Specialty Grand Challenges in Urban Agriculture: Ecological and Social Approaches to Sustainability Transformations
- Authors: Zimmerer, Karl S , Bell, Martha G , Chirisa, Innocent , Duvall, Chris S , Egerer, Monika , Hung, Po-Yi , Lerner, Amy M , Shackleton, Charlie M , Ward, James David , Yacamán Ochoa, Carolina
- Date: 2021
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/175779 , vital:42623 , https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2021.668561
- Description: This synopsis of the Grand Challenges of Urban Agriculture (UA) is framed by the urgent need to understand and strengthen the expanding yet highly diverse roles of UA amid rapid global urbanization, failures of predominant food systems, and crises in systems of physical and mental health. More than half of humanity lives in cities today and by 2030 this is projected to grow to 60.4 percent, ~5 billion people (UN Habitat, 2020). More than 90 percent of urban demographic increase is anticipated to take place in the developing world.
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- Date Issued: 2021
Securitisation and its application to low cost housing finance in South Africa
- Authors: Zimbwa, Allan Golden
- Date: 2007
- Subjects: South Africa. Constitution , Human rights -- Government policy -- South Africa , Right to housing -- South Africa , Housing -- Law and legislation -- South Africa , Housing policy -- South Africa , Low income housing -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: vital:1011 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002746 , South Africa. Constitution , Human rights -- Government policy -- South Africa , Right to housing -- South Africa , Housing -- Law and legislation -- South Africa , Housing policy -- South Africa , Low income housing -- South Africa
- Description: Section 26 of the Constitution of South Africa Act 108 of 1996 provides that housing is a basic human right and that the government must take reasonable legislative and other measures to achieve the realisation of this right. A number of measures were taken to try to resolve this socio-economic issue. A number of housing institutions were established , various pieces of legislation were passed and housing subsidies were provided. However, housing backlogs remain a challenge. In March 1994 the housing backlog was estimated between 1,3 and 1,8 million units. When more than a million houses were provided by 2001 , the housing backlog had increased to between 2 and 3 million houses. To date subsidies in excess of R29 billion have been spent on housing provision. A study by the Department of Housing concluded that, at the current rate of increase of housing funding vis-a-vis the growing backlog and rapid urbanisation, the household backlog will not be changed in ten years' time. The United States of America (USA) had a similar low cost housing problem, but securitisation alleviated it with the participation of government agencies Fannie Mae, Ginnie Mae and Freddie Mac. In South Africa, the NHFC tried to emulate the USA model by establishing Gateway Home Loans (Pty) Limited (Gateway) in 1999. Gateway, however, was not a success. This research investigates whether securitisation can be applied in South Africa to alleviate the low cost housing issue. The study finds that there is a credit availability gap for the low income sector earning less than R8 000 per month because of the perceived risk of default and unwillingness by banks to lend to this sector. The increase in housing backlog that continues unabated, inadequate housing finance system to low income earners, the lessons learnt from the failure of Gateway, the success factors of the USA securitisation model and the sound and sophisticated South African financial system are the rationale for applying securitisation. A proposal of how to effectively apply securitisation to low cost housing in South Africa is provided with recommendations to revive the primary market.
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- Date Issued: 2007
Managing an inclusive school: a case study of a pilot school in Swaziland
- Authors: Zimba, Zondani
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Inclusive education -- Swaziland -- Mbabane Special education -- Swaziland -- Mbabane Learning disabled children -- Education -- Swaziland -- Mbabane Students with disabilities -- Swaziland -- Mbabane School management and organization -- Swaziland -- Mbabane
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: vital:1669 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003552
- Description: Inclusive Education (IE) reflects the values, ethos, and culture of an education system committed to excellence by promoting education opportunities for all learners. IE is about building a more just society and ensuring the right to education for all learners regardless of their individual characteristics or difficulties (UNESCO: 2007). The kingdom of Swaziland has committed itself to high quality basic education which provides equal opportunities for all children and youth. This is evident in the Swaziland National Constitution (2006). To promote Education for All (EFA) as stated in the constitution, an IE Policy has been developed and a draft policy is in place. The programme has been operational since 2006. There are nine pilot schools and four teachers from each school who have been trained on how to handle pupils with disabilities. The programme will be rolled out to 608 primary schools by 2015. In this research, the goal was to investigate how a School Management Board responds to the challenges of managing an Inclusive School. This research is a qualitative interpretive case study based in one of the pilot schools in Mbabane in Swaziland. The study used document analysis, semi‐structured interviews and focus groups to collect data. The study revealed that the school has done much in accommodating IE as there are changes in management structures and approaches, organizational culture and operating procedures. On the other hand, there are still significant challenges such as a lack of knowledge of inclusion and negativity on the part of learners and parents. Other challenges include inadequate training for educators and lack of suitable infrastructure. The study concludes by recommending improved staff development programmes, infrastructure upgrades, acquiring appropriate teaching and learning resources and employing multidisciplinary personnel.
