high returns. Thus many sectors such as health, education, agriculture and service among others would benefit from the increased energy supply thereby improving their operations and spurring economic activities. Furthermore, renewable energy would improve access to energy in both urban and rural areas where electrification rates are as low as 25% and 3% respectively. Despite such positive impacts of renewable energy project the following account for the negative impacts: Externalisation of profits by investors; and, Over dependence on hydro-power. As energy is critical for economic growth and development of Zambia the major recommendations include the following: Seizing Project Finance Opportunities – with the abundance renewable energy resources such as solar, wind, geothermal and biomass, project finance in the form of debt and equity can be utilised to develop and implement renewable energy projects in order to improve energy generation, supply and distribution; Accelerating Renewable Energy Projects - Given the positive impacts of renewable energy project financing on economic growth and development in Zambia, renewable energy projects should be accelerated to result in increased economic growth and development; Removal of Red Tape - The government should reduce the red tape to ensure attraction of investments and implementation of renewable energy projects. Removal of red tape can accelerate investments and implementation of renewable energy projects as was the case in Kenya; Raising Awareness on Renewable Energy Benefits - Making investors and citizens aware (through investment forums and government websites) about the benefits of renewable energy would attract investors but would also allow local people to participate in the implementation of renewable energy projects. Further research – As this research involved organisations and participants in Lusaka province further research involving more participants and organisations outside Lusaka province is required to improve the research results. In addition further research is required to be conducted during reduced levels of energy deficits to improve research results. In this regard the recommendations are aimed at improving energy generation, distribution and supply so as to contribute to the economic growth and development of Zambia.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
The impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on economic growth in South Africa
- Authors: Ansong, Ama Yiadomaa
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Investments, Foreign -- South Africa , Infrastructure (Economics) -- South Africa Gross domestic product -- South Africa Economic development -- South Africa South Africa -- Economic conditions
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPhil
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/21494 , vital:29527
- Description: Numerous studies have investigated FDI and the possible benefits for African countries in terms of job creation opportunities, technology transfers, growth and development. Despite these potential benefits, FDI also has its negative effects on the host country in terms of market dominance, profit repatriation and loss of tax revenue if tax incentives are offered. In an effort to attract more FDI, host countries have undertaken various policy incentives to attract foreign investors. This study examines the trends and determinants of FDI flows to South Africa and other African countries. The period chosen for this study is from 1990- 2016. The study commences with a background study of FDI and GDP. Various literature offerings and different schools of thought with regard to FDI are also deliberated. To offer a better understanding of the relationship between FDI and GDP, econometric estimation was employed. The econometric estimation methods employed were, Unit Root, Johansen Cointegration, Vector Error Correction (VECM), Impulse Response Test, Variance Decomposition and the Granger Causality Test. Based on Granger causality test it can be concluded that South Africa’s economic growth attracts FDI and not vice versa. South Africa must therefore focus on growing its economy to attract more FDI.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Ansong, Ama Yiadomaa
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Investments, Foreign -- South Africa , Infrastructure (Economics) -- South Africa Gross domestic product -- South Africa Economic development -- South Africa South Africa -- Economic conditions
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPhil
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/21494 , vital:29527
- Description: Numerous studies have investigated FDI and the possible benefits for African countries in terms of job creation opportunities, technology transfers, growth and development. Despite these potential benefits, FDI also has its negative effects on the host country in terms of market dominance, profit repatriation and loss of tax revenue if tax incentives are offered. In an effort to attract more FDI, host countries have undertaken various policy incentives to attract foreign investors. This study examines the trends and determinants of FDI flows to South Africa and other African countries. The period chosen for this study is from 1990- 2016. The study commences with a background study of FDI and GDP. Various literature offerings and different schools of thought with regard to FDI are also deliberated. To offer a better understanding of the relationship between FDI and GDP, econometric estimation was employed. The econometric estimation methods employed were, Unit Root, Johansen Cointegration, Vector Error Correction (VECM), Impulse Response Test, Variance Decomposition and the Granger Causality Test. Based on Granger causality test it can be concluded that South Africa’s economic growth attracts FDI and not vice versa. South Africa must therefore focus on growing its economy to attract more FDI.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
The implications of landfill closure for waste reclaimers in rural local municipalities : the case of Fort Beaufort landfill, Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality, Eastern Cape South Africa
- Authors: Ntongana, Kwasa
