A factor analysis of the career adapt-abilities inventory
- Authors: Olivier, Ilze
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Adaptability (Psychology) -- South Africa , Career Assessment Inventory , Curiosity
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:9950 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1015687
- Description: In understanding the importance of career adaptability in an individual‟s career development, career counsellors require a valid assessment technique for measuring career adaptability. The Career Adapt-Abilities Inventory (CAI) was originally developed by Mark Savickas (2008) as a measure of career adapt-abilities. The present study forms part of an international collaboration investigating the psychometric properties and construct validity of the CAI. The aims of the present study involved the following: conducting exploratory factor analysis in order to determine whether interrelationships within the items of the CAI can be explained by the presence of unobserved variables; conducting confirmatory factor analysis in an attempt to confirm the hypothesised factor structures of the CAI; and to explore and describe South African university students‟ perceptions of the underlying constructs of the CAI in terms of the language usage and comprehension of the inventory‟s item content. A sample of South African first-year university students were employed in this current study. In an exploratory factor analysis of the CAI, preference was given to the a priori criterion forcing the extraction of five factors. The oblique rotation method was employed using the OBLIMIN method provided by the statistical package in order to derive the simplest and most interpretable factor structure. Exploratory factor analysis supported a five factor solution after the fourth iteration, reflecting the underlying dimensions of Curiosity, Concern, Confidence, Cooperation and Control. These factors support the five scales presented by Savickas (2008). Confirmatory factor analyses were subsequently performed in order to test both the original CAI factor model as well as the factor model that emerged through exploratory factor analysis. After using several goodness-of-fit indices, it can be concluded that the inventory items adequately represent the five CAI scales based on the value obtained using the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation index. The factor model derived through EFA demonstrated a slightly better fit when compared to the original CAI factor model using other fit indices. In terms of the qualitative findings of this current study, participants indicated that the meaning of several items were unclear to them causing comprehension difficulty. Items 8 and 50 were marked by participants several times and can be viewed as the items causing most difficulty with regard to comprehension, with participants pointing out the words „keeping upbeat‟ (item 8) and „conscientious‟ (item 50). Participants were also asked to provide additional comments with regard to the readability, comprehension and applicability of the CAI. On investigation of these comments, three main themes were generated relating to: the comprehension and clarity of the CAI; the CAI enhancing participants‟ understanding of themselves; and the structure, length and general layout of the CAI. In essence, the current study provided useful information regarding the psychometric properties of the CAI using a sample of South African first-year university students. Factor analyses provided some support for the validity of the CAI while the qualitative results provided aspects for consideration in making the CAI more applicable for South African usage. Moreover, a foundation has been laid for further research to be conducted in South Africa regarding the validity and applicability of the CAI for South African populations.
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- Date Issued: 2011
Antibacterial activity of liposome encapsulated cyclo(TYR-PRO)
- Authors: Tshanga, Siphokazi Sisanda
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Peptide antibiotics , Antibacterial agents -- Therapeutic use -- Testing
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:10132 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1450 , Peptide antibiotics , Antibacterial agents -- Therapeutic use -- Testing
- Description: Cyclic dipeptides (CDPs) are amino acid-based compounds, some of which possess antibacterial activity. The encapsulation of certain drugs into liposomes has been found to improve their activity in terms of bioavailability and duration of action. Liposomes are small vesicles that are under investigation as drug carriers for the delivery of therapeutic agents. A number of liposome formulations are currently under clinical trial review, whilst some have already been approved for clinical use. The aim of this study was to optimize a liposomal cyclo(Tyr-Pro) formulation and to assess its antibacterial activity against various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Response surface methodology (RSM) using the central composite design (CCD) model was used to optimize liposomal formulations of cyclo(Tyr-Pro) for each of the four bacteria, namely Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Percent drug encapsulated and bacterial inhibition were investigated with respect to two independent variables, i.e. lipid composition and cholesterol content. Design Expert 8 was used for the purpose of finding the combination of independent variables that would yield an optimal formulation for each bacterium. The model selected by the software failed to adequately correlate the predicted models to the experimental data. The in vitro experiments showed that the antibacterial activity of liposome-encapsulated cyclo(Tyr-Pro) was superior to that of its free counterpart. Binding maximum or Bmax for the encapsulated compound at concentrations as low as 0.412 mg/ml, was significantly higher than that obtained for free cyclo(Tyr-Pro) which was tested at a concentration of 20 mg/ml. Furthermore, encapsulation of cyclo(Tyr-Pro) into a liposome formulation enhanced its potency. This was evident in the lower IC50 values for the liposomal compound when compared to free cyclo(Tyr-Pro).
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- Date Issued: 2011
Assessing communication challenges between clerks and deaf patients at Nelson Mandela Academic Hospital in Mthatha
- Authors: Stemela, Unati
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Clerks and deaf patients -- Communication -- Hospital
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPH
- Identifier: vital:18417 , http://hdl.handle.net/11260/d1006597
- Description: A study on assessing communication challenges between clerks and deaf patients at Nelson Mandela Academic Hospital was conducted in 2010. The aim was to assess the existence of communication challenges, possible reasons and solutions to these. The literature reviewed identified a gap in the knowledge of communication between staff and deaf patients. A health systems’ study was conducted using a descriptive, cross sectional survey. The study population was made up of 33 clerks who worked at the registration and records area and deaf patients who stayed at Efata and received health services from the hospital. All clerks were interviewed and a random sample of 106 deaf patients was estimated using Epidat statistical software. Self administered questionnaires were used for data collection. Results confirmed the existence of communication challenges between the two groups. A majority of clerks were not trained in Sign Language. They used a combination of methods to communicate with deaf patients, and few clerks could use Sign Language. The patients also used a combination of methods due to the frustration of not having a common method of communication with clerks. The findings clearly showed that there are communication challenges between the two groups and Sign Language needed to be introduced to clerks in order to accommodate deaf patients. Further research may be done on all healthcare providers and to all deaf patients in the region served by Nelson Mandela Academic Hospital, and this could have a positive impact on the quality of service offered by the hospital to the deaf community.
