The dispersion measure in broadband data from radio pulsars
- Authors: Rammala, Isabella
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Pulsars , Radio astrophysics , Astrophsyics , Broadband communication systems
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/67857 , vital:29157
- Description: Modern day radio telescopes make use of wideband receivers to take advantage of the broadband nature of the radio pulsar emission. We ask how does the use of such broadband pulsar data affect the measured pulsar dispersion measure (DM). Previous works have shown that, although the exact pulsar radio emission processes are not well understood, observations reveal evidence of possible frequency dependence on the emission altitudes in the pulsar magnetosphere, a phenomenon known as the radius-to-frequency mapping (RFM). This frequency dependence due to RFM can be embedded in the dispersive delay of the pulse profiles, normally interpreted as an interstellar effect (DM). Thus we interpret this intrinsic effect as an additional component δDM to the interstellar DM, and investigate how it can be statistically attributed to intrinsic profile evolution, as well as profile scattering. We make use of Monte-Carlo simulations of beam models to simulate realistic pulsar beams of various geometry, from which we generate intrinsic profiles at various frequency bands. The results show that the excess DM due to intrinsic profile evolution is more pronounced at high frequencies, whereas scattering dominates the excess DM at low frequency. The implications of these results are presented with relation to broadband pulsar timing.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Rammala, Isabella
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Pulsars , Radio astrophysics , Astrophsyics , Broadband communication systems
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/67857 , vital:29157
- Description: Modern day radio telescopes make use of wideband receivers to take advantage of the broadband nature of the radio pulsar emission. We ask how does the use of such broadband pulsar data affect the measured pulsar dispersion measure (DM). Previous works have shown that, although the exact pulsar radio emission processes are not well understood, observations reveal evidence of possible frequency dependence on the emission altitudes in the pulsar magnetosphere, a phenomenon known as the radius-to-frequency mapping (RFM). This frequency dependence due to RFM can be embedded in the dispersive delay of the pulse profiles, normally interpreted as an interstellar effect (DM). Thus we interpret this intrinsic effect as an additional component δDM to the interstellar DM, and investigate how it can be statistically attributed to intrinsic profile evolution, as well as profile scattering. We make use of Monte-Carlo simulations of beam models to simulate realistic pulsar beams of various geometry, from which we generate intrinsic profiles at various frequency bands. The results show that the excess DM due to intrinsic profile evolution is more pronounced at high frequencies, whereas scattering dominates the excess DM at low frequency. The implications of these results are presented with relation to broadband pulsar timing.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
The effect of different parameters on the rupture properties of leather in a tensile test
- Authors: Makhothe, Kelebohile
- Date: 1998
- Subjects: Leather -- Testing
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5462 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005247 , Leather -- Testing
- Description: This thesis explores the effect of some parameters on the breaking strain, strength and the shape of the stress-strain curve of bovine leather as revealed by uniaxial tensile tests. The parameters explored are fatliquoring, moisture content, strain rate and cyclic stressing. A basic mechanical model of a simple two-dimensional weave is created and used to describe the effect of such a weave on the shape of the stress-strain curve. It is found that fatliquoring lubricates and opens up the fibre structure and thereby makes the weave more extensible. The increase in the extensibility depends on the direction in which samples are cut and therefore the manner in which the fibres are orientated. Patliquoring is observed to increase the degree to which fibres pull out at break. There are indications that the strength of fatliquored leather decreases with time of storage, while the extensibility increases. The effect of the strain rate on the breaking strain, the tensile strength and the shape of the stress-strain curve is not very clear. The stressing and releasing leather decreases the strength of leather when the fibres are orientated preferentially along the direction of the applied stresses, but has an insignificant effect in the transverse direction. It is concluded that the degree of lubrication in a weave and the orientation of the fibre bundles significantly influence the performance of leather in a test. Both moisture and fatliquoring lubricate the weave. In both the cases the degree of fibre adhesions in a weave is decreased. A well lubricated weave allows its constituent fibres to slide and align along the direction of the applied stresses, and this tends to occur before the fibres themselves areextended. Cyclic testing, at low strains, ruptures fibre adhesions and as a result induces permanent set and makes a hide softer. Most of the work done in breaking the fibre adhesion is done in the first cycle.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1998
- Authors: Makhothe, Kelebohile
- Date: 1998
- Subjects: Leather -- Testing
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5462 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005247 , Leather -- Testing
- Description: This thesis explores the effect of some parameters on the breaking strain, strength and the shape of the stress-strain curve of bovine leather as revealed by uniaxial tensile tests. The parameters explored are fatliquoring, moisture content, strain rate and cyclic stressing. A basic mechanical model of a simple two-dimensional weave is created and used to describe the effect of such a weave on the shape of the stress-strain curve. It is found that fatliquoring lubricates and opens up the fibre structure and thereby makes the weave more extensible. The increase in the extensibility depends on the direction in which samples are cut and therefore the manner in which the fibres are orientated. Patliquoring is observed to increase the degree to which fibres pull out at break. There are indications that the strength of fatliquored leather decreases with time of storage, while the extensibility increases. The effect of the strain rate on the breaking strain, the tensile strength and the shape of the stress-strain curve is not very clear. The stressing and releasing leather decreases the strength of leather when the fibres are orientated preferentially along the direction of the applied stresses, but has an insignificant effect in the transverse direction. It is concluded that the degree of lubrication in a weave and the orientation of the fibre bundles significantly influence the performance of leather in a test. Both moisture and fatliquoring lubricate the weave. In both the cases the degree of fibre adhesions in a weave is decreased. A well lubricated weave allows its constituent fibres to slide and align along the direction of the applied stresses, and this tends to occur before the fibres themselves areextended. Cyclic testing, at low strains, ruptures fibre adhesions and as a result induces permanent set and makes a hide softer. Most of the work done in breaking the fibre adhesion is done in the first cycle.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1998
The effects of particle precipitation on the ionosphere in the South Atlantic Anomaly Region
- Authors: Haggard, Raymond
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: Precipitation (Chemistry) Ionosphere Ionospheric electron density
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:5463 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005248
- Description: The first ground based observations of aeronomic phenomena in the South Atlantic Anomaly Region are presented. These data show that enhancements in foF2 and foE can be directly attributed to precipitated electron energy fluxes in the Anomaly Region. The regular occurrence of particle induced sporadic-E ionization is also presented together with the first measurable 391.4 nm airglow radiation of about 16 R. The first comprehensive survey of energy fluxes carried by energetic particles using satellites is also presented for both daytime and nighttime as well as the seasonal fluctuations. We found that the nocturnally precipitated electron energy fluxes varied between 1 x 10⁻⁴ and 38 x 10⁻⁴ erg cm²s⁻¹, depending upon magnetic activity and season, whereas the daytime precipitated electron energy fluxes tended to vary between 1 x 10⁻³ and 8 x 10⁻³ erg cm⁻²s⁻¹, with a tendency to decrease during magnetically active periods. Electron density and temperature contours as well as NO⁺ and 0⁺ ions contours for nighttime are also presented. The main conclusion of the study is that precipitating electrons provide a significant and sometimes dominant source of ionization in the ionosphere over the South Atlantic Anomaly Region.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
- Authors: Haggard, Raymond
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: Precipitation (Chemistry) Ionosphere Ionospheric electron density
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:5463 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005248
- Description: The first ground based observations of aeronomic phenomena in the South Atlantic Anomaly Region are presented. These data show that enhancements in foF2 and foE can be directly attributed to precipitated electron energy fluxes in the Anomaly Region. The regular occurrence of particle induced sporadic-E ionization is also presented together with the first measurable 391.4 nm airglow radiation of about 16 R. The first comprehensive survey of energy fluxes carried by energetic particles using satellites is also presented for both daytime and nighttime as well as the seasonal fluctuations. We found that the nocturnally precipitated electron energy fluxes varied between 1 x 10⁻⁴ and 38 x 10⁻⁴ erg cm²s⁻¹, depending upon magnetic activity and season, whereas the daytime precipitated electron energy fluxes tended to vary between 1 x 10⁻³ and 8 x 10⁻³ erg cm⁻²s⁻¹, with a tendency to decrease during magnetically active periods. Electron density and temperature contours as well as NO⁺ and 0⁺ ions contours for nighttime are also presented. The main conclusion of the study is that precipitating electrons provide a significant and sometimes dominant source of ionization in the ionosphere over the South Atlantic Anomaly Region.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
