A critical analysis of the tax treatment of cryptocurrencies in a South African context
- Authors: Ho, Dau-Ming
- Date: 2022-10-14
- Subjects: Cryptocurrencies Taxation , Income tax Law and legislation South Africa , Income tax Law and legislation Australia , Financial services industry Security measures , South Africa. Income Tax Act, 1962
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/357504 , vital:64749
- Description: The aim of the present research was to investigate whether, as claimed by the South African Revenue Service in the media release issued in April 2018, the normal income tax provisions could apply to cryptocurrency transactions. To achieve this aim, a literature review was undertaken to describe the nature of cryptocurrencies and related crypto mining activities, providing definitions of cryptocurrencies, blockchains and crypto mining, as well as describing the functioning of the system. The research then proceeded to analyse the provisions of the definition of “gross income” in section 1 of the Income Tax Act, 58 of 1962, as amended, and the requirements of the “general deduction formula” in terms of the preamble to section 11, section 11(a) and section 23(g), as applying to cryptocurrency transactions. The application of other provisions in the Act to cryptocurrency transactions was analysed, including trading stock in terms of section 22, and capital allowances in terms of sections 11(e), 12C and 13quin of the Act, together with capital gains tax consequences in terms of the Eighth Schedule to the Income Tax Act. The regulation for income tax purposes of cryptocurrency transactions in Australia was discussed, with a view to making similar recommendations in South Africa. The research was situated in the interpretative paradigm, a doctrinal methodology was applied, together with a qualitative analysis of documentary data. The discussion was limited to the income tax consequences of cryptocurrencies as applying to individuals. The findings of the research were that, in general, the normal income tax provisions could apply to cryptocurrency transactions, but based on the analysis of the South African and Australian income tax acts as they apply to cryptocurrencies, it was recommended that a Comprehensive Guide on the income tax consequences of cryptocurrency transactions should be issued by the South African Revenue Service, together with amendments to section 25D and paragraph 43 of the Eighth Schedule to the Income Tax Act to deal with the conversion of cryptocurrencies to Rand values, and to section 9C of the Income Tax Act to include the deemed capital nature of the disposal of cryptocurrencies in the three-year rule presently applying to equity shares. , Thesis (MCom) -- Faculty of Commerce, Accounting, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-10-14
An analysis of integrated reporting on the governance of selected State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs)
- Authors: Songxaba, Bathabile Liberty
- Date: 2023-03-31
- Subjects: Government business enterprises Management , Integrated reporting , Integrative thinking , Corporate governance Law and legislation South Africa , Good governance , Business ethics South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/419112 , vital:71617
- Description: The research investigated how integrated annual reports (IARs) can enhance the governance of state-owned enterprises (SOEs). Governance of SOEs is crucial to achieving the county’s socio-economic objectives. The SOEs listed on Schedule 2 of the Performance Finance Management Act (PFMA), Act No. No.1 of 1999, as amended in March 2017, represents, among many, the electricity, transportation, and telecommunication sectors. This study analysed the integrated reporting (IR) governance of selected schedule 2 of PFMA SOEs. The researcher adopted the qualitative approach for the study. Firstly, the analysis was to identify and describe the governance disclosures as evident in IARs using the King IV principles. Secondly, the study analysed the reporting trends associated with governance practices over 2018 – 2020. Integrated reports from Eskom, Transnet, and Telkom were selected for three years. Relevant concepts discussed in the literature review include corporate governance, King reports on corporate governance, King IV principles, the principle of materiality on governance disclosures, corporate reporting, integrated reporting, integrated thinking, benefits of integrated reporting, theoretical underpinnings of the study, and a conclusion. The disclosures were summarised per year and SOE per King IV principle, resulting in nine (9) excel spreadsheets, which were combined excel spreadsheets sorted into a logical structure based on coding to keep track of the source data sequence. The data was systematically manually coded using Ose's (2016) Microsoft Word and Excel method. Findings included seven themes which were ethics, irregular expenditure, internal controls, accountability, governance structures, reputation, and sustainability. Themes were transferred to subtopics for comparative analysis to assess trends and the SOEs’ governance disclosures. The results found that all three SOEs have disclosed using King IV principles guided by the 2013 International Integrated Reporting Council’s (IIRC) framework. All SOEs disclosed their governance in their reports and practice explained. There are noticeable differences, Eskom and Transnet are solely government-owned, and Telkom is partially privatised and run privately as the majority holding is mostly private. Eskom and Transnet reflected more similarities in terms of their operational and financial challenges, whereas Telkom operates in a more competitive environment and is run as a private company which is portrayed to be profitable and restricted to Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) requirements. Disclosures indicate progress on material matters and links associated with functional areas such as strategy and risks. Materiality is a guiding principle in the IIRC framework, which assist discloses information that significantly affects the organisation’s ability to create value over time. The similarities in all three SOEs include challenges in retaining competent and ethical leaders, which is critical for enhancing good governance. The study recommended how the integrated report can be viewed as a management and accounting tool for the governing body and stakeholders to focus on drivers that create value and consider drivers that erode or preserve value. This feedback may assist in informing strategy, business model, and decision-making for the governing body to set governing structures that support the organisation to create sustained value. , Thesis (MBA) -- Faculty of Commerce, Rhodes Business School, 2023
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2023-03-31
An investigation into the biological treatment of platinum refinery effluent
- Authors: Smith, Roland Paul
- Date: 200u
- Subjects: Uncatalogued
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/193464 , vital:45334
- Description: This Review and project will discuss and demonstrate the use made of Biotechnology in the production and reduction of metals. It will look at how and why metal binding takes place, known platinum group metal speciation will be included. Examples of how to improve metal binding efficiency will be discussed by stimulating ligand activity by polarisation. Various biotechnical options available, with emphasis placed on the use of the aquatic fern and algae will be given as examples of biological treatment of heavy metals in particular the aquatic fern Azolla. The method of standard preparation and the use of Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrophotometer (ICP) used for analytical analysis will be included so that consideration can be given to the collection of analytical data in the provision of evidence to support or provide a conclusion. The outcome of the test work utilising the aquatic plant Azolla has proven that it can be used to remediate platinum refinery effluent. This process can offer an alternative to the classical chemical method normally used, which is economically viable and environmentally friendly in comparison to the common methods of refinery effluent treatment. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, 200u
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 200u
An investigation of the views of Catholic Church musicians in the Diocese of Port Elizabeth on the use of the pipe organ in the liturgy
- Authors: Mowatt, Simon Charles
- Date: 2021-04
- Subjects: Church musicians -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth -- Catholic Church
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/53500 , vital:45168
- Description: As an organist and Catholic musician, I have an interest in exploring the role of, as well as attitudes towards, the pipe organ in the liturgy in the Catholic parishes in South Africa. Among both Christian and secular newspapers, headlines paint a picture of a decline in the use of the organ in churches and the number of organists in the world today (The Canadian Press, 2012). By conducting this study, my goal was to better understand this phenomenon in the context of my local diocese of Port Elizabeth. , Thesis (MMus) -- Faculty of Humanities, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-04
Ethical sensitivity of internal audit university students
- Authors: Chauke, Deroul
- Date: 2021-04
- Subjects: Accounting -- Study and teaching (Higher) -- South Africa , Ethics , Management -- Moral and ethical aspects
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/51074 , vital:43206
- Description: Ethics is an important aspect of business, particularly in the internal audit profession, and especially after the corporate scandals in the twenty-first century. Internal auditors play an important role in business and society as they hold executive directors of organisations accountable on behalf of various stakeholders and shareholders, by reviewing the effectiveness of internal control systems, risk management, and governance processes. Similar to the legal and medical professions, internal auditors are expected by the public and clients they serve, to uphold high ethical standards. The overall objective of this study is to determine whether internal audit university students possess sufficient ethical sensitivity to appropriately respond to ethical challenges they could face when they enter the internal audit profession. To achieve the objective of this study, a qualitative research approach was followed. To collect the primary data, a questionnaire containing six vignettes was administered to internal audit university students at three universities in South Africa. The qualitative data provided the researcher with rich and in-depth evidence about the ethical sensitivity of internal audit university students. The findings of this study revealed that most students have the necessary ethical sensitivity to respond to ethical challenges. The findings also revealed that taking an ethics course enhanced the students’ ethical sensitivity. It has also emerged from the findings that a few participants were not ethically sensitive as they failed to report an unethical activity. They chose instead to detach themselves from the unethical activity by maintaining their silence. This finding indicates the need to conduct further studies on the ethical sensitivity of internal audit university students using different research instruments and more universities or larger samples. , Thesis (MCom) -- Faculty of Business and Economic Sciences, Accounting, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-04
