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"We are all friends here": the social dynamics of a development project

The search for power and legitimacy in Black urban areas: the role of the Urban Councils Association of South Africa

  • Authors: Atkinson, Doreen
  • Date: 1984
  • Subjects: Urban Councils Association of South Africa Neighborhood government -- South Africa Black people -- South Africa -- Politics and government
  • Language: English
  • Type: Book , Text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/1864 , vital:20234 , ISBN 0868101141
  • Description: Since their establishment in 1977, Community Councils, like their predecessors, have been severely criticised by urban blacks for their powerlessness. Councillors themselves are disappointed with their inability to improve the living and working conditions of their constituents, and are aware of the rejection of councils as a meaningful political forum by many sectors of black society. In 1978 the Urban Councils Association of South Africa (UCASA) was formed to tie together the ineffective Councils into a more forceful power bloc, which would provide Councils with greater legitimacy and political credibility in the community. By doing so, UCASA acts as a counter to the Administration Boards manned predominantly by whites; UCASA is therefore in the difficult position of operating within government- created structures, while challenging the very structure on which itself is based. This report will outline UCASA's structure and activities within the context of the controversial position of local black urban authorities. It will also be necessary to describe UCASA's political standpoints, both on issues relating to Community Councils and broader South African problems. Three dominant themes constantly recur: structural deficiencies within UCASA itself; tension between UCASA and white officials within Administration Boards and the Department of Co-operation and Development; and UCASA's reaction to left-wing critics who adhere to the non-collaborationist approach with regard to government-created institutions. These divergent attitudes to UCASA will be discussed in more detail towards the end of the paper; finally, an evaluation of UCASA's success in establishing itself as a focal point of pressure for reform from within the ranks of Community Councils will be presented. , Digitised by Rhodes University Library on behalf of the Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER)
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  • Date Issued: 1984

Local government restructuring : white municipal initiatives 1985-1988

  • Authors: Atkinson, Doreen
  • Date: 1989
  • Subjects: Local government -- South Africa Municipal government -- South Africa
  • Language: English
  • Type: Book , Text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1011618 , vital:20235 , ISBN 0868101826
  • Description: The local government level has historically been the most neglected aspect of government in South Africa, both in research and in conventional political activity. Yet, paradoxically, it has been the level at which several crucial government policies have played themselves out, away from the public eye, but drastic in their effects on the material and political position of all inhabitants of towns and cities in South Africa. This research into local government was begun with two basic questions in mind. Firstly, local-level attempts to alter their own institutional structures needed to be documented and analysed. A consideration of six case studies of white initiatives for change at the local level uncovered numerous political and economic dimensions which interact and set constraints on each other. It is impossible to produce one final interpretation of why these local events happened, what their significance was, and what possibilities they offer for the future. Invariably, each case study is a microcosm of the broader multifaceted conflict in South Africa. This report is an attempt to present as many of these dimensions as possible, even though it cannot ever be complete. , Digitised by Rhodes University Library on behalf of the Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER)
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  • Date Issued: 1989

Opname van die Kaapse Middelland en Karroogebied: deel 1: n Geografiese studie van die Kaapse middelland- en Karroogebied, met spesiale verwysing na die fisiografie en elemente van bodembenutting