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- Date Issued: 2011
Childhood development and career development in eight year-old South African girls
- Authors: Van der Westhuyzen, Nicole Tamsin
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Childhood development , Career development , Griffiths scales of mental development , Early childhood education -- Vocational guidance -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:9942 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1012969
- Description: Although it is generally acknowledged that critical career-related concepts and attitudes are first formed in childhood, research has focused little attention on this developmental stage. Statements about children‘s career development as an integral dimension of human development date to the early 1950s, yet limited research has investigated this interrelationship. It is imperative to gain a greater understanding of childhood career development in order to better prepare children for their future. The overall purpose of this study is to explore the interrelationship of childhood development and childhood career development. An exploratory-descriptive quantitative research method was used. Thirty participants (all eight year-old girls from a middle class, English speaking background) were selected through non-probability purposive sampling. Data were gathered from the Griffiths Mental Development Scales – Extended Revised (GMDS-ER) and the Childhood Career Development Scale (CCDS) and analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results indicated a correlation, although not statistically significant, between childhood development and childhood career development, thus indicating a weak positive correlation between the two variables. Statistically significant relationships were established between certain subscales of the GMDS-ER and CCDS, namely Language and Exploration, Eye-Hand Co-ordination and Key Figures, and Practical Reasoning and Planning. The results from this study, although not conclusive, are groundbreaking in this neglected area of research as they indicate an interrelationship between childhood development and childhood career development. This research is an initial step in investigating this interrelationship and it is the hope of the researcher that it will stimulate further research in this area.
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- Date Issued: 2011
Community development workers' perceptions of wellness at an HIV / AIDS organisation in Nelson Mandela Bay
- Authors: Ndlela, Joshua Bongani
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Community development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , AIDS (Disease) -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , HIV infections -- Social aspects -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Organisational behavior , Health promotion -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:9837 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1657 , Community development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , AIDS (Disease) -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , HIV infections -- Social aspects -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Organisational behavior , Health promotion -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Description: The general aim of the study was to explore and describe community development workers` perceptions of wellness at an HIV/AIDS organisation in Nelson Mandela Bay, South Africa. The population of 36 community development workers at the Nelson Mandela Bay office of this organisation participated in this study. The sampling technique employed can be described as a census as it involved sampling an entire finite population that included all community development workers in the organisation. These workers are predominantly Xhosa-speaking adults between the ages of 21 and 60 years, and include both males and females. Qualitative data were gathered by means of audio-recorded focus groups, utilising semi-structured interviews. Tesch`s method was used to analyse the data, while Guba`s guidelines were used to enhance the trustworthiness of the research. Focus group interviews with community development workers revealed seven common themes in the experience of working in the HIV/AIDS organisation: (a) participants’ understanding of wellness; (b) organisational factors that impact on wellness; (c) personal factors that impact on wellness; (d) family and community factors that impact on wellness; (e) participants’ wellness; (f) personal coping strategies; and (g) suggestions regarding organisational strategies to enhance employee wellness. It is envisaged that the research findings of this study will be used in future to direct interventions that will be beneficial for the short and long term planning for the wellness of the community development workers of the HIV/AIDS organisation and those around them. It was recommended that the organisation was to develop a workplace wellness programme, increase management support towards the staff wellness and to increase the staff capacity.
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- Date Issued: 2011
Core self-evaluations, racial evaluation and learning amongst Zulu students at the university of Zululand
- Authors: Dodd Nicole Marguerite
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Zulu (African people) -- Ethnic identity , Self-evaluation , Ethnicity
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , DPhil
- Identifier: vital:9879 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1008398 , Zulu (African people) -- Ethnic identity , Self-evaluation , Ethnicity
- Description: Core Self-Evaluations [CSE] are a person’s estimation of his/her own worth and ability (Judge & Scott 2009). This in turn, is related to Racial Evaluation which is a person’s internal evaluation of his/her racial identity (Diller, 2010). The Employment Equity Act (55 of 1998) makes provision for the employment of equity candidates who can acquire skills in a reasonable amount of time. This requires individuals to be able to learn and then achieve in outcomes-based assessment. Core Self-Evaluations and Racial Evaluation can have an impact on how individuals perceive themselves, and how they perform in education, training and development (Hanley & Noblit, 2009). This study explored the relationship between Core Self-Evaluation, Racial Evaluation, Learning and Outcomes-Based Assessment using an experimental design. The Core Self-Evaluation scores in this study (n=230) were consistent with levels found internationally (Broucek, 2005). There was positive Racial Evaluation, with a relationship existing between Racial Evaluation and Core Self-Evaluations. This means that part of a person’s identity as an individual is related to Racial Evaluation, with that Racial Evaluation being positive amongst young Zulu students at the University of Zululand. There was a statistically significant, but small correlation between Learning and Core Self- Evaluation and a relationship was also found between CSE and Outcomes-Based Assessment results. When Core Self-Evaluation is higher, Learning tends to be more likely. The same pattern does not hold for Outcomes-Based Assessment results. Among Zulu students, lower CSE is linked to improved Outcomes-Based Assessment results. Racial Evaluation has a small relationship with CSE. However, efforts to remedy apartheid may be directed towards socio-economic development and need not focus on boosting Racial Evaluation when it comes to young Zulu adults.