The EPR paradox: back from the future
- Authors: Bryan, Kate Louise Halse
- Date: 2016
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/2881 , vital:20338
- Description: The Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) thought experiment produced a problem regarding the interpretation of quantum mechanics provided for entangled systems. Although the thought experiment was reformulated mathematically in Bell's Theorem, the conclusion regarding entanglement correlations is still debated today. In an attempt to provide an explanation of how entangled systems maintain their correlations, this thesis investigates the theory of post-state teleportation as a possible interpretation of how information moves between entangled systems without resorting to nonlocal action. Post-state teleportation describes a method of communicating to the past via a quantum information channel. The resulting picture of the EPR thought experiment relied on information propagating backward from a final boundary condition to ensure all correlations were maintained. Similarities were found between this resolution of the EPR paradox and the final state solution to the black hole information paradox and the closely related firewall problem. The latter refers to an apparent conflict between unitary evaporation of a black hole and the strong subadditivity condition. The use of observer complementarity allows this solution of the black hole problem to be shown to be the same as a seemingly different solution known as “ER=EPR", where ‘ER’ refers to an Einstein-Rosen bridge or wormhole.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2016
- Authors: Bryan, Kate Louise Halse
- Date: 2016
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/2881 , vital:20338
- Description: The Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) thought experiment produced a problem regarding the interpretation of quantum mechanics provided for entangled systems. Although the thought experiment was reformulated mathematically in Bell's Theorem, the conclusion regarding entanglement correlations is still debated today. In an attempt to provide an explanation of how entangled systems maintain their correlations, this thesis investigates the theory of post-state teleportation as a possible interpretation of how information moves between entangled systems without resorting to nonlocal action. Post-state teleportation describes a method of communicating to the past via a quantum information channel. The resulting picture of the EPR thought experiment relied on information propagating backward from a final boundary condition to ensure all correlations were maintained. Similarities were found between this resolution of the EPR paradox and the final state solution to the black hole information paradox and the closely related firewall problem. The latter refers to an apparent conflict between unitary evaporation of a black hole and the strong subadditivity condition. The use of observer complementarity allows this solution of the black hole problem to be shown to be the same as a seemingly different solution known as “ER=EPR", where ‘ER’ refers to an Einstein-Rosen bridge or wormhole.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2016
The establishment of a Lidar facility at Rhodes University
- Grant, Richard Peter James Seton
- Authors: Grant, Richard Peter James Seton
- Date: 1988
- Subjects: Optical radar , LIDAR , Receiver , Transmitter , Photon counting electronics , Aerosol scattering , Temperature profiles , Stratosphere
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5445 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001998
- Description: LIDAR is the optical equivalent of RADAR. A LIDAR facility has been established at Rhodes University using a flashlamp-pumped dye laser as the transmitter and a photomultiplier tube at the focus of a searchlight mirror as the receiver. The setting up of the receiver and transmitter as well as the design and construction of the photon counting electronics is described. The LIDAR has been used to measure aerosol scattering ratios and temperature profiles in the stratosphere and these results are presented with the algorithms and software used to reduce the data. Finally some recommendations are made for future work
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1988
- Authors: Grant, Richard Peter James Seton
- Date: 1988
- Subjects: Optical radar , LIDAR , Receiver , Transmitter , Photon counting electronics , Aerosol scattering , Temperature profiles , Stratosphere
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5445 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001998
- Description: LIDAR is the optical equivalent of RADAR. A LIDAR facility has been established at Rhodes University using a flashlamp-pumped dye laser as the transmitter and a photomultiplier tube at the focus of a searchlight mirror as the receiver. The setting up of the receiver and transmitter as well as the design and construction of the photon counting electronics is described. The LIDAR has been used to measure aerosol scattering ratios and temperature profiles in the stratosphere and these results are presented with the algorithms and software used to reduce the data. Finally some recommendations are made for future work
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1988
The implementation of a core architecture for geophysical data acquisition
- Authors: Heasman, Ray Edward
- Date: 2000
- Subjects: Geophysics -- Data processing , Computer software -- Development , Seismometers , Computer input-output equipment
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5471 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005256 , Geophysics -- Data processing , Computer software -- Development , Seismometers , Computer input-output equipment
- Description: This thesis describes the design, development and implementation of the core hardware and software of a modular data acquisition system for geophysical data collection. The primary application for this system is the acquisition and realtime processing of seismic data captured in mines. This system will be used by a commercial supplier of seismic instrumentation, ISS International, as a base architecture for the development of future products. The hardware and software has been designed to be extendable and support distributed processing. The IEEE-1394 High Performance Serial Bus is used to communicate with other CPU modules or peripherals. The software includes a pre-emptive multitasking microkernel, an asynchronous mailbox-based message passing communications system, and a functional IEEE-1394 protocol stack. The reasons for the end design and implementation decisions are given, and the problems encountered in the development of this system are described. A critical assessment of the match between the requirements for the project and the functionality of the implementation is made.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2000
- Authors: Heasman, Ray Edward
- Date: 2000
- Subjects: Geophysics -- Data processing , Computer software -- Development , Seismometers , Computer input-output equipment
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5471 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005256 , Geophysics -- Data processing , Computer software -- Development , Seismometers , Computer input-output equipment
- Description: This thesis describes the design, development and implementation of the core hardware and software of a modular data acquisition system for geophysical data collection. The primary application for this system is the acquisition and realtime processing of seismic data captured in mines. This system will be used by a commercial supplier of seismic instrumentation, ISS International, as a base architecture for the development of future products. The hardware and software has been designed to be extendable and support distributed processing. The IEEE-1394 High Performance Serial Bus is used to communicate with other CPU modules or peripherals. The software includes a pre-emptive multitasking microkernel, an asynchronous mailbox-based message passing communications system, and a functional IEEE-1394 protocol stack. The reasons for the end design and implementation decisions are given, and the problems encountered in the development of this system are described. A critical assessment of the match between the requirements for the project and the functionality of the implementation is made.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2000
The observation of extended sources with the Hartebeesthoek radio telescope
- Authors: Mountfort, Peter Ian
- Date: 1990
- Subjects: Radio telescopes
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:5479 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005265
- Description: The Hartebeesthoek Radio Telescope is well suited to mapping large areas of sky at 2.3 GHz because of the stability and sensitivity of the noise-adding radiometer (Nicolson, 1970) and cryogenic amplifier used at this frequency, the relatively large 20' beam of the 26 m dish antenna, and its high-speed drive capability. Telescope control programs were written for the Observatory's online computer for automated mapping. Effort centred on removing the curved baseline or 'background' from each Declination (Dec) scan, due to atmospheric and ground radiation contributions varying as the antenna is scanned. Initially these backgrounds were measured over a wide range of Hour Angle (HA) for the Dec range of a map, and an interpolated curve subtracted from each on-source scan for its HA. A common base level was established by comparison with drift scans (observed with the antenna stationary). These different observations (on- and off-source Dec scans and drift scans) were combined into one in the Skymap system by performing Dec scans at a fixed starting HA for a period long enough to permit 'cold sky' and the source to drift through. A background formed by fitting a smooth curve through the lowest sample at each Dec provides a consistent relative base level for all the scans in an observation. A high scanning speed is used so that observations may fruitfully be repeated three times and interleaved to build a reliable, fully sampled map. As each observation has its own background removed, it may be made at any HA. For comparison, maps of Upper Scorpio produced by the earlier method (Baart et al., 1980) and the Magellanic Cloud region produced by Skymap (Mountfort et al., 1987) are shown. Skymap provides a simple and flexible mapping method which relies on the stability of the noise-adding radiometer and high-speed repeated scans to produce good maps of large or small extent with little computation. Correction for drift is more difficult than with systems which use intersecting scans, such as the 'nodding' scans used by Haslam et al. (1981) or the Azimuth scans of Reich (1982).