Poverty in Duncan Village, East London: a qualitiative perspective

  • Authors: Bank, Leslie John
  • Date: 1996
  • Subjects: Eastern Cape (South Africa) -- Economic conditions Urban poor -- South Africa Rural-urban migration -- South Africa -- East London East London (South Africa) -- Social conditions -- Case studies
  • Language: English
  • Type: Book , Text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/2003 , vital:20246 , ISBN 0868103209
  • Description: East London is a minor coastal city with a fragile economy based largely on the food, motor and textile manufacturing sectors. Between 1945 and 1960 the economy of the city grew rapidly registering annual growth rates in excess of 10%. This growth was based on secondary industrialization in the manufacturing sector. However, since the inauguration of the homeland policy which wedged East London between two impoverished, self- governing homeland states, Transkei and Ciskei, the economy of the city has fared less well. Low annual growth rates were recorded throughout the 1970s and 1980s despite efforts by the Apartheid government to shore up the local economy by offering attractive industrial decentralization incentives in the region. The fragility of the city is not only based on its regional location, but on the absence of mineral and power sources and its distance from major metropolitan markets. Being situated in one of the poorest provinces in the country, East London's growth has always been limited by a weak local consumer market (Swilling 1987: 140). While the economic prospects for the city have recently improved with the dismantling of the homeland system and the centralization of the Eastern Cape's regional government in nearby capital of Bisho (30 minutes’ drive from East London), the city is still badly in need of major economic investment to cater for its rapidly growing population. During the past decade, there has been a massive transfer of population from rural to urban areas in the Eastern Cape generally. This occurred as a result of a softening of homeland borders in the mid-1980s, the removal of the influx control laws in 1986, as well as the deterioration of agricultural prospects in a region gripped by a crippling drought throughout the 1980s. These factors have ensured that East London became the tar-get of a sustained wave of rural-urban immigration. Dozens of new informal settlements have sprung up all over the city during the past five years, while the established townships within the city limits have become hopelessly overcrowded. The research for this project was conducted in East London's most congested township, Duncan Village. In 1995, it had a population of approximately 100 000 people. Between 1964 and 1979, Duncan Village was the target of massive forced removals. , Digitised by Rhodes University Library on behalf of the Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER)
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  • Date Issued: 1996

Small business development in Duncan Village: towards a new development framework

Industrial development in a border area: facts and figures from East London

  • Authors: Barker, John Percy
  • Date: 1966
  • Subjects: East London (South Africa) -- Economic conditions
  • Language: English
  • Type: Book , Text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/2634 , vital:20311
  • Description: In the early 1950’s the area of the eastern Cape Province adjoining the Transkei was the object of an intensive study known as the Border Regional Survey and five volumes have already been published. This work is a more detailed investigation of one aspect of the economy, namely the growth of manufacturing industry. Its importance lies in the fact that not only is the African population increasing rapidly, but that effective rehabilitation of peasant farming in the Transkei and Ciskei must necessarily displace large numbers from the land. Expansion of manufacturing industry would appear to be the most effective means of providing remunerative employment for these people, Moreover, the government has embarked upon a policy of encouraging the establishment of factories on the periphery of the Bantu areas, and the eastern Cape is an important area in this general scheme. It may well be the most crucial testing point of the whole policy of border industries', because with its large Transkeian hinterland it is the area most in need of expanding employment opportunities; but, at the same time, by reason of locational and other disabilities, it is the area in which industrial expansion may be most difficult to achieve. , Digitised by Rhodes University Library on behalf of the Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER)
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  • Date Issued: 1966

The co-operative model as an instrument in the community economic development process

  • Authors: Barratt, Neal
  • Date: 1989
  • Subjects: Fraternal organizations -- South Africa Producer cooperatives Wages -- South Africa Working class -- South Africa Cape Town (South Africa) -- Economic conditions
  • Language: English
  • Type: Book , Text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/2046 , vital:20250 , ISBN 0868101796
  • Description: There has recently been considerable interest in the viability of co-operative enterprise as a means to both social and economic empowerment. The objectives of this broadly-based research have been to address a number of basic aspects of co-operative endeavour. The first of these concerns the realisation that 'cooperative' has become something of a generic term, often incorrectly applied, for any venture which involves a group of persons working towards a common goal, and which has consequently achieved a certain popularity as a political catchword in some circles. The purpose here has been to outline the social, economic and basic legal conditions circumscribed by an accurate definition of this term. The second objective has been to state clearly the different types of co-operative which exist. All subscribe to a similar set of philosophical principles, yet have different purposes. The major categories of co-operative enterprise are called Producer Co-operatives, Service Co-operatives, Worker Cooperatives, Housing Co-operatives, Benefit Societies and Consumer Co-operatives. This list is not exhaustive, and the various other sub-divisions of co-operative endeavour fall under the aegis of one or other of these categories. The third objective has been to acknowledge the different emphases which can be exploited by co-operative projects. These fall into two broad categories; namely, as instruments of economic or of social change. Having investigated the nature of co-operative endeavour, it has been important to accept the fact that despite much well- meaning activity in a sphere which has been lauded by some as a universal panacea to the social and economic ills which beset South Africa in these present times, the success rate of co-operatives has been far less than perfect. The reasons for this situation rest on a number of factors; the most important of which have to do with the degree of cooperative community ethos, access to capital for startup costs, the degree and nature of skills available, and the degree of training and experience in marketing and market analysis, costing, bookkeeping, general literacy and management skills. The research which has been conducted in this field has resulted in the production of a companion instruction manual, in workshop format, which will permit training and exercises in the above areas, and which is available from the Development Studies Unit. , Digitised by Rhodes University Library on behalf of the Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER)
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  • Date Issued: 1989