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Refuse and refuse disposal Sanitary landfills Waste disposal sites -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPhil
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/6027 , vital:29482
- Description: Poverty and unemployment in the rural areas of the Eastern Cape is forcing thousands of vulnerable people into waste picking. There is growing recognition that waste re-claimers contribute to the local economy, to public health and to environmental sustainability. However, they often face low social status, tragic living and working conditions, and little support from local governments. The waste reclaimers of the Raymond Mhlaba Municipal area are unemployed, experiencing a poorer quality of life and feeling even more socially and economically excluded from the rest of society because of the “limitations” on landfill salvaging currently. Moreover, they have developed feelings of resentment and anger that have resulted in defiant acts of trespassing and theft. This social development study highlights the implications of landfill closure for waste salvagers in Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality. Landfilling has been the main method for municipal waste disposal in Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality. To combat the effects of uncontrolled release of landfill gases, the uncontrolled release of leachate that may affect water quality many landfills in the Eastern Cape are being considered for close down and for rehabilitation. To consider as well is the socio-economic backlog and anticipated population growth in the province, which means that landfill salvaging will continue to be an important source of revenue for the poor and homeless. This research used observation, semi-structured one-on-one interviewing, focus group interviewing and questionnaires as well as conducted a review of waste management policy-related documents and secondary data analysis in this qualitative research to analyse the social and the economic impacts. The research found that waste reclaimers in the Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality area disagreed with the closure of the Fort Beaufort landfill because of what the researcher assumed to be a lack of general environmental awareness and because of their vulnerability to poverty. Research findings also highlight that waste reclamation can be considered as a viable option to minimize waste at landfills and waste reclaimers have shown an increasing interest and commitment to being trained formally to continue reclamation work. This study has suggested disadvantages in rural landfill closure, without feasible alternatives. Focus must move away from extending waste collection and closing down landfills and instead improve final disposal and initiating minimisation- recycling programs as part of their strategies through the formation of waste cooperatives. This research suggests formalizing and controlling waste recovery to cater for the immediate and most basic needs of the poor. The recommendations will hopefully influence thinking about waste management policy planning and implementation in general, and be of service to furthering Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality achieve goals of sustainable employment creation and poverty alleviation.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Ntongana, Kwasa
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Refuse and refuse disposal Sanitary landfills Waste disposal sites -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPhil
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/6027 , vital:29482
- Description: Poverty and unemployment in the rural areas of the Eastern Cape is forcing thousands of vulnerable people into waste picking. There is growing recognition that waste re-claimers contribute to the local economy, to public health and to environmental sustainability. However, they often face low social status, tragic living and working conditions, and little support from local governments. The waste reclaimers of the Raymond Mhlaba Municipal area are unemployed, experiencing a poorer quality of life and feeling even more socially and economically excluded from the rest of society because of the “limitations” on landfill salvaging currently. Moreover, they have developed feelings of resentment and anger that have resulted in defiant acts of trespassing and theft. This social development study highlights the implications of landfill closure for waste salvagers in Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality. Landfilling has been the main method for municipal waste disposal in Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality. To combat the effects of uncontrolled release of landfill gases, the uncontrolled release of leachate that may affect water quality many landfills in the Eastern Cape are being considered for close down and for rehabilitation. To consider as well is the socio-economic backlog and anticipated population growth in the province, which means that landfill salvaging will continue to be an important source of revenue for the poor and homeless. This research used observation, semi-structured one-on-one interviewing, focus group interviewing and questionnaires as well as conducted a review of waste management policy-related documents and secondary data analysis in this qualitative research to analyse the social and the economic impacts. The research found that waste reclaimers in the Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality area disagreed with the closure of the Fort Beaufort landfill because of what the researcher assumed to be a lack of general environmental awareness and because of their vulnerability to poverty. Research findings also highlight that waste reclamation can be considered as a viable option to minimize waste at landfills and waste reclaimers have shown an increasing interest and commitment to being trained formally to continue reclamation work. This study has suggested disadvantages in rural landfill closure, without feasible alternatives. Focus must move away from extending waste collection and closing down landfills and instead improve final disposal and initiating minimisation- recycling programs as part of their strategies through the formation of waste cooperatives. This research suggests formalizing and controlling waste recovery to cater for the immediate and most basic needs of the poor. The recommendations will hopefully influence thinking about waste management policy planning and implementation in general, and be of service to furthering Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality achieve goals of sustainable employment creation and poverty alleviation.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
