Psychological well-being of institutionalised and non-institutionalised isiXhosa and English ethnic speaking elderly south African residing within the Buffalo City area
- Authors: Ntozini, Anathi
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Self-actualization (Psychology) in old age Older people -- Institutional care -- Psychological aspects
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/6368 , vital:29593
- Description: Background: International research has clearly indicated that the world’s population is ageing: almost all countries in the world are experiencing a significant growth in the proportion of older persons in their population. This is also true for developing countries such as South Africa that are beginning to show signs and symptoms of an ageing population. Among Southern African Development Communities (SADC), South Africa has the highest number of ‘senior citizens’. Population reports indicate that the population of old people rose from paltry 2.8 million in 1996 to more than 4 million in 2011 and this is expected to skyrocket to seven million by 2030. In spite of the increasing number of senior citizens in socio-structural landscapes in South Africa, there is still lack of adequate, workable and effective policy frameworks for the wellbeing of the elderly. There is also paucity of psychological data of the elderly, especially along racial divides to determine whether the after-effects of apartheid still hold sway or not in post-apartheid South Africa. This study was conceived to investigate the psychological well-being of the elderly in Buffalo City, Eastern Cape, South Africa between two racial-ethnic elderly groups. The specific objectives of the study were to explore the relationship between the socio-demographic characteristics and psychological well-being of the black (Xhosa) and white (English) elderly in Buffalo City, South Africa and second, to validate the relationship between psychological well-being and physical activity, loneliness, spirituality/religiosity as well as ageism among the sampled population. The set-point theory, selective optimisation compensation theory (SOCT) as well as the continuity theory were employed to guide the conduct of the study. Method: Psychological measuring instruments were deployed to collect data for the study from a total of 301 elderly respondents in retirement and private individual homes (191 isiXhosa and 110 English speaking elderly). Both simple random sampling (SRS) and purposive sampling procedures were used to select the respondents. The measuring instruments included the Ryff Scales of Psychological Well-being (RSPWB), Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE), Assessment of Spiritual and Religious Sentiments Scale (ASPIRES), University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Loneliness Scale, the Palmore Ageism Survey scale and a biographical questionnaire. Data was analysed using MANOVA, One-way variance analysis and regression coefficient. The racial differences logically influenced the selection of the respondents for the study. Results: The study revealed a significant statistical relationship between physical activity (PA) and psychological well-being of the elderly, regardless of the sociodemographic variables. PA showed a significant relationship with psychological wellbeing of the elderly. The study also discovered that loneliness correlates significantly with all four of the psychological well-being scales. It shows that the higher the levels of loneliness experienced by the elderly, socio-demographic variables controlled, the lower the levels of psychological well-being in terms of autonomy, environmental mastery, purpose in life, and self-acceptance. However, with the exception of the relationship between loneliness and purpose in life, ethnic affiliation moderates autonomy, environmental mastery and self-acceptance. English elderly constantly experienced higher levels of autonomy than the isiXhosa elderly do with an increase in loneliness. The study also found a positive relationship between ageism and psychological well- being. However, with low levels of ageism, the English elderly, in comparison with the isiXhosa elderly, is likely to show higher levels of autonomy. In addition, a significant statistical relationship between ageism and environmental mastery and purpose in life was found among the isiXhosa elderly. Although, with an increase in ageism, there is a slight increase in autonomy in both groups, the English elderly throughout showed higher levels of autonomy than the isiXhosa elderly showed. The study found a positive relationship between religiosity/spirituality and psychological well-being of the elderly. However, race could moderate the relationship between prayer fulfillment and psychological well-being at all four levels (autonomy, environmental mastery, purpose in life, and self-acceptance). With an increase in prayer fulfillment, the autonomy of the English elderly increases fairly quickly, while the autonomy of the isiXhosa elderly decreases slightly. Comparatively, the study found that isiXhosa elderly reported lower levels of psychological well-being than the English elderly. Conclusion/Recommendation: The study concludes that there is the need to develop a solid national data bases on needs and use of services, and process of ageing in order to access research data to assist planning, dissemination, delivery and evaluation of effective service delivery for the elderly population in South Africa, especially along racial divides.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Ntozini, Anathi
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Self-actualization (Psychology) in old age Older people -- Institutional care -- Psychological aspects
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/6368 , vital:29593
- Description: Background: International research has clearly indicated that the world’s population is ageing: almost all countries in the world are experiencing a significant growth in the proportion of older persons in their population. This is also true for developing countries such as South Africa that are beginning to show signs and symptoms of an ageing population. Among Southern African Development Communities (SADC), South Africa has the highest number of ‘senior citizens’. Population reports indicate that the population of old people rose from paltry 2.8 million in 1996 to more than 4 million in 2011 and this is expected to skyrocket to seven million by 2030. In spite of the increasing number of senior citizens in socio-structural landscapes in South Africa, there is still lack of adequate, workable and effective policy frameworks for the wellbeing of the elderly. There is also paucity of psychological data of the elderly, especially along racial divides to determine whether the after-effects of apartheid still hold sway or not in post-apartheid South Africa. This study was conceived to investigate the psychological well-being of the elderly in Buffalo City, Eastern Cape, South Africa between two racial-ethnic elderly groups. The specific objectives of the study were to explore the relationship between the socio-demographic characteristics and psychological well-being of the black (Xhosa) and white (English) elderly in Buffalo City, South Africa and second, to validate the relationship between psychological well-being and physical activity, loneliness, spirituality/religiosity as well as ageism among the sampled population. The set-point theory, selective optimisation compensation theory (SOCT) as well as the continuity theory were employed to guide the conduct of the study. Method: Psychological measuring instruments were deployed to collect data for the study from a total of 301 elderly respondents in retirement and private individual homes (191 isiXhosa and 110 English speaking elderly). Both simple random sampling (SRS) and purposive sampling procedures were used to select the respondents. The measuring instruments included the Ryff Scales of Psychological Well-being (RSPWB), Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE), Assessment of Spiritual and Religious Sentiments Scale (ASPIRES), University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Loneliness Scale, the Palmore Ageism Survey scale and a biographical questionnaire. Data was analysed using MANOVA, One-way variance analysis and regression coefficient. The racial differences logically influenced the selection of the respondents for the study. Results: The study revealed a significant statistical relationship between physical activity (PA) and psychological well-being of the elderly, regardless of the sociodemographic variables. PA showed a significant relationship with psychological wellbeing of the elderly. The study also discovered that loneliness correlates significantly with all four of the psychological well-being scales. It shows that the higher the levels of loneliness experienced by the elderly, socio-demographic variables controlled, the lower the levels of psychological well-being in terms of autonomy, environmental mastery, purpose in life, and self-acceptance. However, with the exception of the relationship between loneliness and purpose in life, ethnic affiliation moderates autonomy, environmental mastery and self-acceptance. English elderly constantly experienced higher levels of autonomy than the isiXhosa elderly do with an increase in loneliness. The study also found a positive relationship between ageism and psychological well- being. However, with low levels of ageism, the English elderly, in comparison with the isiXhosa elderly, is likely to show higher levels of autonomy. In addition, a significant statistical relationship between ageism and environmental mastery and purpose in life was found among the isiXhosa elderly. Although, with an increase in ageism, there is a slight increase in autonomy in both groups, the English elderly throughout showed higher levels of autonomy than the isiXhosa elderly showed. The study found a positive relationship between religiosity/spirituality and psychological well-being of the elderly. However, race could moderate the relationship between prayer fulfillment and psychological well-being at all four levels (autonomy, environmental mastery, purpose in life, and self-acceptance). With an increase in prayer fulfillment, the autonomy of the English elderly increases fairly quickly, while the autonomy of the isiXhosa elderly decreases slightly. Comparatively, the study found that isiXhosa elderly reported lower levels of psychological well-being than the English elderly. Conclusion/Recommendation: The study concludes that there is the need to develop a solid national data bases on needs and use of services, and process of ageing in order to access research data to assist planning, dissemination, delivery and evaluation of effective service delivery for the elderly population in South Africa, especially along racial divides.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Psychosocial effects of court verdicts on children as rape victims : a case study of Queenstown area, Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Lupuwana, Vuyokazi Phumza Pearl
- Authors: Lupuwana, Vuyokazi Phumza Pearl
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Rape victims -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Rape victims -- Services for -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Victims of crimes -- Legal status, laws, etc
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/9821 , vital:35015
- Description: The motivation for this study originated from the problem of children who are being neglected after they have given evidence in the court of law. The researcher also noticed that when children were giving evidence, some were still showing signs of trauma and were crying throughout the proceedings. The researcher became aware that most of the children were never referred to social service professionals for counselling and after care services. The goal of the research was to explore the psycho-social effects of court verdicts on children as rape victims. The aim of the study was to determine the effects, challenges, emotional development and consequences, experience and reactions of rape and sexually assaulted child victims after the court verdict has been adjudicated. This was a case study of the Queenstown Area, Eastern Cape, South Africa. The purpose was to identify gaps as there are minimal services rendered to rape victims after the court verdict has been adjudicated in the South African context so as to formulate strategies that can be framed in order to work effectively with the victims and their immediate families. In order to reach the research goal, the following objectives were presented: To examine the after-effects of rape to children as victims of rape. To investigate the challenges the victims of rape are facing in their communities. To investigate the impact of giving evidence in the court of law by children who are victims of rape. To examine the after-effects of court verdicts on children who are victims of rape. To establish the kind of support provided to children by social networks after they have given evidence in the court of law. To investigate the kind of support provided by social service as well as legal professionals to children as victims of rape. In order to meet the objectives of the study, interviews were conducted to 30 victims of rape (both boys and girls) and data were analyzed according to the qualitative data – analysis procedures. The researcher also conducted literature review on core concepts (such as victims, rape and the legal perspectives of rape) pertaining to the topic under study in order to refer the findings of the study to literature. The researcher utilized the grounded theory research design. The research domain where the interviews took place was at the Queenstown Area under the Department of Justice and Constitutional Development magistrate jurisdiction (McBride, Lesseyton, Mlungisi Township, Komani Township, Molteno, Sterkstroom Dordrecht and Indwe). In this study, 30 Xhosa speaking children of different ages, gender, educational standards, socio-economic backgrounds as well as those who suffered different types of rape, as defined by the Sexual Related Matters Act 32 of 2007; they were all interviewed through use of a semi-structured interview schedule. The respondents were selected with the help of the Department of Justice and Constitutional development as well as South African Police Services (SAPS) based on their suitability to provide information rich data. The interviews were audio-taped and transcribed verbatim. The data were analyzed according to the grounded theory analysis procedures. The following conclusions regarding the study were made: There is lack of implementation of Children’s Rights by professionals working with victims of rape. Children were never informed about the sentences imposed to the offenders. Focus group (professionals) participants acknowledged the fact that there is no compensation given to victims in a South African court of Law. Registering the offender is not benefitting the victim as the offender is sometimes appealing the judgement and sentencing. There are no adequate services rendered by social services professionals to rape victims, especially children. In most cases, they were never referred to any professionals for services following the rape incident. There are no aftercare services for children after giving evidence in the court of law. Children as victims of rape as well as their immediate families must be continuously referred to specialist to get therapeutic services. There is lack of forensic professionals working with children as victims of rape in Eastern Cape. Children as victims of rape are secondary victimized by relatives of the perpetrators after the sentence has been adjudicated. When there is no support provided by family members, victims are more likely to drop out of school. Members of the community lack information on the concept rape, and knowledge that everybody in South Africa can be raped.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Lupuwana, Vuyokazi Phumza Pearl
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Rape victims -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Rape victims -- Services for -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Victims of crimes -- Legal status, laws, etc
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/9821 , vital:35015
