Umhala
- Nonogcinile, Nomillion and group, Tracey, Andrew T N and Gerhard Kubik
- Authors: Nonogcinile, Nomillion and group , Tracey, Andrew T N and Gerhard Kubik
- Date: 1990
- Subjects: Xhosa (African people) -- South Africa , Folk music , Folk dance , Sub-Saharan African music , Africa South Africa Lady Frere f-sa
- Language: Xhosa
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , Sound recording material
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/93469 , vital:30884 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , ATC028a-02
- Description: Traditional Thembu umngqungqo women's song for girls initiation.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1990
- Authors: Nonogcinile, Nomillion and group , Tracey, Andrew T N and Gerhard Kubik
- Date: 1990
- Subjects: Xhosa (African people) -- South Africa , Folk music , Folk dance , Sub-Saharan African music , Africa South Africa Lady Frere f-sa
- Language: Xhosa
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , Sound recording material
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/93469 , vital:30884 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , ATC028a-02
- Description: Traditional Thembu umngqungqo women's song for girls initiation.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1990
Umzabalazo
- Ngqoko young villagers, Tracey, Andrew T N
- Authors: Ngqoko young villagers , Tracey, Andrew T N
- Date: 1990
- Subjects: Xhosa (African people) -- South Africa , Folk music , Hand-clapping music , folk dance , Sub-Saharan African music , Africa South Africa Lady Frere f-sa
- Language: Xhosa
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , Sound recording material
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/93618 , vital:30903 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , ATC029a-03
- Description: Traditional Thembu umtshotsho young people's dance song accompanied by clapping.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1990
- Authors: Ngqoko young villagers , Tracey, Andrew T N
- Date: 1990
- Subjects: Xhosa (African people) -- South Africa , Folk music , Hand-clapping music , folk dance , Sub-Saharan African music , Africa South Africa Lady Frere f-sa
- Language: Xhosa
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , Sound recording material
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/93618 , vital:30903 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , ATC029a-03
- Description: Traditional Thembu umtshotsho young people's dance song accompanied by clapping.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1990
Unbroken sequence of umngqungqo song
- Ngqoko married women villagers, Tracey, Andrew T N
- Authors: Ngqoko married women villagers , Tracey, Andrew T N
- Date: 1990
- Subjects: Xhosa (African people) -- South Africa , Folk music , Hand-clapping music , folk dance , Sub-Saharan African music , Africa South Africa Lady Frere f-sa
- Language: Xhosa
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , Sound recording material
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/93672 , vital:30912 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , ATC029a-08
- Description: Traditional Thembu umngqungqo married women's song for girls initiation accompanied by clapping.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1990
- Authors: Ngqoko married women villagers , Tracey, Andrew T N
- Date: 1990
- Subjects: Xhosa (African people) -- South Africa , Folk music , Hand-clapping music , folk dance , Sub-Saharan African music , Africa South Africa Lady Frere f-sa
- Language: Xhosa
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , Sound recording material
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/93672 , vital:30912 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , ATC029a-08
- Description: Traditional Thembu umngqungqo married women's song for girls initiation accompanied by clapping.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1990
Unbroken sequence of umngqungqo song
- Ngqoko married women villagers, Tracey, Andrew T N
- Authors: Ngqoko married women villagers , Tracey, Andrew T N
- Date: 1990
- Subjects: Xhosa (African people) -- South Africa , Folk music , Hand-clapping music , folk dance , Sub-Saharan African music , Africa South Africa Lady Frere f-sa
- Language: Xhosa
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , Sound recording material
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/93667 , vital:30911 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , ATC029a-08
- Description: Traditional Thembu umngqungqo married women's song for girls initiation accompanied by clapping.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1990
- Authors: Ngqoko married women villagers , Tracey, Andrew T N
- Date: 1990
- Subjects: Xhosa (African people) -- South Africa , Folk music , Hand-clapping music , folk dance , Sub-Saharan African music , Africa South Africa Lady Frere f-sa
- Language: Xhosa
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , Sound recording material