Farmers' strategies and their implications for land reform in the Orange Free State

  • Authors: Beinart, William
  • Date: 1994
  • Subjects: Agriculture -- Orange Free State Land reform -- South Africa -- Orange Free State Land tenure -- Orange Free State
  • Language: English
  • Type: text , Manuscript
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/2813 , vital:20328
  • Description: It is possible to conjure a wide variety of future agricultural scenarios in South Africa. But new policies should be developed only with close attention to what exists and what is feasible. Analysis of the potential for land reform should remain sensitive to local ecological and economic conditions and to the current strategies of both farmers and dispossessed. Rural life for many people remains insecure. Farmworkers are particularly vulnerable at present and might become more so in a phase of rapid reform and uncertainty. Although the most carefully planned strategy of reform might be undermined by the sheer demand for land or informal reoccupations, the aims of restitution, justice and redistribution should be tempered by the equally difficult demands of production. Drawing on material from a local research project in the Orange Free State (OFS), done jointly with Colin Murray, this article concentrates on three issues: patterns of land ownership; farming strategies; and land availability. The position of farmworkers and those who have recently moved off farms, as well as the potential for new patterns of occupation will be addressed in subsequent project papers (Murray, 1993). , Digitised by Rhodes University Library on behalf of the Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER)
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  • Date Issued: 1994

Some development issues in Ciskei

  • Authors: Bekker, S B , Black, Philip A , Rouz, A D
  • Date: 1982
  • Subjects: Ciskei (South Africa) -- Economic conditions Ciskei (South Africa) -- Economic policy Ciskei (South Africa) -- Population
  • Language: English
  • Type: Book , Text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/2249 , vital:20269 , ISBN 0868100986
  • Description: The territory known as Ciskei - an independent national state - and its de facto residents, known as Ciskeians, are the administrative, organisational and financial responsibility of the Ciskei government. As such, this government plans strategies aimed at promoting development for Ciskeians in its territory. Very broadly, 'development' is understood to mean the improvement of the life chances and living conditions of Ciskeians, and of poorer Ciskeians in particular (Ward, 1980). The Ciskei government, by its very nature, thus sees itself as intimately involved in the creation and implementation of a development strategy focussed on its territory. This paper has three interrelated aims. First, a demographic and socio-economic profile of Ciskei will be presented. This will be attempted by using such generally accepted indicators as trends in population, gross national product, unemployment rates, and per capita income. In addition, three types of classification will be introduced to sharpen this profile. Ciskeian resident communities will be grouped together, on the basis of their location and access to productive activities, into (i) urban communities, (ii) rural villages, and (iii) closer settlements. In the second place, cash- -earning workers will be grouped together, on the basis of their places of residence and of work, into (i) Ciskeian workers, (ii) frontier commuters (Riekert, 1979), and (iii) migrants. Finally, a distinction will be drawn between the income accruing to resident Ciskeian households (i) which is earned within Ciskei itself, and (ii) which is earned outside Ciskei. , Digitised by Rhodes University Library on behalf of the Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER)
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  • Date Issued: 1982