The influence of microfinance lending on economic growth in Zimbabwe
- Authors: Matema, Travy
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Microfinance -- Zimbabwe , Economic development -- Zimbabwe Zimbabwe -- Economic conditions
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPhil
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/31819 , vital:31848
- Description: Given the importance of the potential of microfinance lending as a means of addressing poverty alleviation and fostering economic growth especially in developing countries, this study evaluates the influence of MFI lending on economic growth in Zimbabwe. Hence this study will provide empirical evidence as to whether MFI lending has an influence on economic growth in Zimbabwe. The study employed the Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Model using quarterly data from 2000- 2016. The stationary tests revealed that the dependent variable was I(1) and the independent variables had mixed stationarity properties l(0) and l(1). The ARDL Bounds Co-integration test showed that there is co-integration between microfinance and economic growth. The findings of the Error Correction Model indicated that microfinance positively influences economic growth. Furthermore, by investing in microfinance lending the economy will be positively influenced within a year’s time. This study provides justification for the pursual of capitalising on microfinance lending as well as for Developmental Institutions and the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe to prioritise funding for microfinance lending.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Matema, Travy
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Microfinance -- Zimbabwe , Economic development -- Zimbabwe Zimbabwe -- Economic conditions
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPhil
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/31819 , vital:31848
- Description: Given the importance of the potential of microfinance lending as a means of addressing poverty alleviation and fostering economic growth especially in developing countries, this study evaluates the influence of MFI lending on economic growth in Zimbabwe. Hence this study will provide empirical evidence as to whether MFI lending has an influence on economic growth in Zimbabwe. The study employed the Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Model using quarterly data from 2000- 2016. The stationary tests revealed that the dependent variable was I(1) and the independent variables had mixed stationarity properties l(0) and l(1). The ARDL Bounds Co-integration test showed that there is co-integration between microfinance and economic growth. The findings of the Error Correction Model indicated that microfinance positively influences economic growth. Furthermore, by investing in microfinance lending the economy will be positively influenced within a year’s time. This study provides justification for the pursual of capitalising on microfinance lending as well as for Developmental Institutions and the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe to prioritise funding for microfinance lending.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
The nature and use of family mediation by social workers in Port Elizabeth
- Authors: Rundare, Tichainda Mactilda
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Family mediation -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , Communication in families Families -- Psychological aspects Interpersonal conflict Social workers -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth Social service -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPhil
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/34844 , vital:33463
- Description: Parental conflict profoundly affects many children globally and in South Africa. In recent times, both the undeveloped and developed countries have witnessed high levels of divorce cases with a resultant negative effect on the children. Poor communication escalates conflict, thereby affecting the decision making of the parents. The ongoing parental conflict commences before the divorce and it is likely to intensify after divorce if not properly managed or resolved. Private family mediators help the parents to regain trust to enable communication regarding contact and care of their children. Therefore, it is imperative to understand how conflict intensifies in order to manage it effectively as conflict introduces change. Despite, the importance of this type of research, there is still an existence of a gap in the literature concerning the need to inform social workers to consider family mediation as an area of specialisation. This will assist in resolving parental disputes during divorce and ensuring the welfare of the children. This study is going to fill the existing knowledge gap by exploring how family mediators influence divorcing parents to renegotiate on the new roles. In this qualitative study, private family mediators in Port Elizabeth were interviewed, on how they assist divorcing parents to communicate on the care and contact of their children. Purposive sampling and snowball sampling were used to select the participants. Face-to-face unstructured interviews were used to gather thick and rich data which was then thematically analysed. The findings revealed that family mediators helped parents improve parent-child relationships and reduce their parental conflicts. In addition, during orientation the mediators informed divorcing parents about litigation, so that the parents are aware of what to expect in the event of failure to reach a settlement in mediation. Most of the people are unaware of family mediation, opting for litigation which escalates emotions and family members become frustrated affecting the adaption of children. The findings show that the participants were concerned on the way mediation is conducted in Port Elizabeth, as some law professionals referred divorce cases to unauthentic mediators. The lawyers tend to intensify the emotional state of the divorcing parties which escalate conflict resulting in re-litigation. The family mediators reiterated that there is “professional jealous” from the lawyers.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Rundare, Tichainda Mactilda