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/93667 , vital:30911 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , ATC029a-08
- Description: Traditional Thembu umngqungqo married women's song for girls initiation accompanied by clapping.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1990
Ungibethela ntoni
- Ngqoko young villagers, Tracey, Andrew T N
- Authors: Ngqoko young villagers , Tracey, Andrew T N
- Date: 1990
- Subjects: Xhosa (African people) -- South Africa , Folk music , Hand-clapping music , folk dance , Sub-Saharan African music , Africa South Africa Lady Frere f-sa
- Language: Xhosa
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , Sound recording material
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/93640 , vital:30907 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , ATC029a-05
- Description: Traditional Thembu umtshotsho young people's dance song accompanied by clapping.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1990
- Authors: Ngqoko young villagers , Tracey, Andrew T N
- Date: 1990
- Subjects: Xhosa (African people) -- South Africa , Folk music , Hand-clapping music , folk dance , Sub-Saharan African music , Africa South Africa Lady Frere f-sa
- Language: Xhosa
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , Sound recording material
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/93640 , vital:30907 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , ATC029a-05
- Description: Traditional Thembu umtshotsho young people's dance song accompanied by clapping.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1990
Unondele elchaya
- Nawaileti, Tracey, Andrew T N
- Authors: Nawaileti , Tracey, Andrew T N
- Date: 1990
- Subjects: Xhosa (African people) -- South Africa , Folk music , Overtone singing , Sub-Saharan African music , Africa South Africa Lady Frere f-sa
- Language: Xhosa
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , Sound recording material
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/93836 , vital:30954 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , ATC030-03
- Description: Traditional Thembu overtone gruff singing solo.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1990
- Authors: Nawaileti , Tracey, Andrew T N
- Date: 1990
- Subjects: Xhosa (African people) -- South Africa , Folk music , Overtone singing , Sub-Saharan African music , Africa South Africa Lady Frere f-sa
- Language: Xhosa
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , Sound recording material
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/93836 , vital:30954 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , ATC030-03
- Description: Traditional Thembu overtone gruff singing solo.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1990
Uthini Nozenza
- Nonogcinile, Nomillion and group, Tracey, Andrew T N and Gerhard Kubik
- Authors: Nonogcinile, Nomillion and group , Tracey, Andrew T N and Gerhard Kubik
- Date: 1990
- Subjects: Xhosa (African people) -- South Africa , Folk music , Folk dance , Sub-Saharan African music , Africa South Africa Lady Frere f-sa
- Language: Xhosa
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , Sound recording material
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/93478 , vital:30885 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , ATC028a-03
- Description: Traditional Thembu umngqungqo women's song for girls initiation.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1990
- Authors: Nonogcinile, Nomillion and group , Tracey, Andrew T N and Gerhard Kubik
- Date: 1990
- Subjects: Xhosa (African people) -- South Africa , Folk music , Folk dance , Sub-Saharan African music , Africa South Africa Lady Frere f-sa
- Language: Xhosa
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , Sound recording material
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/93478 , vital:30885 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , ATC028a-03
- Description: Traditional Thembu umngqungqo women's song for girls initiation.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1990
Zikulindeli iingxaka
- Nonogcinile, Nomillion and group, Tracey, Andrew T N
- Authors: Nonogcinile, Nomillion and group , Tracey, Andrew T N
- Date: 1990
- Subjects: Xhosa (African people) -- South Africa , Folk music , Folk dance , Sub-Saharan African music
- Language: Xhosa
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , Sound recording material
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/93442 , vital:30881
- Description: Traditional Thembu umngqungqo women's song for girls initiation.
- Full Text: false
- Authors: Nonogcinile, Nomillion and group , Tracey, Andrew T N
- Date: 1990
- Subjects: Xhosa (African people) -- South Africa , Folk music , Folk dance , Sub-Saharan African music
- Language: Xhosa
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , Sound recording material
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/93442 , vital:30881
- Description: Traditional Thembu umngqungqo women's song for girls initiation.