- Description: The motivation for this study originated from the problem of children who are being neglected after they have given evidence in the court of law. The researcher also noticed that when children were giving evidence, some were still showing signs of trauma and were crying throughout the proceedings. The researcher became aware that most of the children were never referred to social service professionals for counselling and after care services. The goal of the research was to explore the psycho-social effects of court verdicts on children as rape victims. The aim of the study was to determine the effects, challenges, emotional development and consequences, experience and reactions of rape and sexually assaulted child victims after the court verdict has been adjudicated. This was a case study of the Queenstown Area, Eastern Cape, South Africa. The purpose was to identify gaps as there are minimal services rendered to rape victims after the court verdict has been adjudicated in the South African context so as to formulate strategies that can be framed in order to work effectively with the victims and their immediate families. In order to reach the research goal, the following objectives were presented: To examine the after-effects of rape to children as victims of rape. To investigate the challenges the victims of rape are facing in their communities. To investigate the impact of giving evidence in the court of law by children who are victims of rape. To examine the after-effects of court verdicts on children who are victims of rape. To establish the kind of support provided to children by social networks after they have given evidence in the court of law. To investigate the kind of support provided by social service as well as legal professionals to children as victims of rape. In order to meet the objectives of the study, interviews were conducted to 30 victims of rape (both boys and girls) and data were analyzed according to the qualitative data – analysis procedures. The researcher also conducted literature review on core concepts (such as victims, rape and the legal perspectives of rape) pertaining to the topic under study in order to refer the findings of the study to literature. The researcher utilized the grounded theory research design. The research domain where the interviews took place was at the Queenstown Area under the Department of Justice and Constitutional Development magistrate jurisdiction (McBride, Lesseyton, Mlungisi Township, Komani Township, Molteno, Sterkstroom Dordrecht and Indwe). In this study, 30 Xhosa speaking children of different ages, gender, educational standards, socio-economic backgrounds as well as those who suffered different types of rape, as defined by the Sexual Related Matters Act 32 of 2007; they were all interviewed through use of a semi-structured interview schedule. The respondents were selected with the help of the Department of Justice and Constitutional development as well as South African Police Services (SAPS) based on their suitability to provide information rich data. The interviews were audio-taped and transcribed verbatim. The data were analyzed according to the grounded theory analysis procedures. The following conclusions regarding the study were made: There is lack of implementation of Children’s Rights by professionals working with victims of rape. Children were never informed about the sentences imposed to the offenders. Focus group (professionals) participants acknowledged the fact that there is no compensation given to victims in a South African court of Law. Registering the offender is not benefitting the victim as the offender is sometimes appealing the judgement and sentencing. There are no adequate services rendered by social services professionals to rape victims, especially children. In most cases, they were never referred to any professionals for services following the rape incident. There are no aftercare services for children after giving evidence in the court of law. Children as victims of rape as well as their immediate families must be continuously referred to specialist to get therapeutic services. There is lack of forensic professionals working with children as victims of rape in Eastern Cape. Children as victims of rape are secondary victimized by relatives of the perpetrators after the sentence has been adjudicated. When there is no support provided by family members, victims are more likely to drop out of school. Members of the community lack information on the concept rape, and knowledge that everybody in South Africa can be raped.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Public procurement reforms in Ghana: impact on the growth of the local construction industry
- Authors: Amoah, Christopher
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Government purchasing -- Ghana Construction industry -- Ghana
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/15862 , vital:28285
- Description: Public procurement reform has become a modern phenomenon where various countries are reforming their procurement systems either to make the systems more efficient, transparent, achieve value for money, reduce or eliminate corrupt activities, to meet the requirements of donor countries or to make the system meet the international standards. Some countries also use public procurement reform as a policy tool to address socio-economic issues including the promotion of local sectors and disadvantaged groups. Ghana has not remained stagnant in this regard but has followed suit in reforming its procurement systems to address the weaknesses of the past procurement practices. However, the effectiveness of these reforms in promoting the local construction firms has not been investigated. This research therefore, investigated how the various procurement reforms instituted by the government of Ghana have impacted on the growth of the Ghanaian construction sector. A comprehensive review of the related literature revealed that there is a relationship between public procurement reforms and the growth of the local sectors as various governments in the past have managed to use their procurements levers as policy tools to address the imbalances in the socio-economic development of their citizens. A phenomenological (qualitative) research approach was adopted for this study. Accra, the capital of Ghana was chosen based on its strategic position and also because of massive construction activities currently taking place in the city. Again, many construction firms are also registered and operating in this city. The research instrument used is the interview guide made of both tick box and open ended questions. Other sources of data included archival records such as contracts awarded, the current public procurement regulations, and manuals. It was concluded after the analysis of the findings that, even though public procurement reforms have brought about improved procurement practices, the reforms have failed to have a positive impact on the growth of the local construction industry. The implication is that, the construction industry in Ghana is still dominated by foreign firms executing major government projects to the detriment of the local construction firms thereby stifling their growth. The findings also revealed that local contractors only executive minor works devoid of complexities and mainly engaged as subcontractors by foreign firms on major government projects. The findings also revealed that government has so far not instituted any radical protective laws in the procurement systems to protect the local construction firms. The research has produced a tender evaluation template with protective mechanisms such as awarding points to bidders during the tender evaluation process. The research has also produced tender evaluation formulas for calculating points for bidders and how the successful bidder is arrived at. The study provides recommendations to all stakeholders in the Ghanaian construction industry and proposes that the evaluation criteria produced by this study be used in the public procurement system to help grow the indigenous construction industry.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Amoah, Christopher
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Government purchasing -- Ghana Construction industry -- Ghana
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/15862 , vital:28285
- Description: Public procurement reform has become a modern phenomenon where various countries are reforming their procurement systems either to make the systems more efficient, transparent, achieve value for money, reduce or eliminate corrupt activities, to meet the requirements of donor countries or to make the system meet the international standards. Some countries also use public procurement reform as a policy tool to address socio-economic issues including the promotion of local sectors and disadvantaged groups. Ghana has not remained stagnant in this regard but has followed suit in reforming its procurement systems to address the weaknesses of the past procurement practices. However, the effectiveness of these reforms in promoting the local construction firms has not been investigated. This research therefore, investigated how the various procurement reforms instituted by the government of Ghana have impacted on the growth of the Ghanaian construction sector. A comprehensive review of the related literature revealed that there is a relationship between public procurement reforms and the growth of the local sectors as various governments in the past have managed to use their procurements levers as policy tools to address the imbalances in the socio-economic development of their citizens. A phenomenological (qualitative) research approach was adopted for this study. Accra, the capital of Ghana was chosen based on its strategic position and also because of massive construction activities currently taking place in the city. Again, many construction firms are also registered and operating in this city. The research instrument used is the interview guide made of both tick box and open ended questions. Other sources of data included archival records such as contracts awarded, the current public procurement regulations, and manuals. It was concluded after the analysis of the findings that, even though public procurement reforms have brought about improved procurement practices, the reforms have failed to have a positive impact on the growth of the local construction industry. The implication is that, the construction industry in Ghana is still dominated by foreign firms executing major government projects to the detriment of the local construction firms thereby stifling their growth. The findings also revealed that local contractors only executive minor works devoid of complexities and mainly engaged as subcontractors by foreign firms on major government projects. The findings also revealed that government has so far not instituted any radical protective laws in the procurement systems to protect the local construction firms. The research has produced a tender evaluation template with protective mechanisms such as awarding points to bidders during the tender evaluation process. The research has also produced tender evaluation formulas for calculating points for bidders and how the successful bidder is arrived at. The study provides recommendations to all stakeholders in the Ghanaian construction industry and proposes that the evaluation criteria produced by this study be used in the public procurement system to help grow the indigenous construction industry.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Pursuing socio-economic rights in post-apartheid South Africa : a case study of the Buffalo City metropolitan municipality, Eastern Cape province
- Authors: Makapela, Sicelo Leonard
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Civil rights -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Human rights -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Social justice -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/12881 , vital:39387
- Description: The overall aim of this research was to investigate the extent to which a wide range of socio-economic rights such as housing, education, healthcare, water, sanitation, electricity, food security, social security and the right to work are enjoyed in the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality in the Eastern Cape Province. South Africa has nine provinces and the Eastern Cape is considered as one of the poorest with high levels of the triad of poverty, inequality and unemployment. The study used a rights-based approach (RBA) which examines the quality of human life from a rights perspective. Survey questionnaires were distributed to a sample of 500 respondents who were selected through a cluster random sample and six in-depth interviews were further conducted with government officials who were selected through purposive sampling. The study was guided by four main objectives and the first sought to explore citizens’ perceptions of the intersection between service delivery protests and socio-economic rights. The findings revealed that the majority of the survey respondents had no sense of the intersection between service delivery and socio-economic rights. Many did not know anything about the South African Constitution and could not relate to its content. Most critically, the majority did not know the socio-economic rights enshrined in the Constitution. The majority was more comfortable with the phrase service delivery over socio-economic rights and this was so because the former was the most commonly used by the politicians, the media and community leaders. In short, the majority of respondents had a poor understanding of the Constitution and socio-economic rights. On the contrary, the in-depth interview participants showed an excellent knowledge of the Constitution and its socio-economic rights content and saw a strong intersection between service delivery protests and socio-economic rights. Both the questionnaire respondents and the in-depth interview participants regarded employment as the most import demand that the government should address urgently. The second objective sought to describe the extent to which the government has fulfilled various rights. Caution was needed in interpreting this objective. While the majority of the questionnaire respondents had rated the government’s efforts negatively in many socio-economic rights, however, further probing revealed that the government had done well. The questionnaire respondents continued to rate the government negatively even in instances where they indicated that the government had done well. Thus, the findings revealed mixed results that the government had done pretty well in some, not so well in others and very bad in some cases. The in-depth interview participants, on the contrary, were all positive about the government’s fulfilment of various socio-economic rights and rated it favourably. The findings, therefore, dismiss the views shared by the majority of the questionnaire respondents that the government had fulfilled various socio-economic rights to a smaller extent and equally challenge the idea that the government was highly successful in all its efforts to fulfil various socio-economic rights. The evidence shows that the government was successful in some and not so in others. Third, the study revealed a number of factors affecting the enjoyment of socio-economic rights in the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality including lack of democracy, lack of human rights knowledge, poor performance by Ward Councillors etc. Finally, the study identified a number of challenges which inhibited the enjoyment of socio-economic rights and these included corruption, crime, lack of participation by the poor in decision-making, alienation of the masses, but the most single serious threat identified by both the questionnaire respondents and in-depth interview participants was the rampant corruption. Most disturbingly, the respondents did not know what to do, how or where to go to claim their rights. This was revealed by the majority who pointed out that they have never approached the government, Constitutional Court or any court and don’t talk to their Ward Councillors about socio-economic rights. Moreover, they have never used the rights language during service delivery protests. All these point to the significant lack of knowledge about rights despite being familiar with the phrase (amalungel’ethu), a Xhosa expression for our rights. Thus, the questionnaire respondents were simply passive citizens and were not doing enough to pursue their socio-economic rights. Since corruption has been indicated as a major challenge affecting the enjoyment socio-economic rights, it is therefore recommended that alternative institutions should play a critical role not only in exposing corruption but the state should prosecute those found guilty of corruption especially on issues that affect the enjoyment of socio-economic rights. It is also recommended that there should be a dialogue between community representatives and the citizens to talk about socio-economic rights during community meetings. The study further, recommends that human rights education should be incorporated in school curricula, especially in secondary and tertiary institutions. Finally, it is recommended that the development of a comprehensive tool for monitoring and evaluating socio-economic rights should be put in place. At present, no such tool exists.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Makapela, Sicelo Leonard
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Civil rights -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Human rights -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Social justice -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/12881 , vital:39387
