‘Ubhuti wami’: a qualitative secondary analysis of brothering among isiXhosa men
- Authors: Mbewe, Mpho
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Brotherliness , Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Men, Black -- South Africa -- Social life and customs
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSocSc
- Identifier: vital:3233 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013149
- Description: This project is interested in investigating the construction of the fraternal sibling relationshipwithin the South African context from a narrative perspective. In particular, this study is interested in the ways in which middle aged isiXhosa men narrate experiences of brothering and how social class, as one particular context, mediates these narratives. This project is particularly interested in brothering within the isiXhosa culture and is concerned with both middle class and working class men within this cultural context. The project takes as its particular focus the meaning of brothering, and specifically how masculinity, intimacy and money or class influence the brothering practices constructed by the men in the sample. The project employs a social constructionist perspective, using a thematic narrative analysis to analyse the data. This project uses secondary analysis of data, as the data was collected for the primary use by Jackson (2009), Peirce (2009), Saville Young (Saville Young & Jackson, 2011) and Stonier (2010). The analysis reflects emergent themes of the importance of fraternal sacrifice, care-taking and sibling responsibility, honouring the family, and challenge to traditional masculinity. These themes emerged within the prior themes of masculinity, intimacy and class within brothering. The men spoke of keeping the family prosperous and united as an important duty in their brothering role. Affection was expressed more practically and symbolically, and closeness constructed through shared experiences, proximity and similarities. My findings reflect that family expectations, culture and social context had key influences on brothering, based on the men's narratives. Findings are discussed in relation to literature on brothering, masculinity and intimacy, and the influence of money in close relationships.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Mbewe, Mpho
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Brotherliness , Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Men, Black -- South Africa -- Social life and customs
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSocSc
- Identifier: vital:3233 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013149
- Description: This project is interested in investigating the construction of the fraternal sibling relationshipwithin the South African context from a narrative perspective. In particular, this study is interested in the ways in which middle aged isiXhosa men narrate experiences of brothering and how social class, as one particular context, mediates these narratives. This project is particularly interested in brothering within the isiXhosa culture and is concerned with both middle class and working class men within this cultural context. The project takes as its particular focus the meaning of brothering, and specifically how masculinity, intimacy and money or class influence the brothering practices constructed by the men in the sample. The project employs a social constructionist perspective, using a thematic narrative analysis to analyse the data. This project uses secondary analysis of data, as the data was collected for the primary use by Jackson (2009), Peirce (2009), Saville Young (Saville Young & Jackson, 2011) and Stonier (2010). The analysis reflects emergent themes of the importance of fraternal sacrifice, care-taking and sibling responsibility, honouring the family, and challenge to traditional masculinity. These themes emerged within the prior themes of masculinity, intimacy and class within brothering. The men spoke of keeping the family prosperous and united as an important duty in their brothering role. Affection was expressed more practically and symbolically, and closeness constructed through shared experiences, proximity and similarities. My findings reflect that family expectations, culture and social context had key influences on brothering, based on the men's narratives. Findings are discussed in relation to literature on brothering, masculinity and intimacy, and the influence of money in close relationships.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Transitions into informal employment: an analysis of South African panel data: 2008-2012
- Authors: Muttze, Takudzwa
- Date: 2016
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEcon
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/4498 , vital:20682
- Description: South Africa’s labour market is characterised by high unemployment but relatively low levels of informal employment, making it distinct from other developing countries. The existing literature appears to show evidence of high mobility rates of labour across labour market states. The coexistence of high labour mobility rates, yet high unemployment and weak informal employment in South Africa’s labour market is therefore puzzling. Considerable research has been done to explain this phenomenon and has suggested that barriers to informal entrepreneurship form the key reason why informal employment is relatively low in South Africa compared to other developing countries. Worker transitions have however not been a focal question in the literature. Using data from the National Tncome Dynamics Study (NTDS 2008-2012), this study sought to examine the characteristics of workers who move into informal employment, attaching importance to those who become self-employed. Transition matrices are constructed showing the proportion of workers who stayed or moved into different labour market states between 2008 and 2012, and linking the movements to 2008 personal characteristics. Churning between labour market states was found to be relatively high, albeit formal wage employment exhibiting immobility. Transitions out of informal employment were high, reflecting its survivalist nature. Conversely, those from unemployment into informal employment, particularly self-employment were low. Using the probit regression model, transitions to informal employment were found to be more associated with workers who are generally marginalised from formal employment opportunities. The results suggest that the South African labour market is to a larger extent not reflective of the Dualist narrative of ease of movement of workers from unemployment into informal employment and barriers into informal entrepreneurship are high. To date, policies which have sought to encourage informal entrepreneurship have not been a success. A central challenge to policymakers is to create an enabling environment for the unemployed to start their own informal businesses. This has the potential of reducing unemployment and poverty rates in the country.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2016
- Authors: Muttze, Takudzwa
- Date: 2016
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEcon
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/4498 , vital:20682
- Description: South Africa’s labour market is characterised by high unemployment but relatively low levels of informal employment, making it distinct from other developing countries. The existing literature appears to show evidence of high mobility rates of labour across labour market states. The coexistence of high labour mobility rates, yet high unemployment and weak informal employment in South Africa’s labour market is therefore puzzling. Considerable research has been done to explain this phenomenon and has suggested that barriers to informal entrepreneurship form the key reason why informal employment is relatively low in South Africa compared to other developing countries. Worker transitions have however not been a focal question in the literature. Using data from the National Tncome Dynamics Study (NTDS 2008-2012), this study sought to examine the characteristics of workers who move into informal employment, attaching importance to those who become self-employed. Transition matrices are constructed showing the proportion of workers who stayed or moved into different labour market states between 2008 and 2012, and linking the movements to 2008 personal characteristics. Churning between labour market states was found to be relatively high, albeit formal wage employment exhibiting immobility. Transitions out of informal employment were high, reflecting its survivalist nature. Conversely, those from unemployment into informal employment, particularly self-employment were low. Using the probit regression model, transitions to informal employment were found to be more associated with workers who are generally marginalised from formal employment opportunities. The results suggest that the South African labour market is to a larger extent not reflective of the Dualist narrative of ease of movement of workers from unemployment into informal employment and barriers into informal entrepreneurship are high. To date, policies which have sought to encourage informal entrepreneurship have not been a success. A central challenge to policymakers is to create an enabling environment for the unemployed to start their own informal businesses. This has the potential of reducing unemployment and poverty rates in the country.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2016
The viability of mobile payments across South Africa, Kenya and Nigeria
- Authors: Wentzel, Bradley
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Mobile commerce -- Africa , Banks and banking --Technological innovations -- Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/45756 , vital:38961
- Description: As the global accessibility to the internet and mobile data and cellular systems is on the rise, the ability for the use of mobile devices in order to facilitate banking and to make payment across the African continent will increase. The question is then asked as to whether the African continent is ready for this technology and if it is not at this stage, will this ability to transact with a bank and a trusted method of payment ever be an option in Africa? This needs to be analysed and critically studied to determine whether Africa must invest in this technology and if so, when and how this investment should take place. The ability for the regular African consumer to access the wealth of knowledge that abounds over the internet is critical in order for the new mobile payment initiative to be a success. Education, infrastructure and ability to access this available technology will have long reaching effects in bringing Africa to the forefront in the global economy, while a move away from corporeal and historic tenders such as bartering systems, precious metals or cash, will be something new to the African continent and will need to be explored separately. In this study we will assess the readiness of the top three African economies, namely South Africa, Kenya and Nigeria of their current abilities to facilitate this technology and the barriers to entries and possible remedies to those if this is not the case.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Wentzel, Bradley
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Mobile commerce -- Africa , Banks and banking --Technological innovations -- Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/45756 , vital:38961
- Description: As the global accessibility to the internet and mobile data and cellular systems is on the rise, the ability for the use of mobile devices in order to facilitate banking and to make payment across the African continent will increase. The question is then asked as to whether the African continent is ready for this technology and if it is not at this stage, will this ability to transact with a bank and a trusted method of payment ever be an option in Africa? This needs to be analysed and critically studied to determine whether Africa must invest in this technology and if so, when and how this investment should take place. The ability for the regular African consumer to access the wealth of knowledge that abounds over the internet is critical in order for the new mobile payment initiative to be a success. Education, infrastructure and ability to access this available technology will have long reaching effects in bringing Africa to the forefront in the global economy, while a move away from corporeal and historic tenders such as bartering systems, precious metals or cash, will be something new to the African continent and will need to be explored separately. In this study we will assess the readiness of the top three African economies, namely South Africa, Kenya and Nigeria of their current abilities to facilitate this technology and the barriers to entries and possible remedies to those if this is not the case.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
The role of the community policing forum initiative in fighting crime: a case study of Middledrift in the Eastern Cape
- Authors: Zazini, Buyelwa
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Community policing Crime prevention
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSoc (Criminology)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/16440 , vital:40720
- Description: According to the South African Police Service Act 68 of 1995, a Community Policing Forum (CPF) is a forum established at each police station and it should be largely representative of the local community. The main objectives of the CPF is to promote communication and co-operation between the South African Police Service (SAPS) and the community. Above all it is aimed at improving the services rendered by the SAPS and identifying the problems encountered by communities in order to solve problems jointly. This study was aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of community policing in the initiative to fight crime in Middledrift. The study used interviews to gather the data. A total of 15 respondents, comprising of three groups, namely individuals from the SAPS, individuals from the CPF and community leaders were carefully chosen to access what they knew about the CPF in Middledrift. The findings highlighted that there was a need for awareness campaigns. Community leaders need to be involved especially in decision making. Necessary resources and training are also of great need for the CPF.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Zazini, Buyelwa
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Community policing Crime prevention
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSoc (Criminology)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/16440 , vital:40720