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- Date Issued: 2011
Cross-cultural differences: the experiences, challenges and strengths for partners in committed interacial relationships
- Authors: De Vries, Tielke Anna Eveline
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Interacial marriage -- Cross-cultural studies , Interethnic marriage -- Cross-cultural studies , Couples
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:9995 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1008193 , Interacial marriage -- Cross-cultural studies , Interethnic marriage -- Cross-cultural studies , Couples
- Description: The topic of interpersonal relationships and the factors that enhance the longevity and strength of these have been well documented. Whilst there has been a steady increase in the occurrence of interracial relationships, it has not been matched by an increase in studies on the phenomenon and indeed very little empirical attention has been given to these relationships. Leslie and Letiecq (2004) highlight that the existing research on the phenomenon focuses primarily on the reasons individuals select partners outside of their own racial group. As interracial marriages are reportedly more vulnerable to divorce than marriages among same-race individuals, it seems important to examine the dynamics and quality of interracial relationships (Leslie & Letiecq, 2004). The goal of the study was therefore to explore the cross-cultural differences that inform the experiences, challenges, and strengths for partners in committed interracial relationships. In this qualitative, exploratory, descriptive and contextual study, the author has explored and described the specific cross-cultural differences that the couple has encountered in their relationship and the impact that these differences have had on the quality of their relationship. Furthermore the study aimed to explore and describe the strengths the couple has drawn from these cross-cultural differences to enhance the quality of their relationship. A combination of purposive and snowball sampling techniques has been utilised to identify interracial couples who have been in a committed monogamous relationship of at least one year. The sample consisted of eleven individuals. Semi-structured individual interviews were utilised as the data collection tool, and Tesch‟s model of data analysis (in Creswell, 1998) has been employed. This model of data analysis consists of eight steps that have been used to analyse the data. Five themes emerged from the study: (1) cultural difference factors, (2) negative factors that influence the couple‟s coping with cultural differences, (3) positive factors that influence the couple‟s coping with cultural differences, (4) factors relating to cultural differences that strengthen the relationship and (5) recommendations to other interracial couples. The findings of the study make a meaningful contribution to couple counselling interventions for interracial couples, and also add to the body of knowledge on this sparsely researched topic.
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- Date Issued: 2011
Detection and identification of plasmodium species causing malaria in Malawi using rapid diagnostic tests
- Authors: Tegha, Gerald Loiswayo
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Malaria -- Diagnosis -- Malawi , Plasmodium
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MTech
- Identifier: vital:10127 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1021240
- Description: Malaria represents one of the oldest documented diseases among humans and even today organisms in the genus Plasmodium kill more people than any other infectious disease, especially in tropical and subtropical areas. The four most common species which infect humans are Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium malaria. Of these four species, Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax account for 95 percent of infections globally. Microscopy has been used since early days for the diagnosis of malaria because this method is simple, does not require highly equipped facilities, and in most cases enables differentiation among the species causing malaria in humans when performed by skilled microscopy readers. However, this method has been misleading in identifying parasite species, especially in the case of low level parasitemia, a mixed parasite infection, or modification by drug treatment as well as in placental malaria. Malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) have played a major role in malaria management; particularly in providing blood based diagnosis in remote locations where microscopy based diagnosis is unavailable. These diagnostic tests are fast and easy to perform and do not require electricity or specific equipment. As part of strengthening malaria diagnostics in Malawi, the Ministry of Health and Population strongly recommends the use of malaria RDT’s at all levels of the health care delivery system. However, malaria microscopy remains a gold standard test for malaria. All patients (regardless of age) with suspected uncomplicated malaria should have a confirmed diagnosis with malaria RDT before anti-malaria treatment is administered. Based on field performance evaluations that assessed performance, quality control and production capacities of the manufacturing companies of malaria RDT’s, the Ministry of Health and Population recommended two brands of Histidine Rich Protein 2 (HRP-2), RDT’s for use in Malawi. These are SD Bioline malaria Ag Pf and the New Paracheck malaria Ag Pf. All these RDT’s are able to detect only P. falciparum. However, other species have been reported to exist in the country and there is a need to find proper RDT’s which will be able to detect all other species including P. falciparum. The main aim of this study was to evaluate Paramax-3 Pf/Pv/Pan RDT (Zephyr Biomedicals, India), if used in Malawi, could be able to detect and identify the different species of Plasmodium causing malaria in Malawi. The study recruited a total of 250 adult and infants at Bwaila Hospital in Lilongwe, Malawi. Study results showed that the overall sensitivity and specificity of the Paramax-3 RDT used in the study were 100 percent and 83 percent respectively. However, it was observed that the RDT test was not able to identify the P. ovale, and in some cases, the RDT test was positive for P. falciparum when the PCR identified the species as P. ovale. No P. vivax was detected both by RDT and PCR. This study was able to detect and identify the presence of P. malaria and P. ovale in Malawi apart from the P. falciparum. There were no significant differences between microscopy results compared to both the RDT and the PCR, with 94 percent and 98 percent sensitivities of R1 and R2 compared to RDT, as well as 94 percent and 96 percent sensitivities for R1 and R2 compared to PCR respectively. Both R1 and R2 had low specificities for example, R1 had 72 percent and R2 had 80 percent compared to RDT. Comparing R1 and R2 to PCR, the sensitivities were 64.9 percent and 67.2 percent respectively. However, the readers had difficulties differentiating the different species microscopically. The history of anti-malaria treatment had no significant effect on the outcome of the results in both the RDT and PCR.