- Full Text: false
Zikulindeli iingxaka
- Nonogcinile, Nomillion and group, Tracey, Andrew T N
- Authors: Nonogcinile, Nomillion and group , Tracey, Andrew T N
- Date: 1990
- Subjects: Xhosa (African people) -- South Africa , Folk music , Folk dance , Sub-Saharan African music , Africa South Africa Lady Frere f-sa
- Language: Xhosa
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , Sound recording material
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/93447 , vital:30882 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , ATC028a-01
- Description: Traditional Thembu umngqungqo women's song for girls initiation.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1990
- Authors: Nonogcinile, Nomillion and group , Tracey, Andrew T N
- Date: 1990
- Subjects: Xhosa (African people) -- South Africa , Folk music , Folk dance , Sub-Saharan African music , Africa South Africa Lady Frere f-sa
- Language: Xhosa
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , Sound recording material
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/93447 , vital:30882 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , ATC028a-01
- Description: Traditional Thembu umngqungqo women's song for girls initiation.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1990
Hompa mukoleli wethu
- Performer not specified, Tracey, Andrew T N
- Authors: Performer not specified , Tracey, Andrew T N
- Date: 1988
- Subjects: Diriku (African people) -- Namibia , Folk music , Mbira , Sub-Saharan African music , Africa Namibia Sambiu f-sx
- Language: Diu
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/104105 , vital:30734 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , ATC019-15
- Description: Traditional song accompanied by Zambian mbira.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1988
- Authors: Performer not specified , Tracey, Andrew T N
- Date: 1988
- Subjects: Diriku (African people) -- Namibia , Folk music , Mbira , Sub-Saharan African music , Africa Namibia Sambiu f-sx
- Language: Diu
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/104105 , vital:30734 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , ATC019-15
- Description: Traditional song accompanied by Zambian mbira.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1988
Mukavango
- Performer not specified, Tracey, Andrew T N
- Authors: Performer not specified , Tracey, Andrew T N
- Date: 1988
- Subjects: Diriku (African people) -- Namibia , Folk music , Mbira , Sub-Saharan African music , Africa Namibia Sambiu f-sx
- Language: Diu
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/104125 , vital:30732 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , ATC019-13
- Description: Traditional song accompanied by Zambian mbira type.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1988
- Authors: Performer not specified , Tracey, Andrew T N
- Date: 1988
- Subjects: Diriku (African people) -- Namibia , Folk music , Mbira , Sub-Saharan African music , Africa Namibia Sambiu f-sx
- Language: Diu
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/104125 , vital:30732 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , ATC019-13
- Description: Traditional song accompanied by Zambian mbira type.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1988
Nane kavango mufuro
- Performer not specified, Tracey, Andrew T N
- Authors: Performer not specified , Tracey, Andrew T N
- Date: 1988
- Subjects: Diriku (African people) -- Namibia , Folk music , Mbira , Sub-Saharan African music , Africa Namibia Sambiu f-sx
- Language: Diu
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/104171 , vital:30735 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , ATC019-16
- Description: Traditional song accompanied by Zambian mbira.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1988
- Authors: Performer not specified , Tracey, Andrew T N
- Date: 1988
- Subjects: Diriku (African people) -- Namibia , Folk music , Mbira , Sub-Saharan African music , Africa Namibia Sambiu f-sx
- Language: Diu
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/104171 , vital:30735 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , ATC019-16
- Description: Traditional song accompanied by Zambian mbira.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1988
Nane kavango mufuro
- Performer not specified, Tracey, Andrew T N
- Authors: Performer not specified , Tracey, Andrew T N
- Date: 1988
- Subjects: Diriku (African people) -- Namibia , Folk music , Mbira , Sub-Saharan African music , Africa Namibia Sambiu f-sx
- Language: Diu
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/104153 , vital:30733 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , ATC019-14
- Description: Traditional song accompanied by Zambian mbira.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1988
- Authors: Performer not specified , Tracey, Andrew T N
- Date: 1988
- Subjects: Diriku (African people) -- Namibia , Folk music , Mbira , Sub-Saharan African music , Africa Namibia Sambiu f-sx
- Language: Diu
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/104153 , vital:30733 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , ATC019-14
- Description: Traditional song accompanied by Zambian mbira.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1988
Title not specified
- Performer not specified, Tracey, Andrew T N
- Authors: Performer not specified , Tracey, Andrew T N
- Date: 1988
- Subjects: Diriku (African people) -- Namibia , Folk music , Mbira , Sub-Saharan African music , Africa Namibia Sambiu f-sx
- Language: Diu
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/104134 , vital:30729 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , ATC019-11
- Description: Traditional song accompanied by Zambian mbira.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1988
- Authors: Performer not specified , Tracey, Andrew T N
- Date: 1988
- Subjects: Diriku (African people) -- Namibia , Folk music , Mbira , Sub-Saharan African music , Africa Namibia Sambiu f-sx
- Language: Diu
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/104134 , vital:30729 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , ATC019-11
- Description: Traditional song accompanied by Zambian mbira.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1988