- Description: According to the South African Police Service Act 68 of 1995, a Community Policing Forum (CPF) is a forum established at each police station and it should be largely representative of the local community. The main objectives of the CPF is to promote communication and co-operation between the South African Police Service (SAPS) and the community. Above all it is aimed at improving the services rendered by the SAPS and identifying the problems encountered by communities in order to solve problems jointly. This study was aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of community policing in the initiative to fight crime in Middledrift. The study used interviews to gather the data. A total of 15 respondents, comprising of three groups, namely individuals from the SAPS, individuals from the CPF and community leaders were carefully chosen to access what they knew about the CPF in Middledrift. The findings highlighted that there was a need for awareness campaigns. Community leaders need to be involved especially in decision making. Necessary resources and training are also of great need for the CPF.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
The Intsomi Ambassadors: using communicative ecologies to enhance home literacy practices amongst working class parents in Grahamstown
- Authors: Gush, Cathy
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Communication in economic development -- South Africa -- Makhanda , Literacy -- South Africa -- Makhanda , Literacy programs -- South Africa -- Makhanda , Education -- Parent participation -- South Africa -- Makhanda , Intsomi Project
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/71459 , vital:29855
- Description: Utilising theories of Communication for Development, the research explores how literacy practices in the homes of a group of working class, English second language parents in Grahamstown are affected by the introduction of new literacy material and insights Furthermore, it discusses how, and through which forms of media, these observed dynamics and changes in practice are best communicated to similar households. The issue of children's literacy development in South Africa is of serious concern, in particular the role that parents play and the level of support they give through home literacy practices. The context is one in which South African children have performed very poorly with regard to literacy levels in international benchmark testing as well as in national assessments. The summary report on the Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) found that some of the factors contributing to these poor results were the lack of reading resources in homes, as well as the lack of strong home-school partnerships in which parents took up the role of co-educators, or even of primary educators at the preschool stage. A group of parents employed by Rhodes University at the Grade 1 - 5 levels signed up to be the recipients of a programme supporting the literacy development of their primary and pre-primary school children. The Intsomi Project is run by the Rhodes Community Engagement Office as part of the Vice-Chancellor’s Education Initiative and provides close to 100 families with weekly reading material and educational games for their children, as well as workshops on the use of these materials and how they might benefit the children. Following a Participatory Action Research approach, a “vanguard” group of parent participants, known as the Intsomi Ambassadors, developed their role as literacy activists, becoming co-creators of media messages that utilised and built on the first stage of their communication within the group. The research explored how the principles and techniques of development support communication, and those of communicative ecologies, could be applied to explore, enhance and disseminate those qualitative changes in behaviour within households that positively affect children’s literacy development. In the process, it aimed to explore whether media representations that reflect the stories of parents trying out new literacy practices can create authentic, endogenous messages that resonate with people in similar circumstances, and can stimulate debate around the issue.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Gush, Cathy
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Communication in economic development -- South Africa -- Makhanda , Literacy -- South Africa -- Makhanda , Literacy programs -- South Africa -- Makhanda , Education -- Parent participation -- South Africa -- Makhanda , Intsomi Project
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/71459 , vital:29855
- Description: Utilising theories of Communication for Development, the research explores how literacy practices in the homes of a group of working class, English second language parents in Grahamstown are affected by the introduction of new literacy material and insights Furthermore, it discusses how, and through which forms of media, these observed dynamics and changes in practice are best communicated to similar households. The issue of children's literacy development in South Africa is of serious concern, in particular the role that parents play and the level of support they give through home literacy practices. The context is one in which South African children have performed very poorly with regard to literacy levels in international benchmark testing as well as in national assessments. The summary report on the Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) found that some of the factors contributing to these poor results were the lack of reading resources in homes, as well as the lack of strong home-school partnerships in which parents took up the role of co-educators, or even of primary educators at the preschool stage. A group of parents employed by Rhodes University at the Grade 1 - 5 levels signed up to be the recipients of a programme supporting the literacy development of their primary and pre-primary school children. The Intsomi Project is run by the Rhodes Community Engagement Office as part of the Vice-Chancellor’s Education Initiative and provides close to 100 families with weekly reading material and educational games for their children, as well as workshops on the use of these materials and how they might benefit the children. Following a Participatory Action Research approach, a “vanguard” group of parent participants, known as the Intsomi Ambassadors, developed their role as literacy activists, becoming co-creators of media messages that utilised and built on the first stage of their communication within the group. The research explored how the principles and techniques of development support communication, and those of communicative ecologies, could be applied to explore, enhance and disseminate those qualitative changes in behaviour within households that positively affect children’s literacy development. In the process, it aimed to explore whether media representations that reflect the stories of parents trying out new literacy practices can create authentic, endogenous messages that resonate with people in similar circumstances, and can stimulate debate around the issue.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
The impact of the Blue Crane development agency on tourism development: a comparative analysis
- Authors: Zokoza, Makhaya
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: Tourism -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Travel agents -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Economic development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:9129 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1018602
- Description: This research investigates the impact of the Blue Crane Development Agency (BCDA) on tourism development by comparing the implementation of the Responsible Tourism Sector Plan of the Blue Crane Route Municipality (BCRM) with the Responsible Tourism Sector Plan of the Sundays River Valley Municipality (SRVM). In the latter instance, there is no development agency involved. A qualitative approach to research is applied with a specific focus on in-depth interviews. The literature review focuses on responsible tourism, local economic development (LED) and development agencies. The research is grounded in the Endogenous Growth Theory. The research notes the phenomenal success of the development agency model for delivery of LED projects. There is a notable growth in the tourism sector within the BCRM. With 45 permanent jobs created, the BCRM is a better place as compared to what it was in the era prior to the establishment of the BCDA. This surpasses by far the number of jobs created in the SRVM where the development agency model does not exist. The South African Local Government Association (SALGA) prefers a district-wide development agency as opposed to a local development agency. The establishment of Cacadu Development Agency (CDA) follows this suggestion. The findings of this research are thus very significant for the SALGA in their pursuit for best practices in LED. Both the BCRM and the SRVM are under-marketed, a negative factor on their tourism growth and development. Placing of billboards at the Ncanara interchange to advertise them would ideally enhance their tourism marketing campaigns. The research also finds that both local municipalities have inadequate monitoring and evaluation systems for projects. In this respect, the research suggests that the Eastern Cape Parks and Tourism Agency (ECPTA) should consider conducting a provincial research covering all the districts, on the contribution of tourism to the local economies. As a provincial entity, the ECPTA would be better placed to undertake that task. They would have less legal restrictions imposed by jurisdictional issues than would a local municipality. The research recommends the relocation of the CDA and the CDM from the metropolitan city of Port Elizabeth to one of the local municipalities. That would most likely increase business tourism, thereby boosting the local economy in the relevant small municipality. In conclusion, this research proposes that the presence of a development agency enhances tourism growth and development in the BCRM.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2013
- Authors: Zokoza, Makhaya
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: Tourism -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Travel agents -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Economic development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:9129 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1018602
- Description: This research investigates the impact of the Blue Crane Development Agency (BCDA) on tourism development by comparing the implementation of the Responsible Tourism Sector Plan of the Blue Crane Route Municipality (BCRM) with the Responsible Tourism Sector Plan of the Sundays River Valley Municipality (SRVM). In the latter instance, there is no development agency involved. A qualitative approach to research is applied with a specific focus on in-depth interviews. The literature review focuses on responsible tourism, local economic development (LED) and development agencies. The research is grounded in the Endogenous Growth Theory. The research notes the phenomenal success of the development agency model for delivery of LED projects. There is a notable growth in the tourism sector within the BCRM. With 45 permanent jobs created, the BCRM is a better place as compared to what it was in the era prior to the establishment of the BCDA. This surpasses by far the number of jobs created in the SRVM where the development agency model does not exist. The South African Local Government Association (SALGA) prefers a district-wide development agency as opposed to a local development agency. The establishment of Cacadu Development Agency (CDA) follows this suggestion. The findings of this research are thus very significant for the SALGA in their pursuit for best practices in LED. Both the BCRM and the SRVM are under-marketed, a negative factor on their tourism growth and development. Placing of billboards at the Ncanara interchange to advertise them would ideally enhance their tourism marketing campaigns. The research also finds that both local municipalities have inadequate monitoring and evaluation systems for projects. In this respect, the research suggests that the Eastern Cape Parks and Tourism Agency (ECPTA) should consider conducting a provincial research covering all the districts, on the contribution of tourism to the local economies. As a provincial entity, the ECPTA would be better placed to undertake that task. They would have less legal restrictions imposed by jurisdictional issues than would a local municipality. The research recommends the relocation of the CDA and the CDM from the metropolitan city of Port Elizabeth to one of the local municipalities. That would most likely increase business tourism, thereby boosting the local economy in the relevant small municipality. In conclusion, this research proposes that the presence of a development agency enhances tourism growth and development in the BCRM.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2013
The exploration of sustainable and diversified livelihood options for residents of Enon-Bersheba
- Authors: Dlamini, Tembile Daniel
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Sustainable development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Sustainable living -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Sustainable living
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:9115 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1015643
- Description: Enon-Bersheba (E&B) area has approximately 10 200 hectors of pristine communal land that is rare to find in the Cacadu region. This prime communal land is situated in the bank of the Sundays River Valley in the Eastern Cape Province. Enon-Bersheba falls under the jurisdiction of the Sundays River Local Municipality. The Municipal jurisdiction provides easy access to this pristine commonage that presents opportunities for economic development as well as residential opportunities. This study presents the diversity of sustainable livelihood alternatives from the community‟s perspective. This study finds that giving the beneficiaries of land restitution authority over decision-making on land usage is an important contributor to success. Land is a significant asset, and it becomes more valuable and development-worthy if legal institutions are in place to manage the planning and development processes, for its full utilisation. In addition to this, the study provides a community-driven development framework with which potential development partners can interact to enhance revenue generating activities and strengthen the institutional environment through the formation of community-private-public-partnerships. The participatory research process that was undertaken made essential findings. The study validates the use of livelihoods-based approach to poverty alleviation. A bottom-up participatory process was effective in determining how best Enon-Bersheba communal land can be put into effective and efficient use. Likewise, an integrated approach to development planning was proven to be important. This study proved an extra-ordinary belief that the stability and changed value systems within a community often derive from complex social problems that are inherently dynamic. The involvement of the Independent Electoral Commission in the referendum process for Enon-Bersheba‟s legal entity that will manage the land suggests the credibility of the process. The existing information around potential development options of Enon-Bersheba was consolidated and verified by the community. The awareness of community abilities and resources served to enhance community mobilization for social action. The study provides a framework for development policy imperatives and a new vision for Enon-Bersheba.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Dlamini, Tembile Daniel