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1990
- Authors: Mountfort, Peter Ian
- Date: 1990
- Subjects: Radio telescopes
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:5479 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005265
- Description: The Hartebeesthoek Radio Telescope is well suited to mapping large areas of sky at 2.3 GHz because of the stability and sensitivity of the noise-adding radiometer (Nicolson, 1970) and cryogenic amplifier used at this frequency, the relatively large 20' beam of the 26 m dish antenna, and its high-speed drive capability. Telescope control programs were written for the Observatory's online computer for automated mapping. Effort centred on removing the curved baseline or 'background' from each Declination (Dec) scan, due to atmospheric and ground radiation contributions varying as the antenna is scanned. Initially these backgrounds were measured over a wide range of Hour Angle (HA) for the Dec range of a map, and an interpolated curve subtracted from each on-source scan for its HA. A common base level was established by comparison with drift scans (observed with the antenna stationary). These different observations (on- and off-source Dec scans and drift scans) were combined into one in the Skymap system by performing Dec scans at a fixed starting HA for a period long enough to permit 'cold sky' and the source to drift through. A background formed by fitting a smooth curve through the lowest sample at each Dec provides a consistent relative base level for all the scans in an observation. A high scanning speed is used so that observations may fruitfully be repeated three times and interleaved to build a reliable, fully sampled map. As each observation has its own background removed, it may be made at any HA. For comparison, maps of Upper Scorpio produced by the earlier method (Baart et al., 1980) and the Magellanic Cloud region produced by Skymap (Mountfort et al., 1987) are shown. Skymap provides a simple and flexible mapping method which relies on the stability of the noise-adding radiometer and high-speed repeated scans to produce good maps of large or small extent with little computation. Correction for drift is more difficult than with systems which use intersecting scans, such as the 'nodding' scans used by Haslam et al. (1981) or the Azimuth scans of Reich (1982).
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1990
The photo-fluorescence properties of some organic materials
- Authors: Cameron, Antony John Wesley
- Date: 1959
- Subjects: Hydrocarbons -- Spectra -- Fluorescence , Organic compounds , Energy transfer
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:5514 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1010041 , Hydrocarbons -- Spectra -- Fluorescence , Organic compounds , Energy transfer
- Description: In this thesis I have given an account of the experimental work carried out by me at Rhodes University from the beginning of 1954 to the end of 1955, and the analysis of the results which was completed during the following two years, 1956 and 1957. The dissertation is divided into two sections; Part I deals with the photo fluorescence spectra of a large group of organic compounds, and Part 2 describes an investigation of the photo-fluorescence properties of and energy transfer in liquid organic solutions.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1959
- Authors: Cameron, Antony John Wesley
- Date: 1959
- Subjects: Hydrocarbons -- Spectra -- Fluorescence , Organic compounds , Energy transfer
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:5514 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1010041 , Hydrocarbons -- Spectra -- Fluorescence , Organic compounds , Energy transfer
- Description: In this thesis I have given an account of the experimental work carried out by me at Rhodes University from the beginning of 1954 to the end of 1955, and the analysis of the results which was completed during the following two years, 1956 and 1957. The dissertation is divided into two sections; Part I deals with the photo fluorescence spectra of a large group of organic compounds, and Part 2 describes an investigation of the photo-fluorescence properties of and energy transfer in liquid organic solutions.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1959
The search for an ionospheric model suitable for real-time applications in HF radio communications
- Mercer, Christopher Crossley
- Authors: Mercer, Christopher Crossley
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: Ionospheric radio wave propagation
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5488 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005274 , Ionospheric radio wave propagation
- Description: Statement of work: In essence the research work was to focus on the development of an ionospheric model suitable for real time HF frequency prediction and direction finding applications. The modelling of the ionosphere had to be generic in nature, sufficient to ensure that the CSIR could simultaneously secure commercial competitiveness in each of the three niche market areas aforementioned, while requiring only minimal changes to software architecture in the case of each application. A little research quickly showed that the development of an ionospheric model capable of driving a HFDFSSL system in "real time" would result in one having to make only slight re-structuring of the software to facilitate application of the same model in the areas of real time frequency prediction and spectrum management. The decision made at the outset of the project to slant the research toward the development of a model best suited for HF direction finding applications is reflected in the avenues followed during the course of the modelling process
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
- Authors: Mercer, Christopher Crossley
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: Ionospheric radio wave propagation
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5488 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005274 , Ionospheric radio wave propagation
- Description: Statement of work: In essence the research work was to focus on the development of an ionospheric model suitable for real time HF frequency prediction and direction finding applications. The modelling of the ionosphere had to be generic in nature, sufficient to ensure that the CSIR could simultaneously secure commercial competitiveness in each of the three niche market areas aforementioned, while requiring only minimal changes to software architecture in the case of each application. A little research quickly showed that the development of an ionospheric model capable of driving a HFDFSSL system in "real time" would result in one having to make only slight re-structuring of the software to facilitate application of the same model in the areas of real time frequency prediction and spectrum management. The decision made at the outset of the project to slant the research toward the development of a model best suited for HF direction finding applications is reflected in the avenues followed during the course of the modelling process
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
The selection and evaluation of grey-level thresholds applied to digital images
- Authors: Brink, Anton David
- Date: 1988
- Subjects: Image processing -- Digital techniques
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5443 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001996
- Description: Many applications of image processing require the initial segmentation of the image by means of grey-level thresholding. In this thesis, the problems of automatic threshold selection and evaluation are addressed in order to find a universally applicable thresholding method. Three previously proposed threshold selection techniques are investigated, and two new methods are introduced. The results of applying these methods to several different images are evaluated using two threshold evaluation techniques, one subjective and one quantitative. It is found that no threshold selection technique is universally acceptable, as different methods work best with different images and applications
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1988
- Authors: Brink, Anton David
- Date: 1988
- Subjects: Image processing -- Digital techniques
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5443 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001996
- Description: Many applications of image processing require the initial segmentation of the image by means of grey-level thresholding. In this thesis, the problems of automatic threshold selection and evaluation are addressed in order to find a universally applicable thresholding method. Three previously proposed threshold selection techniques are investigated, and two new methods are introduced. The results of applying these methods to several different images are evaluated using two threshold evaluation techniques, one subjective and one quantitative. It is found that no threshold selection technique is universally acceptable, as different methods work best with different images and applications
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1988
The SKA's the limit : on the nature of faint radio sources
- Authors: McAlpine, Kim
- Date: 2013 , 2012-09-14
- Subjects: Radio telescopes -- South Africa Radio astronomy -- South Africa Square Kilometer Array (Spacecraft)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:5504 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007271
- Description: From abstract: Within the next few years a large number of new and vastly more sensitive radio astronomy facilities are scheduled to come online. These new facilities will map large areas of the sky to unprecedented depths and transform radio astronomy into the leading technique for investigating the complex processes which govern the formation and evolution of galaxies. This thesis combines multi-wavelength techniques, highly relevant to future deep radio surveys, to study the evolution and properties of faint radio sources. , TeX , Adobe Acrobat 9.54 Paper Capture Plug-in
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2013
- Authors: McAlpine, Kim
- Date: 2013 , 2012-09-14