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- Date Issued: 2011
Development and testing of liposome encapsulated cyclic dipeptides
- Authors: Kilian, Gareth
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Peptide antibiotics , Peptide drugs -- Therapeutic use , Peptides -- Synthesis , Antibacterial agents -- Therapeutic use -- Testing , Cyclic peptides , Liposomes
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:10136 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1397 , Peptide antibiotics , Peptide drugs -- Therapeutic use , Peptides -- Synthesis , Antibacterial agents -- Therapeutic use -- Testing , Cyclic peptides , Liposomes
- Description: Cyclic dipeptides have been well characterized for their multitude of biological activities, including antimicrobial and anticancer activities. Cyclo(His-Gly) and cyclo(His-Ala) have also recently been shown to possess significant anticancer activity against a range of cell lines, despite the limitations of these two molecules with respect to their physicochemical properties. Low Log P results in poor cell permeability which can often be problematic for drugs with intracellular mechanisms of action. It can also results in poor biodistribution, and theoretical Log P values for cyclo(His-Gly) and cyclo(His-Ala) were extremely low making them ideal candidates for inclusion into a nanoparticulate drug delivery system. The aim of this study was therefore to formulate and evaluate liposome-encapsulated cyclic dipeptides that increase the tumour-suppressive actions of the cyclic dipeptides, while showing a high degree of specificity for tumour cells. While liposomes are relatively simple to prepare, inter batch variation, low encapsulation and poor stability are often problematic in their production and this has lead to very few liposomal products on the market. This study aimed at using a comprehensive statistical methodology in optimizing liposome formulations encapsulating cyclo(His-Gly) and cyclo(His-Ala). Initial screening of potential factors was conducted using a 25-1 fractional factorial design. This design made use of two levels for each of the five factors and abbreviated the design to minimize runs. Although not much information is provided by these types of designs, the design was sufficient in identifying two critical factors that would be studies further in a more robust design. The two factors selected, based on the screening study, were cholesterol and stearylamine content. These two factors were then used in designing a response surface methodology (RSM) design making use of a central composite rotatable vii design (CCRD) at five levels (-1.5, -1, 0, 1, 1.5) for each factor in order to better understand the design space. Various factors influenced the measured responses of encapsulation efficiency, zeta potential, polydispersity index, cellular uptake and leakage, but most notable were the adverse effects of increasing stearylamine levels on encapsulations efficiency and cholesterol levels on leakage for both cyclo(His-Gly) and cyclo(His-Ala) liposomes. Optimized formulations were derived from the data and prepared. Fair correlation between the predicted and measured responses was obtained. The cytotoxic activity of the encapsulated cyclic dipeptides were assessed against HeLa and MCF-7 cells and found to have limited improvement in activity. However, modification of the polyethylene glycol (PEG) grafted to the liposome surface in order to target folate receptors showed good benefit in significantly decreasing the IC50 values recorded in all cells lines tested, particularly low folate HeLa cells with the lowest IC50 being recorded as 0.0962 mM for folate targeted cyclo(His-Ala). The results therefore indicate that hydrophilic cyclic dipeptides are ideal candidates for inclusion into targeted drug delivery systems such as liposomes. Key words: Liposomes, cyclo(His-Gly), cyclo(His-Ala), cyclic dipeptides, HeLa, MCF-7, folate receptors, factorial design, response surface methodology (RSM), central composite rotatable design (CCRD).
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- Date Issued: 2011
Evidence-informed clinical guidelines for nursing care practices related to the safety of the mechanically ventilated patient
- Authors: Jordan, Portia Janine
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Respiratory intensive care -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , Respiratory therapy -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , Artificial respiration -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , Artificial respiration -- Nursing , Respirators (Medical equipment) -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , DPhil
- Identifier: vital:10027 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1322 , Respiratory intensive care -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , Respiratory therapy -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , Artificial respiration -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , Artificial respiration -- Nursing , Respirators (Medical equipment) -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth
- Description: An evidence-based approach to clinical practice aims to deliver appropriate care in an efficient manner to individual patients. This approach entails the integration of research evidence, clinical expertise and the interpretation of patients' needs and perspectives in making decisions about the best care modalities. The increased emphasis internationally on improved patient care and cost effectiveness in health care delivery highlighted the need for quality health services that have to be built upon the use of best evidence to inform practice and patient-care decision-making (McKenna, Ashton and Keeney, 2004:178). Critical care nursing science, a specialised branch of nursing, focusing on the care of the critically ill patient in a designated unit, is no exception to the drive to provide improved quality and cost-effective patient care. Critical care practitioners are seen to have a specialised knowledge base, specific skills in delivering advanced health care and a commitment to serve the critically ill patient. It is expected of them to be aware of new and emerging evidence about health disease processes, treatment modalities and technology used in the critical-care units. Due to the dynamic nature of a critical care unit, it is essential that every practitioner working in the unit, whether a novice professional nurse or senior unit manager, needs to be aware of the current evidence guiding their practices (Elliot, Aitken, Chaboyer, 2007:18). With reference to the critically ill patient who is connected to a mechanical ventilator, practices related to the nursing care of this group of patients, who mostly occupy the critical care units, should be based on the best evidence in order to provide cost-effective and quality care. The research study aimed to explore and describe four identified nursing care practices related to safety of a mechanically ventilated patient as performed by professional nurses in the critical care units in the Nelson Mandela Metropole. The identified nursing-care practices include: endotrachael tube placement verification, endotracheal tube cuff pressure monitoring, endotrachael tube suctioning and mechanical ventilator settings. This objective was operationalized in Stage One of the study, by using a quantitative, explorative, descriptive and contextual approach. A structured questionnaire was utilised to collect data from professional nurses working in critical care units. From the analysed data, it was decided to select the two nursing care practices that were done least according to the best recommended practice, namely endotracheal tube suctioning and endotracheal tube cuff pressure monitoring. Based on the results, systematic reviews were done respectively on the two nursing care practices. On completion of Stage One of the study, evidence-informed clinical guidelines for the two identified nursing care practices were developed. The clinical guidelines were based on the evidence found in conducting the systematic reviews. The draft clinical guidelines were reviewed by an expert panel. Feedback from the reviewers was considered to prepare the final evidence-informed clinical guidelines. Based on the clinical guidelines, two clinical algorithms were developed, which might be used at the patient's bedside and can assist in quick dissemination of the recommendations for practice. Ethical considerations were maintained throughout the study. The quality of the study was ensured in applying the principles of validity and reliability as well as performing a critical appraisal of all data collected during the systematic review. It is envisaged that the study findings be disseminated in the critical care units in the Nelson Mandela Metropole and published in peer reviewed journals.