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- Date Issued: 2012
Challenges faced by traditional healers when treating people living with HIV and AIDS: the case of Intsika Municipality, Eastern Cape province
- Authors: Zimba, Zibonele France
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: People with HIV and AIDS disease -- Healers -- South Africa , Traditional medicine -- South Africa , HIV infections -- Treatment -- South Africa , AIDS (Disease) -- Treatment -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , M SW
- Identifier: vital:11768 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1015357 , People with HIV and AIDS disease -- Healers -- South Africa , Traditional medicine -- South Africa , HIV infections -- Treatment -- South Africa , AIDS (Disease) -- Treatment -- South Africa
- Description: The aim of the study was to examine the procedures followed by traditional healers treating people living with HIV and AIDS in the Instika Municipality and the challenges faced by them in this endeavour. Using the qualitative research method, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions were conducted with twenty traditional healers. Among the significant findings of this study were the hardships encountered by traditional healers in terms of finance, the transport needed to collect medicinal plants, the shortage of medicinal plants, the lack of co-operation from the formal health care sector and the discrimination and abuse suffered at the hands of members of the community, with Christians and members of the SAPS being among the chief antagonists. It is also acknowledged in this study that traditional healers have been trained by the Department of Health concerning issues of hygiene and that traditional healers have knowledge of the symptoms of HIV and AIDS. It can therefore be concluded that traditional healers have a significant role to play in preventing the spread of HIV and AIDS if they employ preventative measures such as the use of protective gloves and limiting the use of a blade to one patient only. However, traditional healers are not supplied with safety kits or condoms to distribute to patients who consult them for treatment of STIs.
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- Date Issued: 2014
The impact of family preservation and family reunification services on families in South Africa: a case study of Amathole District Municipality in the Eastern Cape Province
- Authors: Zimba, Zibonele France
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Family services Dysfunctional families -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Family social work -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , Degree
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/3088 , vital:28260
- Description: Families in communities remain vulnerable and, apart from poverty, face a host of other crises and challenges on a daily basis. Amongst the challenges that families face, children are affected most. Services targeting families with very young children therefore are imperative. This study was aimed at exploring the impact of family preservation and family reunification services on families in South Africa, with a focus on the Eastern Cape Province. To answer the research questions of this study, the research adopted a mixed methods design known as methodological triangulation. The study incorporated two sets of participants, Social Workers and heads of families that benefit from family preservation and family reunification services. The total sample for the study included 260 participants; 220 of the participants were heads of families and 40 of the participants were Social Workers. Questionnaires were administered to 200 heads of families and 20 Social Workers selected by means of the random sampling technique. In addition, 20 heads of families and 20 Social Workers who participated in in-depth interviews were purposively selected. The quantitative data were analysed by means of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and qualitative data were categorised with the use of themes and subthemes
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- Date Issued: 2017
Recidivism in children after completion of rhythm of life diversion programme in Chris Hani Eastern Cape
- Authors: Zimba, Thanduxolo
- Date: 2022-09
- Subjects: Grahamstown (South Africa) , Eastern Cape (South Africa) , South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/27651 , vital:69380
- Description: One of the recommendations made by the South African Law Commission (SALC) (1997) when discussing the issue of child justice was that the justice system should aim to promote the well-being of the child and deal with the child in an individualised way. This dissertation discusses recidivism in children after completing the Rhythm of Life (ROL) diversion programme which aims at diverting children who conflict with the law away from criminal procedures to programmes that assist in behaviour modification. The study is inspired by the need to uncover the effectiveness of the programme and the challenges encountered when it is delivered. It is further motivated by the need to expose the reasons why children return to the criminal justice system after having attended the ROL diversion programme. Additionally, it seeks to gain perspectives of the probation officers’ and parents’ insights on the observed changes after the attendance of the programme. The study utilised a qualitative methodology with an interpretive and descriptive paradigm, which used in-depth interviews and focus groups as a method of data collection. The participants of the study were children who completed the ROL diversion programme, parents or guardians of children who completed the ROL diversion programme, and probation officers implementing the programme. The data was analysed and presented following the following four themes, i.e., factors contributing to recidivism by children after completion of the ROL diversion programme, diversion programme content, and completion of the diversion programme