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Sustainable development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Sustainable living -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Sustainable living
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:9115 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1015643
- Description: Enon-Bersheba (E&B) area has approximately 10 200 hectors of pristine communal land that is rare to find in the Cacadu region. This prime communal land is situated in the bank of the Sundays River Valley in the Eastern Cape Province. Enon-Bersheba falls under the jurisdiction of the Sundays River Local Municipality. The Municipal jurisdiction provides easy access to this pristine commonage that presents opportunities for economic development as well as residential opportunities. This study presents the diversity of sustainable livelihood alternatives from the community‟s perspective. This study finds that giving the beneficiaries of land restitution authority over decision-making on land usage is an important contributor to success. Land is a significant asset, and it becomes more valuable and development-worthy if legal institutions are in place to manage the planning and development processes, for its full utilisation. In addition to this, the study provides a community-driven development framework with which potential development partners can interact to enhance revenue generating activities and strengthen the institutional environment through the formation of community-private-public-partnerships. The participatory research process that was undertaken made essential findings. The study validates the use of livelihoods-based approach to poverty alleviation. A bottom-up participatory process was effective in determining how best Enon-Bersheba communal land can be put into effective and efficient use. Likewise, an integrated approach to development planning was proven to be important. This study proved an extra-ordinary belief that the stability and changed value systems within a community often derive from complex social problems that are inherently dynamic. The involvement of the Independent Electoral Commission in the referendum process for Enon-Bersheba‟s legal entity that will manage the land suggests the credibility of the process. The existing information around potential development options of Enon-Bersheba was consolidated and verified by the community. The awareness of community abilities and resources served to enhance community mobilization for social action. The study provides a framework for development policy imperatives and a new vision for Enon-Bersheba.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
The diet of the Subantarctic (A. Tropicalis) and Antarctic (A. Gazella) Fur seal at Marion Island
- Mgibantaka, Nonkoliso Felicia
- Authors: Mgibantaka, Nonkoliso Felicia
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: Southern fur seals -- Feeding and feeds -- Antarctica , Seals (Animals) -- Antarctica , Marine ecology
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:10729 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1021104
- Description: Studying the diet of marine top predators is important for understanding the trophic ecology of the predators but also the distribution, abundance and seasonal variation of prey species. Dietary studies on subantarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus tropicalis) and Antarctic fur seals (A. gazella) is important for assessing their role as predators in the Southern Ocean. Seven hundred and sixty four scats were collected from an A. tropicalis colony at Cape Davis while 659 scats were collected from an A. gazella colony at Watertunnel stream from April 2006 to March 2010. Hard remains such as fish otoliths and cephalopod beaks were used for identification and quantification of prey. A. tropicalis diet comprised of three animal groups (fish, cephalopod and crustaceans) while A. gazella diet was made up of four animal groups (fish, cephalopods, crustaceans and seabirds). Fish contributed substantially more than other prey items in the diet of both fur seal species over the study period. Both species fed predominantly on fish of the family Myctophidae which constituted a numerical abundance of 98.9 percent in scats for both species combined. A. tropicalis fed on fish prey species from eight families, namely: Myctophidae, Notosudidae, Paralepididae, Nototheniidae, Bathylagidae, Chlorophthalmidae, Sternoptychidae and Photichthyidae while A. gazella fed on fish from six of these families, with Chlorophthalmidae and Photichthyidae not represented in its diet. Cephalopods and crustaceans were found in low numbers in the diet of both seal species and seabird remains were only found in the diet of A. gazella. Numerically, the most dominant species were from the genus Gymnoscopelus followed by Protomyctophum and then Electrona. In the diet of A. tropicalis, Gymnoscopelus contributed 66 percent, Protomyctophum 18 percent and Electrona 5.9 percent while in the diet of A. gazella Gymnoscopelus, Protomyctophum and Electrona contributed 59.43 percent, 20.24 percent and 14.24 percent respectively. Gymnoscopelus species comprised G. piabilis, G. bolini, G. braueri, G. fraseri, and G. nicholsi; Protomyctophum comprised Protomyctophum bolini, P. choriodon and P. tenisoni while Electrona comprised Electrona antarctica, E. carlsbergi and E. subaspera. Gymnoscopelus piabilis was the most dominant species from this genus while Electrona carlsbergi and Protomyctophum tenisoni dominated the genus Electrona and Protomyctophum respectively. The total number of fish species utilised by A. tropicalis was twenty four while twenty three fish species were identified in A. gazella diet. Bathysauropsis gracilis only featured in the diet of A. tropicalis while Lampanyctus ater and Lepidonotothen larseni were only found in the diet of A. gazella. To compare the diet of the seal species between seasons, a year was divided into three seasons, early summer, late summer and winter. Their diet was also compared between years from 2006 to 2010. Myctophid fish species showed substantial seasonal and annual fluctuations in the diet of the two fur seal species. E. carlsbergi, G. nicholsi and G. piabilis increased in numerical abundance in winter while Melectrona ventralis increased in late summer. The numerical abundance of G. fraseri and P. tenisoni increased in early summer. Generally, the two fur seal species fed on the same prey species. However, there was a significant difference when the diet of both fur seals was compared seasonally. There was no significant difference when the diet of A. gazella was compared annually, although such a difference was apparent for A. tropicalis.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2013
- Authors: Mgibantaka, Nonkoliso Felicia
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: Southern fur seals -- Feeding and feeds -- Antarctica , Seals (Animals) -- Antarctica , Marine ecology
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:10729 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1021104
- Description: Studying the diet of marine top predators is important for understanding the trophic ecology of the predators but also the distribution, abundance and seasonal variation of prey species. Dietary studies on subantarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus tropicalis) and Antarctic fur seals (A. gazella) is important for assessing their role as predators in the Southern Ocean. Seven hundred and sixty four scats were collected from an A. tropicalis colony at Cape Davis while 659 scats were collected from an A. gazella colony at Watertunnel stream from April 2006 to March 2010. Hard remains such as fish otoliths and cephalopod beaks were used for identification and quantification of prey. A. tropicalis diet comprised of three animal groups (fish, cephalopod and crustaceans) while A. gazella diet was made up of four animal groups (fish, cephalopods, crustaceans and seabirds). Fish contributed substantially more than other prey items in the diet of both fur seal species over the study period. Both species fed predominantly on fish of the family Myctophidae which constituted a numerical abundance of 98.9 percent in scats for both species combined. A. tropicalis fed on fish prey species from eight families, namely: Myctophidae, Notosudidae, Paralepididae, Nototheniidae, Bathylagidae, Chlorophthalmidae, Sternoptychidae and Photichthyidae while A. gazella fed on fish from six of these families, with Chlorophthalmidae and Photichthyidae not represented in its diet. Cephalopods and crustaceans were found in low numbers in the diet of both seal species and seabird remains were only found in the diet of A. gazella. Numerically, the most dominant species were from the genus Gymnoscopelus followed by Protomyctophum and then Electrona. In the diet of A. tropicalis, Gymnoscopelus contributed 66 percent, Protomyctophum 18 percent and Electrona 5.9 percent while in the diet of A. gazella Gymnoscopelus, Protomyctophum and Electrona contributed 59.43 percent, 20.24 percent and 14.24 percent respectively. Gymnoscopelus species comprised G. piabilis, G. bolini, G. braueri, G. fraseri, and G. nicholsi; Protomyctophum comprised Protomyctophum bolini, P. choriodon and P. tenisoni while Electrona comprised Electrona antarctica, E. carlsbergi and E. subaspera. Gymnoscopelus piabilis was the most dominant species from this genus while Electrona carlsbergi and Protomyctophum tenisoni dominated the genus Electrona and Protomyctophum respectively. The total number of fish species utilised by A. tropicalis was twenty four while twenty three fish species were identified in A. gazella diet. Bathysauropsis gracilis only featured in the diet of A. tropicalis while Lampanyctus ater and Lepidonotothen larseni were only found in the diet of A. gazella. To compare the diet of the seal species between seasons, a year was divided into three seasons, early summer, late summer and winter. Their diet was also compared between years from 2006 to 2010. Myctophid fish species showed substantial seasonal and annual fluctuations in the diet of the two fur seal species. E. carlsbergi, G. nicholsi and G. piabilis increased in numerical abundance in winter while Melectrona ventralis increased in late summer. The numerical abundance of G. fraseri and P. tenisoni increased in early summer. Generally, the two fur seal species fed on the same prey species. However, there was a significant difference when the diet of both fur seals was compared seasonally. There was no significant difference when the diet of A. gazella was compared annually, although such a difference was apparent for A. tropicalis.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2013
Resilience towards adverse childhood experiences among public secondary school students in Alice, South Africa
- Authors: Obisesan , Matthew Tobiloba
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Child development Child psychology
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPH
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/16769 , vital:40772
- Description: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are of great concerns in public health. They are traumatic experiences that occur during childhood. ACEs include various forms of abuse and maltreatment which can be emotional, physical, verbal and sexual, different degrees of household dysfunction such as growing up with substance abuse like drugs and alcohol, witnessing domestic violence, mental illnesses, crime in the home and parental disharmony. Although childhood adversities and traumatic experiences occur before the individual is 18 years of age, the effects of such experiences can last a lifetime causing mental and chronic medical illnesses. Resilience is perceived as an antidote to the detrimental effect of ACEs. It is a situation in which an individual displays a high level of effectiveness after a significant misfortune or adversity. This study was conducted to assess the level of resilience towards adverse childhood experiences among public secondary school children in Alice. Data were collected with the aid of a wellstructured questionnaire from 418 public high school students using Convenience sampling method. Factors influencing resilience among the learners were examined. Consequently, the data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics and ordered logit regression model. From the results, it is observed that the majority of the learners live with their grandparents and the most prevalent form of ACEs is emotional abuse, followed by sexual abuse while community violence is the least common childhood adversity. This study further reveals that some of the respondents experienced more than one form of adverse childhood experience. In addition, irrespective of what the students have been through, they are largely observed to be resilient. Analysis from the ordered logit regression model shows that age, class in school, gender, religion, race and who the student lives with are significantly related to resilience. The study, therefore, recommends a functional counseling unit in the schools while student-teacher relationship must be encouraged
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Obisesan , Matthew Tobiloba
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Child development Child psychology
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPH
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/16769 , vital:40772