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Family mediation -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , Communication in families Families -- Psychological aspects Interpersonal conflict Social workers -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth Social service -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPhil
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/34844 , vital:33463
- Description: Parental conflict profoundly affects many children globally and in South Africa. In recent times, both the undeveloped and developed countries have witnessed high levels of divorce cases with a resultant negative effect on the children. Poor communication escalates conflict, thereby affecting the decision making of the parents. The ongoing parental conflict commences before the divorce and it is likely to intensify after divorce if not properly managed or resolved. Private family mediators help the parents to regain trust to enable communication regarding contact and care of their children. Therefore, it is imperative to understand how conflict intensifies in order to manage it effectively as conflict introduces change. Despite, the importance of this type of research, there is still an existence of a gap in the literature concerning the need to inform social workers to consider family mediation as an area of specialisation. This will assist in resolving parental disputes during divorce and ensuring the welfare of the children. This study is going to fill the existing knowledge gap by exploring how family mediators influence divorcing parents to renegotiate on the new roles. In this qualitative study, private family mediators in Port Elizabeth were interviewed, on how they assist divorcing parents to communicate on the care and contact of their children. Purposive sampling and snowball sampling were used to select the participants. Face-to-face unstructured interviews were used to gather thick and rich data which was then thematically analysed. The findings revealed that family mediators helped parents improve parent-child relationships and reduce their parental conflicts. In addition, during orientation the mediators informed divorcing parents about litigation, so that the parents are aware of what to expect in the event of failure to reach a settlement in mediation. Most of the people are unaware of family mediation, opting for litigation which escalates emotions and family members become frustrated affecting the adaption of children. The findings show that the participants were concerned on the way mediation is conducted in Port Elizabeth, as some law professionals referred divorce cases to unauthentic mediators. The lawyers tend to intensify the emotional state of the divorcing parties which escalate conflict resulting in re-litigation. The family mediators reiterated that there is “professional jealous” from the lawyers.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
The perception of Khayelitsha women on socioeconomic gains since 1994
- Authors: Stofile-Hlahla, Linda
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Women -- South Africa -- Cape Town -- Economic conditions , Empowerment -- Women -- South Africa -- Cape Town Women -- Political activity -- South Africa -- Cape Town
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPhil
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/35267 , vital:33688
- Description: Post 1994, empowerment became the buzz word in the South African new dispensation and has been on the agenda of almost every democratic elected South African President including the current one. However, there is a perceived confusion on the meaning of the word as others believe that is a false affirmative action while others believe that it requires enablers and cannot only be individually driven in the absence of such resources. Empowerment in context refers to a process whereby those who has been denied opportunities in terms of making remarkable life choices gains such an ability in terms of power to improve their living state and of those around them. For women, it is a capacity to be dependent in terms of choices such as economic participation through business ventures or choice of marriage and more. However, the reality does not necessary mean that such choices are liveable. The lack of empowerment of women is strongly linked to socio-economic, political, stereotypic tendencies associated with culture and requires some concerted efforts by all including communities since its manifestation affects families, communities and nations. Its plight is mostly evident in the villages, rural communities and townships and as results has draws the attention of the researcher to establish such factors that hinders empowerment of women in the 22 years of democracy. The aim of the study is to establish whether women in Khayelitsha have been able to realise socio economic gains (i.e. economic empowerment) since 1994. This study intends to do so by examining perception of women regarding factors that hamper their economic empowerment in Khayelitsha, Western Cape. Additional to that, is the perception of how government strategies including policies have enhanced their socio-economic participation or discrimination of women to defeat the notion of disempowerment. It will provide recommendations on how the system can be improved to prioritise the needs of the women and later improve implementation of the women empowerment strategies. A sample of 46 focus group participants were identified and the qualitative research approach was exploited to gain first-hand knowledge of such perceptions. The focus group study found that women empowerment is still a far-fetched dream and cannot be achieved until all barriers are removed. Moreover, the government mechanisms to facilitate economic empowerment of women are not known and does not benefit all women. It has also found out that such mechanisms are not the answer to every woman`s troubles. The study recommends the