and the effectiveness of the ROL diversion programme. The literature consulted was broken up into; the historical development of diversion programmes and the inherent legislative framework, the magnitude and extent of recidivism of children after completion of the ROL diversion programme, and the factors which contribute to recidivism by children after completion of the ROL diversion programme. The reviewed literature further scrutinised the global, regional, and South African perspectives on managing young people, and lastly reviewed the benefits and challenges of diversion programmes in general. The study used the social learning theory as a theoretical framework to explain and discuss recidivism and the effectiveness of diversion programmes. This is a general approach to psychology and regards criminal behaviour as no different from any kind of behaviour as it is learned through the processes of observation, imitation and vicarious reinforcement and punishment. The findings of the study revealed that the impact of absent and or lack of father figures in the family influenced the children to get involved in criminal activities. The findings further indicated that probation officers face various challenges when facilitating the programme, such as substance abuse by children, lack of resources and functional aids, and the language as the facilitator guide is written in English. It was also discovered that parents from the sample used an authoritarian style of parenting, which exerts high expectations from children while providing little in the way of feedback and nurturance. Lastly, the findings indicated that the ROL diversion programme does modify the behaviour of children on completion. However, the main challenge is the environment the children return to after completion as it is assumed as a contributing factor to committing the crime. One of the recommendations is to strengthen parenting programmes and to introduce a programme for parents or guardians of children with serious behavioural challenges, another recommendation is the development of a risk assessment tool for young people, to assist probation officers in holistically dealing with children. Additionally, probation service practitioners should be provided by the government with the necessary resources to ensure that aftercare services are rendered effectively and efficiently. The researcher lastly recommends that probation officers conduct an intervention evaluation after the programme to identify children who could not understand the content of the programme so that additional methods of intervention could be employed such as casework. The study had the following conclusions; risk factors such as lack of parental support, substance abuse, peer pressure and bereavement were causes for re-offending in the children interviewed; the programme manual presents a challenge in terms of language, because the manual is written in English, and not all children can understand English; the issue of restorative justice was overlooked by probation officers when dealing with children when they re-offended. The study also concluded that the ROL diversion programme is effective to a certain extent, depending on how the children utilize the skills acquired from the programme, and as the parents reflected that they observed a change in their children’s behaviour post-diversion, while children also expressed that they learnt valuable life skills which made them resilient. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2022
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- Date Issued: 2022-09
Using the larval parasitoid, Agathis bishopi (Nixon) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), for early detection of false codling moth, Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) infested fruit
- Authors: Zimba, Kennedy Josaya
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Cryptophlebia leucotreta , Citrus -- Diseases and pests -- South Africa , Pests -- Biological control -- South Africa , Cryptophlebia leucotreta -- Detection , Parasitoids -- Hosts , Braconidae
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5919 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1017186
- Description: Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is one of the major citrus pests of economic importance for South Africa’s citrus industry. It is endemic to Africa, and therefore a phytosanitary pest with zero tolerance by most export markets. The cryptic nature of T. leucotreta makes visual inspection an inefficient method for detecting neonate larvae in fruit in the packhouse. Therefore, a more accurate method for sorting infested fruit at the packhouse, particularly for newly infested fruit could ensure market access. A recent study showed that fruit infested by T. leucotreta emit a chemical profile different from that of a healthy fruit. Several studies provide evidence that parasitoids locate their hosts feeding on fruit by exploiting the novel chemical profiles produced due to host herbivory. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of using the naturally occurring behaviour of a larval parasitoid Agathis bishopi (Nixon) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) for detection of T. leucotreta infested fruit, by determining which compound in infested fruit is attractive to parasitoids. Ytube olfactometer and flight-tunnel bioassays with healthy and T. leucotreta infested fruit showed a significantly stronger response of A. bishopi female parasitoids to infested fruit. Among the volatile compounds associated with T. leucotreta infested fruit, D-limonene elicited the strongest attraction to A. bishopi female parasitoids. Attraction of mated A. bishopi female parasitoids to T. leucotreta infested fruit and D-limonene significantly increased after oviposition experience. Behavioural responses of A. bishopi female parasitoids that were associated with T. leucotreta infested fruit were investigated to determine which behaviours are distinct and interpretable. Probing and oviposition behaviours were the most noticeable and were only elicited on infested fruit when parasitoids contacted T. leucotreta frass, indicating that chemical compounds in frass are short-range cues used for final host location. Since production of D-limonene by fruit is elevated due to herbivory by different pests including mechanical injury on fruit, response of A. bishopi female parasitoids to compounds in frass offers a more specific and potentially useful mechanism for development of a detection system for T. leucotreta infested fruit. Chemical analysis of T. leucotreta frass and conditioning A. bishopi parasitoids to respond behaviourally to compounds in frass is proposed.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