- Description: The overall aim of this research was to investigate the extent to which a wide range of socio-economic rights such as housing, education, healthcare, water, sanitation, electricity, food security, social security and the right to work are enjoyed in the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality in the Eastern Cape Province. South Africa has nine provinces and the Eastern Cape is considered as one of the poorest with high levels of the triad of poverty, inequality and unemployment. The study used a rights-based approach (RBA) which examines the quality of human life from a rights perspective. Survey questionnaires were distributed to a sample of 500 respondents who were selected through a cluster random sample and six in-depth interviews were further conducted with government officials who were selected through purposive sampling. The study was guided by four main objectives and the first sought to explore citizens’ perceptions of the intersection between service delivery protests and socio-economic rights. The findings revealed that the majority of the survey respondents had no sense of the intersection between service delivery and socio-economic rights. Many did not know anything about the South African Constitution and could not relate to its content. Most critically, the majority did not know the socio-economic rights enshrined in the Constitution. The majority was more comfortable with the phrase service delivery over socio-economic rights and this was so because the former was the most commonly used by the politicians, the media and community leaders. In short, the majority of respondents had a poor understanding of the Constitution and socio-economic rights. On the contrary, the in-depth interview participants showed an excellent knowledge of the Constitution and its socio-economic rights content and saw a strong intersection between service delivery protests and socio-economic rights. Both the questionnaire respondents and the in-depth interview participants regarded employment as the most import demand that the government should address urgently. The second objective sought to describe the extent to which the government has fulfilled various rights. Caution was needed in interpreting this objective. While the majority of the questionnaire respondents had rated the government’s efforts negatively in many socio-economic rights, however, further probing revealed that the government had done well. The questionnaire respondents continued to rate the government negatively even in instances where they indicated that the government had done well. Thus, the findings revealed mixed results that the government had done pretty well in some, not so well in others and very bad in some cases. The in-depth interview participants, on the contrary, were all positive about the government’s fulfilment of various socio-economic rights and rated it favourably. The findings, therefore, dismiss the views shared by the majority of the questionnaire respondents that the government had fulfilled various socio-economic rights to a smaller extent and equally challenge the idea that the government was highly successful in all its efforts to fulfil various socio-economic rights. The evidence shows that the government was successful in some and not so in others. Third, the study revealed a number of factors affecting the enjoyment of socio-economic rights in the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality including lack of democracy, lack of human rights knowledge, poor performance by Ward Councillors etc. Finally, the study identified a number of challenges which inhibited the enjoyment of socio-economic rights and these included corruption, crime, lack of participation by the poor in decision-making, alienation of the masses, but the most single serious threat identified by both the questionnaire respondents and in-depth interview participants was the rampant corruption. Most disturbingly, the respondents did not know what to do, how or where to go to claim their rights. This was revealed by the majority who pointed out that they have never approached the government, Constitutional Court or any court and don’t talk to their Ward Councillors about socio-economic rights. Moreover, they have never used the rights language during service delivery protests. All these point to the significant lack of knowledge about rights despite being familiar with the phrase (amalungel’ethu), a Xhosa expression for our rights. Thus, the questionnaire respondents were simply passive citizens and were not doing enough to pursue their socio-economic rights. Since corruption has been indicated as a major challenge affecting the enjoyment socio-economic rights, it is therefore recommended that alternative institutions should play a critical role not only in exposing corruption but the state should prosecute those found guilty of corruption especially on issues that affect the enjoyment of socio-economic rights. It is also recommended that there should be a dialogue between community representatives and the citizens to talk about socio-economic rights during community meetings. The study further, recommends that human rights education should be incorporated in school curricula, especially in secondary and tertiary institutions. Finally, it is recommended that the development of a comprehensive tool for monitoring and evaluating socio-economic rights should be put in place. At present, no such tool exists.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Pushing the bounds of possibility: South African academics narrate their experiences of having agency to effect transformation
- Authors: Idahosa, Grace Ese-Osa
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Education, Higher -- South Africa , Education, Higher -- Social aspects -- South Africa , Educational change -- South Africa , Higher education and state -- South Africa , Rhodes University
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/5845 , vital:20981
- Description: Over 20 years after the first democratic elections, the institutional cultures and structures of many South African universities remain un-transformed; they are embedded with racist and sexist discourses and attitudes that allow for the marginalisation and exclusion of students and staff (Department of Education 2008; Soudien 2010; van Wyk and Alexander 2010; Akoojee and Nkomo 2007; Hemson and Singh 2010). In order to effect change, research has noted the importance of leadership and staff involvement in the transformation process (Van-Der Westhuizen 2006; Portnoi 2009; Niemann 2010; Viljoen and Rothmann 2002). These studies argue that both leaders and staff members must be interested, and actively involved in, the transformation process. This suggests that the extent to which leaders and individual staff members have agency to effect transformatory practices determines the success of transformation policies. But what motivates this interest in transformation? While a number of studies have focused on the imperative to transform, few studies have focused on the role of individual agency in the transformation process. After all the world and in some ways structural properties are given to us and at the same time ‘actively constituted by us’ (van Manen 1997, XI). Drawing on interviews with academic staff members at one university in South Africa, this study uses a hermeneutic phenomenological approach to understand the nature of having agency to enable transformation drawing on the experiences of academic staff members. In the context of studies on the agency- structure divide and the need for a structural and cultural change in universities in South Africa, the project aimed to find out how transformation happens, when it does happen. I was interested in how individual agents are able to use their agency to ensure transformation amid limiting and rigid structures and cultures in the university. Given the fact that structures are only revealed in human action, the individual experience of transformation at once gives insight into the dominant structures, the social context and how their capacity to act was deployed to enable a change in such structures - at least in their own experience and understanding. This may help our understanding of transformation and what is needed to effect the transformation of deeply embedded apartheid legacies in university structures and cultures. This study aimed to reveal moments at which individuals embedded in what have been identified as rigid structures and cultures perceive themselves as having had the agency to interrupt and transform them despite their rigid nature. The study was interested in what characterises these moments and what individual and institutional contexts make them more or less possible/likely.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Idahosa, Grace Ese-Osa
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Education, Higher -- South Africa , Education, Higher -- Social aspects -- South Africa , Educational change -- South Africa , Higher education and state -- South Africa , Rhodes University
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/5845 , vital:20981
- Description: Over 20 years after the first democratic elections, the institutional cultures and structures of many South African universities remain un-transformed; they are embedded with racist and sexist discourses and attitudes that allow for the marginalisation and exclusion of students and staff (Department of Education 2008; Soudien 2010; van Wyk and Alexander 2010; Akoojee and Nkomo 2007; Hemson and Singh 2010). In order to effect change, research has noted the importance of leadership and staff involvement in the transformation process (Van-Der Westhuizen 2006; Portnoi 2009; Niemann 2010; Viljoen and Rothmann 2002). These studies argue that both leaders and staff members must be interested, and actively involved in, the transformation process. This suggests that the extent to which leaders and individual staff members have agency to effect transformatory practices determines the success of transformation policies. But what motivates this interest in transformation? While a number of studies have focused on the imperative to transform, few studies have focused on the role of individual agency in the transformation process. After all the world and in some ways structural properties are given to us and at the same time ‘actively constituted by us’ (van Manen 1997, XI). Drawing on interviews with academic staff members at one university in South Africa, this study uses a hermeneutic phenomenological approach to understand the nature of having agency to enable transformation drawing on the experiences of academic staff members. In the context of studies on the agency- structure divide and the need for a structural and cultural change in universities in South Africa, the project aimed to find out how transformation happens, when it does happen. I was interested in how individual agents are able to use their agency to ensure transformation amid limiting and rigid structures and cultures in the university. Given the fact that structures are only revealed in human action, the individual experience of transformation at once gives insight into the dominant structures, the social context and how their capacity to act was deployed to enable a change in such structures - at least in their own experience and understanding. This may help our understanding of transformation and what is needed to effect the transformation of deeply embedded apartheid legacies in university structures and cultures. This study aimed to reveal moments at which individuals embedded in what have been identified as rigid structures and cultures perceive themselves as having had the agency to interrupt and transform them despite their rigid nature. The study was interested in what characterises these moments and what individual and institutional contexts make them more or less possible/likely.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Reform-based approaches in the learning and teaching for conceptual understanding of calculus for diploma studies at south african university
- Authors: Coetzee, Johanna
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Calculus Mathematics -- Study and teaching
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/4959 , vital:28878
- Description: This research tested whether Reform-Based Approaches (RBAs) in the learning and teaching of calculus could lead to improved conceptual understanding. The study adopted positivistic paradigm, quantitative approach and pre- and post-test in a quasi-experimental design. The theoretical framework was Constructivism. The interventions were grounded on learner-centred RBAs including Interactive Engagement (IE), Peer Discussion (PD) and Good Questions (GQ). The experimental group comprised 119 volunteering students from a population of 461 registered for Mathematics as a service subject for the National Diploma (ND) in science or engineering at a South African university. Those not in the experimental group were taught through teacher-centred traditional approaches which have been the norm. However, only 71 out of those in the traditionally taught cohort volunteered to write both Pre- and Post-tests. As such, the total number of subjects in the study was 190, i.e., 119 from the Reform-Based cohort and 71 from the Traditional cohort. The instrument, the Calculus Concept Inventory for Technicians (CCIT), consisted of 19 questions on functions, differentiation and integration. Based on a pilot test, the instrument was improved. The Reform-Based cohort did not receive any participation reward and test scores did not contribute to promotion scores. The students wrote Pre-tests in the second week after commencement of lectures and Post-tests during the last week of lectures. The data were analysed using various statistical tools, tests and measures such as Chi-squares, Student t-tests, Pearson’s Product Moment correlation, Cronbach alpha, KR-20, the Difficulty Index, and Item Discrimination Point Biserial Index (PBI). The raw gain and normalised gains were also employed in data analyses. The main finding of this study was that RBA made a significant impact on the conceptual understanding of calculus of the experimental group. The gain achieved by the experimental group was in a low range and corresponded to the low use of IE (25% of contact time). A combination of RBA with Traditional teaching is recommended. Also, RBA will be most successfully introduced if supplemented and complemented through supportive environments.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Coetzee, Johanna
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Calculus Mathematics -- Study and teaching
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/4959 , vital:28878
- Description: This research tested whether Reform-Based Approaches (RBAs) in the learning and teaching of calculus could lead to improved conceptual understanding. The study adopted positivistic paradigm, quantitative approach and pre- and post-test in a quasi-experimental design. The theoretical framework was Constructivism. The interventions were grounded on learner-centred RBAs including Interactive Engagement (IE), Peer Discussion (PD) and Good Questions (GQ). The experimental group comprised 119 volunteering students from a population of 461 registered for Mathematics as a service subject for the National Diploma (ND) in science or engineering at a South African university. Those not in the experimental group were taught through teacher-centred traditional approaches which have been the norm. However, only 71 out of those in the traditionally taught cohort volunteered to write both Pre- and Post-tests. As such, the total number of subjects in the study was 190, i.e., 119 from the Reform-Based cohort and 71 from the Traditional cohort. The instrument, the Calculus Concept Inventory for Technicians (CCIT), consisted of 19 questions on functions, differentiation and integration. Based on a pilot test, the instrument was improved. The Reform-Based cohort did not receive any participation reward and test scores did not contribute to promotion scores. The students wrote Pre-tests in the second week after commencement of lectures and Post-tests during the last week of lectures. The data were analysed using various statistical tools, tests and measures such as Chi-squares, Student t-tests, Pearson’s Product Moment correlation, Cronbach alpha, KR-20, the Difficulty Index, and Item Discrimination Point Biserial Index (PBI). The raw gain and normalised gains were also employed in data analyses. The main finding of this study was that RBA made a significant impact on the conceptual understanding of calculus of the experimental group. The gain achieved by the experimental group was in a low range and corresponded to the low use of IE (25% of contact time). A combination of RBA with Traditional teaching is recommended. Also, RBA will be most successfully introduced if supplemented and complemented through supportive environments.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Removal rate of endocrine disruptors (phthalates and phenolic compounds) in effluents of selected wastewater treatment plants operated under different treatment technologies in the Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Authors: Salaudeen, Taofeek Gbenga
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Water -- Purification Phenols
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/8552 , vital:33113