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- Date Issued: 2011
Experiences of casualty doctors regarding their role in the management of gender-based violence victims at the intermediate hospitals, Oshakati
- Authors: Tachere, Oghoteru Richardson
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Family violence -- Namibia , Physicians -- Namibia
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:10029 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1309 , Family violence -- Namibia , Physicians -- Namibia
- Description: The research focused on the experiences of casualty doctors regarding their role in the management of gender-based violence victims at the Intermediate Hospital Oshakati, Namibia. A qualitative, exploratory, descriptive and contextual research design was utilized and data were collected by means of semi-structured interviews. These were audio-taped, transcribed verbatim and analyzed using the Tesch’s method of qualitative data analysis by the researcher in conjunction with an independent coder. The research findings revealed that the study participants experienced gender-based violence as a common and recurrent public health issue. Participants indicated that the majority of the victims presented with a wide range of physical injuries as well as significant emotional trauma. With further exploration, it emerged that participants identified alcohol abuse, low socioeconomic status and several relationship problems as prevalent factors associated with gender-based violence. They also recognized that the current programme managing gender-based violence provides a measure of safety for victims by making emergency services available. In addition, these services could be accessed free of charge and victims identified as ‘high-risk’ were offered sanctuary in the ward to prevent further harm. Study participants further observed that the presence of a multi-disciplinary team of care-givers also contribute positively to the management of gender-based violence victims. However, participants experienced several challenges that impair their role in the management of gender-based violence victims. Notable among these are high workload (arising from shortage of personnel and offering services to non-emergency cases in casualty), lack of collaboration among team members and a lack of proficiency in psychosocial intervention strategies. Based on the study findings, it is hereby recommended that clear guidelines for the management of gender-based violence victims should be established and a better collaboration among all cadres of professionals involved in this issue should be promoted. In addition, campaigns to sensitize the community about values that can help in the prevention of gender-based violence and dangers of alcohol abuse as well as strengthening the legislative framework vis-à-vis implementing punitive measures against culprits, should be vigorously pursued.
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- Date Issued: 2011
Factors affecting people with disabilities in the employment sector
- Authors: Caga, Tabisa
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Blind -- Employment , People with visual disabilities -- Employment
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:9992 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1549 , Blind -- Employment , People with visual disabilities -- Employment
- Description: Since 1994, the South African Government has formulated various policies in an attempt to redress the previous political, economic and social imbalances within the country. The majority of the policies have focused on empowering previously disadvantaged groups including people with disabilities. Despite the interventions, literature reviewed reflects that there is very little progress made with regard to empowerment of people with disabilities in the employment sector. The study seeks to explore and identify factors that affect people with visual disabilities in the employment sector. The researcher used a qualitative approach to investigate the perceptions of people with visual disabilities through conducting focus groups interviews with participants that were recruited using a purposive sampling approach. A total of four groups from Pretoria have been used to draw findings for the research study. During the focus group discussions, a semi structured interview guide was used to generate more in‐depth interpretations from the participants and data was analysed using Tesch’s (1990) framework that is described in Creswell (2003). The findings of the research revealed that people with visual disabilities still have problems in accessing and retaining employment despite the South African favourable legislation. Dominating among the factors that are viewed by the participants to hinder their employability are societal negatives attitudes which include unequal treatment, discrimination when they seek employment, belittling and disregard by employers, coworkers and the society at large. There are also a number of factors that were perceived as barriers to job seekers with visual disabilities which include inaccessible advertising media for vacancies, inaccessible transports systems, inaccessible education and training and lack of funded positions suited for people with visual disabilities.
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- Date Issued: 2011
Factors associated with successful talent development in South African soccer players
- Authors: Mudege, Solomon Mufudzi
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Soccer -- Training -- South Africa , Ability , Soccer -- Coaching -- South Africa , Professionalism in sports -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:10103 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1015713
- Description: In recent times, the performances of the South African senior national team (“Bafana Bafana”) have not matched the impressive off-field advancements in South African professional soccer. At the historic 2010 FIFA World CupTM held in South Africa, Bafana Bafana became the first host nation to be eliminated in the first round of the competition. Such disappointments have compelled stakeholders in South African soccer to call for a re-assessment of all structures and programmes which have an impact on the playing abilities of South African players. Of prime importance is the need to obtain a better understanding of talent development in South African soccer. The aim of this research study was to determine the relevance of selected factors associated with successful talent development in South African male professional soccer players competing in the 2008-2009 ABSA PSL season. In order to accomplish the research aims, the literature relating to talent development concepts and models was examined. The literature review identified seven factors which are relevant to talent development in soccer. The empirical study was exploratory, and it utilized a descriptive, non-experimental approach. Data were collected via a 53-item questionnaire, which was designed to evaluate the identified seven factors. The questionnaire was administered to a sample of 56 South African professional soccer players who played for clubs participating in the 2008-2009 season of the ABSA Premier Soccer League. The results obtained from the sample were analysed in terms of their descriptive statistics and confirmatory factor analysis was performed. The following six factors were statistically confirmed as being associated with the successful talent development of the sample: Training Environment, Motivation and Ambitions, Personal Development, Family Support, Cultural Factors and Coaching. These six factors accounted for 58 percent of the overall variance. The questionnaire had a reliability of 0.84, as measured by the Cronbach alpha coefficient. The study concludes that talent development in South African soccer is a multifactorial and complex process. Although the sample size was not suitable for discriminant analysis, theories such as the relative age effect and the „10-year rule‟ may be applicable to South African soccer. This study also adds to the limited body of knowledge on South African soccer, by identifying and scientifically analysing those factors which are associated with successful talent development. As success on the international stage becomes a priority in South African soccer, the identified factors serve as a sound scientific basis in the formulation of improved structures and strategies for perfecting the abilities of young soccer players, and increasing the competitiveness of Bafana Bafana.