Agathis bishopi, a larval parasitoid of false codling moth Thaumatotibia leucotreta: laboratory rearing and effect of adult food on parasitism and longevity
- Authors: Zimba, Kennedy J , Moore, Sean D , Heshula, LU , Hill, Martin P
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/406985 , vital:70328 , xlink:href="https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC185849"
- Description: Agathis bishopi (Nixon) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is a koinobiont larval endoparasitoid of false codling moth (FCM), Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), a pest of economic importance on citrus in South Africa. In the field Agathis bishopi was found to parasitise up to 34 % of FCM larvae in fruit, reflecting reasonable biocontrol potential. Improving the rearing of A. bishopi would therefore complement the existing biocontrol strategies for FCM. In several parasitic wasps, sugar concentration and feeding duration has been shown to influence parasitism and longevity. However, their effect on parasitism and longevity of A. bishopi is unknown. In the present study a rearing protocol for A. bishopi is described, including evaluation of the effects of honey concentration on parasitoid longevity. On average, 18.2%of FCM larvae in rearing containers were parasitised under the rearing protocol described. Cotton wool, instead of paper towelling, as honey carrier for feeding parasitoids in rearing containers significantly increased parasitism and yield of offspring. Furthermore, longevity significantly increased with higher concentrations of honey. Maximum lifespan duration for male and female parasitoids was achieved when parasitoids were fed on 36 % (w/v) honey. Results from this study indicate that A. bishopi requires a sufficient concentration of sugar, coupled with frequent and prolonged feeding on a cotton wool substrate, in order to achieve maximum parasitism and longevity. Such information provides a basis for optimising mass-rearing and longevity of A. bishopi and parasitism of FCM in orchards.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
Host searching and oviposition behaviour of Agathis bishopi (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a larval parasitoid of false codling moth, Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae): a potential proxy indicator for fruit infestation
- Authors: Zimba, Kennedy J , Heshula, LU , Moore, Sean D , Hill, Martin P
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/407019 , vital:70330 , xlink:href="https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC195073"
- Description: Agathis bishopi (Nixon) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)is an arrhenotokous larval endoparasitoid of Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) (Gendall 2007; Hofmeyr et al. 2015) commonly known as false codling moth (FCM), a major pest of citrus in South Africa (Moore et al. 2004; Malan et al. 2011). Under field conditions, A. bishopi was identified attacking more than 34% of FCM larvae in fruit, showing good biocontrol potential (Gendall 2007). Preference by A. bishopi for parasitising the early instars of its concealed host suggests that the parasitoid has strong natural host location ability (Sishuba 2003; Gendall 2007).
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
Agathis bishopi (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) as a potential tool for detecting oranges infested with Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
- Authors: Zimba, Kennedy J , Hill, Martin P , Moore, Sean D , Heshula, Unathi
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/423955 , vital:72108 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10905-015-9526-0"
- Description: In South Africa, Thaumatotibia leucotreta is a key pest of citrus impacting its production and trade. Detection of newly infested fruit by visual inspection is challenging and poses a risk of packing infested with healthy fruit for export. Agathis bishopi is a larval endoparasitoid of T. leucotreta, attacking early larval instars. Understanding how A. bishopi parasitoids locate fruit infested with their host is of interest for developing an efficient detector for T. leucotreta infested fruit. The response of female adult A. bishopi parasitoids to olfactory and visual cues associated with T. leucotreta infested fruit were evaluated using a Y-tube olfactometer and flight tunnel. Agathis bishopi parasitoids were strongly attracted to infested fruit over healthy fruit, either when only olfactory or combinations of visual and olfactory cues were offered. Among the four synthetic compounds tested, D-limonene and ocimene elicited a strong attraction to parasitoids with response rates of 92 % and 72 % respectively. A blend of four synthetic compounds simulating T. leucotreta infested fruit odour equally elicited strong attraction to parasitoids (84 % response rate). Attraction of parasitoids to infested fruit cues was heightened by prior experience, suggesting the occurrence of associative learning. Results from this study indicate that A. bishopi parasitoids mainly rely on olfactory cues in host habitat location and that D-limonene and ocimene are the major attractants in infested fruit volatiles. These findings and the potential for manipulating A. bishopi for detection of infested fruit in the packhouse are discussed.