- Description: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are of great concerns in public health. They are traumatic experiences that occur during childhood. ACEs include various forms of abuse and maltreatment which can be emotional, physical, verbal and sexual, different degrees of household dysfunction such as growing up with substance abuse like drugs and alcohol, witnessing domestic violence, mental illnesses, crime in the home and parental disharmony. Although childhood adversities and traumatic experiences occur before the individual is 18 years of age, the effects of such experiences can last a lifetime causing mental and chronic medical illnesses. Resilience is perceived as an antidote to the detrimental effect of ACEs. It is a situation in which an individual displays a high level of effectiveness after a significant misfortune or adversity. This study was conducted to assess the level of resilience towards adverse childhood experiences among public secondary school children in Alice. Data were collected with the aid of a wellstructured questionnaire from 418 public high school students using Convenience sampling method. Factors influencing resilience among the learners were examined. Consequently, the data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics and ordered logit regression model. From the results, it is observed that the majority of the learners live with their grandparents and the most prevalent form of ACEs is emotional abuse, followed by sexual abuse while community violence is the least common childhood adversity. This study further reveals that some of the respondents experienced more than one form of adverse childhood experience. In addition, irrespective of what the students have been through, they are largely observed to be resilient. Analysis from the ordered logit regression model shows that age, class in school, gender, religion, race and who the student lives with are significantly related to resilience. The study, therefore, recommends a functional counseling unit in the schools while student-teacher relationship must be encouraged
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
PyMORESANE: A Pythonic and CUDA-accelerated implementation of the MORESANE deconvolution algorithm
- Authors: Kenyon, Jonathan
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Radio astronomy , Imaging systems in astronomy , MOdel REconstruction by Synthesis-ANalysis Estimators (MORESANE)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5563 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1020098
- Description: The inadequacies of the current generation of deconvolution algorithms are rapidly becoming apparent as new, more sensitive radio interferometers are constructed. In light of these inadequacies, there is renewed interest in the field of deconvolution. Many new algorithms are being developed using the mathematical framework of compressed sensing. One such technique, MORESANE, has recently been shown to be a powerful tool for the recovery of faint difuse emission from synthetic and simulated data. However, the original implementation is not well-suited to large problem sizes due to its computational complexity. Additionally, its use of proprietary software prevents it from being freely distributed and used. This has motivated the development of a freely available Python implementation, PyMORESANE. This thesis describes the implementation of PyMORESANE as well as its subsequent augmentation with MPU and GPGPU code. These additions accelerate the algorithm and thus make it competitive with its legacy counterparts. The acceleration of the algorithm is verified by means of benchmarking tests for varying image size and complexity. Additionally, PyMORESANE is shown to work not only on synthetic data, but on real observational data. This verification means that the MORESANE algorithm, and consequently the PyMORESANE implementation, can be added to the current arsenal of deconvolution tools.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
- Authors: Kenyon, Jonathan
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Radio astronomy , Imaging systems in astronomy , MOdel REconstruction by Synthesis-ANalysis Estimators (MORESANE)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5563 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1020098
- Description: The inadequacies of the current generation of deconvolution algorithms are rapidly becoming apparent as new, more sensitive radio interferometers are constructed. In light of these inadequacies, there is renewed interest in the field of deconvolution. Many new algorithms are being developed using the mathematical framework of compressed sensing. One such technique, MORESANE, has recently been shown to be a powerful tool for the recovery of faint difuse emission from synthetic and simulated data. However, the original implementation is not well-suited to large problem sizes due to its computational complexity. Additionally, its use of proprietary software prevents it from being freely distributed and used. This has motivated the development of a freely available Python implementation, PyMORESANE. This thesis describes the implementation of PyMORESANE as well as its subsequent augmentation with MPU and GPGPU code. These additions accelerate the algorithm and thus make it competitive with its legacy counterparts. The acceleration of the algorithm is verified by means of benchmarking tests for varying image size and complexity. Additionally, PyMORESANE is shown to work not only on synthetic data, but on real observational data. This verification means that the MORESANE algorithm, and consequently the PyMORESANE implementation, can be added to the current arsenal of deconvolution tools.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
Phytochemical analysis and biological activity studies of an Eastern Cape medicinal plant, Strychnos Henningsii
- Authors: Mngoma, Mondeli
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Medicinal plants -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Traditional medicine -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Plants -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape -- Analysis
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MTech
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/22758 , vital:30074
- Description: This project sees the chemical investigation of an Eastern Cape medicinal plant, Strychnos henningsii. The aim of this project was to investigate the phytoconstituents and activity of organic extracts of S. henningsii as well as isolation and characterization of single compounds. S. henningsii is one of the most widely used tree bark in the Eastern Cape in treating a variety of ailments. Evaluation of the traditional herbal use of the S. henningsii bark was warranted. Both the ethyl acetate and methanol extract proved to possess non-toxic properties and showed cell growth potential at low concentrations. The anti-inflammatory response of both extracts showed appreciable results, and they did not promote inflammatory due to the alkaloidal presence. Although the extracts both showed the presence of phenols, the anti-oxidant capacity by DPPH, FRAP, and ORAC assays was considerately lower than expected. The ethyl acetate extract presented a compound thought to be a terpenoid (4.1). Three compounds were isolated from the methanol extract; two alkaloidal compounds and one acrylate. The alkaloids were isolated from the methanol extract, stryvomicine (4.2) and an isovomicine derivative (4.3). Their structures were deduced from NMR (1D and 2D experiments) and HRMS spectra. This acrylate was found to be 3-(4-methylphenyl)acrylic acid via single-crystal XRD, and this is the first report of it being isolated from the Strychnos genus. Profiling of S. henningsii was performed via Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectroscopy. Other spectroscopic techniques utilised in the interpretation of isolated compounds included Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Infrared, single-crystal X-Ray Diffraction and High Resolution Mass spectroscopy.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Mngoma, Mondeli
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Medicinal plants -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Traditional medicine -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Plants -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape -- Analysis
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MTech
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/22758 , vital:30074
- Description: This project sees the chemical investigation of an Eastern Cape medicinal plant, Strychnos henningsii. The aim of this project was to investigate the phytoconstituents and activity of organic extracts of S. henningsii as well as isolation and characterization of single compounds. S. henningsii is one of the most widely used tree bark in the Eastern Cape in treating a variety of ailments. Evaluation of the traditional herbal use of the S. henningsii bark was warranted. Both the ethyl acetate and methanol extract proved to possess non-toxic properties and showed cell growth potential at low concentrations. The anti-inflammatory response of both extracts showed appreciable results, and they did not promote inflammatory due to the alkaloidal presence. Although the extracts both showed the presence of phenols, the anti-oxidant capacity by DPPH, FRAP, and ORAC assays was considerately lower than expected. The ethyl acetate extract presented a compound thought to be a terpenoid (4.1). Three compounds were isolated from the methanol extract; two alkaloidal compounds and one acrylate. The alkaloids were isolated from the methanol extract, stryvomicine (4.2) and an isovomicine derivative (4.3). Their structures were deduced from NMR (1D and 2D experiments) and HRMS spectra. This acrylate was found to be 3-(4-methylphenyl)acrylic acid via single-crystal XRD, and this is the first report of it being isolated from the Strychnos genus. Profiling of S. henningsii was performed via Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectroscopy. Other spectroscopic techniques utilised in the interpretation of isolated compounds included Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Infrared, single-crystal X-Ray Diffraction and High Resolution Mass spectroscopy.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Perceptions of rural households about the role and effect of biogas production on rural household income in Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality
- Authors: Ngcobo, Lindiwe
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Biomass energy -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Renewable energy sources -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Sustainable living -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/4694 , vital:28494
- Description: Rural development efforts to reduce poverty and enhance food security and generally improve livelihoods in developing countries continue to be constrained by high energy cost. For that reason, renewable energy has been identified as a possible panacea to fill this gap. Renewable energy is cheaper, more accessible and environmentally sustainable and promotes inclusivity. Biogas is a renewable energy that is readily available and easy to use by poor rural households. The use of biogas digesters among households in rural areas of developing countries is a well-known technology. The potential for biogas in these areas has been demonstrated and a strong economic case has been made. However, its adoption and use have been lower than expectations possibly as result of non-economic considerations, including social issues about which rural people hold different perceptions. Perceptions of rural households are important because they influence the behaviour to a large extent. Since limited access to affordable energy in rural areas has encouraged government and private organisations to initiate biogas projects to overcome the challenge, it is important to ascertain the factors that affect attitudes towards the technology. The present study sought to explore perceptions of rural households about biogas production towards rural household income in the Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality. Specifically, this research investigated the state of biogas project being implemented by the University of Fort Hare’s Institute of Technology (FHIT), the perceptions of respondents towards biogas production and determine the contribution of biogas consumption to rural income. The study also aimed to identify the factors affecting the adoption of biogas production in the study area. The study was carried out in Melani village in Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa and employed survey data obtained from 48 households who were enumerated to identify their perceptions on biogas production, with special emphasis on the role and effect contributed to rural income of Melani village. The study employed a cross-sectional research design and purposive sampling technique was used in data collection. Data were collected and captured in Excel and then analysed using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) Version 24 Descriptive statistics was used to examine socio-economic characteristics of households and state of biogas production in the area, Bivariate correlation analysis was used to determine the relationships among the key elements of perceptions of household towards biogas adoption, binary logistic model was used to estimate factors influencing adoption of biogas technology by households. The results show that women were dominant for both adopters and non-adopters of biogas. The majority of households were young with mean age of 40 years while for non-adopters were 65 years old on average. The results showed high levels of literacy amongst household adopters. Majority of the households for both adopters and non-adopters of biogas technology were married and unemployed and household size ranged from one to five persons, with social grants being dominant source of income. The bivariate correlation analysis suggests a positive effect of green pepper production and livestock ownership on biogas technology adoption. Age and level of education were negatively correlated with adoption of biogas. The cross tabulation analysis suggests that water scarcity, lack of knowledge about biogas technology, cattle ownership, lack of maintenance and repairing, flooded biogas digesters during rainy season are negatively associated with the uptake of biogas technology. The empirical results from binary logistic model suggest that land size was the key determinant of adoption behaviour towards biogas technology while age of the household head, source of income and level of education may have a negative influence on adoption of biogas technology. Based on the findings highlighted above, the study recommends strategies to encourage households to adopt biogas technology.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Ngcobo, Lindiwe
