The Bondelswarts Rebellion of 1922
- Authors: Lewis, Gavin, 1954-
- Date: 1978
- Subjects: Bondelswarts (African people) , Namibia -- Race relations , Namibia -- History
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2589 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006957 , Bondelswarts (African people) , Namibia -- Race relations , Namibia -- History
- Description: The rebellion was the result of many and varied Bondelswarts grievances, accumulating into discontent. The attempted arrest of Morris and the bungling of subsequent negotiations was the last straw. Their distrust, fear and suspicion of the Government, built up from German times, made any negotiations doubly difficult. They were a proud people, proud of their history and traditions, and proud of their tribal identity. Their days of complete independence were not long gone, and only in the early 1920's was there any appreciable white settlement in their area. It was then, while they watched their lands being irrevocably divided up amongst whites, that with the increased white settlement came stricter and more burdensome laws. In some respect, the rebellion was the last stand of a people driven to frustration and poverty. It was indeed, as Freislich calls it, the last tribal war. They fought a futile battle against the inexorable advance of white technology and civilization, and in this sense their ultimate revolt was perhaps inevitable (Conclusion: p. 229-230)
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1978
- Authors: Lewis, Gavin, 1954-
- Date: 1978
- Subjects: Bondelswarts (African people) , Namibia -- Race relations , Namibia -- History
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2589 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006957 , Bondelswarts (African people) , Namibia -- Race relations , Namibia -- History
- Description: The rebellion was the result of many and varied Bondelswarts grievances, accumulating into discontent. The attempted arrest of Morris and the bungling of subsequent negotiations was the last straw. Their distrust, fear and suspicion of the Government, built up from German times, made any negotiations doubly difficult. They were a proud people, proud of their history and traditions, and proud of their tribal identity. Their days of complete independence were not long gone, and only in the early 1920's was there any appreciable white settlement in their area. It was then, while they watched their lands being irrevocably divided up amongst whites, that with the increased white settlement came stricter and more burdensome laws. In some respect, the rebellion was the last stand of a people driven to frustration and poverty. It was indeed, as Freislich calls it, the last tribal war. They fought a futile battle against the inexorable advance of white technology and civilization, and in this sense their ultimate revolt was perhaps inevitable (Conclusion: p. 229-230)
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1978
The politics of administration: a study of the career of Dr D L Smit with special reference to his work in the Department of Native Affairs, 1934-1945
- Authors: Bell, M M S
- Date: 1978
- Subjects: Smit, Douglas Lainge,1885- , South Africa. Native Affairs Commission , South Africa -- Native Affairs Department , South Africa -- History -- 1909-1961
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2596 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007624 , Smit, Douglas Lainge,1885- , South Africa. Native Affairs Commission , South Africa -- Native Affairs Department , South Africa -- History -- 1909-1961
- Description: The written history of modern South Africa is limited by the moratorium on archival material common to' all contemporary research, and the present study is intended, in part, to help fill this gap. It has a two- fold design: first, to point out some of the anomalies in the relationship between administration and policy and secondly, to show the extent to which they are interdependent in Dr. D.L. Smit ' s career. In the process, I hope to clarify and to comment on some of the mechanics involved in Native Administration.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1978
- Authors: Bell, M M S
- Date: 1978
- Subjects: Smit, Douglas Lainge,1885- , South Africa. Native Affairs Commission , South Africa -- Native Affairs Department , South Africa -- History -- 1909-1961
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2596 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007624 , Smit, Douglas Lainge,1885- , South Africa. Native Affairs Commission , South Africa -- Native Affairs Department , South Africa -- History -- 1909-1961
