A mission and five commissions: a study of some aspects of the educational work of the American Zulu Mission, 1835-1910
- Authors: George, Ambrose Cato
- Date: 1989
- Subjects: Missions -- South Africa Missions -- Educational Work , American Zulu Mission , Natal , South Africa , Colonial government , Adams College , Newton Adams , Missions , Missionary education , Educational purpose , Zulu people
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:1337 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001403
- Description: This thesis examines the work of the American Zulu Mission in Natal from 1835 to 1910. Of the institutions controlled by this mission, the most famous was that known in the 20th Century as Adams College, named after one of the founders of the Natal work, Dr Newton Adams. Although other research work has been done on this institution and this mission in general, this thesis attempts to examine the work in the light of the mission's own view of its educational purpose and the expectations of the Colonial Government of what could be expected of missionary education. To meet this purpose particular stress was laid first on the actual development of the mission's educational institutions, especially when reports and letters assessed the aims of the developments and the ways in which these aims were being met. Secondly, the aims of missionary education were explained through five capital Colonial Government Commissions, which looked, in a number of different ways, at the current position and future of the Zulu peoples of Natal. These Commissions reported in 1846, 1852-1853, 1881-1882, 1892 and 1902. Two major findings emerge from the investigation. The first was lack of clarity, not only on the part of what the mission was trying to do, but also on what the Colonial Government expected it to do. To this absence of clarity must be added the continuous shortage of finance, the reluctance of the Zulu themselves to accept the combination of education (which they wanted) and conversion (of which they were often suspicious). In these circumstances, their slow progress of the 75 years from 1835 to 1910 becomes understandable. Had these years been the total extent of the mission' s contribution to Natal, there would be little justification for any extended investigation, or any reason behind the high prestige which the mission enjoyed. It is shown, however, that from 1902 onwards a new, more incisive and directional policy, especially on the question of education, came from the mission. This emerged particularly under the leadership of Le Roy, Principal from 1903 to 1925. The last part of this thesis assesses this new direction. The detailed investigation comes to an end at 1910 when with the creation of Union, an entirely new organisation and dispensation came into being. In the last years of Le Roy's principalship the promise of the period of 1902 to 1920 came to fruition and in the final chapter a brief summary of these developments are given
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1989
- Authors: George, Ambrose Cato
- Date: 1989
- Subjects: Missions -- South Africa Missions -- Educational Work , American Zulu Mission , Natal , South Africa , Colonial government , Adams College , Newton Adams , Missions , Missionary education , Educational purpose , Zulu people
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:1337 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001403
- Description: This thesis examines the work of the American Zulu Mission in Natal from 1835 to 1910. Of the institutions controlled by this mission, the most famous was that known in the 20th Century as Adams College, named after one of the founders of the Natal work, Dr Newton Adams. Although other research work has been done on this institution and this mission in general, this thesis attempts to examine the work in the light of the mission's own view of its educational purpose and the expectations of the Colonial Government of what could be expected of missionary education. To meet this purpose particular stress was laid first on the actual development of the mission's educational institutions, especially when reports and letters assessed the aims of the developments and the ways in which these aims were being met. Secondly, the aims of missionary education were explained through five capital Colonial Government Commissions, which looked, in a number of different ways, at the current position and future of the Zulu peoples of Natal. These Commissions reported in 1846, 1852-1853, 1881-1882, 1892 and 1902. Two major findings emerge from the investigation. The first was lack of clarity, not only on the part of what the mission was trying to do, but also on what the Colonial Government expected it to do. To this absence of clarity must be added the continuous shortage of finance, the reluctance of the Zulu themselves to accept the combination of education (which they wanted) and conversion (of which they were often suspicious). In these circumstances, their slow progress of the 75 years from 1835 to 1910 becomes understandable. Had these years been the total extent of the mission' s contribution to Natal, there would be little justification for any extended investigation, or any reason behind the high prestige which the mission enjoyed. It is shown, however, that from 1902 onwards a new, more incisive and directional policy, especially on the question of education, came from the mission. This emerged particularly under the leadership of Le Roy, Principal from 1903 to 1925. The last part of this thesis assesses this new direction. The detailed investigation comes to an end at 1910 when with the creation of Union, an entirely new organisation and dispensation came into being. In the last years of Le Roy's principalship the promise of the period of 1902 to 1920 came to fruition and in the final chapter a brief summary of these developments are given