- Subjects: Radio telescopes -- South Africa Radio astronomy -- South Africa Square Kilometer Array (Spacecraft)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:5504 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007271
- Description: From abstract: Within the next few years a large number of new and vastly more sensitive radio astronomy facilities are scheduled to come online. These new facilities will map large areas of the sky to unprecedented depths and transform radio astronomy into the leading technique for investigating the complex processes which govern the formation and evolution of galaxies. This thesis combines multi-wavelength techniques, highly relevant to future deep radio surveys, to study the evolution and properties of faint radio sources. , TeX , Adobe Acrobat 9.54 Paper Capture Plug-in
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2013
The utilization of tilting-filter photometry in airglow and auroral research
- Authors: Dore, Ian Stuart
- Date: 1992
- Subjects: Photometry -- Research , Airglow -- Research , Auroras -- Research , Auroral photography -- Research
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5494 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005280 , Photometry -- Research , Airglow -- Research , Auroras -- Research , Auroral photography -- Research
- Description: This thesis describes the application of tilting-filter photometry to the study of the airglow and aurora. Previous South African photometric research is reviewed. Optical instrumentation and techniques used in airglow and auroral research are reviewed. The transmission characteristics of narrowband interference filters are discussed. The analogue meridian-scanning tilting-filter photometry system used at Sanae, Antarctica is described. Shortcomings of this system have been identified, and modifications have been made to improve its spatial and temporal resolution. Details are given of the computer-controlled digital photometry system which replaced the analogue system. Equations are derived for the conversion of raw photometric data (analogue chart deflections or digital photon counts) to absolute emission intensities. The accuracy of the intensities obtained depends on the absolute calibration of the photometer, the transmission characteristics of the filter used to isolate the spectral feature of interest, and the effects of atmospheric extinction and scattering. The influence of these factors on observed emission intensities is discussed. Various models used to determine atmospheric correction factors are reviewed. It is shown that atmospheric correction factors can have a significant effect on both emission intensities and intensity ratios. The procedure used to determine the transmission characteristics of interference filters is described, as is the procedure used to cross-calibrate secondary light sources. The transmission characteristics of the filters and the brightnesses of the light sources were both found to have changed appreciably with age. The observation of a magnetospheric substorm at Sanae (L ≃ 4) is used to illustrate the use of a meridian-scanning tilting-filter photometer system in auroral research. The ratio I(557.7)/ I(391.4) observed at Sanae was found to be lower than expected, as were the OJ airglow emission intensities. A prototype digital photometer system was used aboard a ship, to observe the airglow in the region of the South Atlantic Anomaly. Significant N₂⁺ lNG emissions at 391.4 nm were measured, confirming the presence of discernable particle precipitation in the region. The 0I557.7 and 630.0 nm intensities measured from the ship were found to be lower than expected. This, combined with low airglow and auroral intensities measured at Sanae, is a cause for concern. It is recommended that further checks be made regarding the brightness of the calibration sources.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1992
- Authors: Dore, Ian Stuart
- Date: 1992
- Subjects: Photometry -- Research , Airglow -- Research , Auroras -- Research , Auroral photography -- Research
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5494 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005280 , Photometry -- Research , Airglow -- Research , Auroras -- Research , Auroral photography -- Research
- Description: This thesis describes the application of tilting-filter photometry to the study of the airglow and aurora. Previous South African photometric research is reviewed. Optical instrumentation and techniques used in airglow and auroral research are reviewed. The transmission characteristics of narrowband interference filters are discussed. The analogue meridian-scanning tilting-filter photometry system used at Sanae, Antarctica is described. Shortcomings of this system have been identified, and modifications have been made to improve its spatial and temporal resolution. Details are given of the computer-controlled digital photometry system which replaced the analogue system. Equations are derived for the conversion of raw photometric data (analogue chart deflections or digital photon counts) to absolute emission intensities. The accuracy of the intensities obtained depends on the absolute calibration of the photometer, the transmission characteristics of the filter used to isolate the spectral feature of interest, and the effects of atmospheric extinction and scattering. The influence of these factors on observed emission intensities is discussed. Various models used to determine atmospheric correction factors are reviewed. It is shown that atmospheric correction factors can have a significant effect on both emission intensities and intensity ratios. The procedure used to determine the transmission characteristics of interference filters is described, as is the procedure used to cross-calibrate secondary light sources. The transmission characteristics of the filters and the brightnesses of the light sources were both found to have changed appreciably with age. The observation of a magnetospheric substorm at Sanae (L ≃ 4) is used to illustrate the use of a meridian-scanning tilting-filter photometer system in auroral research. The ratio I(557.7)/ I(391.4) observed at Sanae was found to be lower than expected, as were the OJ airglow emission intensities. A prototype digital photometer system was used aboard a ship, to observe the airglow in the region of the South Atlantic Anomaly. Significant N₂⁺ lNG emissions at 391.4 nm were measured, confirming the presence of discernable particle precipitation in the region. The 0I557.7 and 630.0 nm intensities measured from the ship were found to be lower than expected. This, combined with low airglow and auroral intensities measured at Sanae, is a cause for concern. It is recommended that further checks be made regarding the brightness of the calibration sources.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1992
The variability and predictability of the IRI shape parameters over Grahamstown, South Africa
- Authors: Chimidza, Oyapo
- Date: 2008
- Subjects: Ionosphere -- Mathematical models -- South Africa , Atmosphere, Upper -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5496 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005282 , Ionosphere -- Mathematical models -- South Africa , Atmosphere, Upper -- South Africa
- Description: The International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) shape parameters B0, B1, and D1 provide a representation of the shape of the F2 layer, the thickness of the F2 layer and the shape of the F1 layer of the ionosphere respectively. The aim of this study was to examine the variability of these parameters using Grahamstown, South Africa (33.3±S, 26.5±E) ionosonde data and determine their predictability by the IRI-2001 model. A further aim of this study was to investigate developing an alternative model for predicting these parameters. These parameters can be determined from electron density profiles that are inverted from ionograms recorded with an ionosonde. Data representing the B0, B1 and D1 parameters, with half hourly or hourly intervals, were scaled and deduced from the digital pulse sounder (DPS) ionosonde for the period April 1996 to December 2006. An analysis of the diurnal, seasonal, and solar variations of the behaviour of these parameters was undertaken for the years 2000, 2004 and 2005 using monthly medians. Comparisons between the observational results and that of the IRI model (IRI 2001 version) indicate that the IRI-2001 model does not accurately represent the diurnal and seasonal variation of the parameters. A preliminary model was thus developed using the technique of Neural Networks (NNs). All available data from the Grahamstown ionosonde from 1996 to 2006 were used in the training of the NNs and the prediction of the variation of the shape parameters. Inputs to the model were the day number, the hour of day, the solar activity and the magnetic index. Comparisons between the preliminary NN model and the IRI-2001 model indicated that the preliminary model was more accurate at the prediction of the parameters than the IRI-2001 model. This analysis showed the need to improve the existing IRI model or develop a new model for the South African region. This thesis describes the results from this feasibility study which show the variability and predictability of the IRI shape parameters.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2008
- Authors: Chimidza, Oyapo
- Date: 2008
- Subjects: Ionosphere -- Mathematical models -- South Africa , Atmosphere, Upper -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5496 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005282 , Ionosphere -- Mathematical models -- South Africa , Atmosphere, Upper -- South Africa