- Description: The presence of phthalate esters (PAEs) and certain phenolic compounds widely known as endocrine disruptors in environmental waters such as treated wastewaters constitutes health hazard to human and aquatic lives. Unfortunately, wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) only partially remove these synthetic chemical compounds from wastewater. In order to forestall the health challenge faced by rural dwellers, which rely on surface water for their daily needs, the present study embarked on investigating these endocrine disruptors in Municipal wastewater in the Amathole and Buffalo Districts in the Eastern Cape, South Africa and their removal rate by different WWTP technologies. One WWTP each from Adelaide, Alice, Bedford, Berlin and Seymour, using activated sludge (AS), trickling filter (TF), and oxidation pond (OP) technology were randomly selected. Some physicochemical parameters of these wastewaters were determined on-site using standard methods and the extraction method for endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in water was validated using solid phase extraction (SPE). Extracts were analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Nine phenolic compounds; phenol (PH), 2-chlorophenol (2-CP), 2,4-dimethylphenol (2,4-DMP), 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), 4-chloro-3-methylphenol (4-C-3MP), 2-nitrophenol (2-NP), 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), pentachlorophenol (PCP), 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) and six priority PAEs namely; dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), di(2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and di-n-octyl phthalate (DOP) were the investigated EDCs. PAEs were extracted from dried sludge samples in an ultrasonic bath using dichloromethane. Some physicochemical parameters of the wastewater assessed revealed that treatment processes of AS, TF, and OP reduced turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), and electrical conductivity (EC) while dissolved oxygen (DO) was increased. There was no significant influence on temperature and pH across the sampling points. Except for turbidity, the quality of effluent released mostly falls within South Africa standard limits for domestic and recreational water. The nine phenolic compounds were detected across the sampling points for all the WWTPs at different frequencies. The prominent phenolic compounds were 2-NP, 4-C-3MP, PCP, and 2,4-DMP with concentrations ranging from 3.3 (2,4-DMP) – 83.0 μgL-1 (4-C-3MP) in the influents. However, their concentrations in the effluents and receiving water bodies were below tolerable limits of 5 μgL-1 set by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and the European Union (EU) for domestic use. The removal capacities of the WWTPs varied between 33 and 96 percent. The six PAEs were detected in all water samples from all the WWTPs. DBP was the most abundant compound in all the sampling points and sometimes DEHP in some receiving waters. The maximum detection for DBP in influent, effluent, downstream and sludge were 2,488 μgL-1 (Alice), 26.47 μgL-1 (Adelaide), 115.3 μgL-1 (Seymour) and 1,249 μg/g dw (Alice), respectively. DEHP was the highest detected PAE in the upstream 17.53 μgL-1 (Seymour). There was a notable reduction of all PAEs in the final effluent with a removal efficiency which varied as much as 61.9 – 99.5 percent except for AS in Seymour which operated a single tank system (27.3 - 93.7 percent). Removal mechanisms continued more on adsorption on settling particles and sludge than biodegradation as this study found a high positive correlation between TSS, turbidity and PAEs removal. The concentrations of PAEs detected in the receiving waters were above 1.3 and 3μgL-1 limit standard set by the EU and USEPA, respectively for DEHP in surface water. Similarly, the average concentrations of DBP, BBP, DEHP and DOP which vary as much as 25.97 (BBP) – 1249 μg/g d.w (DBP) in sludge samples were above EU legislation of 100 μg/g d.w. for agricultural use. AS technology, showed a better performance in the removal of PAEs (77 – 99 percent), followed by TF (76 – 98 percent) and OP (61 – 98 percent). In conclusion, the PAE concentration in the WWTP effluents impacted negatively on the receiving water bodies and sewage sludge unlike the phenolic compounds that were notably reduced below the acceptable limits. Perhaps, due to the meagre amounts of the phenolic compounds that was detected entering the WWTPs. In order to avert the potential health risk to aquatic organisms’ and rural dwellers, it is exigent that constituted authorities gather more information on micro-pollutants in the environment as a basis for regulations on the use of these dangerous chemicals in industries.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Salaudeen, Taofeek Gbenga
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Water -- Purification Phenols
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/8552 , vital:33113
- Description: The presence of phthalate esters (PAEs) and certain phenolic compounds widely known as endocrine disruptors in environmental waters such as treated wastewaters constitutes health hazard to human and aquatic lives. Unfortunately, wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) only partially remove these synthetic chemical compounds from wastewater. In order to forestall the health challenge faced by rural dwellers, which rely on surface water for their daily needs, the present study embarked on investigating these endocrine disruptors in Municipal wastewater in the Amathole and Buffalo Districts in the Eastern Cape, South Africa and their removal rate by different WWTP technologies. One WWTP each from Adelaide, Alice, Bedford, Berlin and Seymour, using activated sludge (AS), trickling filter (TF), and oxidation pond (OP) technology were randomly selected. Some physicochemical parameters of these wastewaters were determined on-site using standard methods and the extraction method for endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in water was validated using solid phase extraction (SPE). Extracts were analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Nine phenolic compounds; phenol (PH), 2-chlorophenol (2-CP), 2,4-dimethylphenol (2,4-DMP), 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), 4-chloro-3-methylphenol (4-C-3MP), 2-nitrophenol (2-NP), 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), pentachlorophenol (PCP), 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) and six priority PAEs namely; dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), di(2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and di-n-octyl phthalate (DOP) were the investigated EDCs. PAEs were extracted from dried sludge samples in an ultrasonic bath using dichloromethane. Some physicochemical parameters of the wastewater assessed revealed that treatment processes of AS, TF, and OP reduced turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), and electrical conductivity (EC) while dissolved oxygen (DO) was increased. There was no significant influence on temperature and pH across the sampling points. Except for turbidity, the quality of effluent released mostly falls within South Africa standard limits for domestic and recreational water. The nine phenolic compounds were detected across the sampling points for all the WWTPs at different frequencies. The prominent phenolic compounds were 2-NP, 4-C-3MP, PCP, and 2,4-DMP with concentrations ranging from 3.3 (2,4-DMP) – 83.0 μgL-1 (4-C-3MP) in the influents. However, their concentrations in the effluents and receiving water bodies were below tolerable limits of 5 μgL-1 set by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and the European Union (EU) for domestic use. The removal capacities of the WWTPs varied between 33 and 96 percent. The six PAEs were detected in all water samples from all the WWTPs. DBP was the most abundant compound in all the sampling points and sometimes DEHP in some receiving waters. The maximum detection for DBP in influent, effluent, downstream and sludge were 2,488 μgL-1 (Alice), 26.47 μgL-1 (Adelaide), 115.3 μgL-1 (Seymour) and 1,249 μg/g dw (Alice), respectively. DEHP was the highest detected PAE in the upstream 17.53 μgL-1 (Seymour). There was a notable reduction of all PAEs in the final effluent with a removal efficiency which varied as much as 61.9 – 99.5 percent except for AS in Seymour which operated a single tank system (27.3 - 93.7 percent). Removal mechanisms continued more on adsorption on settling particles and sludge than biodegradation as this study found a high positive correlation between TSS, turbidity and PAEs removal. The concentrations of PAEs detected in the receiving waters were above 1.3 and 3μgL-1 limit standard set by the EU and USEPA, respectively for DEHP in surface water. Similarly, the average concentrations of DBP, BBP, DEHP and DOP which vary as much as 25.97 (BBP) – 1249 μg/g d.w (DBP) in sludge samples were above EU legislation of 100 μg/g d.w. for agricultural use. AS technology, showed a better performance in the removal of PAEs (77 – 99 percent), followed by TF (76 – 98 percent) and OP (61 – 98 percent). In conclusion, the PAE concentration in the WWTP effluents impacted negatively on the receiving water bodies and sewage sludge unlike the phenolic compounds that were notably reduced below the acceptable limits. Perhaps, due to the meagre amounts of the phenolic compounds that was detected entering the WWTPs. In order to avert the potential health risk to aquatic organisms’ and rural dwellers, it is exigent that constituted authorities gather more information on micro-pollutants in the environment as a basis for regulations on the use of these dangerous chemicals in industries.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Rhenium complexes of benzazole derivatives
- Authors: Van Niekerk, Xandri
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Rhenium Benzimidazoles
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/21252 , vital:29467
- Description: A series of rhenium(I) complexes with monodentate benzazole ligands containing the fac-[Re(CO)3]+ was synthesized. The rhenium(I) compound [ReCl(Hmbt)2(CO)3] was prepared from the reaction of [Re(CO)5Cl] and 2-aminobenzothiazole (Hmbt) in toluene. The ligand coordinates in a monodentate manner via the thiazole nitrogen atom. A similar reaction between [Re(CO)5Cl] and N-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)-2- chloroacetamide (Hbct) resulted in the formation of [ReCl(Hbct)(CO)3(NCMe)], where only one ligand binds per rhenium in a monodentate fashion. The reaction of ligands 2-mercaptobenzimidazole (Hmbi) (dibenzothiazol-2-yl)tetraazathiapentalene (Hdbt) with rhenium(I) gave [ReCl(Hmbi)2(CO)3] and [ReCl(Hdbt)2(CO)3] respectively. The study on the coordination behaviour between ethyl-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl-sulfanyl) acetate (Hbsa) and [Re(CO)5Cl] surprisingly gave the dimeric species (μ-Cl)2[Re(Hbsa)(CO)3]2, where the two rhenium atoms are bridged by two chloro ligands. The coordination of Hbsa occurs through the imidazole nitrogen, leaving the ethoxy tail free on each Hbsa ligand. The coordination behaviour of benzimidazole and benzothiazole derivatives gave rhenium complexes in oxidation states I, III and V, where all the ligands coordinate as bidentate N,N-chelating ligands. The study on 2-(2-aminophenyl)-1-benzothiazole (Hapt) and 2-(2-aminophenyl)-1-benzimidazole (H2apz) with [ReVOCl3(PPh3)2] resulted in the formation of [ReVOCl2(apt)(OPPh3)] and [ReVCl2(apz)(PPh3)2](ReO4), respectively. 1,2-Bis(2-benzimidazole)-1,2-ethanediol (Hbed) and 2,6-bis(2- benzimidazol-2-yl)pyridine (H2bip) were studied towards rhenium(I) and rheniumV) respectively. The former gave a dimeric species (μ-bbi)[Re(CO)4]2 (H2bbi – bisbenzimidazole) by reaction with [Re(CO)5Cl], whereas H2bip produced the rhenium(III) cationic salt [ReCl3(H3bip)(PPh3)]Cl, where the ligand coordinates as a cationic H3bip+ with protonation of an uncoordinated imidazole nitrogen atom. The pyridine derivatives 2-hydrazino-pyridinyl-2-benzothiazole (Hhpt) and (E)-1-benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2- (pyridin-2-ylmethylene)hydrazine (btp) were reacted with [Re(CO)5Cl]. The neutral complex [ReCl(Hhpt)(CO)3] was isolated upon reaction with Hhpt, where Hhpt coordinates as a neutral bidentate ligand. The reaction of [Re(CO)5Cl] with btp gave two different complexes when using different solvents. In methanol, [ReCl(btp)(CO)3] was isolated, whereas in toluene, the conjugate of btp (btp1) was formed which resulted in the formation of [ReCl(btp1)(CO)3]. The study on potentially bidentate thiourea derivatives containing a benzothiazole moiety towards [ReI(CO)3]+ and [ReVO]3+ cores gave rise to a wide variety of complexes. The reaction of [Re(CO)5Cl] with N-phenyl-N-(2-benzothiazole)thiourea (Hpbt) produced the rhenium(I) complex [Re(Hpbt)(pbt)(CO)3]. Hpbt coordinates both as a monodentate neutral ligand and as a bidentate monoanionic chelate. The study of the reaction between trans-[ReOCl3(PPh3)2] and Hpbt gave the rhenium(V) product [ReOCl2(pbt)(PPh3)], with pbt acting as a bidentate ligand. The reaction of 1-(1,3- benzothiazol-2-yl)-3-benzoylthiourea (Hbbt) with [Re(CO)5Cl] led to the isolation of [ReCl(Hbbt)(CO)3]. Similar reaction of Hbbt with trans-[ReOCl3(PPh3)2] gave the unique compound [ReOCl2(Hbnt)(PPh3)], where the ligand coordinates via the ketonic oxygen and a methine carbon. The complex [Re(Hmby)(mby)(CO)3] was isolated upon reacting [Re(CO)5Cl] with methylbenzothiazol-2-ylidenecarbamodithioate (Hmby), with Hmby coordinating as a monodentate neutral ligand and mby as a bidentate monoanionic chelate. The coordination behaviour of N-(benzothiazol-2-yl)-S,S’- dimethyldithiocarboimine (Hbdc) towards rhenium(I) led to the formation of [ReCl(Hbdc)(CO)3]. The reactivity of 1-(benzothiozol-2-yl)-3,3-dimethylthiourea (Hbdm), a derivative of Hmby, was studied with trans-[ReOCl3(PPh3)2] and trans- [ReO(OEt)I2(PPh3)2] producing the square pyramidal compound [ReOCl(bdm)2] and the salt [Re(bdm)2(MeCN)2]I3, respectively. Pyrazole derivatives containing a benzothiazole ring were studied towards rhenium in oxidation states +I and +V. The reaction between 2-(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)benzothiazole (Hdmp) and [Re(CO)5Cl] gave the neutral rhenium complex [ReCl(Hdmp)(CO)3], whereas its reaction with [ReOCl3(PPh3)2] surprisingly results in the formation of a dimeric complex (μ-O)[ReOCl2(Hdmp)]2. The study on the reactivity of 1-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-ol (Hbtm) with [Re(CO)5Cl] gave the unexpected trimer [Re(btm)(CO)3]3 containing the fac-[Re(CO)3]+ core. The ligand btm forms a bridge between each rhenium metal, serving as a bidentate ligand to one rhenium, and a monodentate ligand to another rhenium atom. The study on the coordination chemistry between trans-[ReOCl3(PPh3)2] and Hbtm gave two different complexes when using different solvents. In ethanol, [ReOCl(btm)(btm1)] formed, whereas [ReOCl(btm1)(btz)] (Hbtz = 1-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-4-(1-iminoethyl)-3- methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-ol) was isolated in acetonitrile. The reaction of cis-[ReO2I(PPh3)2] also gave two different products when using different solvents, where the respective solvents coordinate to the metal. The rhenium(V) compound [ReO(OMe)(btm)(btm1)] was formed in methanol, whereas [ReO(OEt)(btm)(btm1)] was formed in ethanol. The coordination chemistry of 2-(2-Benzothiazoleyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-2H-indazol-3-ol (Hbth) was studied towards [Re(CO)5Cl] and trans-[ReOCl3(PPh3)2]. The resulting complexes which formed are [ReCl(Hbth)(CO)3] and [ReOCl(bth)(bth1)] respectively. The reactivity of potentially tridentate Schiff base ligands towards rhenium(I) and (V) was studied. The rhenium(I) precursor [Re(CO)5Cl] was reacted with (E)-1- (benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-(phenol-2-ylmethylene)hydrazine (H3bph) to give [ReCl(CO)3(H3bph)], which contains the kinetically inert fac-[Re(CO)3]+ core coordinated to a neutral bidentate ligand. The reaction of [ReO2(py)4Cl] with H3bph gave the dimeric species (μ-O)[ReO(Hbph)(py)]2, where the ligand coordinates as a tridentate dianionic chelate. A similar complex was isolated with (E)-1- (benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-(2,4-dihydroxy-2-ylmethylene)hydrazine (H3bdh) to give (μ-O)[ReO(Hbdh)(py)]2. The reaction of trans-[ReOCl3(PPh3)2] with H3bph afforded [Re(abt)(imp)Cl2(PPh3)] (abt = 2-aminobenzothiazole, imp = 2-(iminomethyl)phenol), where the ligand broke up into two fragments, both of which coordinated without any modification. The dioxo rhenium precursor cis-[ReO2I(PPh3)2] gave [ReO(Hbdh)(imp)] upon reaction with H3bdh. Ligand imp coordinates as a bidentate monoanionic ligand via the imine nitrogen and deprotonated phenolic oxygen and ligand Hbdh coordinatesas a tridentate dianionic chelate.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Van Niekerk, Xandri
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Rhenium Benzimidazoles
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/21252 , vital:29467