- Description: The written history of modern South Africa is limited by the moratorium on archival material common to' all contemporary research, and the present study is intended, in part, to help fill this gap. It has a two- fold design: first, to point out some of the anomalies in the relationship between administration and policy and secondly, to show the extent to which they are interdependent in Dr. D.L. Smit ' s career. In the process, I hope to clarify and to comment on some of the mechanics involved in Native Administration.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1978
The Stockenström judgment, the Warren report and the Griqualand West rebellion, 1876-8
- Authors: White, Anthony Nevins
- Date: 1978
- Subjects: Warren, Charles, Sir, 1840-1927 , Griqualand West -- History , Land tenure -- Griqualand West , Griqua Rising, 1878 , Griqua (African people) -- History , Tlharo (African people) -- History , Tlhaping (African people) -- History , Baga-maidi (African people) -- History , Stockenström, Andries, 1844-1880 , Genealogy , Korana (African people) -- History
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2591 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007239 , Warren, Charles, Sir, 1840-1927 , Griqualand West -- History , Land tenure -- Griqualand West , Griqua Rising, 1878 , Griqua (African people) -- History , Tlharo (African people) -- History , Tlhaping (African people) -- History , Baga-maidi (African people) -- History , Stockenström, Andries, 1844-1880 , Genealogy , Korana (African people) -- History
- Description: From Preface: South African frontiers periodically provided the backdrop for conflict between Blacks and Whites over land, and, in this respect, Griqualand West proved no exception. The arrival of the trekboers in the 1830s heralded the beginning of the land problem in Griqualand West, and the situation worsened with the discovery of diamonds and the subsequent influx of land-hungry Whites. By the 1870s the stage was then set for a major clash between Blacks and Whites with land as the central focus. The Griqualand West Administration tried to rectify this situation in 1875 by setting up a Land Court under Judge Andries Stockenström. Stockenström's judgment was highly controversial, as many Griqua and Blacks lost land, although no land which had been claimed by a Griqua or Black was granted to a White. As Stockenström had not resolved the land problem, the Griqualand West authorities brought in Captain Charles Warren to settle the matter of land ownership in the Province. The Warren Report was considered by all concerned to be fair, but it did not prevent the outbreak of hostilities in 1878. The two main foci of this study are, then, land ownership and the Rebellion and the link, if any, between them. The main sources for the work have been the Griqualand West archive in the Cape Archives, for the period 1872-1880, and various newspapers. The Cape and Imperial Blue Books were useful sources, especially on the military history of the rebellion. Interviews conducted in Bophuthatswana and Griqualand West clarified many obscure points and raised others, most of which have been answered in this work. A considerable number of contemporary published works were also consulted, but, although most mentioned the land problem and the Rebellion, few contained anything worthy of mention, especially with regard to the military history of the Rebellion. , KMBT_363 , Adobe Acrobat 9.54 Paper Capture Plug-in
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1978
- Authors: White, Anthony Nevins
- Date: 1978
- Subjects: Warren, Charles, Sir, 1840-1927 , Griqualand West -- History , Land tenure -- Griqualand West , Griqua Rising, 1878 , Griqua (African people) -- History , Tlharo (African people) -- History , Tlhaping (African people) -- History , Baga-maidi (African people) -- History , Stockenström, Andries, 1844-1880 , Genealogy , Korana (African people) -- History
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2591 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007239 , Warren, Charles, Sir, 1840-1927 , Griqualand West -- History , Land tenure -- Griqualand West , Griqua Rising, 1878 , Griqua (African people) -- History , Tlharo (African people) -- History , Tlhaping (African people) -- History , Baga-maidi (African people) -- History , Stockenström, Andries, 1844-1880 , Genealogy , Korana (African people) -- History