following: Government should intensify policy implementation and expansion of the programmes to reach those poor women where sometimes information does not come to them. Government should intensify accountability checks especial in the grassroots level where most women are found. Women should be afforded opportunities and support to realise their full potential. Young women should be motivated to inculcate the culture of willingness to learn amongst themselves, by being involved in community projects as volunteers. The culture of “Vukuzenzele” need to be strengthened so that people can move away from the culture of dependency. Women need to be enlightened to be involved in their communities. Communities need to be capacitated on the notion of empowerment against the existing government policies and programmes. In case where policy gap is observed, policy review must be embarked on. The playing field need to level against discrimination by gender and capacitate women to take opportunities in areas that are male dominated. Government agencies need to be visible for communities to know their purpose and roles in making government realise its agenda. Access to finance for women should be prioritised for women to establish or expand their businesses. Lastly, Government need to devise means for people to be at the forefront of their development such that; they make informed choices, identify market opportunities, sustainable products and seek information to generate income through self-employment.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Stofile-Hlahla, Linda
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Women -- South Africa -- Cape Town -- Economic conditions , Empowerment -- Women -- South Africa -- Cape Town Women -- Political activity -- South Africa -- Cape Town
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPhil
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/35267 , vital:33688
- Description: Post 1994, empowerment became the buzz word in the South African new dispensation and has been on the agenda of almost every democratic elected South African President including the current one. However, there is a perceived confusion on the meaning of the word as others believe that is a false affirmative action while others believe that it requires enablers and cannot only be individually driven in the absence of such resources. Empowerment in context refers to a process whereby those who has been denied opportunities in terms of making remarkable life choices gains such an ability in terms of power to improve their living state and of those around them. For women, it is a capacity to be dependent in terms of choices such as economic participation through business ventures or choice of marriage and more. However, the reality does not necessary mean that such choices are liveable. The lack of empowerment of women is strongly linked to socio-economic, political, stereotypic tendencies associated with culture and requires some concerted efforts by all including communities since its manifestation affects families, communities and nations. Its plight is mostly evident in the villages, rural communities and townships and as results has draws the attention of the researcher to establish such factors that hinders empowerment of women in the 22 years of democracy. The aim of the study is to establish whether women in Khayelitsha have been able to realise socio economic gains (i.e. economic empowerment) since 1994. This study intends to do so by examining perception of women regarding factors that hamper their economic empowerment in Khayelitsha, Western Cape. Additional to that, is the perception of how government strategies including policies have enhanced their socio-economic participation or discrimination of women to defeat the notion of disempowerment. It will provide recommendations on how the system can be improved to prioritise the needs of the women and later improve implementation of the women empowerment strategies. A sample of 46 focus group participants were identified and the qualitative research approach was exploited to gain first-hand knowledge of such perceptions. The focus group study found that women empowerment is still a far-fetched dream and cannot be achieved until all barriers are removed. Moreover, the government mechanisms to facilitate economic empowerment of women are not known and does not benefit all women. It has also found out that such mechanisms are not the answer to every woman`s troubles. The study recommends the following: Government should intensify policy implementation and expansion of the programmes to reach those poor women where sometimes information does not come to them. Government should intensify accountability checks especial in the grassroots level where most women are found. Women should be afforded opportunities and support to realise their full potential. Young women should be motivated to inculcate the culture of willingness to learn amongst themselves, by being involved in community projects as volunteers. The culture of “Vukuzenzele” need to be strengthened so that people can move away from the culture of dependency. Women need to be enlightened to be involved in their communities. Communities need to be capacitated on the notion of empowerment against the existing government policies and programmes. In case where policy gap is observed, policy review must be embarked on. The playing field need to level against discrimination by gender and capacitate women to take opportunities in areas that are male dominated. Government agencies need to be visible for communities to know their purpose and roles in making government realise its agenda. Access to finance for women should be prioritised for women to establish or expand their businesses. Lastly, Government need to devise means for people to be at the forefront of their development such that; they make informed choices, identify market opportunities, sustainable products and seek information to generate income through self-employment.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
The relevance of conflict management in response to gangsterism: a case study of a community – based organisation in Gelvandale
- Authors: Hiles, Ronel Bernadette