Title not specified
- Performer not specified, Tracey, Andrew T N
- Authors: Performer not specified , Tracey, Andrew T N
- Date: 1988
- Subjects: Diriku (African people) -- Namibia , Folk music , Mbira , Sub-Saharan African music , Africa Namibia Sambiu f-sx
- Language: Diu
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/104087 , vital:30728 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , ATC019-10
- Description: Traditional song accompanied by Zambian mbira.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1988
- Authors: Performer not specified , Tracey, Andrew T N
- Date: 1988
- Subjects: Diriku (African people) -- Namibia , Folk music , Mbira , Sub-Saharan African music , Africa Namibia Sambiu f-sx
- Language: Diu
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/104087 , vital:30728 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , ATC019-10
- Description: Traditional song accompanied by Zambian mbira.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1988
Title not specified
- Performer not specified, Tracey, Andrew T N
- Authors: Performer not specified , Tracey, Andrew T N
- Date: 1988
- Subjects: Diriku (African people) -- Namibia , Folk music , Mbira , Sub-Saharan African music , Africa Namibia Sambiu f-sx
- Language: Diu
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/104144 , vital:30730 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , ATC019-12
- Description: Traditional song accompanied by Zambian mbira.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1988
- Authors: Performer not specified , Tracey, Andrew T N
- Date: 1988
- Subjects: Diriku (African people) -- Namibia , Folk music , Mbira , Sub-Saharan African music , Africa Namibia Sambiu f-sx
- Language: Diu
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/104144 , vital:30730 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , ATC019-12
- Description: Traditional song accompanied by Zambian mbira.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1988
Neo African and Afro American music examples for lecture
- Andrew Tracey (Compiler), Tracey, Andrew T N
- Authors: Andrew Tracey (Compiler) , Tracey, Andrew T N
- Date: 1981
- Subjects: African Americans--Music , Folk music , Drum , Sub-Saharan African music , Africa South Africa Grahamstown f-sa
- Language: English
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/114574 , vital:34001 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , ATC138a-34
- Description: Traditional song with drum accompaniment
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1981
- Authors: Andrew Tracey (Compiler) , Tracey, Andrew T N
- Date: 1981
- Subjects: African Americans--Music , Folk music , Drum , Sub-Saharan African music , Africa South Africa Grahamstown f-sa
- Language: English
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/114574 , vital:34001 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , ATC138a-34
- Description: Traditional song with drum accompaniment
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1981
Neo African and Afro American music examples for lecture
- Andrew Tracey (Compiler), Tracey, Andrew T N
- Authors: Andrew Tracey (Compiler) , Tracey, Andrew T N
- Date: 1981
- Subjects: African Americans--Music , Folk music , Drum , Sub-Saharan African music , Africa South Africa Grahamstown f-sa
- Language: English
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/114603 , vital:34004 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , ATC138a-36
- Description: Drum beat
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1981
- Authors: Andrew Tracey (Compiler) , Tracey, Andrew T N
- Date: 1981
- Subjects: African Americans--Music , Folk music , Drum , Sub-Saharan African music , Africa South Africa Grahamstown f-sa
- Language: English
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/114603 , vital:34004 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , ATC138a-36
- Description: Drum beat
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1981
Neo African and Afro American music examples for lecture
- Andrew Tracey (Compiler), Tracey, Andrew T N
- Authors: Andrew Tracey (Compiler) , Tracey, Andrew T N
- Date: 1981
- Subjects: African Americans--Music , Folk music , Drum , Band music , Jazz music , Guitar , Piano , Sub-Saharan African music , Africa South Africa Grahamstown f-sa
- Language: English
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/114631 , vital:34007 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , ATC138a-37
- Description: Jazz band music
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1981
- Authors: Andrew Tracey (Compiler) , Tracey, Andrew T N
- Date: 1981
- Subjects: African Americans--Music , Folk music , Drum , Band music , Jazz music , Guitar , Piano , Sub-Saharan African music , Africa South Africa Grahamstown f-sa
- Language: English
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/114631 , vital:34007 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , ATC138a-37
- Description: Jazz band music
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1981
Neo African and Afro American music examples for lecture
- Andrew Tracey (Compiler), Tracey, Andrew T N
- Authors: Andrew Tracey (Compiler) , Tracey, Andrew T N
- Date: 1981
- Subjects: Music--African influences , Drum , Folk music , Guitar , Sub-Saharan African music , Africa South Africa Grahamstown f-sa
- Language: Zulu
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/113802 , vital:33832 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , ATC138a-12
- Description: This is Maskandi, a kind of Zulu folk music, accompanied by the drums, bass and guitar
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1981
- Authors: Andrew Tracey (Compiler) , Tracey, Andrew T N
- Date: 1981
- Subjects: Music--African influences , Drum , Folk music , Guitar , Sub-Saharan African music , Africa South Africa Grahamstown f-sa
- Language: Zulu
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/113802 , vital:33832 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , ATC138a-12
- Description: This is Maskandi, a kind of Zulu folk music, accompanied by the drums, bass and guitar
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1981