- Description: From Preface: South African frontiers periodically provided the backdrop for conflict between Blacks and Whites over land, and, in this respect, Griqualand West proved no exception. The arrival of the trekboers in the 1830s heralded the beginning of the land problem in Griqualand West, and the situation worsened with the discovery of diamonds and the subsequent influx of land-hungry Whites. By the 1870s the stage was then set for a major clash between Blacks and Whites with land as the central focus. The Griqualand West Administration tried to rectify this situation in 1875 by setting up a Land Court under Judge Andries Stockenström. Stockenström's judgment was highly controversial, as many Griqua and Blacks lost land, although no land which had been claimed by a Griqua or Black was granted to a White. As Stockenström had not resolved the land problem, the Griqualand West authorities brought in Captain Charles Warren to settle the matter of land ownership in the Province. The Warren Report was considered by all concerned to be fair, but it did not prevent the outbreak of hostilities in 1878. The two main foci of this study are, then, land ownership and the Rebellion and the link, if any, between them. The main sources for the work have been the Griqualand West archive in the Cape Archives, for the period 1872-1880, and various newspapers. The Cape and Imperial Blue Books were useful sources, especially on the military history of the rebellion. Interviews conducted in Bophuthatswana and Griqualand West clarified many obscure points and raised others, most of which have been answered in this work. A considerable number of contemporary published works were also consulted, but, although most mentioned the land problem and the Rebellion, few contained anything worthy of mention, especially with regard to the military history of the Rebellion. , KMBT_363 , Adobe Acrobat 9.54 Paper Capture Plug-in
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1978
The war of Ngcayecibi, 1877-8
- Authors: Spicer, Michael Wolseley
- Date: 1978
- Subjects: Sarhili -- Xhosa paramount chief -- ca.1814-1892 , Frontier War, 1877-1879
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2559 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002412 , Sarhili -- Xhosa paramount chief -- ca.1814-1892 , Frontier War, 1877-1879
- Description: This work makes no pretence at being a comprehensive account of the War of Ngcayecibi and its context in Cape and Imperial History. It omits all but passing reference to Imperial Policy, Frere's Federation plans, the Constitutional Crisis and the dismissal of the Molteno Ministry, all of which have been more than adequately covered elsewhere. Rather it concentrates on a study of the war in terms of black/white relations. The responses of the blacks to white pressures on their land and traditional society are examined, particularly those of Sarhili and the Gcaleka, for Sarhili, the gentlemanly but tragic Paramount Chief of the Xhosa, is the central figure in the canvas of black Ciskeian and Transkeian leaders of the time, and the War of Ngcayecibi is very much a Xhosa war. I have tried to avoid a conventional account of the military operations of the war, sketching only the broad outlines of military operations and concentrating on the strategies adopted by black and white forces, and the reasons for which various black chiefdoms or segments thereof participated in the war. Orthography. The matter of orthography is a tricky one, for Xhosa orthography has been recently overhauled and is not yet finalised. I have attempted with the aid of Mr Sidney Zotwana of the Institute of Social and Economic Research at Rhodes University to adopt the most acceptable forms of Xhosa names. I have dropped the use of all prefixes since I felt their use would have been pedantic in what, after a11, is an English language thesis and since there is no chance of confusion between historical figures like Gcaleka and the amaGcaleka people. Sources. The documents printed in Cape an~ Imperial Blue-Books, especially the Cape Blue-Books, on Native Affairs for the years 1874-1884, and the correspondence in the Native Affairs Archive in the Government Archives in Cape Town, proved to be the most valuable official and semi-official sources. The Merriman and Molteno Papers in the South African Library in Cape Town were the most useful private papers consulted, though odd items in the Cory Library, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, proved of use. The rash of memoirs published after the war were, with exceptions, singularly unilluminating. Most prominent amongst the exceptions was West W. Fynn: The'77 War ••• (East London, 1911), an account of the war written by the Clerk of the Resident to Sarhili. Although Fynn has a grudge against treatment he received from the Colonial Government at the time, and is not above dramatising his role, he was in an unparalle11ed position to observe the events leading up to the war and records much valuable information. The voluminous notebooks in Cory Library of the late Dr A.W. Burton, an amateur Border historian who had researched the war, were interesting but difficult to use because of an almost total lack of footnoting or reference to sources. J.R. Soga's two works, The South Eastern Bantu (Johannesburg, 1930) and The Ama-Xosa: Life and Customs (Lovedale, 1931) are well known and proved useful but, as will be seen, have to be treated with care. Of more modern works, J. Peires: "A History of the Xhosa c.1700-1835" if (unp. M.A. thesis, Rhodes University, 1976) proved invaluable as a background to Xhosa society and earlier Xhosa history. The works of Christopher Saunders, who has written much on topics related to the war, were indispensable. C.J. Schoeman: "Die Negende Grensbotsing" (unp. M.A. thesis, University of Port Elizabeth, 1976), the one general study of the war thus far written, covers military operations at great length and is a work very much in the mould of traditional Afrikaner Frontier Historiography.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1978