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Conflict management -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , Gangs -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth Community organization -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth Port Elizabeth (South Africa) -- Social conditions
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPhil
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/22189 , vital:29869
- Description: This research study sought to provide a primary base from which key strategies can be developed to address the gangsterism, drug and violence challenges in Gelvandale, in an effort to bring about peace and stability in this community and the surrounding areas. It also examined at the relevance of conflict management in response to gangsterism and the daily struggles of NGOs and the community. Gangsterism and violence in the Northern Areas have evolved in the last decade to an extent where the police sometimes fear to go and investigate. This problem stems from decades of socio-economic difficulties and a struggle for a better life in the Coloured community. The Group Areas Act of the 1960s still affects people of colour and marginalises them greatly. It is important that Gelvandale and the surrounding areas be recognised as the heart of the gang problem in the EC and that it demands the urgent attention of policy makers, law enforcement and civil society. Many organisations like ES are doing their best to bring about peace in the Northern Areas but it is difficult without the full support and cooperation of the community and especially the police. It is recommended that NMU work together with NGOs and NPOs to give them guidance and training sessions on negotiations, mediations and facilitation. The Northern Areas has a protracted political and social history which deserves more attention, acknowledgement and direction from authorities, policy makers and researchers.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Hiles, Ronel Bernadette
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Conflict management -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , Gangs -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth Community organization -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth Port Elizabeth (South Africa) -- Social conditions
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPhil
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/22189 , vital:29869
- Description: This research study sought to provide a primary base from which key strategies can be developed to address the gangsterism, drug and violence challenges in Gelvandale, in an effort to bring about peace and stability in this community and the surrounding areas. It also examined at the relevance of conflict management in response to gangsterism and the daily struggles of NGOs and the community. Gangsterism and violence in the Northern Areas have evolved in the last decade to an extent where the police sometimes fear to go and investigate. This problem stems from decades of socio-economic difficulties and a struggle for a better life in the Coloured community. The Group Areas Act of the 1960s still affects people of colour and marginalises them greatly. It is important that Gelvandale and the surrounding areas be recognised as the heart of the gang problem in the EC and that it demands the urgent attention of policy makers, law enforcement and civil society. Many organisations like ES are doing their best to bring about peace in the Northern Areas but it is difficult without the full support and cooperation of the community and especially the police. It is recommended that NMU work together with NGOs and NPOs to give them guidance and training sessions on negotiations, mediations and facilitation. The Northern Areas has a protracted political and social history which deserves more attention, acknowledgement and direction from authorities, policy makers and researchers.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
The role of microfinance institutions in poverty alleviation in Limpopo province
- Authors: Hlungwani, Kholofelo
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Microfinance -- South Africa -- Limpopo , Small business -- Finance Poverty -- Economic aspects -- South Africa -- Limpopo
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPhil
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/30320 , vital:30930
- Description: In many developing nations, the majority of poor people live in rural areas. Yet, most of them do not have access to financial services needed to sustain their living standards. Poverty remains high in many developing nations, despite numerous non-government and government efforts to alleviate poverty through microfinance. Further, poor people are not unique to rural areas; they are present in urban areas too. Poverty remains prevalent and much remains to be done to improve the quality of life for the poor people. This study examines the role of Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) in poverty alleviation for both rural and urban areas of Limpopo Province. This study was aimed at investigating how MFIs are benefiting low-income earners in the rural and urban areas of Limpopo Province. Mopani District in Limpopo Province was the study area. Forty five MFIs clients were interviewed as well as ten MFIs in the. This study adopted a mixed research approach. Primary data was collected through structured and semi-structured questionnaires, while secondary data was collected from published and unpublished materials. The findings of the study revealed that MFIs operating in Mopani District only provide credit facilities to their clients. The services are provided to all gender, salary earners, pensioners and residents of both rural and urban areas. The interest charges on the credit ranged from 5% to 40%. The collateral security required was certified ID, payslip, bankcard, and proof of residence and personal assets. The study established that those clients that accessed loans from MFIs were able to improve their standard of living through start up and expanding their businesses, paying school fees, building and improving their house and affording private health facilities. The research found out that there are challenges faced by both MFIs and MFIs clients. MFIs indicated that they faced challenges such as increased competition, lack of information about the client, profit performance and attracting low –income clients. However, the clients indicated that MFIs charge high interest rates. The respondents recommend that MFIs could lessen interest rate, increase on the amount given as loans to their clients and assess repayment capabilities before offering loans. For MFIs client’s respondents recommend that to improve the standard of living clients could get investment opportunities.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Hlungwani, Kholofelo