Perspectives on rural development in Ciskei, 1983

  • Authors: Bekker, S B , Hughes, C E B
  • Date: 1984
  • Subjects: Ciskei (South Africa) -- Rural conditions Community development -- South Africa -- Ciskei Rural development -- South Africa -- Ciskei
  • Language: English
  • Type: Book , Text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/2271 , vital:20271 , ISBN 0868101036
  • Description: Rural development comprises three components: production, consumption and organisation. PRODUCTION points to the activities rural people undertake to obtain goods (such as food) and services (such as transport) for themselves and others in their community. Production can be measured in terms of the amount of money a rural family earns, or in terms of the amount of food the family grows and consumes. CONSUMPTION points to the fulfilment of the needs—in the first place, the basic needs—of rural families. Primary examples are the availability of clean water and of wood as a fuel source, of health and adequate nutrition, of education, welfare and transport. These needs are met by the delivery of services to a rural community. Services are provided in the first place by the central state, often through its local authority (in Ciskei, the Tribal Authority). They may also be provided by voluntary associations active in the community, or by the household itself. ORGANISATION points simply to the ways in which productive activities (work) and consumption (receiving) are linked together in a rural community. The structure of the Tribal Authority and village councils, of schools, clinics, agricultural cooperatives, churches and women's groups are examples. All these institutions are designed to improve production and consumption in a given rural community. A rural development strategy then is a strategy aimed at improving production, consumption and the ways in which these two are linked. A rural development strategy moreover is initiated by the central government and can therefore be seen as a relationship between the central government and rural communities in Ciskei. , Digitised by Rhodes University Library on behalf of the Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER)
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  • Date Issued: 1984

Black urban employment and Coloured labour preference

  • Authors: Bekker, S B , Coetzee, Johannes Hendrik
  • Date: 1980
  • Subjects: Black people -- Employment -- South Africa -- Cape Town Colored people (South Africa) -- Employment -- South Africa -- Cape Town Labor supply -- South Africa -- Cape Town Health services administration -- South Africa
  • Language: English
  • Type: Book , Text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/2216 , vital:20266 , ISBN 0868100420
  • Description: State control over the labour market usually results in the creation of different categories of labour, each having partial and unequal access to that market. In the Third World, typically, justification for control arises from an over-supply of unskilled rural labour and a small demand for such labour in the wage economy. To reduce massive urban unemployment, the state attempts to control the process of rural-urban migration by, inter alia, manipulating the labour market. ^ In South Africa, the civilised labour policy of the Pact government and the highly sophisticated system of black influx control introduced after the Second World War are two examples of such state control. In these cases, racial categories of labour, having differential access to the labour market, were created. The policy of Coloured Labour Preference is another South African example which is of particular interest since it is applied solely to one region of the Republic. Since 1962, when it was administratively coordinated for the first time, this policy has been applied in the Western Cape, a region comprising the 68 magisterial districts situated south-west of Port Elizabeth, Kimberley and the Orange River. In this region, black work-seekers' access to the labour market is severely curtailed. A series of regulations, particular to the Western Cape, are applied with the object of restricting the number of blacks resident in the region; denying blacks permanent rights of sojourn in the region; restricting the scope of employment for blacks in the region; and favouring coloured above black work-seekers throughout the region. In short, the policy aims to replace black by coloured labour and thereby aims to reduce to a minimum the number of blacks in the region. , Digitised by Rhodes University Library on behalf of the Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER)
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  • Date Issued: 1980

Tsweletswele: problems and prospects for development in a peri-urban closer settlement in Ciskei