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- Date Issued: 2015
Decentralised cooperative governance in the South African metropolitan municipalities
- Authors: Zimba, Anthony Andile
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Community development -- South Africa , Local government -- South Africa , Intergovernmental cooperation -- South Africa , Public administration -- South Africa , Human services -- South Africa , Municipal government -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD (Social Science Dev)
- Identifier: vital:11427 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/536 , Community development -- South Africa , Local government -- South Africa , Intergovernmental cooperation -- South Africa , Public administration -- South Africa , Human services -- South Africa , Municipal government -- South Africa
- Description: The study emanates from the constitutional imperatives with regard to the role of local government in community development. The notion of cooperative governance is envisaged in the South African Constitution which stipulates that all spheres of government must adhere to the principles of cooperative government and must conduct their activities within the parameters prescribed by the Constitution. The purpose is to support and strengthen the capacity of the local governments to manage their own affairs and to perform their functions. The basic values and principles governing public administration entail that: it must be broadly representative of the people of South Africa in order to redress the imbalances. The existing gaps in the legislation on decision making power at the local level of the municipality, be it in a ward committee or sub council, have not been adequately addressed in the post 1994 democratic dispensation. It is in this context that this study seeks to address these gaps and obstacles, and contribute to the design and development of a decentralized cooperative governance model, specifically to the six metropolitan municipalities and also provide a basis for further research. The findings of the research could be adapted as a national policy in the empowering of municipalities through the dispersal of democratic power which is an essential ingredient of inclusive governance. Based on a case study of six metropolitan municipalities, the research is intended to contribute to the development of empirically grounded; praxis and practical guideline in decentralized cooperative governance which can be adopted and institutionalized in public administration. It is believed that a study of decentralized cooperative governance adds value in that it seeks to link decentralized power and local development. Rather than civil society organisations being seen as adversarial, a creative partnership with the state in local development is crucial. This political assimilation is critical in the construction of democracy through fusing the substantive values of a political culture with the procedural requisites of democratic accountability. This serves to fragment and disperse political power and maintain a system of checks and balances with regard to the exercise of governmental power. The capacity for innovation, flexibility and change can be enhanced at the local level, and it is a cliché that local decision making is viewed as more democratic in contrast to central, top-down decision-making processes. A syncretistic model for local government based on the political adaptation of political and inclusive decentralisation is outlined.
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- Date Issued: 2012
Exploring the importance of the mother/child relationship during maternal incarceration : a case study at Worcester female correctional centre
- Authors: Zill, Lizelle Jessie
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Mother and child Children of women prisoners--Effect of imprisonment on Mother-Child Relations
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , Social Work
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/16058 , vital:40660
- Description: The intention of this research was to explore and discuss the importance of the mother/child relationship during maternal incarceration for aiding a successful reunificationupon release. The Department of Correctional Services is committed to providing a needs-based approach to all offenders including female offenders, who are recognised as special category offenders. The study made use of a qualitative approach and the research design was based on a case study. Data was gathered by means of in-depth interviews with nineteen participants at the Worcester Female Correctional Centre. A literature study was conducted on the importance of strengthening and supporting the mother/child relationship during maternal incarceration, and the challenges experienced in maintaining the mother/child relationship. Thereafter, an empirical exploration was done and the results were purposefully processed and analysed. Through processing and analysing the results, the researcher was able to derive certain conclusions and make recommendations, which are presented in Chapter Five of this thesis. The most important conclusion resulting from the research study is the importance of the maintenance of the mother/child relationship during maternal incarceration. The study made various recommendations that the Department of Correctional Services can utilise to improve its services to female offenders, especially those with children.