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Microfinance -- South Africa -- Limpopo , Small business -- Finance Poverty -- Economic aspects -- South Africa -- Limpopo
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPhil
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/30320 , vital:30930
- Description: In many developing nations, the majority of poor people live in rural areas. Yet, most of them do not have access to financial services needed to sustain their living standards. Poverty remains high in many developing nations, despite numerous non-government and government efforts to alleviate poverty through microfinance. Further, poor people are not unique to rural areas; they are present in urban areas too. Poverty remains prevalent and much remains to be done to improve the quality of life for the poor people. This study examines the role of Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) in poverty alleviation for both rural and urban areas of Limpopo Province. This study was aimed at investigating how MFIs are benefiting low-income earners in the rural and urban areas of Limpopo Province. Mopani District in Limpopo Province was the study area. Forty five MFIs clients were interviewed as well as ten MFIs in the. This study adopted a mixed research approach. Primary data was collected through structured and semi-structured questionnaires, while secondary data was collected from published and unpublished materials. The findings of the study revealed that MFIs operating in Mopani District only provide credit facilities to their clients. The services are provided to all gender, salary earners, pensioners and residents of both rural and urban areas. The interest charges on the credit ranged from 5% to 40%. The collateral security required was certified ID, payslip, bankcard, and proof of residence and personal assets. The study established that those clients that accessed loans from MFIs were able to improve their standard of living through start up and expanding their businesses, paying school fees, building and improving their house and affording private health facilities. The research found out that there are challenges faced by both MFIs and MFIs clients. MFIs indicated that they faced challenges such as increased competition, lack of information about the client, profit performance and attracting low –income clients. However, the clients indicated that MFIs charge high interest rates. The respondents recommend that MFIs could lessen interest rate, increase on the amount given as loans to their clients and assess repayment capabilities before offering loans. For MFIs client’s respondents recommend that to improve the standard of living clients could get investment opportunities.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
The understanding and adoption of e-finance by small and medium enterprises (SMES)
- Authors: Loleka, Siyasanga
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Electronic commerce , Small business -- Technological innovations Small business
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPhil
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/22354 , vital:29946
- Description: This study seeks to find out what the understanding and adoption of e-finance is by small and medium enterprises (SMEs). The study defines the concepts related to efinance namely, e-services and micro-finance and well as other related IT for development concepts. Firstly, the study identifies benefits of adoption and use of efinance as decreased transaction costs, increased access to financial information and increased access to financial products and services. Secondly the barriers to the adoption of e-finance are identified as poor privacy, security and safety; poor IT telecommunications infrastructure; uncertain IT regulatory and policy and low T training and skills. The results produced by the study confirm a high understanding of e-finance amongst SMEs and all benefits and barriers are confirmed except for one, decreased transaction costs. The study recommends that further research be conducted on this benefit as it may no longer be relevant, especially for developing countries. Limitations of the study include the relatively small sample size and snowballing sampling method used.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Loleka, Siyasanga
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Electronic commerce , Small business -- Technological innovations Small business
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPhil
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/22354 , vital:29946
- Description: This study seeks to find out what the understanding and adoption of e-finance is by small and medium enterprises (SMEs). The study defines the concepts related to efinance namely, e-services and micro-finance and well as other related IT for development concepts. Firstly, the study identifies benefits of adoption and use of efinance as decreased transaction costs, increased access to financial information and increased access to financial products and services. Secondly the barriers to the adoption of e-finance are identified as poor privacy, security and safety; poor IT telecommunications infrastructure; uncertain IT regulatory and policy and low T training and skills. The results produced by the study confirm a high understanding of e-finance amongst SMEs and all benefits and barriers are confirmed except for one, decreased transaction costs. The study recommends that further research be conducted on this benefit as it may no longer be relevant, especially for developing countries. Limitations of the study include the relatively small sample size and snowballing sampling method used.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
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