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- Date Issued: 2011
Human figure drawings and the general mental development of South African children
- Authors: Burger, Reinhart
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:9869 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1008068
- Description: This quantitative exploratory-descriptive study investigated the value of human figure drawing (HFD) tests for developmental testing in the South African context. Due to their characteristics such tests may be particularly suitable to screen for developmental delays in the local South African context. The objectives of the research were to explore and describe the standardized HFD scores and Griffiths Mental Development Scales – Extended Revised (GMDS-ER) general quotients (GQ) of the sample; to investigate whether a relationship exists between the standardized HFD scores and GQs; and to investigate the strength and directionality of this relationship if it was found to exist in the sample. Relevant literature was discussed and an integration of key constructs was provided. The research sample consisted of 30 GMDS-ER protocols collected at a University Psychology Clinic in the Nelson Mandela metropol, Eastern Cape, South Africa. The HFDs of the Draw-a-person items of the GMDS-ER protocols were scored according to the scoring criteria of the Draw-a-Person Intellectual Ability Test for Children, Adolescents, and Adults (DAP: IQ). Key findings included the following: a statistically significant large positive correlation indicative of a marked relationship existed between standardized HFD scores and GQs. The DAP: IQ might provide a better indication of mental development than intellectual ability. A statistically significant medium positive correlation indicative of a small but definite relationship existed between chronological age and HFD raw scores. In conclusion, the findings suggest that HFDs follow a developmental progression and that HFD tests may be useful in developmental testing.
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- Date Issued: 2011
In vitro drug-herb interaction potential of African medicinal plant products used by Type II diabetics
- Authors: Fang, Yuan Yuan
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Materia medica, Vegetable -- South Africa , Drugs -- Therapeutic use , Drug-herb interactions -- South Africa , Non-insulin-dependent diabetes -- South Africa , Non-insulin-dependent diabetes -- Treatment -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:10317 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1341 , Materia medica, Vegetable -- South Africa , Drugs -- Therapeutic use , Drug-herb interactions -- South Africa , Non-insulin-dependent diabetes -- South Africa , Non-insulin-dependent diabetes -- Treatment -- South Africa
- Description: In Africa, use of medicinal plants for the treatment of diabetes is very common. However, efficacy on co-administering of medicinal plants with therapeutic drugs hasn't been fully determined, especially for African medicinal plants. The current study focused on assessing the in vitro modulation effects of three popular African medicinal plants, namely: Aloe ferox, Sutherlandia frutescens and Prunus africana (including five commercial preparations containing these medicinal plants) on two of the most important anti-diabetic drug metabolising enzymes, Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) 2C9 and CYP3A4 and a key drug efflux transporter, P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Vivid® microsome-based screening kits were used to assess inhibitory potency of plants preparations on CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 enzymes activities. The study showed that P. africana was a more potent inhibitor of CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 activity than the corresponding positive controls Ginkgo biloba and St. John's wort, which are known to cause clinically significant drug-herb interactions. S. frutescens leaf extract demonstrated potent to moderate inhibition on both the tested CYP activities, while its commercial products (Promune® and Probetix®) possessed moderate to mild inhibitory effects on the activities of both CYPs. Potent inhibitory effect on CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 was seen with Aloe Ferox®. Prosit® and Aloes powder® showed potent to moderate inhibition on CYP2C9 activity and moderate to mild inhibition on CYP3A4 activity. In addition to CYP450 activity, the present study also investigated the effects of the selected medicinal plant products on the activity of the main drug efflux protein, P-gp. A screening assay was specifically developed to assess the potential for herbal remedies to interact with P-gp mediated drug absorption. The assay is based on the principle of the reversal of drug resistance in modified Caco-2 cells specifically altered to express high iv efflux protein activity. These cells display a multidrug resistance phenotype and the addition of a plant extract containing a P-gp inhibitor or substrate will inhibit or compete with any cytotoxic drug and consequently reverse the drug resistance. The suitability of the assay was confirmed using a known P-gp inhibitor. The study observed that the anti-proliferation effect of vinblastine was significantly enhanced in vinblastine-resistant Caco-2 cells, which have high P-gp expression, when they were exposed to the selected African herbal preparations. This observation indicates that the studied plant preparations may alter P-gp functionality and therefore lead to interference with the absorption of co-administered drugs. The outcomes of this study provide useful information on whether there are any potential drug-herb interactions between the commonly used African medicinal plants and oral anti-diabetic drugs, at the level of CYP and P-gp drug metabolism and could contribute to better therapeutic management of Type II diabetics. However these predicted interactions will need to be verified in a clinical setting.