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Biomass energy -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Renewable energy sources -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Sustainable living -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/4694 , vital:28494
- Description: Rural development efforts to reduce poverty and enhance food security and generally improve livelihoods in developing countries continue to be constrained by high energy cost. For that reason, renewable energy has been identified as a possible panacea to fill this gap. Renewable energy is cheaper, more accessible and environmentally sustainable and promotes inclusivity. Biogas is a renewable energy that is readily available and easy to use by poor rural households. The use of biogas digesters among households in rural areas of developing countries is a well-known technology. The potential for biogas in these areas has been demonstrated and a strong economic case has been made. However, its adoption and use have been lower than expectations possibly as result of non-economic considerations, including social issues about which rural people hold different perceptions. Perceptions of rural households are important because they influence the behaviour to a large extent. Since limited access to affordable energy in rural areas has encouraged government and private organisations to initiate biogas projects to overcome the challenge, it is important to ascertain the factors that affect attitudes towards the technology. The present study sought to explore perceptions of rural households about biogas production towards rural household income in the Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality. Specifically, this research investigated the state of biogas project being implemented by the University of Fort Hare’s Institute of Technology (FHIT), the perceptions of respondents towards biogas production and determine the contribution of biogas consumption to rural income. The study also aimed to identify the factors affecting the adoption of biogas production in the study area. The study was carried out in Melani village in Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa and employed survey data obtained from 48 households who were enumerated to identify their perceptions on biogas production, with special emphasis on the role and effect contributed to rural income of Melani village. The study employed a cross-sectional research design and purposive sampling technique was used in data collection. Data were collected and captured in Excel and then analysed using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) Version 24 Descriptive statistics was used to examine socio-economic characteristics of households and state of biogas production in the area, Bivariate correlation analysis was used to determine the relationships among the key elements of perceptions of household towards biogas adoption, binary logistic model was used to estimate factors influencing adoption of biogas technology by households. The results show that women were dominant for both adopters and non-adopters of biogas. The majority of households were young with mean age of 40 years while for non-adopters were 65 years old on average. The results showed high levels of literacy amongst household adopters. Majority of the households for both adopters and non-adopters of biogas technology were married and unemployed and household size ranged from one to five persons, with social grants being dominant source of income. The bivariate correlation analysis suggests a positive effect of green pepper production and livestock ownership on biogas technology adoption. Age and level of education were negatively correlated with adoption of biogas. The cross tabulation analysis suggests that water scarcity, lack of knowledge about biogas technology, cattle ownership, lack of maintenance and repairing, flooded biogas digesters during rainy season are negatively associated with the uptake of biogas technology. The empirical results from binary logistic model suggest that land size was the key determinant of adoption behaviour towards biogas technology while age of the household head, source of income and level of education may have a negative influence on adoption of biogas technology. Based on the findings highlighted above, the study recommends strategies to encourage households to adopt biogas technology.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Isolation, purification and characterization of a novel glucose oxidase from Penicillium canescens Tt42
- Authors: Simpson, Clinton
- Date: 2006
- Subjects: Penicillium , Glucose , Oxidases
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:3975 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004034 , Penicillium , Glucose , Oxidases
- Description: A novel glucose oxidase from Penicillium canescens (Tt42) was isolated, purified and characterised. The P. canescens Tt42 was cultivated using an optimised growth medium from literature, and maximum glucose oxidase activities of 11.5 U/ml and 6.9 U/ml for the intra- and extracellular fractions were obtained. Maximum glucose oxidase production was achieved after 72 hours at 28°C which coincided with glucose depletion. A total of 1104 U (from 60ml) of glucose oxidase was produced with a biomass specific glucose oxidase activity of 1.08 Umg[superscript -1] Four methods of cell disruption were evaluated for release of intracellular glucose oxidase from P. canescens Tt42 cells. These methods were; sonication, French press, Freeze-Thaw and a high pressure cell disrupter (Z-Plus Series) from Constant systems. All the methods were successful in releasing the intracellular glucose oxidase from P. canescens Tt42. The use of the Constant Systems high pressure cell disrupter was preferred, since it was the simplest and most rapid method. Ammonium sulphate precipitation was shown to be effective as an initial purification step for extracellular glucose oxidase from P. canescens Tt42. Comparison of the intra- and extracellular glucose oxidase fractions using isoelectric focusing showed 2 isoenzymes in both fractions. The pI values of the isoenzymes were determined to be 4.30 and 4.67, with the former being dominant. Since both the intra- and extracellular fractions contained the same isoenzymes of glucose oxidase, further purification studies were performed using the extracellular fraction. The glucose oxidase from P. canescens Tt42 was purified using 3 main techniques: ammonium sulphate precipitation (60% - 70% cut), anion exchange chromatography (Super Q 650M) and size exclusion chromatography (Sephadex S200HR). The glucose oxidase was determined to be ±80% pure by size exclusion chromatography. The final purified glucose oxidase was lyophilised, and an overall purification yield of 10.3% was achieved with an 8.6-fold purification. The purified glucose oxidase was confirmed to be catalase free. Glucose oxidase from P. canescens Tt42 was determined to be a dimeric protein (M[subscript r] ±148kDa) likely consisting of 2 equal subunits (M[subscript r] ± 70kDa). The temperature optimum range was shown to be 25-30°C. The optimum pH for the oxidation of β-D-glucose was pH 7. The enzyme was shown to be stable at 25°C for 10 hours, with a half life of approximately 30 minutes at 37°C. The lyophilised enzyme was stable at -20°C for 6 months. The properties of glucose oxidase from Tt42 were comparable to alternative glucose oxidase enzymes from Aspergillus and other Penicillium species. Glucose oxidase from P. canescens Tt42 was shown to have distinct kinetic characteristics. The V[subscript max] and K[subscript m] were shown to be 651 Umg[superscript -1] and 18.4 mM towards β-D-glucose. The catalytic kcat and specificity k[subscript cat]/K[subscript m] constants for glucose oxidase from P. canescens Tt42 were shown to be 791 s[superscript -1] and 40 s[superscript -1]mM[superscript -1] each respectively. The specificity constant (k[subscript cat]/K[subscript m]) of glucose oxidase from P. canescens Tt42 was determined to be 1.3-fold higher than that that of A. niger (Sigma Type VII) and 8.7-fold lower than that of P. amagasakiense (ATCC 28686) from literature.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
- Authors: Simpson, Clinton
- Date: 2006
- Subjects: Penicillium , Glucose , Oxidases
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:3975 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004034 , Penicillium , Glucose , Oxidases
- Description: A novel glucose oxidase from Penicillium canescens (Tt42) was isolated, purified and characterised. The P. canescens Tt42 was cultivated using an optimised growth medium from literature, and maximum glucose oxidase activities of 11.5 U/ml and 6.9 U/ml for the intra- and extracellular fractions were obtained. Maximum glucose oxidase production was achieved after 72 hours at 28°C which coincided with glucose depletion. A total of 1104 U (from 60ml) of glucose oxidase was produced with a biomass specific glucose oxidase activity of 1.08 Umg[superscript -1] Four methods of cell disruption were evaluated for release of intracellular glucose oxidase from P. canescens Tt42 cells. These methods were; sonication, French press, Freeze-Thaw and a high pressure cell disrupter (Z-Plus Series) from Constant systems. All the methods were successful in releasing the intracellular glucose oxidase from P. canescens Tt42. The use of the Constant Systems high pressure cell disrupter was preferred, since it was the simplest and most rapid method. Ammonium sulphate precipitation was shown to be effective as an initial purification step for extracellular glucose oxidase from P. canescens Tt42. Comparison of the intra- and extracellular glucose oxidase fractions using isoelectric focusing showed 2 isoenzymes in both fractions. The pI values of the isoenzymes were determined to be 4.30 and 4.67, with the former being dominant. Since both the intra- and extracellular fractions contained the same isoenzymes of glucose oxidase, further purification studies were performed using the extracellular fraction. The glucose oxidase from P. canescens Tt42 was purified using 3 main techniques: ammonium sulphate precipitation (60% - 70% cut), anion exchange chromatography (Super Q 650M) and size exclusion chromatography (Sephadex S200HR). The glucose oxidase was determined to be ±80% pure by size exclusion chromatography. The final purified glucose oxidase was lyophilised, and an overall purification yield of 10.3% was achieved with an 8.6-fold purification. The purified glucose oxidase was confirmed to be catalase free. Glucose oxidase from P. canescens Tt42 was determined to be a dimeric protein (M[subscript r] ±148kDa) likely consisting of 2 equal subunits (M[subscript r] ± 70kDa). The temperature optimum range was shown to be 25-30°C. The optimum pH for the oxidation of β-D-glucose was pH 7. The enzyme was shown to be stable at 25°C for 10 hours, with a half life of approximately 30 minutes at 37°C. The lyophilised enzyme was stable at -20°C for 6 months. The properties of glucose oxidase from Tt42 were comparable to alternative glucose oxidase enzymes from Aspergillus and other Penicillium species. Glucose oxidase from P. canescens Tt42 was shown to have distinct kinetic characteristics. The V[subscript max] and K[subscript m] were shown to be 651 Umg[superscript -1] and 18.4 mM towards β-D-glucose. The catalytic kcat and specificity k[subscript cat]/K[subscript m] constants for glucose oxidase from P. canescens Tt42 were shown to be 791 s[superscript -1] and 40 s[superscript -1]mM[superscript -1] each respectively. The specificity constant (k[subscript cat]/K[subscript m]) of glucose oxidase from P. canescens Tt42 was determined to be 1.3-fold higher than that that of A. niger (Sigma Type VII) and 8.7-fold lower than that of P. amagasakiense (ATCC 28686) from literature.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
Investigating how problem solving skills can be developed using a collaborative learning environment
- Authors: Sonne, Anita
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Mathematics -- Study and teaching (Elementary) -- South Africa , Social learning , Active learning , Problem solving in children , Educational equalization -- Research -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: vital:1977 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013017
- Description: This thesis examines whether problem solving strategies develop and improve through working in a collaborative environment and, if so, how. The study explored the way peer-topeer discussions which are focussed on finding solutions to mathematical problems might shape learners' attitudes and participation in mathematical problem solving. I use the Vygotskian (1978) socio-cultural perspective where the process of learning takes place within the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD). Polya's problem solving heuristics (Polya, 1973) and Kilpatrick's "Instructional Triangle" (Kilpatrick, Swafford & Findell, 2001) provided the analytical framework for the study. Seven grade 7 learners from a Ex-Model C school, volunteered to participate in the study. The data gathering process involved an initial problem solving assessment, a written questionnaire, observations and video recordings of the seven learners during a series of after school problem solving sessions and post intervention learner interviews. The study showed that group discussion can have a positive impact on learners' problem solving in several respects: My key findings point to: Mathematical communication does play a role in development of problem solving strategies. A more knowledgeable other, with regards to Vygotsky's (1978) ZPD and Kilpatrick et al's (2001) instructional triangle is a critical factor in the development of problem solving strategies. All five strands of Kilpatrick et al., (2001), strands for mathematical proficiency are required for correct solutions to be calculated. At times Polya's (1973) steps for problem solving move at a rapid pace and are difficult to notice. These steps develop at different speeds for different people.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Investigating how problem solving skills can be developed using a collaborative learning environment
- Authors: Sonne, Anita
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Mathematics -- Study and teaching (Elementary) -- South Africa , Social learning , Active learning , Problem solving in children , Educational equalization -- Research -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: vital:1977 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013017