- Description: The International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) shape parameters B0, B1, and D1 provide a representation of the shape of the F2 layer, the thickness of the F2 layer and the shape of the F1 layer of the ionosphere respectively. The aim of this study was to examine the variability of these parameters using Grahamstown, South Africa (33.3±S, 26.5±E) ionosonde data and determine their predictability by the IRI-2001 model. A further aim of this study was to investigate developing an alternative model for predicting these parameters. These parameters can be determined from electron density profiles that are inverted from ionograms recorded with an ionosonde. Data representing the B0, B1 and D1 parameters, with half hourly or hourly intervals, were scaled and deduced from the digital pulse sounder (DPS) ionosonde for the period April 1996 to December 2006. An analysis of the diurnal, seasonal, and solar variations of the behaviour of these parameters was undertaken for the years 2000, 2004 and 2005 using monthly medians. Comparisons between the observational results and that of the IRI model (IRI 2001 version) indicate that the IRI-2001 model does not accurately represent the diurnal and seasonal variation of the parameters. A preliminary model was thus developed using the technique of Neural Networks (NNs). All available data from the Grahamstown ionosonde from 1996 to 2006 were used in the training of the NNs and the prediction of the variation of the shape parameters. Inputs to the model were the day number, the hour of day, the solar activity and the magnetic index. Comparisons between the preliminary NN model and the IRI-2001 model indicated that the preliminary model was more accurate at the prediction of the parameters than the IRI-2001 model. This analysis showed the need to improve the existing IRI model or develop a new model for the South African region. This thesis describes the results from this feasibility study which show the variability and predictability of the IRI shape parameters.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2008
Thermoluminescence and phototransferred phermoluminescence of synthetic quartz
- Authors: Dawam, Robert Rangmou
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Thermoluminescence , Quartz
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/145849 , vital:38472
- Description: The main aim of this investigation is on thermoluminescence and phototransferred thermoluminescence of synthetic quartz. Thermoluminescence was one of the tools used in characterising the electron traps parameters. The samples of quartz annealed at various temperatures up to 900̊C and the unannealed were used. The thermoluminescence glow curve was measured at 1̊C s~ 1 following beta irradiation to 40 Gy from the samples annealed at 500̊C and the unannealed consist of main peak at 70̊C and secondary peaks at 110, 180 and 310̊C. In comparison, the thermoluminescence glow curve for the sample annealed at 900̊C have main peak at 86̊C and the secondary ones at 170 and 310̊C. The kinetic analysis was carried out only on the main peak in each case. The activation energy was found to be decreasing with increase in annealing temperatures. The samples annealed at 500̊C and the unannealed were found to be affected by thermal quenching while sample annealed at 900̊C shows an inverse quenching for irradiation dose of 40 Gy. However, when the dose was reduce to 3 Gy the effects of thermal quenching was manifested. The activation energy of thermal quenching was also found to decrease with increase in annealing temperature. Thermally assisted optically stimulated luminescence measurement was carried out using continuous wave optical stimulated luminescence (CW-OSL). The samples studied were those annealed at 500̊C for 10 minutes, 900̊C for 10, 30, 60 minutes and 1000̊C for 10 minutes prior to use. The CW-OSL is stimulated using 470 nm blue LEDs at sample temperatures between 30 and 200̊C. It is measured after preheating to either 300 and 500̊C. When the integrated OSL intensity is plotted as a function of measurement temperature, the intensity goes through a peak. The increase in OSL intensity as a function of temperature is associated to thermal assistance and the decrease to thermal quenching. The kinetic parameters were evaluated by fitting the experimental data. The values of activation energies of thermal quenching are the same within experimental uncertainties for all the experimental conditions. This shows that annealing temperature, duration of annealing and irradiation dose have a negligible influence on the recombination site of luminescence using OSL. Phototransferred thermoluminescence (PTTL) induced from annealed samples using 470 nm blue light was also investigated. The quartz were annealed at 500 _C for 10 minutes, 900̊C for 10, 30, 60 minutes and 1000̊C for 10 minutes prior to use. The glow curves of conventional TL measured at 1 _C s1 following irradiation to 200 Gy shows six peaks in each case labelled I-VI for ease of reference whereas peaks observed under PTTL are referred to as A1 onwards. Only the first three peaks were reproduced under phototransfer for the sample annealed at 900̊C for 60 minutes and 1000̊C C for 10 minutes. Interestingly, for the intermediate duration of annealing of 30 minutes, the only peak that appears under phototransfer is the A1. For quartz annealed at 900̊C for 10 minutes, the PTTL appears as long as the preheating temperature does not exceed 560̊C. All other annealing temperatures, PTTL only appears for preheating to 450 and below. This shows that the occupancy of deep electron traps at temperatures beyond 450̊C or 560̊C is low. The activation energy for peaks A1, A2 and A3 were calculated. The PTTL peaks were studied for thermal quenching and peaks A1 and A3 were found to be affected. The activation energies for thermal quenching were determined as 0.62 ± 0.04 eV and 0.65 ± 0.02 eV for peaks A1 and A3 respectively. The experimental dependence of PTTL intensity on illumination time is modelled using sets of coupled linear differential equations based on systems of donors and acceptors whose number is determined by preheating temperature.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: Dawam, Robert Rangmou
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Thermoluminescence , Quartz
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/145849 , vital:38472
- Description: The main aim of this investigation is on thermoluminescence and phototransferred thermoluminescence of synthetic quartz. Thermoluminescence was one of the tools used in characterising the electron traps parameters. The samples of quartz annealed at various temperatures up to 900̊C and the unannealed were used. The thermoluminescence glow curve was measured at 1̊C s~ 1 following beta irradiation to 40 Gy from the samples annealed at 500̊C and the unannealed consist of main peak at 70̊C and secondary peaks at 110, 180 and 310̊C. In comparison, the thermoluminescence glow curve for the sample annealed at 900̊C have main peak at 86̊C and the secondary ones at 170 and 310̊C. The kinetic analysis was carried out only on the main peak in each case. The activation energy was found to be decreasing with increase in annealing temperatures. The samples annealed at 500̊C and the unannealed were found to be affected by thermal quenching while sample annealed at 900̊C shows an inverse quenching for irradiation dose of 40 Gy. However, when the dose was reduce to 3 Gy the effects of thermal quenching was manifested. The activation energy of thermal quenching was also found to decrease with increase in annealing temperature. Thermally assisted optically stimulated luminescence measurement was carried out using continuous wave optical stimulated luminescence (CW-OSL). The samples studied were those annealed at 500̊C for 10 minutes, 900̊C for 10, 30, 60 minutes and 1000̊C for 10 minutes prior to use. The CW-OSL is stimulated using 470 nm blue LEDs at sample temperatures between 30 and 200̊C. It is measured after preheating to either 300 and 500̊C. When the integrated OSL intensity is plotted as a function of measurement temperature, the intensity goes through a peak. The increase in OSL intensity as a function of temperature is associated to thermal assistance and the decrease to thermal quenching. The kinetic parameters were evaluated by fitting the experimental data. The values of activation energies of thermal quenching are the same within experimental uncertainties for all the experimental conditions. This shows that annealing temperature, duration of annealing and irradiation dose have a negligible influence on the recombination site of luminescence using OSL. Phototransferred thermoluminescence (PTTL) induced from annealed samples using 470 nm blue light was also investigated. The quartz were annealed at 500 _C for 10 minutes, 900̊C for 10, 30, 60 minutes and 1000̊C for 10 minutes prior to use. The glow curves of conventional TL measured at 1 _C s1 following irradiation to 200 Gy shows six peaks in each case labelled I-VI for ease of reference whereas peaks observed under PTTL are referred to as A1 onwards. Only the first three peaks were reproduced under phototransfer for the sample annealed at 900̊C for 60 minutes and 1000̊C C for 10 minutes. Interestingly, for the intermediate duration of annealing of 30 minutes, the only peak that appears under phototransfer is the A1. For quartz annealed at 900̊C for 10 minutes, the PTTL appears as long as the preheating temperature does not exceed 560̊C. All other annealing temperatures, PTTL only appears for preheating to 450 and below. This shows that the occupancy of deep electron traps at temperatures beyond 450̊C or 560̊C is low. The activation energy for peaks A1, A2 and A3 were calculated. The PTTL peaks were studied for thermal quenching and peaks A1 and A3 were found to be affected. The activation energies for thermal quenching were determined as 0.62 ± 0.04 eV and 0.65 ± 0.02 eV for peaks A1 and A3 respectively. The experimental dependence of PTTL intensity on illumination time is modelled using sets of coupled linear differential equations based on systems of donors and acceptors whose number is determined by preheating temperature.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
Thermoluminescence characteristics of synthetic quartz
- Authors: Niyonzima, Pontien
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Thermoluminescence , Quartz , Emission spectroscopy
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5538 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013190