- Description: A series of rhenium(I) complexes with monodentate benzazole ligands containing the fac-[Re(CO)3]+ was synthesized. The rhenium(I) compound [ReCl(Hmbt)2(CO)3] was prepared from the reaction of [Re(CO)5Cl] and 2-aminobenzothiazole (Hmbt) in toluene. The ligand coordinates in a monodentate manner via the thiazole nitrogen atom. A similar reaction between [Re(CO)5Cl] and N-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)-2- chloroacetamide (Hbct) resulted in the formation of [ReCl(Hbct)(CO)3(NCMe)], where only one ligand binds per rhenium in a monodentate fashion. The reaction of ligands 2-mercaptobenzimidazole (Hmbi) (dibenzothiazol-2-yl)tetraazathiapentalene (Hdbt) with rhenium(I) gave [ReCl(Hmbi)2(CO)3] and [ReCl(Hdbt)2(CO)3] respectively. The study on the coordination behaviour between ethyl-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl-sulfanyl) acetate (Hbsa) and [Re(CO)5Cl] surprisingly gave the dimeric species (μ-Cl)2[Re(Hbsa)(CO)3]2, where the two rhenium atoms are bridged by two chloro ligands. The coordination of Hbsa occurs through the imidazole nitrogen, leaving the ethoxy tail free on each Hbsa ligand. The coordination behaviour of benzimidazole and benzothiazole derivatives gave rhenium complexes in oxidation states I, III and V, where all the ligands coordinate as bidentate N,N-chelating ligands. The study on 2-(2-aminophenyl)-1-benzothiazole (Hapt) and 2-(2-aminophenyl)-1-benzimidazole (H2apz) with [ReVOCl3(PPh3)2] resulted in the formation of [ReVOCl2(apt)(OPPh3)] and [ReVCl2(apz)(PPh3)2](ReO4), respectively. 1,2-Bis(2-benzimidazole)-1,2-ethanediol (Hbed) and 2,6-bis(2- benzimidazol-2-yl)pyridine (H2bip) were studied towards rhenium(I) and rheniumV) respectively. The former gave a dimeric species (μ-bbi)[Re(CO)4]2 (H2bbi – bisbenzimidazole) by reaction with [Re(CO)5Cl], whereas H2bip produced the rhenium(III) cationic salt [ReCl3(H3bip)(PPh3)]Cl, where the ligand coordinates as a cationic H3bip+ with protonation of an uncoordinated imidazole nitrogen atom. The pyridine derivatives 2-hydrazino-pyridinyl-2-benzothiazole (Hhpt) and (E)-1-benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2- (pyridin-2-ylmethylene)hydrazine (btp) were reacted with [Re(CO)5Cl]. The neutral complex [ReCl(Hhpt)(CO)3] was isolated upon reaction with Hhpt, where Hhpt coordinates as a neutral bidentate ligand. The reaction of [Re(CO)5Cl] with btp gave two different complexes when using different solvents. In methanol, [ReCl(btp)(CO)3] was isolated, whereas in toluene, the conjugate of btp (btp1) was formed which resulted in the formation of [ReCl(btp1)(CO)3]. The study on potentially bidentate thiourea derivatives containing a benzothiazole moiety towards [ReI(CO)3]+ and [ReVO]3+ cores gave rise to a wide variety of complexes. The reaction of [Re(CO)5Cl] with N-phenyl-N-(2-benzothiazole)thiourea (Hpbt) produced the rhenium(I) complex [Re(Hpbt)(pbt)(CO)3]. Hpbt coordinates both as a monodentate neutral ligand and as a bidentate monoanionic chelate. The study of the reaction between trans-[ReOCl3(PPh3)2] and Hpbt gave the rhenium(V) product [ReOCl2(pbt)(PPh3)], with pbt acting as a bidentate ligand. The reaction of 1-(1,3- benzothiazol-2-yl)-3-benzoylthiourea (Hbbt) with [Re(CO)5Cl] led to the isolation of [ReCl(Hbbt)(CO)3]. Similar reaction of Hbbt with trans-[ReOCl3(PPh3)2] gave the unique compound [ReOCl2(Hbnt)(PPh3)], where the ligand coordinates via the ketonic oxygen and a methine carbon. The complex [Re(Hmby)(mby)(CO)3] was isolated upon reacting [Re(CO)5Cl] with methylbenzothiazol-2-ylidenecarbamodithioate (Hmby), with Hmby coordinating as a monodentate neutral ligand and mby as a bidentate monoanionic chelate. The coordination behaviour of N-(benzothiazol-2-yl)-S,S’- dimethyldithiocarboimine (Hbdc) towards rhenium(I) led to the formation of [ReCl(Hbdc)(CO)3]. The reactivity of 1-(benzothiozol-2-yl)-3,3-dimethylthiourea (Hbdm), a derivative of Hmby, was studied with trans-[ReOCl3(PPh3)2] and trans- [ReO(OEt)I2(PPh3)2] producing the square pyramidal compound [ReOCl(bdm)2] and the salt [Re(bdm)2(MeCN)2]I3, respectively. Pyrazole derivatives containing a benzothiazole ring were studied towards rhenium in oxidation states +I and +V. The reaction between 2-(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)benzothiazole (Hdmp) and [Re(CO)5Cl] gave the neutral rhenium complex [ReCl(Hdmp)(CO)3], whereas its reaction with [ReOCl3(PPh3)2] surprisingly results in the formation of a dimeric complex (μ-O)[ReOCl2(Hdmp)]2. The study on the reactivity of 1-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-ol (Hbtm) with [Re(CO)5Cl] gave the unexpected trimer [Re(btm)(CO)3]3 containing the fac-[Re(CO)3]+ core. The ligand btm forms a bridge between each rhenium metal, serving as a bidentate ligand to one rhenium, and a monodentate ligand to another rhenium atom. The study on the coordination chemistry between trans-[ReOCl3(PPh3)2] and Hbtm gave two different complexes when using different solvents. In ethanol, [ReOCl(btm)(btm1)] formed, whereas [ReOCl(btm1)(btz)] (Hbtz = 1-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-4-(1-iminoethyl)-3- methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-ol) was isolated in acetonitrile. The reaction of cis-[ReO2I(PPh3)2] also gave two different products when using different solvents, where the respective solvents coordinate to the metal. The rhenium(V) compound [ReO(OMe)(btm)(btm1)] was formed in methanol, whereas [ReO(OEt)(btm)(btm1)] was formed in ethanol. The coordination chemistry of 2-(2-Benzothiazoleyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-2H-indazol-3-ol (Hbth) was studied towards [Re(CO)5Cl] and trans-[ReOCl3(PPh3)2]. The resulting complexes which formed are [ReCl(Hbth)(CO)3] and [ReOCl(bth)(bth1)] respectively. The reactivity of potentially tridentate Schiff base ligands towards rhenium(I) and (V) was studied. The rhenium(I) precursor [Re(CO)5Cl] was reacted with (E)-1- (benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-(phenol-2-ylmethylene)hydrazine (H3bph) to give [ReCl(CO)3(H3bph)], which contains the kinetically inert fac-[Re(CO)3]+ core coordinated to a neutral bidentate ligand. The reaction of [ReO2(py)4Cl] with H3bph gave the dimeric species (μ-O)[ReO(Hbph)(py)]2, where the ligand coordinates as a tridentate dianionic chelate. A similar complex was isolated with (E)-1- (benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-(2,4-dihydroxy-2-ylmethylene)hydrazine (H3bdh) to give (μ-O)[ReO(Hbdh)(py)]2. The reaction of trans-[ReOCl3(PPh3)2] with H3bph afforded [Re(abt)(imp)Cl2(PPh3)] (abt = 2-aminobenzothiazole, imp = 2-(iminomethyl)phenol), where the ligand broke up into two fragments, both of which coordinated without any modification. The dioxo rhenium precursor cis-[ReO2I(PPh3)2] gave [ReO(Hbdh)(imp)] upon reaction with H3bdh. Ligand imp coordinates as a bidentate monoanionic ligand via the imine nitrogen and deprotonated phenolic oxygen and ligand Hbdh coordinatesas a tridentate dianionic chelate.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Richard Charles Nicholas Branson : a psychobiographical study
- Authors: Preston, Amanda Lorraine
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Branson, Richard Charles Nicholas, -- 1950- Businessmen -- Great Britain -- Biography Success in business
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/5543 , vital:29318
- Description: Unique individuals are fascinating as we all want to be successful. There is thus a need to understand, unpack and share the psychological development and traits that allow some people to become sui generis, and to learn from them. Psychobiographical research is a qualitative approach that can be utilised to uncover the story of such an individual life, resulting in greater understanding of the psychological concepts underpinning the person. This form of study is invaluable, and involves applying psychological theory to lives completed or unfinished, enabling the development and testing of developmental theories. Richard Branson (1950-present), an entrepreneur, adventurer, philanthropist and family man is the single psychological subject chosen in this study. Branson was selected based on interest value, his uniqueness and the lack of a specifically academic and psychologically focused case study on his life. The primary aim was to explore and describe Branson’s personality development across his life, to date. This was achieved by applying both Maslow’s (1954, 1970) theory of optimal development and Adler’s (1929, 1956) Individual Psychology theory to provide a comprehensive idiographic interpretation of the development of Branson. To achieve this, the case study utilised the systematic and consistent collection, analysis and interpretation of life history materials, highlighting three areas of development, namely Childhood, Adolescence and Adulthood. The theoretical frameworks were used to discern, transform and reconstruct his life into a coherent and illuminating narrative of his psychological movement through life. Alexander’s (1988; 1990) model of identifying salient themes was used to analyse data for analytical generalisation (Yin, 2009). The conceptual framework derived from the theoretical perspective was constructed to organize, integrate data, and guide the presentation and discussion of findings of the study in an integrative and comprehensive manner. The findings suggest both Maslow’s and Adler’s theories considered the biopsychosocial context in Branson’s personality development and, at least to some extent, supported concepts indicative of progression toward optimality through having met the needs of the ego actualisation of his self, toward transcending selfishness and attaining altruism and social interest. The study of Branson’s personality development has provided a positive demonstration of the value of Maslow’s (1970a) and Adler’s (1929, 1956) theories to understand the process of development. It has further highlighted the unique trajectory of an individual’s life, contextualized, as well as the possibility of being agents in our own lives and despite challenges, able to become our own idiosyncratic best. The study also highlights the need, at a macro level, for governments to assist those unable to satisfy basic needs such as food, shelter and safety, to set an imperative, to aid those who struggle if a country and its people are to be uplifted. In terms of Adlerian theory, the study highlights the importance of family and early experiences in supporting the earliest years of children to assist them to develop an identity that is healthy and socially useful. Finally, recommendations were made for future research utilising a psychobiographical research design to uncover, illuminate and reconstruct the lives of outstanding and interesting individuals.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Preston, Amanda Lorraine
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Branson, Richard Charles Nicholas, -- 1950- Businessmen -- Great Britain -- Biography Success in business
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/5543 , vital:29318
- Description: Unique individuals are fascinating as we all want to be successful. There is thus a need to understand, unpack and share the psychological development and traits that allow some people to become sui generis, and to learn from them. Psychobiographical research is a qualitative approach that can be utilised to uncover the story of such an individual life, resulting in greater understanding of the psychological concepts underpinning the person. This form of study is invaluable, and involves applying psychological theory to lives completed or unfinished, enabling the development and testing of developmental theories. Richard Branson (1950-present), an entrepreneur, adventurer, philanthropist and family man is the single psychological subject chosen in this study. Branson was selected based on interest value, his uniqueness and the lack of a specifically academic and psychologically focused case study on his life. The primary aim was to explore and describe Branson’s personality development across his life, to date. This was achieved by applying both Maslow’s (1954, 1970) theory of optimal development and Adler’s (1929, 1956) Individual Psychology theory to provide a comprehensive idiographic interpretation of the development of Branson. To achieve this, the case study utilised the systematic and consistent collection, analysis and interpretation of life history materials, highlighting three areas of development, namely Childhood, Adolescence and Adulthood. The theoretical frameworks were used to discern, transform and reconstruct his life into a coherent and illuminating narrative of his psychological movement through life. Alexander’s (1988; 1990) model of identifying salient themes was used to analyse data for analytical generalisation (Yin, 2009). The conceptual framework derived from the theoretical perspective was constructed to organize, integrate data, and guide the presentation and discussion of findings of the study in an integrative and comprehensive manner. The findings suggest both Maslow’s and Adler’s theories considered the biopsychosocial context in Branson’s personality development and, at least to some extent, supported concepts indicative of progression toward optimality through having met the needs of the ego actualisation of his self, toward transcending selfishness and attaining altruism and social interest. The study of Branson’s personality development has provided a positive demonstration of the value of Maslow’s (1970a) and Adler’s (1929, 1956) theories to understand the process of development. It has further highlighted the unique trajectory of an individual’s life, contextualized, as well as the possibility of being agents in our own lives and despite challenges, able to become our own idiosyncratic best. The study also highlights the need, at a macro level, for governments to assist those unable to satisfy basic needs such as food, shelter and safety, to set an imperative, to aid those who struggle if a country and its people are to be uplifted. In terms of Adlerian theory, the study highlights the importance of family and early experiences in supporting the earliest years of children to assist them to develop an identity that is healthy and socially useful. Finally, recommendations were made for future research utilising a psychobiographical research design to uncover, illuminate and reconstruct the lives of outstanding and interesting individuals.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Sedimentary, geochemical and geophysical study of the Ecca group, Karoo supergroup and its hydrocarbon potential in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
- Authors: Baiyegunhi, Christopher
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Sediments (Geology) -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Sedimentology -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/4881 , vital:28658
- Description: The Ecca Group of Karoo Supergroup is a sedimentary rock sequence that deposited between the Late Carboniferous (Dwyka Group) and the Late Permian-Middle Triassic (Beaufort Group). The Ecca Group investigated in this study is situated in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa and it comprises mainly of shales, mudstones, siltstones and sandstones. The Ecca Group sequence contains considerable carbon content and suitable thickness to make it an ideal target for shale gas exploration. Previous studies put more emphasis on the geology and stratigraphy of the Ecca Group, this study revised the stratigraphy, and put new insight on the petrography, depositional processes, sedimentary facies, provenance, paleoweathering, tectonic setting, subsidence rates and history, electrical resistivity, source rock characteristics and diagenesis of the potentially feasible sandstone and mudrock reservoir rocks of the Ecca Group. Based on the lithological features, sedimentary structures and facies characteristics, the stratigraphy of the Prince Albert, Whitehill, Collingham and Fort Brown Formations of the Ecca Group is now subdivided into two informal members each, i.e. Lower Member and Upper Member. Furthermore, the Ripon Formation is now subdivided into three informal members. Each member has been asigned a lithological name. The grain size parameters show that most of the Ecca Group sandstones are very fine to fine grained, poorly to moderately well sorted, mostly near-symmetrical and mesokurtic in grain-size distribution. The linear discriminant function analysis is dominantly indicative of turbidity current deposits under deep marine environment for Prince Albert, Whitehill and Collingham Formations, shallow marine environment for Ripon Formation, while the Fort Brown Formation is lacustrine-deltaic deposits. Modal composition analysis and petrography studies revealed that the detrital components of the sandstones are dominated by monocrystalline quartz, feldspar and lithic fragments. The sandstones are compositionally and texturally immature and can be classified as feldspathic wacke and lithic wacke. The provenance analysis revealed plutonic and metamorphic terrains as the main source rocks with minor debris derived from recycled sedimentary rocks. The detrital modal compositions of these sandstones are related to back arc to island and continental margin of tectonic setting. Based on the detailed sedimentological analyses of outcrop and borehole data, fourteen lithofacies were identified and seven facies associations (FAs) were recognised. The facies associations are: FA 1: Shale and mudstones intercalated with siltstones, FA 2: Carbonaceous shale, mudstone with subordinate chert and sandstone, FA 3: Mudstones rhythmite with thin bedded mudstone and lenticular siltstone, FA 4: Greyish medium bedded sandstone intercalated with laminated mudstone, FA 5: Dark-grey medium to thick bedded mudstone and siltstone, FA 6: Thin to medium bedded sandstone alternated with thin bedded carbonaceous mudstone, and FA 7: Varved mudstone rhythmite intercalated with siltstone and minor sandstone. Sedimentological characteristics of the identified facies associations indicate four deposition environments, namely, deep marine basin, turbidite, shallow marine and lacustrine environments, which constitute a gradually regression sequence as a result of sea-level dropping and shallowing of the basin during the developmental processes. Geochemical analysis of the Ecca mudrocks and sandstones revealed that the rocks are of quartzose sedimentary provenance, suggesting that they were derived from a cratonic interior or recycled orogen. The petrography and geochemistry of the sandstones indicated that the source areas are composed of plutonic and metamorphic rocks with a minor component from sedimentary rocks. The geochemical diagrams and indices of weathering suggested that the granitic source rocks underwent moderate to high degree of chemical weathering. The tectonic setting discrimination diagrams support passive continental margin setting of the provenance.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Baiyegunhi, Christopher