  • Authors: Bekker, S B , Fincham, Robert J , Manona, Cecil W , Whisson, Michael G
  • Date: 1983
  • Subjects: Ciskei (South Africa) -- Economic conditions Ciskei (South Africa) -- Economic policy Tsweletswele (Ciskei, South Africa) Nutrition -- South Africa -- Ciskei Public health -- South Africa -- Ciskei Working class -- South Africa Africans -- Nutrition Agriculture -- South Africa -- Ciskei
  • Language: English
  • Type: Book , Text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/2260 , vital:20270 , ISBN 0868100552
  • Description: In Ciskei, the development of urban housing and local authority structures has not been able to keep up with this immigration. As a result, a number of communities have sprung up in the tribal Authority areas close to this conurbation of some half a million people. These communities are neither urban nor rural, and comprise people with rural farmworker backgrounds who obtain their main source of income from employment in urban areas. In contradistinction to their true rural cousins, the breadwinners in these communities do not need to become migrants living and working far from home. Rather, they work during the week in an urban location close to home, and return on weekends to their families and children. This volume reports on one such community. The settlement of Tsweletswele is new, situated in a Tribal area, and within thirty kilometres of East London. Its residents who came from farms in the region work in East London. Their level of living is low, their access to state services minimal, and their tenure in the settlement uncertain. This report aims quite simply to establish what strategies these people choose to survive in their settlement. Subsequently, a set of recommendations are made which are aimed at improving the levels of living in the community, the delivery of essential services, and the tenure arrangements in the settlement , Digitised by Rhodes University Library on behalf of the Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER)
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  • Date Issued: 1983

Some human and structural constraints on rural development: the Amatola Basin, a Ciskeian case study

  • Authors: Bekker, S B , De Wet, Christopher J
  • Date: 1982
  • Subjects: Amatola River Watershed (South Africa) Agriculture -- South Africa -- Ciskei Land tenure -- South Africa -- Ciskei Middledrift (South Africa)
  • Language: English
  • Type: Book , Text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/2227 , vital:20267 , ISBN 0868100900
  • Description: A rural development project is currently under way in the Amatola Basin, Ciskei. This paper introduces the project and outlines the socio-economic and agricultural conditions current in the area. An overview of present project activities is included. It then attempts to identify a number of potential and actual human and structural constraints operating on the implementation of the project. Such constraints arise out of the existing agricultural system in the project area, as well as out of the state bureaucratic structures operating in Ciskei, and the agency implementing the project itself. One aim is to identify the units involved in dryland cultivation. This is done by tracing ties of cooperation between cultivating households in one Amatola village. It will be shown, in this village at least, that the household does not form the main unit of cultivation. A second aim of this paper is to show that checks on rural development in general should not be sought solely within the area under consideration, but derive to an important degree from outside sources. , Digitised by Rhodes University Library on behalf of the Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER)
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  • Date Issued: 1982

A socio-economic survey of the Amatola Basin: interim report

Langkloof farmers' practices and attitudes regarding coloured and black farmworkers

  • Authors: Bekker, S B , Humphries, Richard G , Metelerkamp, D
  • Date: 1982
  • Subjects: Africans -- Employment Colored people (South Africa) -- Employment Langkloof (South Africa) Farmers -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Agricultural laborers -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
  • Language: English
  • Type: Book , Text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/2238 , vital:20268 , ISBN 0868100919
  • Description: This paper reports on an investigation of the effects of the policy of Coloured Labour Preference in a rural area of the Western Cape. This policy, which has been analysed more fully elsewhere1, aims to restrict the number of black employees in the Western Cape, the region within which the policy is applied, by granting Coloureds preferential access to urban and rural labour markets. The Langkloof is a valley in which modern mechanised agricultural techniques are employed to specialise in the production of deciduous fruit, apples in particular. Farms are owned by whites, and the majority of farm workers are (classified) Coloured. A substantial number of black farm workers are also employed. The Kloof is served by two good roads and a narrow gauge railway linking the villages of the Kloof to Port Elizabeth. The Langkloof, moreover, is situated close to the boundary of the Western Cape, and therefore close to the line demarcating the region within which the policy of Coloured Labour Preference is applied. The investigation, which was executed in late 1980, included a number of visits to the Langkloof, interviews with officials of the Departments of Agriculture and Manpower, and of the Eastern Cape Administration Board, as well as a survey of white farmers' attitudes and practices. This survey was designed to elicit information relevant to the rural labour situation in the Langkloof, and to identify differences in attitudes and practices with regard to Coloured and black farmworkers. The focus of the survey was on the eastern half of the valley, commonly known as the Middel- and Onder-Langkloof. , Digitised by Rhodes University Library on behalf of the Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER)
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  • Date Issued: 1982