- Description: Quartz is one of the most abundant natural minerals in the crust of the earth. Due to its dosimetric luminescence properties, it is employed in retrospective dosimetry, archaeological and geological dating. The intensity and the structure of the TL glow curves of quartz are strongly dependent upon the origin, impurity content, formation condition and pre-irradiation heat treatment. The aim of this project is to study the mechanisms of thermoluminescence (TL), Phototranssferred thermoluminescence (PTTL) and radioluminescence (RL) in synthetic quartz and to discuss the results in terms of physical characteristics of point defects involved. Thermoluminescence measurements were made on a sample of synthetic quartz in its as-received state (unannealed) synthetic quartz annealed at 500˚C for 10 minutes. The unannealed sample shows six TL glow peaks located at 94, 116, 176, 212, 280 and 348˚C at a heating rate of 5˚Cs⁻¹. The annealed sample shows seven TL peaks at 115, 148, 214, 246, 300, 348 and 412˚C at a heating rate of 5˚Cs⁻¹. The intensity of peak I, at 94 and 115˚C for the unannealed and annealed samples respectively, increases with irradiation. Peak I has an activation energy of approximately 0.90 eV and a frequency factor of the order of 10¹¹ s⁻¹. The order of kinetics is between 0.9 and 1.2. The unannealed synthetic quartz shows phototransferred thermoluminescence (PTTL) at the position of peak I after removal of the first three peaks followed by illumination. The PTTL intensities show peak shaped behaviour when plotted against illumination time. The PTTL showed a quadratic increase with dose. The material exhibits fading of PTTL intensity with delay time. Radioluminescence was measured on synthetic quartz unannealed and annealed annealed at 500, 600, 700, 800, 900 and 1000˚C for 10 to 60 min. The emission spectra of synthetic quartz show seven emission bands. The effect of irradiation on the RL spectra is to increase the intensity of all emission bands for samples annealed at temperatures less than or equal to 700˚C. The effect of annealing time is to increase the RL amplitude for the samples annealed at temperatures greater than 700˚C. The annealing temperature increases the RL amplitude of all emission bands of the spectrum for all samples.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Niyonzima, Pontien
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Thermoluminescence , Quartz , Emission spectroscopy
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5538 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013190
- Description: Quartz is one of the most abundant natural minerals in the crust of the earth. Due to its dosimetric luminescence properties, it is employed in retrospective dosimetry, archaeological and geological dating. The intensity and the structure of the TL glow curves of quartz are strongly dependent upon the origin, impurity content, formation condition and pre-irradiation heat treatment. The aim of this project is to study the mechanisms of thermoluminescence (TL), Phototranssferred thermoluminescence (PTTL) and radioluminescence (RL) in synthetic quartz and to discuss the results in terms of physical characteristics of point defects involved. Thermoluminescence measurements were made on a sample of synthetic quartz in its as-received state (unannealed) synthetic quartz annealed at 500˚C for 10 minutes. The unannealed sample shows six TL glow peaks located at 94, 116, 176, 212, 280 and 348˚C at a heating rate of 5˚Cs⁻¹. The annealed sample shows seven TL peaks at 115, 148, 214, 246, 300, 348 and 412˚C at a heating rate of 5˚Cs⁻¹. The intensity of peak I, at 94 and 115˚C for the unannealed and annealed samples respectively, increases with irradiation. Peak I has an activation energy of approximately 0.90 eV and a frequency factor of the order of 10¹¹ s⁻¹. The order of kinetics is between 0.9 and 1.2. The unannealed synthetic quartz shows phototransferred thermoluminescence (PTTL) at the position of peak I after removal of the first three peaks followed by illumination. The PTTL intensities show peak shaped behaviour when plotted against illumination time. The PTTL showed a quadratic increase with dose. The material exhibits fading of PTTL intensity with delay time. Radioluminescence was measured on synthetic quartz unannealed and annealed annealed at 500, 600, 700, 800, 900 and 1000˚C for 10 to 60 min. The emission spectra of synthetic quartz show seven emission bands. The effect of irradiation on the RL spectra is to increase the intensity of all emission bands for samples annealed at temperatures less than or equal to 700˚C. The effect of annealing time is to increase the RL amplitude for the samples annealed at temperatures greater than 700˚C. The annealing temperature increases the RL amplitude of all emission bands of the spectrum for all samples.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Thermoluminescence of annealed synthetic quartz
- Atang, Elizabeth Fende Midiki
- Authors: Atang, Elizabeth Fende Midiki
- Date: 2016
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/420 , vital:19957
- Description: The kinetic and dosimetric features of the main thermoluminescent peak of synthetic quartz have been investigated in quartz ordinarily annealed at 500_C as well as quartz annealed at 500_C for 10 minutes. The main peak is found at 78 _C for the samples annealed at 500_C for 10 minutes irradiated to 10 Gy and heated at 1.0 _C/s. For the samples ordinarily annealed at 500_C the main peak is found at 106 _C after the sample has been irradiated to 30 Gy and heated at 5.0 _C/s. In these samples, the intensity of the main peak is enhanced with repetitive measurement whereas its maximum temperature is unaffected. The peak position of the main peak in the sample is independent of the irradiation dose and this, together with its fading characteristics, are consistent with first-order kinetics. For doses between 5 and 25 Gy, the dose response of the main peak of the annealed sample is superlinear. The half-life of the main TL peak of the annealed sample is about 1 h. The activation energy E of the main peak is around 0.90 eV. For a heating rate of 0.4 _C/s, its order of kinetics b derived from the whole curve method of analysis is 1.0. Following irradiation, preheating and illumination with 470 nm blue light, the main peak in the annealed sample is regenerated during heating. The resulting phototransferred peak occurs at the same temperature as the original peak and has similar kinetic and dosimetric features, with a half-life of about 1 h. For a preheat temperature of 200 _C, the intensity of the phototransferred peak in the sample increases with illumination time up to a maximum and decreases thereafter. At longer illumination times, no further decrease in the intensity of the phototransferred peak is observed. The traps associated with the 325 _C peak are the main source of the electrons responsible for the regenerated peak.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2016
- Authors: Atang, Elizabeth Fende Midiki
- Date: 2016
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/420 , vital:19957
- Description: The kinetic and dosimetric features of the main thermoluminescent peak of synthetic quartz have been investigated in quartz ordinarily annealed at 500_C as well as quartz annealed at 500_C for 10 minutes. The main peak is found at 78 _C for the samples annealed at 500_C for 10 minutes irradiated to 10 Gy and heated at 1.0 _C/s. For the samples ordinarily annealed at 500_C the main peak is found at 106 _C after the sample has been irradiated to 30 Gy and heated at 5.0 _C/s. In these samples, the intensity of the main peak is enhanced with repetitive measurement whereas its maximum temperature is unaffected. The peak position of the main peak in the sample is independent of the irradiation dose and this, together with its fading characteristics, are consistent with first-order kinetics. For doses between 5 and 25 Gy, the dose response of the main peak of the annealed sample is superlinear. The half-life of the main TL peak of the annealed sample is about 1 h. The activation energy E of the main peak is around 0.90 eV. For a heating rate of 0.4 _C/s, its order of kinetics b derived from the whole curve method of analysis is 1.0. Following irradiation, preheating and illumination with 470 nm blue light, the main peak in the annealed sample is regenerated during heating. The resulting phototransferred peak occurs at the same temperature as the original peak and has similar kinetic and dosimetric features, with a half-life of about 1 h. For a preheat temperature of 200 _C, the intensity of the phototransferred peak in the sample increases with illumination time up to a maximum and decreases thereafter. At longer illumination times, no further decrease in the intensity of the phototransferred peak is observed. The traps associated with the 325 _C peak are the main source of the electrons responsible for the regenerated peak.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2016
Thermoluminescence of natural quartz
- Authors: Lontsi Sob, Aaron Joel
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Thermoluminescence , Quartz , Thermoluminescence dosimetry
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5543 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013358
- Description: The kinetic and dosimetric features of the main thermoluminescence peak of quartz have been investigated in unannealed as well in quartz annealed at 500˚C for 10 minutes. The main peak is found at 92 and 86˚C respectively for aliquots of unannealed and annealed samples irradiated to 10 Gy and heated at 5.0˚C/s. For each sample, the intensity of the main peak is enhanced with repetitive measurement whereas its maximum temperature is unaffected. The peak position of the main peak in each sample is independent of the irradiation dose and this, together with its fading characteristics are consistent with first-order kinetics. For low doses, typically between 2 and 10 Gy, the dose response of the main peak in each sample is linear. In the intermediate dose range from 10 to 60 Gy, the growth of the main peak in each sample is sub-linear and for greater doses, in the range from 60 Gy to 151 Gy, it is linear again. The half-life of the main peak of the unannealed sample is about 1.3 h whereas that of the annealed sample is about 1.2 h. The main peak in each sample can be approximated to a first-order glow peak. As the heating rate increases, the intensity of the main peak in each sample decreases. This is evidence of thermal quenching. The main peak in each sample is the only peak regenerated by phototransfer. The resulting phototransferred peak occurs at the same temperature as the original peak and has similar kinetic and dosimetric features. For a preheat temperature of 120˚C, the intensity of the phototransferred peak in each sample increases with illumination time up to a maximum and decreases afterwards. At longer illumination times (such as 30 min up to 1 h), no further decrease in the intensity of the phototransferred peak is observed. The traps associated with the 325˚C peak are the main source of the electrons responsible for the regenerated peak. Radioluminescence emission spectra were also measured for quartz annealed at various temperatures. Emission bands in quartz are affected by annealing and irradiation. A strong enhancement of the 3.4 eV (~366 nm) emission band is observed in quartz annealed at 500˚C. A new emission band which grows with annealing up to 1000˚C is observed at 3.7 eV (~330 nm) for quartz annealed at 600˚C. An attempt has been made to correlate the changes in radioluminescence emission spectra due to annealing with the influence of annealing on luminescence lifetimes in quartz.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Lontsi Sob, Aaron Joel