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Sediments (Geology) -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Sedimentology -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/4881 , vital:28658
- Description: The Ecca Group of Karoo Supergroup is a sedimentary rock sequence that deposited between the Late Carboniferous (Dwyka Group) and the Late Permian-Middle Triassic (Beaufort Group). The Ecca Group investigated in this study is situated in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa and it comprises mainly of shales, mudstones, siltstones and sandstones. The Ecca Group sequence contains considerable carbon content and suitable thickness to make it an ideal target for shale gas exploration. Previous studies put more emphasis on the geology and stratigraphy of the Ecca Group, this study revised the stratigraphy, and put new insight on the petrography, depositional processes, sedimentary facies, provenance, paleoweathering, tectonic setting, subsidence rates and history, electrical resistivity, source rock characteristics and diagenesis of the potentially feasible sandstone and mudrock reservoir rocks of the Ecca Group. Based on the lithological features, sedimentary structures and facies characteristics, the stratigraphy of the Prince Albert, Whitehill, Collingham and Fort Brown Formations of the Ecca Group is now subdivided into two informal members each, i.e. Lower Member and Upper Member. Furthermore, the Ripon Formation is now subdivided into three informal members. Each member has been asigned a lithological name. The grain size parameters show that most of the Ecca Group sandstones are very fine to fine grained, poorly to moderately well sorted, mostly near-symmetrical and mesokurtic in grain-size distribution. The linear discriminant function analysis is dominantly indicative of turbidity current deposits under deep marine environment for Prince Albert, Whitehill and Collingham Formations, shallow marine environment for Ripon Formation, while the Fort Brown Formation is lacustrine-deltaic deposits. Modal composition analysis and petrography studies revealed that the detrital components of the sandstones are dominated by monocrystalline quartz, feldspar and lithic fragments. The sandstones are compositionally and texturally immature and can be classified as feldspathic wacke and lithic wacke. The provenance analysis revealed plutonic and metamorphic terrains as the main source rocks with minor debris derived from recycled sedimentary rocks. The detrital modal compositions of these sandstones are related to back arc to island and continental margin of tectonic setting. Based on the detailed sedimentological analyses of outcrop and borehole data, fourteen lithofacies were identified and seven facies associations (FAs) were recognised. The facies associations are: FA 1: Shale and mudstones intercalated with siltstones, FA 2: Carbonaceous shale, mudstone with subordinate chert and sandstone, FA 3: Mudstones rhythmite with thin bedded mudstone and lenticular siltstone, FA 4: Greyish medium bedded sandstone intercalated with laminated mudstone, FA 5: Dark-grey medium to thick bedded mudstone and siltstone, FA 6: Thin to medium bedded sandstone alternated with thin bedded carbonaceous mudstone, and FA 7: Varved mudstone rhythmite intercalated with siltstone and minor sandstone. Sedimentological characteristics of the identified facies associations indicate four deposition environments, namely, deep marine basin, turbidite, shallow marine and lacustrine environments, which constitute a gradually regression sequence as a result of sea-level dropping and shallowing of the basin during the developmental processes. Geochemical analysis of the Ecca mudrocks and sandstones revealed that the rocks are of quartzose sedimentary provenance, suggesting that they were derived from a cratonic interior or recycled orogen. The petrography and geochemistry of the sandstones indicated that the source areas are composed of plutonic and metamorphic rocks with a minor component from sedimentary rocks. The geochemical diagrams and indices of weathering suggested that the granitic source rocks underwent moderate to high degree of chemical weathering. The tectonic setting discrimination diagrams support passive continental margin setting of the provenance.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Sign language in South Africa: pedagogic approaches, policy developments and new directions
- Authors: Ganiso, Mirriam Nosiphiwo
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Deaf -- Education -- South Africa , South African sign language -- Study and teaching , Sign language -- Study and teaching -- South Africa , Sign language -- Grammar
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/7323 , vital:21242
- Description: This objective of this thesis is to present and critique sign language-in-education policy and different teaching pedagogies used by teachers in the Eastern and Western Cape Deaf schools. The research was conducted in four Deaf schools in the Eastern and Western Cape Provinces. Data was collected through methods which include interviews, observations and questionnaires. The study results revealed that there was inconsistency of teaching approaches used by teachers in these different schools because some of them lacked knowledge and sign language skills. Additionally, many teachers who are teaching in Deaf schools did not get sign language training. Thus, the study concluded that some teachers lack knowledge of teaching methods. Also Deaf schools’ principals and school governing bodies employ teachers who are coming from the mainstream and who are not necessarily aware of Deaf children’s needs, forgetting that Deaf learners will struggle without suitable resources. Furthermore, the study concluded that teachers use different teaching approaches, such as Total Communication, Oral Approach, Signed English, Bilingualism, South African Sign Language (SASL) and other means of communication. Deaf learners were also forced to use Oral Communication although some of them were totally deaf. The research showed that Deaf learners and Deaf teacher assistants were not pleased about the way Deaf learners were being taught. Deaf learners complained about teachers, that they lack sign language communication skills and as a result the learners became the interpreters for the teachers. Teachers in turn complained about the curriculum training which was provided for individual and selected teachers. The research also offers a comparative study, in the sense that the development of sign language across different countries from Europe and Africa as well as the United States of America, is included. The thesis furthermore explores the development of SASL CAPS Curriculum in the Western Cape Province, i.e. grade R-3 which began in 2014 as opposed to the Eastern Cape teachers who experienced difficulties due to limited curriculum implementation resources. Therefore, this research suggests that, the Language Task Team which worked on the new CAPS curriculum should have involved Deaf teachers and teachers more generally in their team and decisions. The research sought to find a theoretical or grammatical basis for the development of SASL, while at the same time providing empirical data gathered from the four respective school sites. This data is analysed and presented in the thesis.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Ganiso, Mirriam Nosiphiwo
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Deaf -- Education -- South Africa , South African sign language -- Study and teaching , Sign language -- Study and teaching -- South Africa , Sign language -- Grammar
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/7323 , vital:21242
- Description: This objective of this thesis is to present and critique sign language-in-education policy and different teaching pedagogies used by teachers in the Eastern and Western Cape Deaf schools. The research was conducted in four Deaf schools in the Eastern and Western Cape Provinces. Data was collected through methods which include interviews, observations and questionnaires. The study results revealed that there was inconsistency of teaching approaches used by teachers in these different schools because some of them lacked knowledge and sign language skills. Additionally, many teachers who are teaching in Deaf schools did not get sign language training. Thus, the study concluded that some teachers lack knowledge of teaching methods. Also Deaf schools’ principals and school governing bodies employ teachers who are coming from the mainstream and who are not necessarily aware of Deaf children’s needs, forgetting that Deaf learners will struggle without suitable resources. Furthermore, the study concluded that teachers use different teaching approaches, such as Total Communication, Oral Approach, Signed English, Bilingualism, South African Sign Language (SASL) and other means of communication. Deaf learners were also forced to use Oral Communication although some of them were totally deaf. The research showed that Deaf learners and Deaf teacher assistants were not pleased about the way Deaf learners were being taught. Deaf learners complained about teachers, that they lack sign language communication skills and as a result the learners became the interpreters for the teachers. Teachers in turn complained about the curriculum training which was provided for individual and selected teachers. The research also offers a comparative study, in the sense that the development of sign language across different countries from Europe and Africa as well as the United States of America, is included. The thesis furthermore explores the development of SASL CAPS Curriculum in the Western Cape Province, i.e. grade R-3 which began in 2014 as opposed to the Eastern Cape teachers who experienced difficulties due to limited curriculum implementation resources. Therefore, this research suggests that, the Language Task Team which worked on the new CAPS curriculum should have involved Deaf teachers and teachers more generally in their team and decisions. The research sought to find a theoretical or grammatical basis for the development of SASL, while at the same time providing empirical data gathered from the four respective school sites. This data is analysed and presented in the thesis.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Spatial and seasonal distribution of selected persistent organic pollutants and phenolic derivatives along the course of the Buffalo River in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa
- Authors: Yahaya, Abdulrazaq
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Organic water pollutants Water -- Purification -- Organic compounds removal
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/5939 , vital:29448
- Description:
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) fall under a group of synthetic chemicals known for their persistence in environmental matrices such as soil and water, and are used in industrial, domestic and agricultural applications. Because of their volatility and lipophilicity, POPs can be transported far away from their point sources and bio-accumulate in food and in fatty tissues of humans and animals. In view of their toxicity and carcinogenicity some organic pollutants such as polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and phenolic derivatives (chlorophenol and nitrophenol) have been classified by United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and World Health Organization (WHO) as priority pollutants. The present work evaluated the distribution patterns of 19 polychlorinated biphenyls congeners, 17 organochlorine pesticides and selected phenolic derivatives (USEPA 11-priority pollutants) in the Buffalo River, in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa between December 2015 and May 2016. The Liquid-liquid extraction technique was used for PCBs, OCPs and phenolic derivatives in the river water samples. Silica gel and florisil clean up were carried out for PCBs and OCPs samples respectively and analyzed with gas chromatography electron capture detector (GC/ECD). Phenolic compounds were derivatized and analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometer (GC/MS). Limits of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ) and relative standard deviation (RSD) for the PCBs were 10 to 330 ng/L, 20 to 1,060 ng/L and 1.18 to 14.1 percent respectively. The LOD, LOQ and RSD for the OCPs were from 20 - 60 ng/L, 110 - 530 ng/L and 0.02 - 0.06 percent, while the corresponding values for the phenolic derivatives were 10 to 70 ng/L, 33 to 222 ng/L and 1.99 - 10.86 percent. In summer, the concentrations of PCBs, OCPs and phenolic derivatives ranged from
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Yahaya, Abdulrazaq
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Organic water pollutants Water -- Purification -- Organic compounds removal
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/5939 , vital:29448
- Description:
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) fall under a group of synthetic chemicals known for their persistence in environmental matrices such as soil and water, and are used in industrial, domestic and agricultural applications. Because of their volatility and lipophilicity, POPs can be transported far away from their point sources and bio-accumulate in food and in fatty tissues of humans and animals. In view of their toxicity and carcinogenicity some organic pollutants such as polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and phenolic derivatives (chlorophenol and nitrophenol) have been classified by United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and World Health Organization (WHO) as priority pollutants. The present work evaluated the distribution patterns of 19 polychlorinated biphenyls congeners, 17 organochlorine pesticides and selected phenolic derivatives (USEPA 11-priority pollutants) in the Buffalo River, in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa between December 2015 and May 2016. The Liquid-liquid extraction technique was used for PCBs, OCPs and phenolic derivatives in the river water samples. Silica gel and florisil clean up were carried out for PCBs and OCPs samples respectively and analyzed with gas chromatography electron capture detector (GC/ECD). Phenolic compounds were derivatized and analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometer (GC/MS). Limits of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ) and relative standard deviation (RSD) for the PCBs were 10 to 330 ng/L, 20 to 1,060 ng/L and 1.18 to 14.1 percent respectively. The LOD, LOQ and RSD for the OCPs were from 20 - 60 ng/L, 110 - 530 ng/L and 0.02 - 0.06 percent, while the corresponding values for the phenolic derivatives were 10 to 70 ng/L, 33 to 222 ng/L and 1.99 - 10.86 percent. In summer, the concentrations of PCBs, OCPs and phenolic derivatives ranged from
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Statistical analysis and modelling of malaria relapse risk factors using Cox Proportional Hazards model approach : a case study of material data collected from Democratic Republic of Congo
- Authors: Mutambayi, Ruffin Mpiana
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Malaria -- Congo (Democratic Republic) -- Mathematical models Statistics -- Congo (Democratic Republic) -- Econometric models
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/15001 , vital:40110