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- Date Issued: 2017
An assessment of needle ice, snowfall and the zero-curtain effect and its relationship with soil frost dynamics on sub-Antartic Marion Island
- Authors: Zilindile, Mphumzi Brooklyn
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: Snow -- Prince Edward Islands -- Marion Island , Frost -- Prince Edward Islands -- Marion Island , Ice -- Prince Edward Islands -- Marion Island , Marion Island (Prince Edward Islands) -- Description and travel
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc (Geography)
- Identifier: vital:11515 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1006908 , Snow -- Prince Edward Islands -- Marion Island , Frost -- Prince Edward Islands -- Marion Island , Ice -- Prince Edward Islands -- Marion Island , Marion Island (Prince Edward Islands) -- Description and travel
- Description: This study aims to uncover the synoptic weather circulation pattern which is associated with the occurrence of needle ice, snowfall and the zero-curtain effect. The method of study was done through an intensive ground climate measurement campaign from April 2008 to May 2009 with a temperature logger installed throughout the recording period. Results from data analyses indicate that the complex changes in climate parameters may lead to an equally complex response in terms of spatial soil frost dynamics and its direct and indirect effects on soil sediment displacement and ecosystem dynamics. Field evidence in the study suggests that on Marion Island needle ice developed in temperatures as high as -0.2 ºC in strong winds. This confirms that the wet environment of Marion Island, which is dominated by diurnal soil frost is fundamentally different from seasonal frost and permafrost environments. The scoria material is susceptible to needle ice growth and the compacted soil alters the micro-climatology of the affected area making it more susceptible to the formation of needle ice. Soil moisture for needle ice formation and growth is provided by the misty conditions associated with the advent of the cold front (pre-cyclonic). Furthermore, observations of needle ice on Marion show that needles are mostly clear with no sediment inclusion. This is indicative of needle ice formation that has not been interrupted by a shortage of moisture. The zero-curtain effect on Marion Island can occur either as a response to the thawing of the soil after the seasonal freeze. The synoptic assessment of snowfall on Marion Island indicates that; snowfall is associated with the passage of a cold front linked to a strong meridional system of low pressure just south of the island.
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- Date Issued: 2013
Government support and sustainable small, medium enterprises (SMEs) in the ocean economy: a case of Eastern Cape
- Authors: Zilimbola, Mlungiseleli
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Small business -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Marine resources -- Economic aspects Shipping -- Economic aspects Sustainable development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/44291 , vital:37149
- Description: In the past few years, South Africa has started to follow other developing countries, such as Japan and Greece, in pursuit of oceans economy. The presidency launched operation phakisa in Port Elizabeth in 2016 with the hope that it would contribute greatly to job creation and economic development in South Africa. It has been noted that oceans economy is a wide concept and covers a number of activities/sectors in the oceans. This study will focus on different economic is a wide concept and covers a number of activities, such as transport, fishing, bunkering and many other economic activities. This study seeks to investigate the strategic role of SMEs in the oceans economy. In accordance with the report drafted by the small enterprise development agency (seda) in 2016, which was commissioned by the department of trade and industry , the report show that SMMEs are struggling because of access to finance and markets, poor infrastructure, labour laws, crime, skills shortages.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2019
Characterization of the distribution of platinum group elements in sulphide ores within the Merensky Reef at Modikwa and Two Rivers Platinum Mines, Eastern Bushveld Complex, South Africa
- Authors: Zilibokwe, Nosibulelo Julie
- Date: 2017
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/7938 , vital:21326
- Description: The distribution of the platinum group element (PGE), in the Merensky Reef was characterized by, first determining the occurrence of the platinum group minerals (PGM), then by establishing the PGE concentration in the base metal sulphides (BMS) associated with the PGE mineralization in the Merensky Reef from selected borehole intersections, at the Two Rivers (TRP) and Modikwa Platinum Mines in the Eastern Bushveld Complex. A mineral liberation analyser (MLA) was then used to identify the PGM phases; their silicate and base metal associations; and their grain size distribution. Electron microprobe quantitative analysis and mapping were then used to determine the compositional variation of the PGM and the PGE elemental distribution in the BMS, respectively. The study showed that the BMS including pyrrhotite, pentlandite, and chalcopyrite were the principal sulphides, where pyrrhotite was most prominent with minor quantities of