- Authors: Spicer, Michael Wolseley
- Date: 1978
- Subjects: Sarhili -- Xhosa paramount chief -- ca.1814-1892 , Frontier War, 1877-1879
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2559 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002412 , Sarhili -- Xhosa paramount chief -- ca.1814-1892 , Frontier War, 1877-1879
- Description: This work makes no pretence at being a comprehensive account of the War of Ngcayecibi and its context in Cape and Imperial History. It omits all but passing reference to Imperial Policy, Frere's Federation plans, the Constitutional Crisis and the dismissal of the Molteno Ministry, all of which have been more than adequately covered elsewhere. Rather it concentrates on a study of the war in terms of black/white relations. The responses of the blacks to white pressures on their land and traditional society are examined, particularly those of Sarhili and the Gcaleka, for Sarhili, the gentlemanly but tragic Paramount Chief of the Xhosa, is the central figure in the canvas of black Ciskeian and Transkeian leaders of the time, and the War of Ngcayecibi is very much a Xhosa war. I have tried to avoid a conventional account of the military operations of the war, sketching only the broad outlines of military operations and concentrating on the strategies adopted by black and white forces, and the reasons for which various black chiefdoms or segments thereof participated in the war. Orthography. The matter of orthography is a tricky one, for Xhosa orthography has been recently overhauled and is not yet finalised. I have attempted with the aid of Mr Sidney Zotwana of the Institute of Social and Economic Research at Rhodes University to adopt the most acceptable forms of Xhosa names. I have dropped the use of all prefixes since I felt their use would have been pedantic in what, after a11, is an English language thesis and since there is no chance of confusion between historical figures like Gcaleka and the amaGcaleka people. Sources. The documents printed in Cape an~ Imperial Blue-Books, especially the Cape Blue-Books, on Native Affairs for the years 1874-1884, and the correspondence in the Native Affairs Archive in the Government Archives in Cape Town, proved to be the most valuable official and semi-official sources. The Merriman and Molteno Papers in the South African Library in Cape Town were the most useful private papers consulted, though odd items in the Cory Library, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, proved of use. The rash of memoirs published after the war were, with exceptions, singularly unilluminating. Most prominent amongst the exceptions was West W. Fynn: The'77 War ••• (East London, 1911), an account of the war written by the Clerk of the Resident to Sarhili. Although Fynn has a grudge against treatment he received from the Colonial Government at the time, and is not above dramatising his role, he was in an unparalle11ed position to observe the events leading up to the war and records much valuable information. The voluminous notebooks in Cory Library of the late Dr A.W. Burton, an amateur Border historian who had researched the war, were interesting but difficult to use because of an almost total lack of footnoting or reference to sources. J.R. Soga's two works, The South Eastern Bantu (Johannesburg, 1930) and The Ama-Xosa: Life and Customs (Lovedale, 1931) are well known and proved useful but, as will be seen, have to be treated with care. Of more modern works, J. Peires: "A History of the Xhosa c.1700-1835" if (unp. M.A. thesis, Rhodes University, 1976) proved invaluable as a background to Xhosa society and earlier Xhosa history. The works of Christopher Saunders, who has written much on topics related to the war, were indispensable. C.J. Schoeman: "Die Negende Grensbotsing" (unp. M.A. thesis, University of Port Elizabeth, 1976), the one general study of the war thus far written, covers military operations at great length and is a work very much in the mould of traditional Afrikaner Frontier Historiography.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1978
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