- Description: The field of survival analysis has experienced tremendous growth during the latter half of the 20th century. The objective of this study was to model the relapsing time of uncomplicated falciparum malaria using biographical, sanitation, environmental and preventive information as covariate risk factors. The methodological developments of survival analysis that have had the most profound impact are the Kaplan-Meier method for estimating the survival function, the log-rank test for comparing the equality of two or more survival distributions, and the Cox proportional hazards (PH) model for examining the covariate effects on the hazard function. This thesis presents basic concepts, nonparametric methods (the Kaplan-Meier method and the log-rank test), semi parametric methods (the Cox PH model, and Cox model with time-dependent covariates) and parametric methods (Parametric PH model and the AFT model) for analysing survival data. An improved method was applied to randomized uncomplicated falciparum malaria patients to investigate the risk factors related to the relapsing time in RD Congo. Firstly, the Cox PH model , inf 1 0 ( ) ( )exp 1.91613 0.49633 0.81466 dump spr t X h h t X X X where is the instantaneous risk of experiencing the event at time , without the influence of any covariate was found to better fit the data, as confirmed by the results of the global test that present reasonable and significant results: (Likelihood Ratio: 18.2264 with p-value < 0.0004; Score: 17.6569 with p-value < 0.0005 and Wald: 19.3975 with p<0.0002). Hence from the model above, it can be noticed that ‘dumping site’ (p-value <0.0106; 95percent HR C.I: 1.545, 29.451), ‘spray used’ (p-value < 0. 0.0220; 95percent C.I: 0.391, 0.915), and ‘information related to source of malaria’ (p-value < 0. 0.0012; 95percent C.I: 1.380, 3.725), have a significant impact on the relapsing time of the patients under investigation. It should be noted that many 0() h tt other important covariates such as “usage of mosquito nets” were excluded because of the non-proportionality of the hazards. Secondly, the improvement concept was applied to the Cox model as proposed, and the improved model was as follows: h h t t X t X t X t X t X t X t X t r dump_inf1 spr_inf1 Where h0 (t) is the instantaneous risk of experiencing the event at time t , without the influence of any covariate. The model was found to better fit the data than the standard model — as confirmed by the results from the convergence criterion comparison, where the AIC value of the improved model (754.460) was lower than that of the standard model (767.428). Moreover, the improved model was found to be adequate as the results from the global null hypothesis were significant: (Likelihood Ratio: p-value is 0.0001; Score: p-value is 0.0001; Wald: p-value is 0.0001) and the goodness-of-fit test was confirmed by the plotting of Coxresiduals where the 45 degrees’ line confirmed the results. In conclusion, it was found that the covariates ‘pit’ (p-value is 0.0009; 95percent HR C.I: 11.4133, 1.243e+04), ‘tdwel_spr’ (pvalue = 0.0257; 95percent HR C.I: 1.0016, 1.030e+00), ‘tdwel_inf1 (p-value = 0.0122; 95percent HR C.I: 0.9691, 9.964e-01), ‘maint_dump’ (p-value is 0.0005; 95percent HR C.I: 1.0239, 1.087e+00),‘maint_pit’ (p-value is 0.0007; 95percent HR C.I: 0.9179, 9.774e-01), ‘dump_spr’ (p-value is 0.0027; 95percent HR C.I: 0.9308, 9.853e-01), ‘dump_inf1’ (p-value <0.0001; 95percent HR C.I: 0.9849, 9.947e-01) and ‘spr_inf1’ (p-value is 0.0005; 95percent HR C.I: 1.0119, 1.043e+00) affected the time to relapse from uncomplicated falciparum malaria.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Mutambayi, Ruffin Mpiana
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Malaria -- Congo (Democratic Republic) -- Mathematical models Statistics -- Congo (Democratic Republic) -- Econometric models
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/15001 , vital:40110
- Description: The field of survival analysis has experienced tremendous growth during the latter half of the 20th century. The objective of this study was to model the relapsing time of uncomplicated falciparum malaria using biographical, sanitation, environmental and preventive information as covariate risk factors. The methodological developments of survival analysis that have had the most profound impact are the Kaplan-Meier method for estimating the survival function, the log-rank test for comparing the equality of two or more survival distributions, and the Cox proportional hazards (PH) model for examining the covariate effects on the hazard function. This thesis presents basic concepts, nonparametric methods (the Kaplan-Meier method and the log-rank test), semi parametric methods (the Cox PH model, and Cox model with time-dependent covariates) and parametric methods (Parametric PH model and the AFT model) for analysing survival data. An improved method was applied to randomized uncomplicated falciparum malaria patients to investigate the risk factors related to the relapsing time in RD Congo. Firstly, the Cox PH model , inf 1 0 ( ) ( )exp 1.91613 0.49633 0.81466 dump spr t X h h t X X X where is the instantaneous risk of experiencing the event at time , without the influence of any covariate was found to better fit the data, as confirmed by the results of the global test that present reasonable and significant results: (Likelihood Ratio: 18.2264 with p-value < 0.0004; Score: 17.6569 with p-value < 0.0005 and Wald: 19.3975 with p<0.0002). Hence from the model above, it can be noticed that ‘dumping site’ (p-value <0.0106; 95percent HR C.I: 1.545, 29.451), ‘spray used’ (p-value < 0. 0.0220; 95percent C.I: 0.391, 0.915), and ‘information related to source of malaria’ (p-value < 0. 0.0012; 95percent C.I: 1.380, 3.725), have a significant impact on the relapsing time of the patients under investigation. It should be noted that many 0() h tt other important covariates such as “usage of mosquito nets” were excluded because of the non-proportionality of the hazards. Secondly, the improvement concept was applied to the Cox model as proposed, and the improved model was as follows: h h t t X t X t X t X t X t X t X t r dump_inf1 spr_inf1 Where h0 (t) is the instantaneous risk of experiencing the event at time t , without the influence of any covariate. The model was found to better fit the data than the standard model — as confirmed by the results from the convergence criterion comparison, where the AIC value of the improved model (754.460) was lower than that of the standard model (767.428). Moreover, the improved model was found to be adequate as the results from the global null hypothesis were significant: (Likelihood Ratio: p-value is 0.0001; Score: p-value is 0.0001; Wald: p-value is 0.0001) and the goodness-of-fit test was confirmed by the plotting of Coxresiduals where the 45 degrees’ line confirmed the results. In conclusion, it was found that the covariates ‘pit’ (p-value is 0.0009; 95percent HR C.I: 11.4133, 1.243e+04), ‘tdwel_spr’ (pvalue = 0.0257; 95percent HR C.I: 1.0016, 1.030e+00), ‘tdwel_inf1 (p-value = 0.0122; 95percent HR C.I: 0.9691, 9.964e-01), ‘maint_dump’ (p-value is 0.0005; 95percent HR C.I: 1.0239, 1.087e+00),‘maint_pit’ (p-value is 0.0007; 95percent HR C.I: 0.9179, 9.774e-01), ‘dump_spr’ (p-value is 0.0027; 95percent HR C.I: 0.9308, 9.853e-01), ‘dump_inf1’ (p-value <0.0001; 95percent HR C.I: 0.9849, 9.947e-01) and ‘spr_inf1’ (p-value is 0.0005; 95percent HR C.I: 1.0119, 1.043e+00) affected the time to relapse from uncomplicated falciparum malaria.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Statistical viability assessment of a photovoltaic system in the presence of data uncertainty
- Authors: Clohessy, Chantelle May
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Bayesian field theory , Photovoltaic power systems
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/15655 , vital:28280
- Description: This thesis investigates statistical techniques that can be used to improve estimates and methods in feasibility assessments of photovoltaic (PV) systems. The use of these techniques are illustrated for a case study of a 1MW PV system proposed for the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University South Campus in Port Elizabeth, South Africa. The results from the study provide strong support for the use of multivariate profile analysis and interval estimate plots for the assessment of solar resource data. A unique view to manufacturing process control in the generation of energy from a PV system is identified. This link between PV energy generation and process control is lacking in the literature and exploited in this study. Variance component models are used to model power output and energy yield estimates of the proposed PV system. The variance components are simulated using Bayesian simulation techniques. Bayesian tolerance intervals are derived from the variance components and are used to determine what percentage of future power output and energy yield values fall within an interval with a certain probability. The results from the estimated tolerance intervals were informative and provided expected power outputs and energy yields for a given month and specific season. The methods improve on current techniques used to assess the energy output of a system.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Clohessy, Chantelle May
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Bayesian field theory , Photovoltaic power systems
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/15655 , vital:28280
- Description: This thesis investigates statistical techniques that can be used to improve estimates and methods in feasibility assessments of photovoltaic (PV) systems. The use of these techniques are illustrated for a case study of a 1MW PV system proposed for the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University South Campus in Port Elizabeth, South Africa. The results from the study provide strong support for the use of multivariate profile analysis and interval estimate plots for the assessment of solar resource data. A unique view to manufacturing process control in the generation of energy from a PV system is identified. This link between PV energy generation and process control is lacking in the literature and exploited in this study. Variance component models are used to model power output and energy yield estimates of the proposed PV system. The variance components are simulated using Bayesian simulation techniques. Bayesian tolerance intervals are derived from the variance components and are used to determine what percentage of future power output and energy yield values fall within an interval with a certain probability. The results from the estimated tolerance intervals were informative and provided expected power outputs and energy yields for a given month and specific season. The methods improve on current techniques used to assess the energy output of a system.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Strategies to prepare and support the role transition of significant others in becoming caregivers of persons with dementia
- Authors: Smith, Lourett
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Dementia -- Patients -- Care -- South Africa Caregivers -- Mental health -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/20856 , vital:29407
- Description: Significant others of persons with dementia face many challenges when caring for their loved ones in the home. I became aware of the challenges that significant others of persons with dementia face when caring for persons with dementia, when I was working as a registered nurse in a psychiatric hospital. As a junior registered nurse I found it challenging at times to manage persons with dementia due to the behavioural problems that they exhibited. It occurred to me at the time that significant others who became caregivers of persons with dementia must struggle with their role as caregivers, not having the necessary knowledge and skills to care for them. Literature confirms my observation that significant others need assistance when they experience the transition from being a significant other to being a caregiver of a person with dementia. Significant others often have to deal with many additional role transitions once they become caregivers. Such role transitions could include having to cope with empty nest syndrome and retirement among others, as well as having to deal with caring for their relative. They are prone to stress, burnout and other problems related to caring. By preparing significant others for their main role transition into becoming a caregiver and providing them with support, many of these problems could be prevented and the person with dementia would benefit as a result. Literature also highlights that there is a paucity of research dealing with the role transition of significant others who become the caregivers of persons with dementia. Therefore, the aim of the study was to provide an understanding of how significant others experience providing care to persons with dementia. The study also aimed to understand how significant others were prepared and supported in their role as caregivers as they went through their role transition. The study also aimed to develop strategies to enable psychiatric nurses (APNs), psychiatric nurses (PNs) and other healthcare professionals to prepare and support significant others during their role transition into caregivers of persons with dementia. The study followed a qualitative approach with an exploratory, contextual, descriptive design, applying the Middle-Range Transition Theory as the paradigm and phenomenology as the meta-paradigm. Visual narrative inquiry was utilised using collages and semi-structured individual interviews to collect the data from participants who were the caregivers of persons with dementia. They were purposefully selected from a non-profit Alzheimer’s clinic in the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality (NMBM). A sample size of eight participants was included. A conceptual framework was used for the development of the strategies for APNs/ PNs and other healthcare professionals to prepare and support significant others during their role transition from significant others to caregivers of persons with dementia. The principles of professional research ethics were adhered to throughout the study.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Smith, Lourett
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Dementia -- Patients -- Care -- South Africa Caregivers -- Mental health -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/20856 , vital:29407
- Description: Significant others of persons with dementia face many challenges when caring for their loved ones in the home. I became aware of the challenges that significant others of persons with dementia face when caring for persons with dementia, when I was working as a registered nurse in a psychiatric hospital. As a junior registered nurse I found it challenging at times to manage persons with dementia due to the behavioural problems that they exhibited. It occurred to me at the time that significant others who became caregivers of persons with dementia must struggle with their role as caregivers, not having the necessary knowledge and skills to care for them. Literature confirms my observation that significant others need assistance when they experience the transition from being a significant other to being a caregiver of a person with dementia. Significant others often have to deal with many additional role transitions once they become caregivers. Such role transitions could include having to cope with empty nest syndrome and retirement among others, as well as having to deal with caring for their relative. They are prone to stress, burnout and other problems related to caring. By preparing significant others for their main role transition into becoming a caregiver and providing them with support, many of these problems could be prevented and the person with dementia would benefit as a result. Literature also highlights that there is a paucity of research dealing with the role transition of significant others who become the caregivers of persons with dementia. Therefore, the aim of the study was to provide an understanding of how significant others experience providing care to persons with dementia. The study also aimed to understand how significant others were prepared and supported in their role as caregivers as they went through their role transition. The study also aimed to develop strategies to enable psychiatric nurses (APNs), psychiatric nurses (PNs) and other healthcare professionals to prepare and support significant others during their role transition into caregivers of persons with dementia. The study followed a qualitative approach with an exploratory, contextual, descriptive design, applying the Middle-Range Transition Theory as the paradigm and phenomenology as the meta-paradigm. Visual narrative inquiry was utilised using collages and semi-structured individual interviews to collect the data from participants who were the caregivers of persons with dementia. They were purposefully selected from a non-profit Alzheimer’s clinic in the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality (NMBM). A sample size of eight participants was included. A conceptual framework was used for the development of the strategies for APNs/ PNs and other healthcare professionals to prepare and support significant others during their role transition from significant others to caregivers of persons with dementia. The principles of professional research ethics were adhered to throughout the study.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Strategies used to cater for students with diverse academic backgrounds in the provision of textile, clothing and design programmes: a case study of two universities of technology in Zimbabwe
- Authors: Chimbindi, Felisia
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Multicultural education -- Zimbabwe -- Cross-cultural studies Inclusive education -- Zimbabwe -- Cross-cultural studies
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/4948 , vital:28871