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- Date Issued: 2011
Incidence and mechanism of injuries occurring over season among premier and president league hockey teams of the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University
- Authors: Walker, Rostin
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Field hockey injuries -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:10091 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1577 , Field hockey injuries -- South Africa
- Description: The aim of the study was twofold namely (1) to describe and compare the incidence and mechanism of injuries that occurred in the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University hockey teams that play in the Premier and President Leagues; and (2) to determine the relationships between the level of physical preparation of the relevant players and injury occurrence. The study utilised an exploratory-descriptive epidemiological approach, implementing a cohort study design and was conducted over a period of six months. Data collection was done by means of two physical tests, one to assess the players’ endurance and the other to assess their anaerobic fitness. This was performed twice on the participants during the study. Data collection also utilised four questionnaires to determine the following: the players’ personal information and medical history, the preparation and training the players did for hockey, the incidence and mechanism of the injury the players have incurred and the follow-up of the injury to describe the type of injury and the rehabilitation process. The study included 42 participants with 25 from the two Premier League Teams and 17 from the President League Team. The results were placed into table and graph format and elucidated by means of descriptive statistics. Furthermore inferential statistics and Cohen’s d were utilised to determine both statistical and practical significances of differences between groups mean values respectively. The statistical significance of differences between the frequency distributions of the two sample groups was determined by means of Chi2 tests of independence. Cramér’s V statistic was used when there were statistically significant Chi2 tests results to determine the practical significance of the two sample group’s differences. The variable of highest level of play showed the only significant difference with regards to screening statistics as the Premier League Participants had a higher number of years participating at a provincial level. The injury statistics revealed that the incidence of injury in the Premier League was 4.08 injuries per 1000 athlete-exposures (A-E), while there was a significantly higher incidence for the President League of 14.71 injuries per 1000 A-E. Matches showed a significantly higher incidence of injuries (8.18 injuries per 1000 A-E) than xiv practices (2.42 injuries per 1000 A-E) which follows previous research. Goalkeepers and halves showed the highest occurrence of injuries (36 percent each) and are supported by 59 percent of the injuries occurring on the defensive side of the 23 metre line. Contact injuries (collision 6 percent, hit by stick 17 percent and hit by ball 33 percent) accounted for 56 percent of all the injuries. No significant differences were found between the two leagues with regards to preparation, the Multi Stage Shuttle Run Test (MSSRT) and the Repeated Sprint Test (RST), except for one period each for technical skills and aerobic training. The relationship between injuries and training showed no significances with regards to preparation, MSSRT and RST, although there was minimal balance and proprioceptive training performed. Thus the lower league showed a significantly higher incidence of injury with preparation not being a mechanism for injuries.
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- Date Issued: 2011
Management of type 2 diabetes mellitus : a pharmacoepidemiological review
- Authors: Saugur, Anusooya
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Diabetes , Diabetes -- Management , Diabetes -- Diet therapy , Diabetes -- Prevention , Insulin -- Therapeutic use , Hypoglycemia
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPharm
- Identifier: vital:10129 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1635 , Diabetes , Diabetes -- Management , Diabetes -- Diet therapy , Diabetes -- Prevention , Insulin -- Therapeutic use , Hypoglycemia
- Description: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is a progressive disease characterised by hyperglycaemia caused by defects in insulin secretion and insulin action. In early stages of type 2 DM, dietary and lifestyle changes are often sufficient to control blood glucose levels. However, over time, many patients experience β cell dysfunction and require insulin therapy, either alone or in combination with oral agents. There are guidelines available to structure the management of this disease state, including both the use of oral hypoglycaemic agents and or insulin. Besides health complications, there are economic burdens associated with the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study was to determine the management of type 2 DM in a South African sample group of patients drawn from a large medical aid database. The objectives of the study were: to establish the prevalence of type 2 DM relative to age, examine the nature of chronic comorbid disease states, establish trends in the prescribing of insulin relative to other oral hypoglycaemic agents, investigate cost implications, and determine trends in the use of blood and urine monitoring materials by patients. The study was quantitative and retrospective and descriptive statistics were used in the analysis. DM was found to be most prevalent amongst patients between 50 and 59 years old. Results also demonstrated that 83% of DM patients also suffered from other chronic comorbid diseases, with cardiovascular diseases, especially hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia being the most prominent. This study also revealed that DM is predominantly managed with oral hypoglycaemic agents. Changes in drug prescribing, for chronic disease states such as DM may have medical, social and economic implications both for individual patients and for society and it is envisaged that the results of this study can be used to influence future management of DM. Keywords: Pharmacoepidemiology, management, type 2 diabetes mellitus
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- Date Issued: 2011
Molecular characterization, antibiograms and antibacterial activities of selected medicinal plants against some enteric pathogens
- Authors: Bisi-Johnson, Mary Adejumoke
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Diarrhea Diarrhea in children -- Complications Medicinal plants
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , Ph D
- Identifier: vital:18475 , http://hdl.handle.net/11260/d1006643
- Description: Diarrhea diseases remain one of the greatest health problems in many parts of the world. In some cases, the disease is mild and self-limiting; however, the symptoms may be very severe in the elderly and young children (Smith and Cheasty, 1998), as well as in immune compromised patients such as HIV/AIDS patients. The disease is one of the hallmarks of HIV/AIDS in developing countries and is also a cardinal clinical manifestation of water borne infections (Obi et al., 2007). According to a World Health Organization report (WHO, 2004), diarrhea was rated second, after respiratory infections out of the eight deadliest diseases worldwide and was responsible for 1.8 million deaths per year. This infectious disease which can cause dehydration is primarily a symptom of gastrointestinal infection, but chemical irritation of the gut or non-infectious bowel disease can also result in diarrhoe. Studies have shown that the predominant causative agents of acute and persistent diarrhoe are Gram-negative rods such as Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, Aeromonas, Campylobacter, Salmonella species, Shigella species, Plesiomonas shigelloides and Yersinia enterocolitica (Obi et al., 1995, 1998, 2003; Lainson and Silva, 1999; Coker et al., 2002; Oyofo et al., 2002). Aside from bacterial agents of diarrhoea, other causative pathogens include protozoa such as Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum; viruses such as norwalk virus and rota virus. Although fungal agents such as Candida have been shown to be prevalent in children with diarrhoe (Enweani et al. 1994), a more recent study (Forbes et al., 2001), associated higher Candida counts with recent antibiotic use. Faecal concentrations of Candida were higher in patients with diarrhoe, but the study confirmed no association between faecal candida or other yeasts and diarrhoe. Norwalk viruses, calci-like viruses and rota viruses are the major viral agents of diarrhoe. According to Parashar et al., (2006), rota virus is the leading cause of diarrhoe hospitalisation among children worldwide, causing 440,000 annual deaths in children under 5 years of age.