Exploring the performance of four and five-year-old rural children on two and three-dimensional cognitive test items within the Raymond Mhlaba Municipality
- Authors: Sohena, Kholwani Bulelwa (https://orcid.org/ 0000-0001-6451-0446)
- Date: 2020-02
- Subjects: Creative thinking , Cognition
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/21178 , vital:47384
- Description: Digital assessment, in particular tablet-based assessment, is on the rise and holds favourable prospects, especially for the rural South African context. However, the use of two-dimensional test items, such as pictures or patterns, has been found to lead to test bias in rural African settings, where such formats are unfamiliar. Little is known whether this would also be the case for two-dimensional tablet-based items. Therefore, this study investigated four and five-year-old rural isiXhosa-speaking children’s performance on two-dimensional tablet-based items compared with three-dimensional replicas of the tablet-based items. A total of sixty-three children were assessed and the data collected through the two test modes was statistically analysed according to the objectives of the study using the statistical package for the social science (SPSS). Descriptive statistics were employed by computing frequencies to determine the total sample’s performance on the two-dimensional tablet-based items as well as the three-dimensional items. Furthermore, a cross tabulation, followed by a chi-square analysis was done to examine the association between the children’s performance and the two test modes. The findings indicate a similar performance for the sample on both test formats with a slightly stronger performance by the sample on tablet-based items. More than just dimensionality was found to influence test performance in this study. Overall tablet-based assessment seems to be a promising tool for assessing children’s cognitive development in the rural South African context. , Thesis (MSoc Sci) (Psychology) -- University of Fort Hare, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020-02
Mass media use and knowledge gap amongst Walter Sisulu University, public relations management students: a content analysis study.
- Authors: Mva, Coceka
- Date: 2021-11
- Subjects: Education, Rural , Mass media--Social aspects , Mass media in education
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/21036 , vital:46916
- Description: Walter Sisulu University recruits students from the deep rural areas as well as students from urban areas all over the Eastern Cape Province. Students coming from rural areas are completely different from students coming from urban areas. The difference is caused by the different quality of infrastructure each area is exposed to. Urban students are exposed to high quality education whereas rural students have very poor infrastructure that they can hardly use to better their education. Urban students are exposed to all kinds of mass media and they are taught how to use and manipulate them. For rural students the exposure to mass media is too rare to the point where only the minority is able to use them. Therefore, this research was done to find out if there are any differences in understanding social and current events between urban and rural students studying public relations management at Walter Sisulu University. The study therefore sought to find out if this came as a result of their differentiated exposure to the mass media. Literature collected shows that rural students do not benefit as much as urban students from the knowledge and information communicated by the mass media. This is because rural areas lack electricity for television and radio usage, they lack quality roads for newspapers to be delivered to rural areas. However, questionnaires and interviews show that when at university, rural students struggle to cope in their first year of studies but their performance becomes better in their second and final year of study. , Thesis (MSoc Sci) (Communication) -- University of Fort Hare, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-11
Outcomes of Drug Resistant Tuberculosis in Two Rural District Hospitals, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
- Authors: Lotz, John-D Knipe
- Date: 2021-02
- Subjects: Medicinal plants
- Language: English
- Type: Masters theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/6834 , vital:51018
- Description: Tuberculosis (TB) is still rampant in South Africa, and drug resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) forms a significant part of this burden on both the health care system and economy. A number of interventions have recently been introduced to help curb the growing epidemic of DR-TB, including increasing access to novel and repurposed drugs, decentralisation of care, and a new shorter (9-11 month) treatment regimen recently endorsed by the World Health Organization (WHO). Significantly, this new regimen has now also become injectable-free (also known as an all-oral regimen). However, at the time of implementation in 2017, the shorter regimen was yet to be proven effective in a programmatic setting in South Africa. This is a retrospective cohort study to describe the outcomes in patients on short and long DR-TB treatment regimens, over five years, at two treatment sites in a rural setting in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. It is the hope that elucidation of factors involved in affecting outcomes in DR-TB may direct future interventions in these two facilities, and the wider DR-TB program in South Africa , Thesis (Masters) -- Faculty of Health Sciences, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-02
Prevalence and Implications of Telecommunication Counselling
- Authors: Lusiba, Sinazo.