- Description: Universities admit students from diverse backgrounds and have an obligation to accommodate all the students in various educational programmes to ensure that they acquire relevant skills and knowledge. The provision of Textile, Clothing and Design programmes to students with diverse academic backgrounds in universities of technology in Zimbabwe has led to various concerns raised by the textile and clothing stakeholders. The concerns include poor performance of students, high student failure rate, high student drop out, late completion of programmes by students, and other problems emanating from curriculum implementation approaches used by the lecturers. This study therefore, sought to find out how students with diverse academic backgrounds are catered for in the provision of TCD programmes in the two sampled universities of technology in Zimbabwe, with a view to assist the students and to enhance the quality of TCD provision. The study adopted a post-positivism paradigm and used a mixed method research approach that integrated concurrent qualitative and quantitative procedures in data collection, analysis and interpretation. A questionnaire, interviews and document analysis were used to collect data from respondents. Purposive sampling procedure was used to select 36 TCD lecturers, 2 universities’ quality assurance directors, 2 TCD faculty deans of studies, and 2 department chairpersons. Collected data were analyzed using statistical and non-statistical procedures. The study revealed that catering for students with diverse academic backgrounds was practiced in the two universities despite the absence of a curriculum implementation policy to guide the provision of TCD programmes to students with diverse academic backgrounds at university level. It emerged that catering for students with diverse academic backgrounds in implementing TCD curricular at the two sampled universities was faced with various challenges that include lack of lecturer training with regard to catering for students from diverse academic backgrounds and inadequate lecturer training in depth TCD subject content knowledge and ICT teaching technology packages. The study also revealed that there is not enough university and stakeholder participation with regards to supporting and monitoring curriculum implementation process to cater for students with diverse academic backgrounds. Although there were challenges encountered in catering for students with diverse academic backgrounds, the study reveals that there are pockets of good practice in some curriculum implementation strategies implemented by the two institutions such as use of student centered teaching and instructional approaches, university support and lecturer commitment to assist the students. The study findings conclude that although catering for TCD students with diverse academic backgrounds was being practiced in the two universities of technology, there are very critical issues observed over the programmes implementation process that include absence of curriculum implementation policy, lack of training of lecturers and inadequate participative TCD stakeholder involvement. Based on the study findings and reviewed literature, the researcher suggests an alternative curriculum implementation framework for catering for students with diverse academic backgrounds that may help improve effectiveness of university programmes implementation.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Chimbindi, Felisia
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Multicultural education -- Zimbabwe -- Cross-cultural studies Inclusive education -- Zimbabwe -- Cross-cultural studies
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/4948 , vital:28871
- Description: Universities admit students from diverse backgrounds and have an obligation to accommodate all the students in various educational programmes to ensure that they acquire relevant skills and knowledge. The provision of Textile, Clothing and Design programmes to students with diverse academic backgrounds in universities of technology in Zimbabwe has led to various concerns raised by the textile and clothing stakeholders. The concerns include poor performance of students, high student failure rate, high student drop out, late completion of programmes by students, and other problems emanating from curriculum implementation approaches used by the lecturers. This study therefore, sought to find out how students with diverse academic backgrounds are catered for in the provision of TCD programmes in the two sampled universities of technology in Zimbabwe, with a view to assist the students and to enhance the quality of TCD provision. The study adopted a post-positivism paradigm and used a mixed method research approach that integrated concurrent qualitative and quantitative procedures in data collection, analysis and interpretation. A questionnaire, interviews and document analysis were used to collect data from respondents. Purposive sampling procedure was used to select 36 TCD lecturers, 2 universities’ quality assurance directors, 2 TCD faculty deans of studies, and 2 department chairpersons. Collected data were analyzed using statistical and non-statistical procedures. The study revealed that catering for students with diverse academic backgrounds was practiced in the two universities despite the absence of a curriculum implementation policy to guide the provision of TCD programmes to students with diverse academic backgrounds at university level. It emerged that catering for students with diverse academic backgrounds in implementing TCD curricular at the two sampled universities was faced with various challenges that include lack of lecturer training with regard to catering for students from diverse academic backgrounds and inadequate lecturer training in depth TCD subject content knowledge and ICT teaching technology packages. The study also revealed that there is not enough university and stakeholder participation with regards to supporting and monitoring curriculum implementation process to cater for students with diverse academic backgrounds. Although there were challenges encountered in catering for students with diverse academic backgrounds, the study reveals that there are pockets of good practice in some curriculum implementation strategies implemented by the two institutions such as use of student centered teaching and instructional approaches, university support and lecturer commitment to assist the students. The study findings conclude that although catering for TCD students with diverse academic backgrounds was being practiced in the two universities of technology, there are very critical issues observed over the programmes implementation process that include absence of curriculum implementation policy, lack of training of lecturers and inadequate participative TCD stakeholder involvement. Based on the study findings and reviewed literature, the researcher suggests an alternative curriculum implementation framework for catering for students with diverse academic backgrounds that may help improve effectiveness of university programmes implementation.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Synthesis and biological evaluation of anti-HIV-I integrase agents
- Jesumoroti, Omobolanle Janet
- Authors: Jesumoroti, Omobolanle Janet
- Date: 2017
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/59215 , vital:27479
- Description: Expected release date-April 2019
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Jesumoroti, Omobolanle Janet
- Date: 2017
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/59215 , vital:27479
- Description: Expected release date-April 2019
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Synthesis and investigation of the chemosensing properties of novel fluorescent triazolyl coumarin-based polymers
- Ngororabanga, Jean Marie Vianney
- Authors: Ngororabanga, Jean Marie Vianney
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Fluorescent polymers Chemical detectors
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/20110 , vital:29120
- Description: Environmental pollution by ionic species has become one of the greatest challenges to the sustainable development of communities. Increasing amounts of these ionic species in the environment is associated with several detrimental effects to human health and ecological systems. Proper detection and monitoring of these ionic species is essential. Considering the diversity of the ions and the fact that the available sensors are limited, it is clear that there is need for a rapid and low-cost method for recognition and monitoring of these ions. Fluorescence based methods are ranked among the most powerful transduction systems to signal chemical recognition events. Fluorescent polymers containing triazolyl coumarin units in the polymer backbone or as pendant groups were therefore designed and investigated as potential sensors for these ions. Three methods were used to incorporate triazolyl coumarin units into the polymers. The first method involved polymerization of the vinyl monomer containing the triazolyl coumarin unit. The second method involved AA-BB step-grow click polymerization of diazide and dialkyne-functionalized monomers. The third method involved post-polymerization functionalization of an azide-functionalized polymer with an alkyne functionalized coumarin derivative. In each method, formation of the triazole ring was achieved using a Cu(I)-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction. The photophysical properties of the polymers and their starting monomers were investigated and compared. Polymers with triazolyl coumarin units in the backbone or as pendant groups were found to have higher absorption and emission intensities than their corresponding monomers while polymers resulting from functionalization of azide-functionalized polymer were found to exhibit improved photophysical properties compared to the starting azide-functionalized polymer. The chemosensing potential of the polymers was investigated through absorption and emission. The polymers were found to be selective towards different metal ions (Fe3+, Hg2+ and Al3+) and anions (-OH and F-). The mechanisms of interaction between the polymers and ions were investigated by comparing the absorption and emission spectra of the polymers to those of their monomers in the presence of an ion of interest. In some cases the mechanism of interaction was supported by 1H NMR and FT-IR.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Ngororabanga, Jean Marie Vianney
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Fluorescent polymers Chemical detectors
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/20110 , vital:29120
- Description: Environmental pollution by ionic species has become one of the greatest challenges to the sustainable development of communities. Increasing amounts of these ionic species in the environment is associated with several detrimental effects to human health and ecological systems. Proper detection and monitoring of these ionic species is essential. Considering the diversity of the ions and the fact that the available sensors are limited, it is clear that there is need for a rapid and low-cost method for recognition and monitoring of these ions. Fluorescence based methods are ranked among the most powerful transduction systems to signal chemical recognition events. Fluorescent polymers containing triazolyl coumarin units in the polymer backbone or as pendant groups were therefore designed and investigated as potential sensors for these ions. Three methods were used to incorporate triazolyl coumarin units into the polymers. The first method involved polymerization of the vinyl monomer containing the triazolyl coumarin unit. The second method involved AA-BB step-grow click polymerization of diazide and dialkyne-functionalized monomers. The third method involved post-polymerization functionalization of an azide-functionalized polymer with an alkyne functionalized coumarin derivative. In each method, formation of the triazole ring was achieved using a Cu(I)-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction. The photophysical properties of the polymers and their starting monomers were investigated and compared. Polymers with triazolyl coumarin units in the backbone or as pendant groups were found to have higher absorption and emission intensities than their corresponding monomers while polymers resulting from functionalization of azide-functionalized polymer were found to exhibit improved photophysical properties compared to the starting azide-functionalized polymer. The chemosensing potential of the polymers was investigated through absorption and emission. The polymers were found to be selective towards different metal ions (Fe3+, Hg2+ and Al3+) and anions (-OH and F-). The mechanisms of interaction between the polymers and ions were investigated by comparing the absorption and emission spectra of the polymers to those of their monomers in the presence of an ion of interest. In some cases the mechanism of interaction was supported by 1H NMR and FT-IR.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Synthesis of indium and lead phthalocyanine as photocatalysts for photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy and photo-oxidation of pollutants
- Authors: Oluwole, Oluyinka David
- Date: 2017
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/5293 , vital:20805
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Oluwole, Oluyinka David
- Date: 2017
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/5293 , vital:20805
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Synthesis of indium and lead phthalocyanine as photocatalysts for photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy and photo-oxidation of pollutants
- Authors: Osifeko, Olawale L
- Date: 2017
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/5221 , vital:20790
- Description: This thesis explores the synthesis of metallophthalocyanines as potential photosensitizers for application in photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy and phototransformation of environmental pollutants. The metallophthalocyanines containing amino substituent were conjugated with magnetic nanoparticle and semiconductor quantum dots via an amide bond and by chemisorption onto gold nanoparticles surface. Techniques such as time-resolved fluorescence measurements, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), elemental analysis, fourier transform infrared (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H, ¹³C, and cozy of symmetrical phthalocyanine), electronic spectroscopy, as well as mass spectroscopy were employed to characterize all metallophthalocyanines. Quarternized pyridyloxy substituted phthalocyanine and asymmetric (AB3) metallophthalocyanines were embedded in electrospun polystyrene fiber. General trends are described for quantum yields of fluorescence, triplet, singlet oxygen and photodegradation as well as lifetimes of fluorescence and triplet state of the compounds. There is an increase in triplet quantum yield for Pcs in the presence of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and semiconductor quantum dots (QDs), but not in the presence of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). Photodynamic inactivation of Escherichia coli with the quarternized photosensitizers at low concentrations totally inactivate the bacteria compared to non-charged photosensitiser. Also, a similar trend was observed for the magnetic nanoparticles conjugates. Photooxidations of bisphenol A and 4-chlorophenol were carried out in this study using two asymmetric Indium(III) phthalocyanines photosensitizers. The photooxidation reactions were compared with those of a symmetrical indium(III) phthalocyanines containing four quaternized 4-pyridyloxy substituents. The complexes were embedded in electrospun polystyrene fiber for heterogeneous photocatalysis. The immobilized photosensitizers possess good singlet oxygen generation potentials in aqueous media. The asymmetrical phthalocyanine containing 4-pyridylsulfanyl and one aminophenoxy showed the best photocatalytic behavior.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Osifeko, Olawale L
- Date: 2017
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/5221 , vital:20790
- Description: This thesis explores the synthesis of metallophthalocyanines as potential photosensitizers for application in photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy and phototransformation of environmental pollutants. The metallophthalocyanines containing amino substituent were conjugated with magnetic nanoparticle and semiconductor quantum dots via an amide bond and by chemisorption onto gold nanoparticles surface. Techniques such as time-resolved fluorescence measurements, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), elemental analysis, fourier transform infrared (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H, ¹³C, and cozy of symmetrical phthalocyanine), electronic spectroscopy, as well as mass spectroscopy were employed to characterize all metallophthalocyanines. Quarternized pyridyloxy substituted phthalocyanine and asymmetric (AB3) metallophthalocyanines were embedded in electrospun polystyrene fiber. General trends are described for quantum yields of fluorescence, triplet, singlet oxygen and photodegradation as well as lifetimes of fluorescence and triplet state of the compounds. There is an increase in triplet quantum yield for Pcs in the presence of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and semiconductor quantum dots (QDs), but not in the presence of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). Photodynamic inactivation of Escherichia coli with the quarternized photosensitizers at low concentrations totally inactivate the bacteria compared to non-charged photosensitiser. Also, a similar trend was observed for the magnetic nanoparticles conjugates. Photooxidations of bisphenol A and 4-chlorophenol were carried out in this study using two asymmetric Indium(III) phthalocyanines photosensitizers. The photooxidation reactions were compared with those of a symmetrical indium(III) phthalocyanines containing four quaternized 4-pyridyloxy substituents. The complexes were embedded in electrospun polystyrene fiber for heterogeneous photocatalysis. The immobilized photosensitizers possess good singlet oxygen generation potentials in aqueous media. The asymmetrical phthalocyanine containing 4-pyridylsulfanyl and one aminophenoxy showed the best photocatalytic behavior.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017