- Description: This thesis examines whether problem solving strategies develop and improve through working in a collaborative environment and, if so, how. The study explored the way peer-topeer discussions which are focussed on finding solutions to mathematical problems might shape learners' attitudes and participation in mathematical problem solving. I use the Vygotskian (1978) socio-cultural perspective where the process of learning takes place within the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD). Polya's problem solving heuristics (Polya, 1973) and Kilpatrick's "Instructional Triangle" (Kilpatrick, Swafford & Findell, 2001) provided the analytical framework for the study. Seven grade 7 learners from a Ex-Model C school, volunteered to participate in the study. The data gathering process involved an initial problem solving assessment, a written questionnaire, observations and video recordings of the seven learners during a series of after school problem solving sessions and post intervention learner interviews. The study showed that group discussion can have a positive impact on learners' problem solving in several respects: My key findings point to: Mathematical communication does play a role in development of problem solving strategies. A more knowledgeable other, with regards to Vygotsky's (1978) ZPD and Kilpatrick et al's (2001) instructional triangle is a critical factor in the development of problem solving strategies. All five strands of Kilpatrick et al., (2001), strands for mathematical proficiency are required for correct solutions to be calculated. At times Polya's (1973) steps for problem solving move at a rapid pace and are difficult to notice. These steps develop at different speeds for different people.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Invasion status and potential impacts of bluegill Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque, 1819 in the Kariega River, Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Authors: Ndaleni, Phumza Malibongwe
- Date: 2017
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/7586 , vital:21276
- Description: The impact of alien invasive species is one of the greatest threats to biodiversity globally. All of the major drainages of South Africa are invaded by non-native fishes, yet little information is available on their impact. This thesis focusses on providing a better understanding of the potential impacts of bluegill Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque, 1819, a species introduced into South Africa from the USA in 1938. The study assesses the distribution, establishment success and feeding ecology of L. macrochirus in an invaded South African River system in order to better understand and document its potential impacts. Specifically; this thesis (1) assesses the distribution and relative abundance of L. macrochirus in the Kariega System of the Eastern Cape, (2) determines the diet of the species in one of the major impoundments of the system, and (3) uses an experimental comparative functional response approach to assess whether this species has heightened predatory capabilities when compared with fishes with which it cooccurs. Ninety-six sites in the Kariega River system were sampled from the headwaters down to the estuary. Small native fish species (Enteromius anoplus and Enteromius pallidus) occurred mostly in the upper reaches, while in the middle and lower reaches, the centrarchid alien largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides and bluegill L. mocrochirus dominated. There was overlap between the centrarchids and introduced banded tilapia Tilapia sparrmanii and southern mouthbrooder Pseudocrenilabrus philander, but never with small-bodied native species. The stomach contents of L. macrochirus were examined during winter and summer and prey were identified to family level. Crustaceans and insects were an important component in their diet, but in summer fish eggs were common. Comparisons of bluegill diet with published literature indicated that there was potential for competition with largemouth bass, banded tilapia and southern mouthbrooder. Feeding experiments were conducted to compare the functional responses of these four species using a common prey item. Banded tilapia had significantly lower attack rates than the other species with no significant difference observed in other species. Bluegill has a similar impact to that of banded tilapia and southern mouthbrooder, but lower than that of largemouth bass. Results of the present study highlight that L. macrochirus introduced into dams will likely result in both upstream and downstream invasion of river systems. It is likely that this species does not, however, have as much of a predatory impact as M. salmoides in that its predatory capacity is relatively reduced and more comparable to South African native cichlids. These results are discussed within the context of invasion success/failure in other regions of southern Africa.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Ndaleni, Phumza Malibongwe
- Date: 2017
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/7586 , vital:21276
- Description: The impact of alien invasive species is one of the greatest threats to biodiversity globally. All of the major drainages of South Africa are invaded by non-native fishes, yet little information is available on their impact. This thesis focusses on providing a better understanding of the potential impacts of bluegill Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque, 1819, a species introduced into South Africa from the USA in 1938. The study assesses the distribution, establishment success and feeding ecology of L. macrochirus in an invaded South African River system in order to better understand and document its potential impacts. Specifically; this thesis (1) assesses the distribution and relative abundance of L. macrochirus in the Kariega System of the Eastern Cape, (2) determines the diet of the species in one of the major impoundments of the system, and (3) uses an experimental comparative functional response approach to assess whether this species has heightened predatory capabilities when compared with fishes with which it cooccurs. Ninety-six sites in the Kariega River system were sampled from the headwaters down to the estuary. Small native fish species (Enteromius anoplus and Enteromius pallidus) occurred mostly in the upper reaches, while in the middle and lower reaches, the centrarchid alien largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides and bluegill L. mocrochirus dominated. There was overlap between the centrarchids and introduced banded tilapia Tilapia sparrmanii and southern mouthbrooder Pseudocrenilabrus philander, but never with small-bodied native species. The stomach contents of L. macrochirus were examined during winter and summer and prey were identified to family level. Crustaceans and insects were an important component in their diet, but in summer fish eggs were common. Comparisons of bluegill diet with published literature indicated that there was potential for competition with largemouth bass, banded tilapia and southern mouthbrooder. Feeding experiments were conducted to compare the functional responses of these four species using a common prey item. Banded tilapia had significantly lower attack rates than the other species with no significant difference observed in other species. Bluegill has a similar impact to that of banded tilapia and southern mouthbrooder, but lower than that of largemouth bass. Results of the present study highlight that L. macrochirus introduced into dams will likely result in both upstream and downstream invasion of river systems. It is likely that this species does not, however, have as much of a predatory impact as M. salmoides in that its predatory capacity is relatively reduced and more comparable to South African native cichlids. These results are discussed within the context of invasion success/failure in other regions of southern Africa.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Impact of poaching on the marketability of safari lodges in the Eastern Cape
- Authors: Loader, Rory James
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Safari lodges -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape -- Marketing , Poaching -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Ecotourism -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Wildlife crimes -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: vital:845 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1016405
- Description: This research is presented in three sections. Section 1 presents the research report in an academic paper format. Section 2 provides a comprehensive literature review and Section 3 describes the research methodology and methods employed during the research. The tourism industry is the fastest growing sector within the South African Economy, with over 2.6 million foreign tourists visiting South Africa each year. Wildlife, landscapes and scenery are cited as the primary attractions for visiting the country, with over 45 percent of tourists visiting at least one wildlife or nature reserve during their stay in South Africa (Kerley et al., 2011:2). Sixty percent of those tourists travelled for leisure purposes, with 643,883 of the tourists utilising safari lodge accommodation during their visit (Ruggles-Brise, 2013). The Eastern Cape achieved 3.1 percent; of those tourist arrivals, with a bed-night contribution of 734,339, compared to the 16.8 percent (1.9million) and 10.5 percent (1.07million) for Mpumalanga and Limpopo provinces respectively (Ruggles-Brise, 2013). The Eastern Cape lodges represent less than half the bed-nights achieved by Mpumalanga and Limpopo lodges. Due to the number of possible bed-nights available to lodges in the Eastern Cape, it is increasingly important for individual lodges to provide a unique experience, in order to be competitive in attracting guests (Saayman, 2013:81). This was used form part of the foundation to this research in determining the marketability of three lodges in the Eastern Cape, which was derived from the attractiveness of the lodges, determined by guests visiting the lodges. This research follows on from four previous surveys commissioned by INDALO, the Eastern Cape Private Nature Reserve Association in 2004 Sims-Castley et al. 2004), 2006 (Langholz et al., 2006), 2008 (Snowball et al., 2008) and 2011 (Kerley et al., 2011). Part of the research was to identify the main attractions of the reserves. These previous surveys provided a foundation for this research to follow on investigating guest motivations for visiting the three sample lodges and to determine visitor perception of poaching and whether it would impact their motivations for visiting the reserve. In order to address the goals of the research qualitative data was gathered during survey interviews conducted at the three sampled reserves. Seventy five (75) guests were interviewed, equally over the three reserves. Quantitative data was also gathered during the interview surveys, utilising Likert scale questions, prompting guests to choose their top attractions, from which basic descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data being able to determine possible trends amongst respondents and lodges. Results verified guest motivations from the previous surveys, confirming that game viewing, especially the “Big 5” remained the most important attraction for visitors to the reserves while the availability of natural scenery and landscape, high end accommodation and service, the proximity to the garden route and being located in a malaria free area were also see as attractive attributes of the lodges as per the previous surveys. Where the gap in the research was indicated based on guests perception of poaching and whether it would impact their motivations for visit these lodges, impacting that lodges marketability (attractiveness). Results indicated that if they were unable to view the iconic ‘Big Five’ at the reserve due to the extent of poaching. Respondents indicated that the impact would likely and very likely impact their decision to choose the reserves over another reserve that could. Indicating the potential impact that poaching would have on lodges if they were to lose their iconic species which would spell the loss in attractiveness and therefore marketability.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
- Authors: Loader, Rory James
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Safari lodges -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape -- Marketing , Poaching -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Ecotourism -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Wildlife crimes -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: vital:845 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1016405
- Description: This research is presented in three sections. Section 1 presents the research report in an academic paper format. Section 2 provides a comprehensive literature review and Section 3 describes the research methodology and methods employed during the research. The tourism industry is the fastest growing sector within the South African Economy, with over 2.6 million foreign tourists visiting South Africa each year. Wildlife, landscapes and scenery are cited as the primary attractions for visiting the country, with over 45 percent of tourists visiting at least one wildlife or nature reserve during their stay in South Africa (Kerley et al., 2011:2). Sixty percent of those tourists travelled for leisure purposes, with 643,883 of the tourists utilising safari lodge accommodation during their visit (Ruggles-Brise, 2013). The Eastern Cape achieved 3.1 percent; of those tourist arrivals, with a bed-night contribution of 734,339, compared to the 16.8 percent (1.9million) and 10.5 percent (1.07million) for Mpumalanga and Limpopo provinces respectively (Ruggles-Brise, 2013). The Eastern Cape lodges represent less than half the bed-nights achieved by Mpumalanga and Limpopo lodges. Due to the number of possible bed-nights available to lodges in the Eastern Cape, it is increasingly important for individual lodges to provide a unique experience, in order to be competitive in attracting guests (Saayman, 2013:81). This was used form part of the foundation to this research in determining the marketability of three lodges in the Eastern Cape, which was derived from the attractiveness of the lodges, determined by guests visiting the lodges. This research follows on from four previous surveys commissioned by INDALO, the Eastern Cape Private Nature Reserve Association in 2004 Sims-Castley et al. 2004), 2006 (Langholz et al., 2006), 2008 (Snowball et al., 2008) and 2011 (Kerley et al., 2011). Part of the research was to identify the main attractions of the reserves. These previous surveys provided a foundation for this research to follow on investigating guest motivations for visiting the three sample lodges and to determine visitor perception of poaching and whether it would impact their motivations for visiting the reserve. In order to address the goals of the research qualitative data was gathered during survey interviews conducted at the three sampled reserves. Seventy five (75) guests were interviewed, equally over the three reserves. Quantitative data was also gathered during the interview surveys, utilising Likert scale questions, prompting guests to choose their top attractions, from which basic descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data being able to determine possible trends amongst respondents and lodges. Results verified guest motivations from the previous surveys, confirming that game viewing, especially the “Big 5” remained the most important attraction for visitors to the reserves while the availability of natural scenery and landscape, high end accommodation and service, the proximity to the garden route and being located in a malaria free area were also see as attractive attributes of the lodges as per the previous surveys. Where the gap in the research was indicated based on guests perception of poaching and whether it would impact their motivations for visit these lodges, impacting that lodges marketability (attractiveness). Results indicated that if they were unable to view the iconic ‘Big Five’ at the reserve due to the extent of poaching. Respondents indicated that the impact would likely and very likely impact their decision to choose the reserves over another reserve that could. Indicating the potential impact that poaching would have on lodges if they were to lose their iconic species which would spell the loss in attractiveness and therefore marketability.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