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Thermoluminescence , Quartz , Thermoluminescence dosimetry
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5543 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013358
- Description: The kinetic and dosimetric features of the main thermoluminescence peak of quartz have been investigated in unannealed as well in quartz annealed at 500˚C for 10 minutes. The main peak is found at 92 and 86˚C respectively for aliquots of unannealed and annealed samples irradiated to 10 Gy and heated at 5.0˚C/s. For each sample, the intensity of the main peak is enhanced with repetitive measurement whereas its maximum temperature is unaffected. The peak position of the main peak in each sample is independent of the irradiation dose and this, together with its fading characteristics are consistent with first-order kinetics. For low doses, typically between 2 and 10 Gy, the dose response of the main peak in each sample is linear. In the intermediate dose range from 10 to 60 Gy, the growth of the main peak in each sample is sub-linear and for greater doses, in the range from 60 Gy to 151 Gy, it is linear again. The half-life of the main peak of the unannealed sample is about 1.3 h whereas that of the annealed sample is about 1.2 h. The main peak in each sample can be approximated to a first-order glow peak. As the heating rate increases, the intensity of the main peak in each sample decreases. This is evidence of thermal quenching. The main peak in each sample is the only peak regenerated by phototransfer. The resulting phototransferred peak occurs at the same temperature as the original peak and has similar kinetic and dosimetric features. For a preheat temperature of 120˚C, the intensity of the phototransferred peak in each sample increases with illumination time up to a maximum and decreases afterwards. At longer illumination times (such as 30 min up to 1 h), no further decrease in the intensity of the phototransferred peak is observed. The traps associated with the 325˚C peak are the main source of the electrons responsible for the regenerated peak. Radioluminescence emission spectra were also measured for quartz annealed at various temperatures. Emission bands in quartz are affected by annealing and irradiation. A strong enhancement of the 3.4 eV (~366 nm) emission band is observed in quartz annealed at 500˚C. A new emission band which grows with annealing up to 1000˚C is observed at 3.7 eV (~330 nm) for quartz annealed at 600˚C. An attempt has been made to correlate the changes in radioluminescence emission spectra due to annealing with the influence of annealing on luminescence lifetimes in quartz.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Thermoluminescence of secondary glow peaks in carbon-doped aluminium oxide
- Authors: Seneza, Cleophace
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Thermoluminescence , Aluminum oxide , Thermoluminescence dosimetry
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5537 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013053
- Description: Carbon-doped aluminium oxide, α-Al₂O₃ : C, is a highly sensitive luminescence dosimeter. The high sensitivity of α-Al₂O₃ : C has been attributed to large concentrations of oxygen vacancies, F and F⁺ centres, induced in the material during its preparation. The material is prepared in a highly reducing atmosphere in the presence of carbon. In the luminescence process, electrons are trapped in F-centre defects as a result of irradiation of the material. Thermal or optical release of trapped electrons leads to emission of light, thermoluminescence (TL) or optically stimulated light (OSL) respectively. The thermoluminescence technique is used to study point defects involved in luminescence of α-Al₂O₃ : C. A glow curve of α-Al₂O₃ : C, generally, shows three peaks; the main dosimetric peak of high intensity (peak II) and two other peaks of lower intensity called secondary glow peaks (peaks I and III). The overall aim of our work was to study the TL mechanisms responsible for secondary glow peaks in α-Al₂O₃ : C. The dynamics of charge movement between centres during the TL process was studied. The phototransferred thermoluminescence (PTTL) from secondary glow peaks was also studied. The kinetic analysis of TL from secondary peaks has shown that the activation energy of peak I is 0.7 eV and that of peak III, 1.2 eV. The frequency factor, the frequency at which an electron attempts to escape a trap, was found near the range of the Debye vibration frequency. Values of the activation energy are consistent within a variety of methods used. The two peaks follow first order kinetics as confirmed by the TM-Tstop method. A linear dependence of TL from peak I on dose is observed at various doses from 0.5 to 2.5 Gy. The peak position for peak I was also independent on dose, further confirmation that peak I is of first order kinetics. Peak I suffers from thermal fading with storage with a half-life of about 120 s. The dependence of TL intensity for peak I increased as a function of heating rate from 0.2 to 6ºCs⁻¹. In contrast to the TL intensity for peak I, the intensity of TL for peak III decreases with an increase of heating rate from 0.2 to 6ºCs⁻¹. This is evidence of thermal quenching for peak III. Parameters W = 1.48 ± 0:10 eV and C = 4 x 10¹³ of thermal quenching were calculated from peak III intensities at different heating rates. Thermal cleaning of peak III and the glow curve deconvolution methods confirmed that the main peak is actually overlapped by a small peak (labeled peak IIA). The kinetic analysis of peak IIA showed that it is of first order kinetics and that its activation energy is 1:0 eV. In addition, the peak IIA is affected by thermal quenching. Another secondary peak appears at 422ºC (peak IV). However, the kinetic analysis of TL from peak IV was not studied because its intensity is not well defined. A heating rate of 0.4ºCs⁻¹ was used after a dose of 3 Gy in kinetic analysis of peaks IIA and III. The study of the PTTL showed that peaks I and II were regenerated under PTTL but peak III was not. Various effects of the PTTL for peaks I and II for different preheating temperatures in different samples were observed. The effect of annealing at 900ºC for 15 minutes between measurements following each illumination time was studied. The effect of dose on secondary peaks was also studied in this work. The kinetic analysis of the PTTL intensity for peak I showed that its activation energy is 0.7 eV, consistent with the activation energy of the normal TL for peak I. The PTTL intensity from peak I fades rapidly with storage compared with the thermal fading from peak I of the normal TL. The PTTL intensity for peak I decreases as a function of heating rate. This decrease was attributed to thermal quenching. Thermal quenching was not observed in the case of the normal TL intensity. The cause of this contrast requires further study.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Seneza, Cleophace
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Thermoluminescence , Aluminum oxide , Thermoluminescence dosimetry
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5537 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013053
- Description: Carbon-doped aluminium oxide, α-Al₂O₃ : C, is a highly sensitive luminescence dosimeter. The high sensitivity of α-Al₂O₃ : C has been attributed to large concentrations of oxygen vacancies, F and F⁺ centres, induced in the material during its preparation. The material is prepared in a highly reducing atmosphere in the presence of carbon. In the luminescence process, electrons are trapped in F-centre defects as a result of irradiation of the material. Thermal or optical release of trapped electrons leads to emission of light, thermoluminescence (TL) or optically stimulated light (OSL) respectively. The thermoluminescence technique is used to study point defects involved in luminescence of α-Al₂O₃ : C. A glow curve of α-Al₂O₃ : C, generally, shows three peaks; the main dosimetric peak of high intensity (peak II) and two other peaks of lower intensity called secondary glow peaks (peaks I and III). The overall aim of our work was to study the TL mechanisms responsible for secondary glow peaks in α-Al₂O₃ : C. The dynamics of charge movement between centres during the TL process was studied. The phototransferred thermoluminescence (PTTL) from secondary glow peaks was also studied. The kinetic analysis of TL from secondary peaks has shown that the activation energy of peak I is 0.7 eV and that of peak III, 1.2 eV. The frequency factor, the frequency at which an electron attempts to escape a trap, was found near the range of the Debye vibration frequency. Values of the activation energy are consistent within a variety of methods used. The two peaks follow first order kinetics as confirmed by the TM-Tstop method. A linear dependence of TL from peak I on dose is observed at various doses from 0.5 to 2.5 Gy. The peak position for peak I was also independent on dose, further confirmation that peak I