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1989
A comparison of the performance of selected conceptual models of the rainfall-runoff process in semi-arid catchments near Grahamstown
- Authors: Roberts, Peter J T
- Date: 1979
- Subjects: Runoff , Rainfall , South Africa , Grahamstown
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:4798 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001898
- Description: A comparison of the performance of selected conceptual models of the rainfall-runoff process forms the central theme of this study and the comparison was conducted with three major objectives in mind. The first objective was to develop a conceptual model that could be used by practising hydrologists for the refinement and extension of historical streamflow records. The major requirements of the model were that it should be simple in structure and easy to operate and yet be flexible in terms of complexity of structure and input requirements as well as producing output at a level of accuracy that is competitive with that of the more complex models presently available. A comparison of the performance of the required model with that of other models formed an integral part of the development process. The second objective of the comparative study was to contribute to current knowledge of the criteria used in the selection of a suitable model for a particular application. There are, at present, no reliable guidelines to assist the hydrologist in selecting a suitable model from the wide range of models available and a comparative study would indicate the merits of various forms of model structure. The third objective is associated with the problems that arise when no streamflow data are available for model calibration. One approach is to calibrate the model in a nearby gauged catchment that the hydrologist regards as being 'hydrologically similar' and transferring the model parameter values to the ungauged catchment. Little is known about the feasibility of this parameter transfer process or about the choice of a model for such an application. The third objective was to test the feasibility of the parameter transfer process and to make use of the comparison of model performance to determine the model characteristics that are most suitable for the purpose
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1979
- Authors: Roberts, Peter J T
- Date: 1979
- Subjects: Runoff , Rainfall , South Africa , Grahamstown
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:4798 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001898
- Description: A comparison of the performance of selected conceptual models of the rainfall-runoff process forms the central theme of this study and the comparison was conducted with three major objectives in mind. The first objective was to develop a conceptual model that could be used by practising hydrologists for the refinement and extension of historical streamflow records. The major requirements of the model were that it should be simple in structure and easy to operate and yet be flexible in terms of complexity of structure and input requirements as well as producing output at a level of accuracy that is competitive with that of the more complex models presently available. A comparison of the performance of the required model with that of other models formed an integral part of the development process. The second objective of the comparative study was to contribute to current knowledge of the criteria used in the selection of a suitable model for a particular application. There are, at present, no reliable guidelines to assist the hydrologist in selecting a suitable model from the wide range of models available and a comparative study would indicate the merits of various forms of model structure. The third objective is associated with the problems that arise when no streamflow data are available for model calibration. One approach is to calibrate the model in a nearby gauged catchment that the hydrologist regards as being 'hydrologically similar' and transferring the model parameter values to the ungauged catchment. Little is known about the feasibility of this parameter transfer process or about the choice of a model for such an application. The third objective was to test the feasibility of the parameter transfer process and to make use of the comparison of model performance to determine the model characteristics that are most suitable for the purpose
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1979
Dispersal of the cochineal insect Dactylopius Austrinus de Lotto (Homoptera : Dactylopiidae)
- Authors: Gunn, Brian Howard
- Date: 1979
- Subjects: Cochineal insect--South Africa , Cochineal insects , Biological control , Jointed cactus , South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:5596 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002046