- Date: 2021
- Subjects: Counseling
- Language: English
- Type: Masters theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/7554 , vital:54349
- Description: ABSTRACT The purpose of the present study was to explore prevalence and implications of telecommunication counselling. Available literature suggests that telecommunication counselling may have far-reaching implications in the mental health practice in general, and particularly in psychology. This study was guided by the social information processing theoretical framework. A total number of 26 mental health practitioners aged from 22 to 45 were selected using purposive sampling. In this study questionnaires were distributed to respondents through email, email was also used to collect the research data. Research ethics, such as confidentiality, anonymity, and voluntary participation, were strictly observed. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 23 was used to analyse the data. The analysed data are presented in frequency tables and graphs. This study found that there are effectiveness and efficiency factors associated with the use telecommunication counselling. Furthermore, the findings imply that the popularity of this type of counselling has been growing steadily in the past few years, especially in urban areas. Furthermore, despite the increase and growing popularity in the use of telecommunication counselling, the results suggest the presence of ethical dilemmas that confront the practitioners. , Thesis (Masters) -- Faculy of Humanities, Social Sciences and Law, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021
The application of Classification Trees in the Banking Sector
- Authors: Mtwa, Sithayanda
- Date: 2021-04
- Subjects: To be added
- Language: English
- Type: thesis , text , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/178514 , vital:42946
- Description: Access restricted until April 2026. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Statistics, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-04
The impact of COVID-19 on inequality in South Africa
- Authors: Nyumbaiza, Peace Falina
- Date: 2023-03-31
- Subjects: Uncatalogued
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/419514 , vital:71650
- Description: The COVID-19 pandemic has raised concerns regarding its possible adverse income distributive consequences, and its different impact according to socioeconomic subgroups (Furceri et al. 2020). This research measures the impact of COVID-19 on inequality in South Africa. To do this the study uses the National Income Dynamic Study (NIDS) wave 5 (2018) and the National Income Dynamic Study Coronavirus Rapid Mobile (NIDS-CRAM) survey waves 1 – 5 (2020 - 2021) datasets to study income inequality in South Africa prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic until mid-2021. The factor method developed by Lerman and Yitzhaki’s (1985) is used to identify the overall contribution of the different factor sources to income inequality. Labour income is identified as the largest contributing factor and so labour income inequality is decomposed by income determinants using the regression-based decomposition method proposed by Fields (2003). The analysis reveals that labour income worsened during the periods of strictest COVID lockdown, before returning to pre-pandemic levels of inequality as lockdown was eased. Education is the most important determinant of labour income inequality across all time periods, particularly for White, urban and female participants. Although education remains a driving factor of labour income inequality during the national disaster, its contribution lessens as the economy starts recovering by March 2021. Consequently, the contributions of gender, race, age and region increase during the same period. Identifying whom the inequal impact of pandemic has affected worse offers insight that emphasizes the importance social grant systems to aid bridge the inequality gap associated with COVID-19. , Thesis (MEcon) -- Faculty of Commerce, Economics and Economics History, 2023
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2023-03-31
The Impact of Energy Consumption on The Profitability and Renewable Energy Preference among SMEs in The KSD Municipality
- Authors: Vikela, Sithole Liso
- Date: 2019-03
- Subjects: Energy consumption , Cost effectiveness
- Language: English
- Type: Master's/Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/6730 , vital:47570
- Description: This study investigated the impact of energy consumption on the profitability and renewable energy preference among SMEs in the King Sabata Dalindyebo (KSD) local municipality. Cross sectional data was collected using a questionnaire and the adoption of information acceleration (IA) technique. The theoretical framework applied in this study is the theory of consumer-fuel-energy choice which is based on the energy ladder model and the associated fuel switching. Short-run sensitivity analysis (SRA), cost-benefit analysis (CBA) and multinomial logit model (MNL) were employed to measure the profitability and switching behaviour of the firms. SRA showed that the average monthly profit/loss by all firm categories were positive indicating a profit in the consumption of non-renewable energy (NRE). In contrast, results showed that all categories of the firms’ ran at loss if they were to switch to the renewable energy (RE) immediately. Results for CBA indicate that only RE system option satisfied the economic viability of all the three CBA decision criteria on both discount rates, proving to be a viable investment choice for all firm categories. The MNL regression results showed that the number of rooms, firm revenue, irregular power experiences, product information, price, business age, firm grades, gender of the respondent, and the educational levels have a statistically significant impact on willingness to switching from substantial to full willingness. The study recommends establishment of financial subsidy to SMEs to enable them switch to RE system. The research also suggests the need for policies and incentives on profit enhancing strategies, symmetric product information and environmental benefits for switching to RE by SMEs in the rural areas. Key words: Energy consumption, Profitability, Willin¬gness to switch, Cost-Benefit analysis, Multinomial logit model. , Thesis (MCom) -- Faculty of Commerce and Administration, 2019