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- Date Issued: 2011
Nursing strategies to facilitate self-management in persons living with diabetes mellitus type 2
- Authors: O'Brien Coleen Ann
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Diabetes -- Treatment , Nurses -- South Africa , Diabetes -- Prevention Popular works
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , DPhil
- Identifier: vital:10019 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1627 , Diabetes -- Treatment , Nurses -- South Africa , Diabetes -- Prevention Popular works
- Description: The growing pandemic of diabetes mellitus (DM) is continuing to spread around the world with developing countries being most vulnerable. Diabetes mellitus is the direct cause of 5 percent of deaths worldwide at present, with an expected increase of 50percent in the next 10 years. Diabetes mellitus was virtually unknown in Africa at the start of the 20th century but the incidence is expected to increase by 80 percent by 2025. South African estimates indicate that at present there are up to four million people living with DM in South Africa, with an expected rise of 25 percent by 2020. If DM is not adequately controlled, life-threatening complications ensue, resulting in financial, physical and emotional costs both for people living with the condition and for their families. There is also a great financial burden on the state, both directly due to the cost of providing health care and indirectly due to loss of productivity and a reduced tax base. Global initiatives against DM include the Diabetes Strategy for Africa compiled by the International Diabetes Federation and World Health Organization. There are several forms of DM with Type 2 being the most common with an estimated 95% of cases. Optimal glycaemic control is essential for the management of DM, potentially allowing the course of the disease to be slowed or halted. The previous medical model of management of chronic disease has changed to an empowerment approach where the person living with the condition is a partner in the management process. This is particularly true of DM where all aspects of life are affected by the condition. During Phase One of this study, a qualitative, exploratory, descriptive, contextual approach was utilized to explore and describe the experiences of persons living with DM and of diabetes nurse educators who assist them in Nelson Mandela Bay. During Phase Two, a conceptual framework was created and utilized to develop strategies which professional nurses may use in facilitating self-management by persons living with DM. Persons living with DM experience a definite initial experience on diagnosis of DM but gradually gain an acceptance and acknowledgment of their condition. They have definite views on the concept of self-management and experience both positive and negative factors influencing self-management. They also have definite ideas on how professional nurses may assist them in achieving self-management. These findings were confirmed ii by the experiences of the diabetes nurse educators who formed the second group of participants in this study. The ACE approach to self-management of DM consists of an Action Strategy, a Coordination Strategy and an Education Strategy. The ACE approach makes use of grand and functional strategies implemented on the macro (national), meso (provincial) and micro (local) levels to enable the professional nurse to assist persons living with DM to achieve self-management of their condition. Grand strategies need to be implemented on a macro or meso level to enable the professional nurse to function effectively on a micro level. Assisting the patient has to go beyond merely improving knowledge about the condition but has to include individual goal setting as well as problem solving skills and coping strategies as part of a therapeutic relationship between the professional nurse and the person living with DM. The level of personal responsibility achieved by persons living with DM is affected by the memes which they hold regarding their level of health and their ability to address any barriers to self-management which they may experience. Making use of the process of the therapeutic relationship, the professional nurse is able to positively influence the memes held by persons living with DM and assist them in achieving a greater level of personal responsibility. The therapeutic relationship is potentially influenced by all three of the strategies described above. This study provides insight into the experiences of persons living with DM and of the diabetes nurse educators who assist them in Nelson Mandela Bay. Recommendations regarding the implementation of a National Diabetes Policy on a macro level are made, as well as recommendations for nursing practice, education and research. The strategies which were evaluated by an Expert Panel provide a tool for the professional nurse to use while assisting persons living with DM by facilitating the growth of personal responsibility leading to self-management.
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- Date Issued: 2011
Plantar force differences before and after an ultra-endurance event
- Authors: Sims, Gwenivere
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Human mechanics , Foot -- Abnormalities , Foot surgery
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:10101 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1012795 , Human mechanics , Foot -- Abnormalities , Foot surgery
- Description: The aim of this study was to determine the pre- and post-plantar force differences of athletes competing in an ultra-endurance event. The study was exploratory and quasi-experimental in nature and utilized a quantitative approach. A Quasi-experimental, one group pretest, posttest design was used. The study involved 84 participants selected by means of convenient sampling from a total of 1552 participants. The equipment used for data collection was the RS Footscan®, stadiometer and a weight scale. Differences between the plantar forces before and after the competition were significant for the sample group, indicating higher forces before the competition (t = -3.62, p = 0.001, d = 0.40). Gender, and novice and expert groupings had no significant effect on the plantar forces (t = 1.43, p = 0.155 and t = 0.21, p = 0.837) respectively. Gender groups had large significant differences between the left and right forefoot (t = 3.90, p = 0.000) and the heel (t = 3.54, p = 0.001), before the competition, but this difference was reduced after the competition from large to moderate significance for the forefoot and the heel (t = 2.84, p = 0.006 and t = 2.99 and p = 0.004) respectively. Lower forces after the ultra-endurance event may indicate compensation due to overuse; with less muscle contraction to control foot roll over for force distribution. Favouring of the right foot for weight bearing changed after the event with smaller differences, which could indicate increase loading of the left feet, which may result in injury. The number of females included in this study was relatively few and therefore the effect of gender in respect of plantar foot force exerted should be interpreted with caution. The novices recorded higher forces in the forefoot, after the competition. Similar results were found in other studies that reported increased pressures under the forefoot after long distance running. The latter findings may suggest that novices have a higher chance for overuse injury.
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- Date Issued: 2011