The industrial development policy of Ciskei

  • Authors: Black, Philip A , McCartan, Patrick John , Clayton, P M
  • Date: 1986
  • Subjects: Ciskei Peoples Development Bank Manufactures -- South Africa -- Ciskei Industries -- South Africa -- Ciskei Ciskei (South Africa) -- Economic conditions Ciskei (South Africa) -- Economic policy
  • Language: English
  • Type: Book , Text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/2083 , vital:20254 , ISBN 0868101451
  • Description: There can be little doubt that manufacturing industry is one of the principal vehicles in the process of economic growth and development. The effect of growth in output and employment in this sector usually stimulates other sectors making for an expansion of output and employment opportunities across an entire economy. This paper is thus concerned with the development of manufacturing industry in Ciskei over the past decade as well as its prospects for growth in the foreseeable future. The paper itself falls into five sections. Section 1 provides a brief historical overview of political and constitutional developments and of industrial growth in the Border region and in Ciskei ever the past fifteen years. Section 2 outlines the current incentive package and indicates its impact on the industrial sector of Ciskei. Section 3 considers the recommendations of the Swart Commission while Section 4 discusses the role and activities of the Ciskei People's Development Bank. Section 5 presents the findings of a limited survey of manufacturing firms in Ciskei and leads onto the final section which offers some recommendations for industrial development in Ciskei specifically and in Region D as a whole. , Digitised by Rhodes University Library on behalf of the Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER)
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  • Date Issued: 1986

A demographic and socio-economic profile of Region D

  • Authors: Black, Philip A , McCartan, Patrick John , Clayton, P M
  • Date: 1986
  • Subjects: Eastern Cape (South Africa) -- Population -- Statistics Eastern Cape (South Africa) -- Economic conditions -- Statistics Eastern Cape (South Africa) -- Social conditions -- Statistics
  • Language: English
  • Type: Book , Text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/2053 , vital:20251 , ISBN 0868101486
  • Description: Region D is one of the eight so-called development regions created in terms of a regional development strategy mapped out by the South African government in a White Paper of 1982. The region essentially consists of the Eastern Cape Province, the Border corridor, and the nominally 'independent' homelands of Ciskei and Transkei (southern part) stretching from Uniondale in the west, to Middelburg in the north and Umtata in the east. There is clearly a need to develop a data base for this region especially as it has been afforded priority status in terms of the new regional development policy. The purpose of this Working Paper is therefore to provide a statistical profile of Region D, distinguishing where possible between various sub-regions within Region D and between Region D and the rest of South Africa. , Digitised by Rhodes University Library on behalf of the Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER)
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  • Date Issued: 1986

Risk and benefit as functions of savings and loan clubs: an examination of the importance of rotating credit associations for poor women in Rhini

Domestic strategies of rural Transkeian women

  • Authors: Cloete, Laura
  • Date: 1992
  • Subjects: Rural families -- South Africa -- Transkei Women -- South Africa -- Transkei Women -- South Africa Sex role -- South Africa -- Transkei Rural women -- South Africa -- Transkei Transkei (South Africa) -- Social conditions Transkei (South Africa) -- Rural conditions Transkei (South Africa) -- Economic conditions
  • Language: English
  • Type: Book , Text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/2014 , vital:20247 , ISBN 0868102342
  • Description: This research, originally undertaken as part of a B.A.(Honours) Degree in Anthropology, has several aims. Firstly, it aims to reveal the various community options available to women in rural Transkei for coping with their domestic activities in the face of the large-scale absence of men. It will analyse the rationale behind the choices and their consequences for the women’s workload. Secondly, this will illuminate gender and generational roles and attitudes of community members, present and absent, in the community. The focus, in this case, will be predominantly on women, however. Thirdly, and finally, this research will analyse the relationships of power between men and women, and between adults and children by examining the various influences, such as religion and education, which constrain and coerce their behaviour and attitudes. From this, we should be left with an illuminating picture of the forces under which women operate in rural Transkei; and with some insight into their behaviour and attitudes, their beliefs and aspirations and into their lives. , Digitised by Rhodes University Library on behalf of the Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER)
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  • Date Issued: 1992
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