is of first order kinetics. Peak I suffers from thermal fading with storage with a half-life of about 120 s. The dependence of TL intensity for peak I increased as a function of heating rate from 0.2 to 6ºCs⁻¹. In contrast to the TL intensity for peak I, the intensity of TL for peak III decreases with an increase of heating rate from 0.2 to 6ºCs⁻¹. This is evidence of thermal quenching for peak III. Parameters W = 1.48 ± 0:10 eV and C = 4 x 10¹³ of thermal quenching were calculated from peak III intensities at different heating rates. Thermal cleaning of peak III and the glow curve deconvolution methods confirmed that the main peak is actually overlapped by a small peak (labeled peak IIA). The kinetic analysis of peak IIA showed that it is of first order kinetics and that its activation energy is 1:0 eV. In addition, the peak IIA is affected by thermal quenching. Another secondary peak appears at 422ºC (peak IV). However, the kinetic analysis of TL from peak IV was not studied because its intensity is not well defined. A heating rate of 0.4ºCs⁻¹ was used after a dose of 3 Gy in kinetic analysis of peaks IIA and III. The study of the PTTL showed that peaks I and II were regenerated under PTTL but peak III was not. Various effects of the PTTL for peaks I and II for different preheating temperatures in different samples were observed. The effect of annealing at 900ºC for 15 minutes between measurements following each illumination time was studied. The effect of dose on secondary peaks was also studied in this work. The kinetic analysis of the PTTL intensity for peak I showed that its activation energy is 0.7 eV, consistent with the activation energy of the normal TL for peak I. The PTTL intensity from peak I fades rapidly with storage compared with the thermal fading from peak I of the normal TL. The PTTL intensity for peak I decreases as a function of heating rate. This decrease was attributed to thermal quenching. Thermal quenching was not observed in the case of the normal TL intensity. The cause of this contrast requires further study.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Thermoluminescence of synthetic quartz annealed beyond its second phase inversion temperature
- Authors: Mthwesi, Zuko
- Date: 2017
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/46077 , vital:25577
- Description: Thermoluminescence of synthetic quartz annealed at 1000 ºC for 10 minutes has been studied. The aim was to study mechanisms of thermoluminescence in annealed synthetic quartz and to discuss the results in terms of the physics of point defects. The sample was irradiated with a beta dose of 10 Gy of beta radiation and then heated at a linear heating rate of 1 ºC.s-1 up to 500 ºC. The thermoluminescence (TL) glow curve consists of three glow peaks. Peak I at 74 0C (main peak) with high intensity as compared to the other two peaks. Peak II at 144 ºC is more intense than peak III at 180 ºC. This study was on the main peak (MP) at 74 ºC and peak III at 180 ºC. Kinetic analysis was carried out to determine the trap depth E, frequency factor s and the order of kinetics b of both peaks using the initial rise, peak shape, variable heating rate, glow curve deconvolution and isothermal TL methods. The values of kinetic parameters obtained were around 0.7 to 1.0 eV for trap depth and in the interval of 108 to 1015 s-¹ for frequency factor for both peaks. The effect of heating rate from 0.5 to 5 ºC.s-¹ on the TL peak intensity and peak temperature was observed. Also the effect of thermal quenching was observed at high heating rates. Since the TL glow curve has overlapping TL peaks, the Tm-Tstop method from 54 ºC up to 64 ºC and E -Tstop methods were introduced where a first order single peak was observed. Phototransfered thermoluminescence (PTTL) was investigated and characterized by three peaks. First PTTL peak I at 72 ºC, peak II at 134 ºC and peak III at 176 ºC. Analysis was carried out on peaks I and III for the effect of dose dependence from 20-200 Gy. Thermal fading was observed on PTTL peaks I and III, after storage time of 30 minutes.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Mthwesi, Zuko
- Date: 2017
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/46077 , vital:25577
- Description: Thermoluminescence of synthetic quartz annealed at 1000 ºC for 10 minutes has been studied. The aim was to study mechanisms of thermoluminescence in annealed synthetic quartz and to discuss the results in terms of the physics of point defects. The sample was irradiated with a beta dose of 10 Gy of beta radiation and then heated at a linear heating rate of 1 ºC.s-1 up to 500 ºC. The thermoluminescence (TL) glow curve consists of three glow peaks. Peak I at 74 0C (main peak) with high intensity as compared to the other two peaks. Peak II at 144 ºC is more intense than peak III at 180 ºC. This study was on the main peak (MP) at 74 ºC and peak III at 180 ºC. Kinetic analysis was carried out to determine the trap depth E, frequency factor s and the order of kinetics b of both peaks using the initial rise, peak shape, variable heating rate, glow curve deconvolution and isothermal TL methods. The values of kinetic parameters obtained were around 0.7 to 1.0 eV for trap depth and in the interval of 108 to 1015 s-¹ for frequency factor for both peaks. The effect of heating rate from 0.5 to 5 ºC.s-¹ on the TL peak intensity and peak temperature was observed. Also the effect of thermal quenching was observed at high heating rates. Since the TL glow curve has overlapping TL peaks, the Tm-Tstop method from 54 ºC up to 64 ºC and E -Tstop methods were introduced where a first order single peak was observed. Phototransfered thermoluminescence (PTTL) was investigated and characterized by three peaks. First PTTL peak I at 72 ºC, peak II at 134 ºC and peak III at 176 ºC. Analysis was carried out on peaks I and III for the effect of dose dependence from 20-200 Gy. Thermal fading was observed on PTTL peaks I and III, after storage time of 30 minutes.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Third generation calibrations for Meerkat Observation of Saraswati Supercluster
- Authors: Kincaid, Robert Daniel
- Date: 2022-10-14
- Subjects: Square Kilometre Array (Project) , Superclusters , Saraswati Supercluster , Radio astronomy , MeerKAT , Calibration
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/362916 , vital:65374
- Description: The international collaboration of the Square Kilometre Array (SKA), which is one of the largest and most challenging science projects of the 21st century, will bring a revolution in radio astronomy in terms of sensitivity and resolution. The recent launch of several new radio instruments, combined with the subsequent developments in calibration and imaging techniques, has dramatically advanced this field over the past few years, thus enhancing our knowledge of the radio universe. Various SKA pathfinders around the world have been developed (and more are planned for construction) that have laid down a firm foundation for the SKA in terms of science while additionally giving insight into the technological requirements required for the projected data outputs to become manageable. South Africa has recently built the new MeerKAT telescope, which is a SKA precursor forming an integral part of SKA-mid component. The MeerKAT instrument has unprecedented sensitivity that can cater for the required science goals of the current and future SKA era. It is noticeable from MeerKAT and other precursors that the data produced by these instruments are significantly challenging to calibrate and image. Calibration-related artefacts intrinsic to bright sources are of major concern since, they limit the Dynamic Range (DR) and image fidelity of the resulting images and cause flux suppression of extended sources. Diffuse radio sources from galaxy clusters in the form of halos, relics and most recently bridges on the Mpc scale, because of their diffuse nature combined with wide field of view (FoV) observations, make them particularly good candidates for testing the different approaches of calibration. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Physics and Electronics, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-10-14
- Authors: Kincaid, Robert Daniel
- Date: 2022-10-14
- Subjects: Square Kilometre Array (Project) , Superclusters , Saraswati Supercluster , Radio astronomy , MeerKAT , Calibration
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/362916 , vital:65374
- Description: The international collaboration of the Square Kilometre Array (SKA), which is one of the largest and most challenging science projects of the 21st century, will bring a revolution in radio astronomy in terms of sensitivity and resolution. The recent launch of several new radio instruments, combined with the subsequent developments in calibration and imaging techniques, has dramatically advanced this field over the past few years, thus enhancing our knowledge of the radio universe. Various SKA pathfinders around the world have been developed (and more are planned for construction) that have laid down a firm foundation for the SKA in terms of science while additionally giving insight into the technological requirements required for the projected data outputs to become manageable. South Africa has recently built the new MeerKAT telescope, which is a SKA precursor forming an integral part of SKA-mid component. The MeerKAT instrument has unprecedented sensitivity that can cater for the required science goals of the current and future SKA era. It is noticeable from MeerKAT and other precursors that the data produced by these instruments are significantly challenging to calibrate and image. Calibration-related artefacts intrinsic to bright sources are of major concern since, they limit the Dynamic Range (DR) and image fidelity of the resulting images and cause flux suppression of extended sources. Diffuse radio sources from galaxy clusters in the form of halos, relics and most recently bridges on the Mpc scale, because of their diffuse nature combined with wide field of view (FoV) observations, make them particularly good candidates for testing the different approaches of calibration. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Physics and Electronics, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-10-14