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019-03
The Influence of authentic leadership on the workplace safety culture in the tyre industry of South Africa
- Authors: Gallant, Ryan
- Date: 2022-12
- Subjects: Authentic leadership , Work environment, tyre industry -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , Thesis
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/59403 , vital:62078
- Description: The lost-time injury rate in the South African automotive industry is higher than one per million (Harmony, 2010:2). Other manufacturing and construction industries have embarked on safety programmes to ensure awareness amongst their workers. The leaders in industry should have a significant influence to steer the safety culture in the automotive industry. This study examined the relationship between Authentic leadership and a safety Culture in the tyre industry of South Africa. The purpose of the study was to increase the workplace safety culture in the South African tyre manufacturing industry by investigating whether the implementation of an authentic leadership programs would positively influence workplace culture. An exploratory study used a quantitative research design involving an email survey to examine the relationship between Authentic Leadership and Safety Culture. Authentic leadership and the safety climate were assessed using the Norwegian Offshore Risk and Safety Climate Inventory (NORSC), the Authentic Leadership Questionnaire, and the questionnaire from Fulele and Kadam. Seven safety climate dimensions were mapped onto the questionnaire. The data from the questionnaire were analysed using STATISTICA software. According to respondents there is a very strong relationship between Authentic Leadership and the implantation of OHSA standards in the tyre industry in South Africa. In addition, respondents rated their management’s implementation of the organisation’s safety routines highly. There was a high level of motivation among respondents to act in a safe manner. The motivation of workers to work safety is also strong related to authentic leadership. , Thesis (MBA) -- Faculty of Business and Economic Sciences, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-12
The Role of HSP70/HSP90 Organizing Protein (Hop) in the Heat Shock Factor 1 (HSF1)-mediated Stress Response
- Authors: Chakraborty, Abantika
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Uncatalogued
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/163204 , vital:41018 , doi:10.21504/10962/163204
- Description: Molecular chaperones regulate cellular proteostasis. They control protein conformation and prevent misfolding and aggregation under both normal and stressful environments, ultimately resulting in cell survival. The project aimed to understand the role of the HSP70 – HSP90 Organizing Protein (Hop/STIP1) in the survival of stressed cells and the function of the stress-responsive transcription factor, Heat Shock Factor 1 (HSF1). HSF1 protein levels were significantly reduced in Hop-depleted HEK293T cells compared to controls by ELISA, western blot, and mass spectrometry. HSF1 transcriptional activity at the HSP70 promoter, and binding of a biotinylated HSE oligonucleotide under basal conditions were significantly reduced, consistent with the reduced levels of HSF1. In response to heat shock, HSF1 levels in Hop-depleted cells increased to that of controls, but there was still significantly lowerHSF1 transcriptional activity and HSE binding. Hop-depleted HEK293T cells were more sensitive than controls to the HSF1 inhibitor KRIBB11 and showed reduced short-term and long-term proliferation. Unlike the HSP90 inhibitor 17-DMAG, which had no effect, the HSP70 inhibitor JG98, further decreased the levels of HSF1 in Hop-depleted cells, suggesting a role for HSP70 in the Hop-mediated effects. There was punctate nuclear staining for HSF1 in Hop-depleted cells under both basal and heat shock conditions, as well as reduced nuclear localization and increased cytoplasmic accumulation of HSF1 in response to heat shock. Hop and HSF1 colocalized in cells, and HSF1 could be isolated in complex with Hop and HSP70. Loss of Hop reduced HSF1 in HSP70complexes but did not affect HSF1 abundance in HSP90 complexes. Hop-depleted cells showed reduced short-term and long-term survival compared to controls, an effect that was potentiated by the JG98 HSP70 inhibitor. Taken together, these data suggest that Hop regulation of HSF1activity is via a mechanism involving reductions in HSP70 interaction, as well as reduced nuclear localization, and DNA binding, and is consistent with reduced cellular fitness under basal and stress conditions. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science, Biochemistry and Microbiology, 2020
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020