Hydrogen economy : MEA manufacturing for PEM electrolysers
- Authors: Gojela, Ntombekaya
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Water -- Electrolysis , Hydrogen
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MTech
- Identifier: vital:10380 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1483 , Water -- Electrolysis , Hydrogen
- Description: The electrolysis of water was evaluated as a potentially efficient, as a low cost means of hydrogen production. The theoretical energy, voltage, current, and energy efficiencies of water electrolysis were considered by using various catalyst materials used in the fabrication of membrane electrode assemblies used in low temperature water electrolysis systems. Traditionally, iridium based catalysts have shown to be the most suitable material for its use on electrocatalysis of water to form hydrogen. This study showed that a combination of various elements as a binary and or ternary mixture in the base catalyst that was applied to the anode and cathode by using the Adam’s method had shown to give comparatively good results to that of using iridium oxide on its own. These catalysts were characterized by cyclic voltammetry, at different temperatures (30oC-80oC) with a range of catalyst loading of 0.2-0.5 mg.cm-2 noble metals. The study showed that the Ir40Co40 mixture as an anode catalyst was found to show highest hydrogen efficiency of 73 percent with a relatively low over potential of 0.925V at higher temperature of 80oC. The mixture also showed to give the best electrocatalytic activity with a low Tafel slope of 30.1mV.dec-1. Whereas the Ir50Pt50 showed a comparatively lower hydrogen efficiency of 65 percent with a lower over potential of 0.6V at 50oC. Ternary mixed oxide of Ir20Ru40Co40 showed an even lower over potential of 0.5- 0.6V over a large range of temperatures with a low hydrogen efficiency of 44 percent but gave good electrocatalytic activity in terms of the Tafel slope analysis. On the other hand, mixtures with relatively cheaper material such as Nickel in binary mixture systems such as Pt50Ni50 as cathode catalyst was found to show promising performance of a relatively low over potential that was less than 1.4 V with a low hydrogen efficiency of 62.1 percent Ternary cathode catalyst materials such as Pt33Ni33Co33 exhibited good performance with higher hydrogen efficiency of 65.2 percent at lower over potential of 1.2 V and a higher Tafel slope of 133.9 mV.dec-1 at 80 0C.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Gojela, Ntombekaya
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Water -- Electrolysis , Hydrogen
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MTech
- Identifier: vital:10380 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1483 , Water -- Electrolysis , Hydrogen
- Description: The electrolysis of water was evaluated as a potentially efficient, as a low cost means of hydrogen production. The theoretical energy, voltage, current, and energy efficiencies of water electrolysis were considered by using various catalyst materials used in the fabrication of membrane electrode assemblies used in low temperature water electrolysis systems. Traditionally, iridium based catalysts have shown to be the most suitable material for its use on electrocatalysis of water to form hydrogen. This study showed that a combination of various elements as a binary and or ternary mixture in the base catalyst that was applied to the anode and cathode by using the Adam’s method had shown to give comparatively good results to that of using iridium oxide on its own. These catalysts were characterized by cyclic voltammetry, at different temperatures (30oC-80oC) with a range of catalyst loading of 0.2-0.5 mg.cm-2 noble metals. The study showed that the Ir40Co40 mixture as an anode catalyst was found to show highest hydrogen efficiency of 73 percent with a relatively low over potential of 0.925V at higher temperature of 80oC. The mixture also showed to give the best electrocatalytic activity with a low Tafel slope of 30.1mV.dec-1. Whereas the Ir50Pt50 showed a comparatively lower hydrogen efficiency of 65 percent with a lower over potential of 0.6V at 50oC. Ternary mixed oxide of Ir20Ru40Co40 showed an even lower over potential of 0.5- 0.6V over a large range of temperatures with a low hydrogen efficiency of 44 percent but gave good electrocatalytic activity in terms of the Tafel slope analysis. On the other hand, mixtures with relatively cheaper material such as Nickel in binary mixture systems such as Pt50Ni50 as cathode catalyst was found to show promising performance of a relatively low over potential that was less than 1.4 V with a low hydrogen efficiency of 62.1 percent Ternary cathode catalyst materials such as Pt33Ni33Co33 exhibited good performance with higher hydrogen efficiency of 65.2 percent at lower over potential of 1.2 V and a higher Tafel slope of 133.9 mV.dec-1 at 80 0C.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
How community participation influences the success and sustainability of the Ilitha farming project
- Nsanzya, Brenda Monde Kabika
- Authors: Nsanzya, Brenda Monde Kabika
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: Economic development projects -- Citizen participation , Economic development projects , Sustainable development
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:9208 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020622
- Description: In recent decades, development thinking has shifted from mainstream development strategies to more alternative development approaches incorporating various aspects of development such as equity, gender, sustainability, and participation. In South Africa, a country emerging from a past of injustice, community participation has become a central theme in social development as a way of addressing past inequalities. However, despite its popularity, there are concerns that its benefits are less visible. The literature on community participation shows that there are a number of factors why community participation in development projects has not been successful in many communities. On the other hand, literature on participatory development also shows that there are benefits of participation in development projects; community participation can be successful when the community has genuine participation in the process. However, there is evidence that even where participatory development has been successful, is not necessarily easy to replicate in other areas. This study sought to evaluate participation and how this affects the sustainability and success of the Ilitha farming project. Using the qualitative and quantitative indicators of participation by Oakley et al. (1991), which were adapted from various sources, I have shown that there was a high level of participation by members of this project who started on a small-scale basis, with minimal contributions in order to address the problem of unemployment, lack of skills and income opportunities, and growing poverty in the Ilitha community. The study has shown that success in participation is linked to the success and sustainability of the Ilitha farming project. This project is a success because it has achieved its initial objectives and has potential for expansion. In addition, the expansion of project activities has increased and sustains the project income throughout the year, benefiting not only project members but other members of the Ilitha community including the old age home, the HIV Aids awareness centre and households with patients needing assistance. Project success can be sustained on a long-term basis with a high level of participation through commitment, hard work, quality leadership, consultation, team work and respect for each project member as an equal partner irrespective of differences in age, gender and length of membership in the project. The level of internal sustainability i.e. the ability for the project to maintain its own developmental momentum is evidently high. The executive has led the project from its inception in 2003 to date with a clear vision and long-term commitment. However, there is a need for a succession plan in order to ensure continuity of the project as the current executive may not be able to continue due to old age. Secondary partnerships in the Ilitha farming project have had a significant impact on the level of success and sustainability of the project through the provision of funds, training and technical assistance.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2013
- Authors: Nsanzya, Brenda Monde Kabika
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: Economic development projects -- Citizen participation , Economic development projects , Sustainable development
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:9208 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020622
- Description: In recent decades, development thinking has shifted from mainstream development strategies to more alternative development approaches incorporating various aspects of development such as equity, gender, sustainability, and participation. In South Africa, a country emerging from a past of injustice, community participation has become a central theme in social development as a way of addressing past inequalities. However, despite its popularity, there are concerns that its benefits are less visible. The literature on community participation shows that there are a number of factors why community participation in development projects has not been successful in many communities. On the other hand, literature on participatory development also shows that there are benefits of participation in development projects; community participation can be successful when the community has genuine participation in the process. However, there is evidence that even where participatory development has been successful, is not necessarily easy to replicate in other areas. This study sought to evaluate participation and how this affects the sustainability and success of the Ilitha farming project. Using the qualitative and quantitative indicators of participation by Oakley et al. (1991), which were adapted from various sources, I have shown that there was a high level of participation by members of this project who started on a small-scale basis, with minimal contributions in order to address the problem of unemployment, lack of skills and income opportunities, and growing poverty in the Ilitha community. The study has shown that success in participation is linked to the success and sustainability of the Ilitha farming project. This project is a success because it has achieved its initial objectives and has potential for expansion. In addition, the expansion of project activities has increased and sustains the project income throughout the year, benefiting not only project members but other members of the Ilitha community including the old age home, the HIV Aids awareness centre and households with patients needing assistance. Project success can be sustained on a long-term basis with a high level of participation through commitment, hard work, quality leadership, consultation, team work and respect for each project member as an equal partner irrespective of differences in age, gender and length of membership in the project. The level of internal sustainability i.e. the ability for the project to maintain its own developmental momentum is evidently high. The executive has led the project from its inception in 2003 to date with a clear vision and long-term commitment. However, there is a need for a succession plan in order to ensure continuity of the project as the current executive may not be able to continue due to old age. Secondary partnerships in the Ilitha farming project have had a significant impact on the level of success and sustainability of the project through the provision of funds, training and technical assistance.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2013
Financial reforms and interest rate spreads in the commercial banking sector in Kenya
- Authors: Munene, Daniel
- Date: 2006
- Subjects: Finance -- Kenya , Banks and banking -- Kenya , Economics -- Kenya , Interest rates -- Kenya , Economic development -- Kenya
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: vital:1070 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007711 , Finance -- Kenya , Banks and banking -- Kenya , Economics -- Kenya , Interest rates -- Kenya , Economic development -- Kenya