- Description: Dispersal of the cochineal insect Dactylopius austrinus De Lotto, introduced into South Africa in 1932 as a biological control agent against jointed cactus Opuntia aurantiaca Lindley, was investigated. Zimmermann et al. (l974) suggested that the apparent failure of this insect to control jointed cactus infestations is due to limited dispersal of the first instar nymphs (hereafter referred to as crawlers). Studies on crawler morphology have shown a clear sexual dimorphism in the pattern and development of filaments on the head, thorax and abdomen of male and female crawlers. This enabled differentiation between the sexes with respect to terminal velocities, behaviour and survival of crawlers which have shown that the crawlers, especially the females, are well adapted to dispersal. Long filaments on the head, thorax and abdomen of the female crawlers, that are restricted to dispersal in the crawler stage (as later instars are sessile) and a behaviour directed towards "take-off" enhance the potential for dispersal. The more sedentary males, with long filaments restricted to the abdomen, are able to disperse as winged adults. The principal factors influencing the timing of dispersal and number of crawlers blown from the host plant are wind and temperature; the latter determining the number of crawlers moving on the host plant. Dispersal is confined to the period between 06h00 and 20h00 and it was possible to correlate the pattern of crawler dispersal with wind patterns. The general equation of Taylor (1978) provided an adequate description of horizontal distribution of D.austrinus crawlers in all directions. Wind dispersal of the apterous crawlers is restricted by the low height of jointed cactus plants. Horizontal distribution is limited (generally less than 10 m) although a small proportion of crawlers carried vertically upwards by turbulence or convection currents are sufficiently hardy to survive long range displacement. It is suggested that the small size of the host plant will also reduce effective colonization as the canopy area provides a small target for the wind-blown crawlers. The limitation on dispersal due to the low height of the host plant suggested a system for artificially enhancing crawler dispersal from elevated towers in the field. Evaluation of this system confirmed that it would be practical to augment or introduce cochineal into jointed cactus infestations to enhance the biocontrol potential of this insect. This offers an alternative to chemical control, that has so far failed to control the spread of jointed cactus despite an intensive and expensive herbicide program
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1979
- Authors: Gunn, Brian Howard
- Date: 1979
- Subjects: Cochineal insect--South Africa , Cochineal insects , Biological control , Jointed cactus , South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:5596 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002046
- Description: Dispersal of the cochineal insect Dactylopius austrinus De Lotto, introduced into South Africa in 1932 as a biological control agent against jointed cactus Opuntia aurantiaca Lindley, was investigated. Zimmermann et al. (l974) suggested that the apparent failure of this insect to control jointed cactus infestations is due to limited dispersal of the first instar nymphs (hereafter referred to as crawlers). Studies on crawler morphology have shown a clear sexual dimorphism in the pattern and development of filaments on the head, thorax and abdomen of male and female crawlers. This enabled differentiation between the sexes with respect to terminal velocities, behaviour and survival of crawlers which have shown that the crawlers, especially the females, are well adapted to dispersal. Long filaments on the head, thorax and abdomen of the female crawlers, that are restricted to dispersal in the crawler stage (as later instars are sessile) and a behaviour directed towards "take-off" enhance the potential for dispersal. The more sedentary males, with long filaments restricted to the abdomen, are able to disperse as winged adults. The principal factors influencing the timing of dispersal and number of crawlers blown from the host plant are wind and temperature; the latter determining the number of crawlers moving on the host plant. Dispersal is confined to the period between 06h00 and 20h00 and it was possible to correlate the pattern of crawler dispersal with wind patterns. The general equation of Taylor (1978) provided an adequate description of horizontal distribution of D.austrinus crawlers in all directions. Wind dispersal of the apterous crawlers is restricted by the low height of jointed cactus plants. Horizontal distribution is limited (generally less than 10 m) although a small proportion of crawlers carried vertically upwards by turbulence or convection currents are sufficiently hardy to survive long range displacement. It is suggested that the small size of the host plant will also reduce effective colonization as the canopy area provides a small target for the wind-blown crawlers. The limitation on dispersal due to the low height of the host plant suggested a system for artificially enhancing crawler dispersal from elevated towers in the field. Evaluation of this system confirmed that it would be practical to augment or introduce cochineal into jointed cactus infestations to enhance the biocontrol potential of this insect. This offers an alternative to chemical control, that has so far failed to control the spread of jointed cactus despite an intensive and expensive herbicide program
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1979
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