- Description: Financial reforms were a major component of structural adjustment programs deemed necessary for developing countries in the mid 1980s. These were not only meant to improve the sector, but would ultimately enhance economic growth and help in poverty alleviation. At the top of these reforms was financial liberalisation. Kenya, like many other sub-Saharan African countries, undertook financial liberalisation in 1991, one of the measures was decontrolling interest rates. With market driven interest rates in place it was assumed that there would be increased efficiency in bank lending, as well as growth in credit availability as deposits increased. A key indicator of this improved intermediation process would be a narrowing interest rates spread, that is, the margin between the deposit and lending rate. Paradoxically, however, the expected benefits of these reforms did not accrue to Kenya's banking sector. This study focuses on financial reforms and the spread of interest rates in Kenya's banking sector. Using a trend analysis, spanning the period before and after liberalisation, interest rates spread are shown to have escalated dramatically upwards after liberalisation. An analysis of three macroeconomic variables, namely, the exchange rate, inflation rate and economic growth offer little, or inconclusive evidence, that they were the main causes of the wide interest rate spread. In fact, the spread is closely linked to institutional/structural factors such as non-competitiveness in the banking sector, imprudent lending practices and poor and/or inadequate banking supervision. Policies for improving the institutional infrastructure and thus moderating the spreads are highlighted.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
- Authors: Munene, Daniel
- Date: 2006
- Subjects: Finance -- Kenya , Banks and banking -- Kenya , Economics -- Kenya , Interest rates -- Kenya , Economic development -- Kenya
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: vital:1070 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007711 , Finance -- Kenya , Banks and banking -- Kenya , Economics -- Kenya , Interest rates -- Kenya , Economic development -- Kenya
- Description: Financial reforms were a major component of structural adjustment programs deemed necessary for developing countries in the mid 1980s. These were not only meant to improve the sector, but would ultimately enhance economic growth and help in poverty alleviation. At the top of these reforms was financial liberalisation. Kenya, like many other sub-Saharan African countries, undertook financial liberalisation in 1991, one of the measures was decontrolling interest rates. With market driven interest rates in place it was assumed that there would be increased efficiency in bank lending, as well as growth in credit availability as deposits increased. A key indicator of this improved intermediation process would be a narrowing interest rates spread, that is, the margin between the deposit and lending rate. Paradoxically, however, the expected benefits of these reforms did not accrue to Kenya's banking sector. This study focuses on financial reforms and the spread of interest rates in Kenya's banking sector. Using a trend analysis, spanning the period before and after liberalisation, interest rates spread are shown to have escalated dramatically upwards after liberalisation. An analysis of three macroeconomic variables, namely, the exchange rate, inflation rate and economic growth offer little, or inconclusive evidence, that they were the main causes of the wide interest rate spread. In fact, the spread is closely linked to institutional/structural factors such as non-competitiveness in the banking sector, imprudent lending practices and poor and/or inadequate banking supervision. Policies for improving the institutional infrastructure and thus moderating the spreads are highlighted.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
Extraction and characterization of antimicrobial compounds from selected marine invertebrates collected from Phillip's Reef, Port Elizabeth in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa
- Authors: Kibungu, Cuthbert Wasswa
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Invertebrates Bioactive compounds Anti-infective agents
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , Microbiology
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/11751 , vital:39103
- Description: Introduction: The marine environment is rich in the biodiversity of medically significant invertebrate species such as sponges, ascidians, molluscs and bryozoans. Such a diverse environment is a potential source of a great variety of secondary metabolite production. Research in marine natural product discovery is gaining ground with the development of new therapeutic drugs of antimicrobial potential. Aim: This study seeks to evaluate, and identify bioactive compounds obtained from marine invertebrates collected from Phillip’s Reef in Algoa Bay. Methodology: Marine invertebrates were collected from the Phillip’s Reef in Algoa Bay, Port Elizabeth, at a depth of 12 m and the physichochemical parameters at the site of sample collection were recorded onsite. Sampling was done once over the four seasons in South Africa. Sections of each specimen were sent for identification, and extraction of compounds was done using organic solvents [methanol (95percent), hexane (95percent), petroleum ether (95percent), chloroform (95percent) and ethyl acetate (95percent)]. A ratio of 95percent the respective solvents was achieved by the following (1:19), organic solvent combinations [dichloromethane: methanol (1:1), hexane: chloroform: methanol (1:2:1)] and aqueous solution of water. Solvent optimization was done by measuring the absorbance of S. aureus (ATCC 49476) in Mueller Hinton Broth containing crude extracts at 600 nm. The appropriate solvent was then selected for further extraction of bioactive compounds from the specimens. Antimicrobial activity of the crude extracts was evaluated using the standard agar well diffusion method on test pathogens, namely, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 49476), clostridium difficile (ATCC 9689), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 10145), Candida albicans (ATCC 10231) and Aspergillus fumigatus (ATCC 204305). Different concentrations of the crude extracts were used [100percent, 80percent, 60percent, 40percent and 30percent (v:v)] and the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were determined. Selected bioactive crude extracts were further evaluated for phytochemicals before being purified by subjecting them to Sephadex-G75 column chromatography, using 75percent ethyl acetate as the mobile phase. Bioactive crude extracts fractions obtained following column chromatography were subjected to Electron Spray Ionization Time of Flight (ESI-TOF) analysis using The Bruker Daltonics maXis compact ESI Quadrupole TOF instrument to detect and identify compounds present. Peak identification was done using the blast software contained in Open Chrom Community Edition (Alder), open source software for chromatography and mass spectrometry spectrum analysis. Results: Sixty-seven different marine invertebrate species were collected over the 4 seasons. A mean temperature of 17.35oC ± 2.06 was recorded over all four seasons with the Autumn exhibiting the highest temperature (20oC). Salinity readings obtained ranged between 35.12 psu and 35.27 psu. A stable mean pH range of 8.08–8.78 was also recorded across all four seasons. Salinity and pH readings conformed to the standards set by the South African Water Quality Guidelines. The Spring season exhibited the highest turbidity of 2.97 NTU compared to other seasons. Ethyl acetate and dichloromethane: methanol (1:1) extracts yielded the best inhibitory results. Approximately 60percent (4/67) of the marine invertebrate specimens showed bioactivity against some of the test pathogens. Both ethyl acetate and dichloromethane methanol crude extracts of S14 and S34 showed a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity against both bacteria and fungi. The C6 ethyl acetate crude extracts were highly active against MRSA, as inhibition zones of 45 mm were observed. MIC at 30percent concentrations was observed for very few crude extracts against the five pathogens. Sixty-three ethyl acetate crude extracts contained phytochemicals while only 35 dichloromethane: methanol crude extracts contained phytochemicals. Neither ethyl acetate and dichloromethane: methanol crude extracts of S34 (Psammopsinia sp. 1) that were biologically active had any phytochemicals. Canadine, Ginkolide A, Apigenin, Amygdalin, 10-hydroxy-Camptothecin, Catechin, Beta-Peltatin and 6 Ethoxy-3(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-4-methylcoumarin were identified in the crude extracts. Conclusion: Marine invertebrate species located at Phillip’s Reef produce compounds with antimicrobial potential. These compounds are biologically active against human pathogenic microorganisms. The best solvent to use for the extraction of these biologically significant metabolites is ethyl acetate, as this study achieved outstanding results from ethyl acetate crude extracts in the form of high zones of inhibition, for example the sponge Ectyonopsis flabellate, which exhibited mean inhibition zones of 45 mm against Aspergillus fumigatus. Similar bioactivity was also observed with Tedania (Tedania) Stylonychaeta against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. This is the first study done on some of the marine sponges and ascidians in the Phillip’s Reef, and therefore further evaluation of the purified compounds is necessary in order to obtain the identity of the pure compounds and possibly determine the mechanism of action, and synthesize structural analogues for further studies.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Kibungu, Cuthbert Wasswa
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Invertebrates Bioactive compounds Anti-infective agents
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , Microbiology
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/11751 , vital:39103
- Description: Introduction: The marine environment is rich in the biodiversity of medically significant invertebrate species such as sponges, ascidians, molluscs and bryozoans. Such a diverse environment is a potential source of a great variety of secondary metabolite production. Research in marine natural product discovery is gaining ground with the development of new therapeutic drugs of antimicrobial potential. Aim: This study seeks to evaluate, and identify bioactive compounds obtained from marine invertebrates collected from Phillip’s Reef in Algoa Bay. Methodology: Marine invertebrates were collected from the Phillip’s Reef in Algoa Bay, Port Elizabeth, at a depth of 12 m and the physichochemical parameters at the site of sample collection were recorded onsite. Sampling was done once over the four seasons in South Africa. Sections of each specimen were sent for identification, and extraction of compounds was done using organic solvents [methanol (95percent), hexane (95percent), petroleum ether (95percent), chloroform (95percent) and ethyl acetate (95percent)]. A ratio of 95percent the respective solvents was achieved by the following (1:19), organic solvent combinations [dichloromethane: methanol (1:1), hexane: chloroform: methanol (1:2:1)] and aqueous solution of water. Solvent optimization was done by measuring the absorbance of S. aureus (ATCC 49476) in Mueller Hinton Broth containing crude extracts at 600 nm. The appropriate solvent was then selected for further extraction of bioactive compounds from the specimens. Antimicrobial activity of the crude extracts was evaluated using the standard agar well diffusion method on test pathogens, namely, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 49476), clostridium difficile (ATCC 9689), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 10145), Candida albicans (ATCC 10231) and Aspergillus fumigatus (ATCC 204305). Different concentrations of the crude extracts were used [100percent, 80percent, 60percent, 40percent and 30percent (v:v)] and the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were determined. Selected bioactive crude extracts were further evaluated for phytochemicals before being purified by subjecting them to Sephadex-G75 column chromatography, using 75percent ethyl acetate as the mobile phase. Bioactive crude extracts fractions obtained following column chromatography were subjected to Electron Spray Ionization Time of Flight (ESI-TOF) analysis using The Bruker Daltonics maXis compact ESI Quadrupole TOF instrument to detect and identify compounds present. Peak identification was done using the blast software contained in Open Chrom Community Edition (Alder), open source software for chromatography and mass spectrometry spectrum analysis. Results: Sixty-seven different marine invertebrate species were collected over the 4 seasons. A mean temperature of 17.35oC ± 2.06 was recorded over all four seasons with the Autumn exhibiting the highest temperature (20oC). Salinity readings obtained ranged between 35.12 psu and 35.27 psu. A stable mean pH range of 8.08–8.78 was also recorded across all four seasons. Salinity and pH readings conformed to the standards set by the South African Water Quality Guidelines. The Spring season exhibited the highest turbidity of 2.97 NTU compared to other seasons. Ethyl acetate and dichloromethane: methanol (1:1) extracts yielded the best inhibitory results. Approximately 60percent (4/67) of the marine invertebrate specimens showed bioactivity against some of the test pathogens. Both ethyl acetate and dichloromethane methanol crude extracts of S14 and S34 showed a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity against both bacteria and fungi. The C6 ethyl acetate crude extracts were highly active against MRSA, as inhibition zones of 45 mm were observed. MIC at 30percent concentrations was observed for very few crude extracts against the five pathogens. Sixty-three ethyl acetate crude extracts contained phytochemicals while only 35 dichloromethane: methanol crude extracts contained phytochemicals. Neither ethyl acetate and dichloromethane: methanol crude extracts of S34 (Psammopsinia sp. 1) that were biologically active had any phytochemicals. Canadine, Ginkolide A, Apigenin, Amygdalin, 10-hydroxy-Camptothecin, Catechin, Beta-Peltatin and 6 Ethoxy-3(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-4-methylcoumarin were identified in the crude extracts. Conclusion: Marine invertebrate species located at Phillip’s Reef produce compounds with antimicrobial potential. These compounds are biologically active against human pathogenic microorganisms. The best solvent to use for the extraction of these biologically significant metabolites is ethyl acetate, as this study achieved outstanding results from ethyl acetate crude extracts in the form of high zones of inhibition, for example the sponge Ectyonopsis flabellate, which exhibited mean inhibition zones of 45 mm against Aspergillus fumigatus. Similar bioactivity was also observed with Tedania (Tedania) Stylonychaeta against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. This is the first study done on some of the marine sponges and ascidians in the Phillip’s Reef, and therefore further evaluation of the purified compounds is necessary in order to obtain the identity of the pure compounds and possibly determine the mechanism of action, and synthesize structural analogues for further studies.
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- Date Issued: 2018