pyrite. Orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene and plagioclase were the most abundant primary silicate minerals identified, while secondary silicates identified included talc, serpentine and amphibole. Platinum group minerals showed three distinct groups with respect to the mineralogical association with the PGE; (i) BMS association; (ii) chromite association; and (iii) silicate association. Of the BMS, chalcopyrite showed the most dominant association with the PGMs. All samples from both mines exhibited a wide range of PGMs, including maslovite, braggite, cooperate, laurite and PGE alloys such as ferroplatinum as well as other unidentified platinum and palladium sulphides, arsenides and bismuthides, while gold was present as electrum. The PGMs ranged in size from less than a micron to about 125 microns with an average of 20 microns. The close association of PGM with BMS along the margins of sulphides indicates that the PGMs were derived from the sulphide melt. PGE distribution in the sulphides at Modikwa showed pentlandite contained the highest concentrations of palladium (up to 379 ppm) and chalcopyrite hosting the highest rhodium concentrations (up to 793 ppm). Samples from Two Rivers revealed pentlandite as the principal host to both palladium and rhodium, with concentrations reaching up to 695 and 930 ppm, respectively. Magnetite at both Modikwa and Two Rivers showed significant rhodium content, reaching up to 982 and 930 ppm, respectively. The pyrrhotite compared to other sulphides contained all the elements found in the platinum group (PPGE), namely, platinum, palladium and rhodium, with all the platinum identified found in the pyrrhotite. The concentrations for the iridium group (IPGE) namely, iridium, osmium, and ruthenium were below the detection limit. The PGE mineralization in the stratigraphy varied within each mine. The mineralization revealed top loading in the central sector (Modikwa) and bottom loading in the southern sector (Two Rivers). The sequence of the Merensky Reef at the two sectors of the Eastern Bushveld Complex showed a remarkable similarity in their mineralogy suggesting that these two sectors were formed from the same liquid or formed simultaneously within a single magma chamber; however the PGE distribution within the stratigraphy may have been controlled by the presence of cumulate sulphides.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Movement behaviour and reproductive biology of adult spotted grunter (Pomadasys commersonnii) in the Breede Estuary
- Authors: Ziko, Bantony Alford
- Date: 2021-06
- Subjects: Fishery management , Freshwater fishes , Fishes--Nutrition
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/20970 , vital:46870
- Description: Movements of the adult spotted grunter (Pomadasys commersonnii), an overexploited estuary-dependant fishery species, were investigated in relation to its reproduction behaviour and selected environmental influences. The South African P. commersonnii population is known to spawn at sea along the KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) coastline, whereas there no published records on spawning in the Eastern and Western Cape Provinces exist. However, due to the occurrence of ripe running fish that were reported in the Breede Estuary (Western Cape - WC), an investigation into its reproductive behaviour was necessary, as was gaining a greater understanding of its movements between the estuary, the sea, and other connected habitats. Seven adult P. commersonnii (610 – 690 mm fork length, FL) were captured and implanted with long-life acoustic transmitters and their movements were logged on a linear array of 16 acoustic receivers in the Breede Estuary (WC) and six acoustic receivers in the adjacent marine environment. Movements of the tagged fish to other marine and estuary habitats were also determined using data collected by the Acoustic Tracking Array Platform (ATAP) which is an extended network of acoustic receivers along the South African coastline with receivers at sea and in selected estuaries. Furthermore, adult P. commersonnii tagged in the Goukou (n = 6) (WC) and Sundays (n = 8) (Eastern Cape - EC) estuaries, approximately 50 km and 470 km away, respectively, were also monitored to facilitate an improved understanding of inter-habitat connectivity. Fish tagged in Sundays and Goukou estuaries were monitored by the Acoustic Telemetry Array Platform (ATAP). Each individual fish tagged in the Breede Estuary was monitored between 356 and 1166 days and selected environmental parameters, including water temperature, river flow rate and rainfall, were measured during the study period (November 2016 – March 2020) to assess their influence on the movements of the tagged fish. Furthermore, to determine time of spawning and duration, gonads of 112 adult fish (383 – 700 mm FL) were opportunistically collected from recreational anglers in the Breede Estuary to determine the gonadal maturation cycles by using a combination of Gonado-somatic index (GSI) and histology. The tagged adult P. commersonnii spent significantly more time in the estuary (83.5 percent) than the marine (16.5 percent) environment, with all of the tagged P. commersonnii making sea trips of varying frequency and duration. While in the estuary, fish showed a strong preference for the lower reaches of the estuary compared to the middle and upper reaches. Area use varied seasonally, with the mouth area being heavily utilized during winter, then followed by summer. Sea trips in all three tagging estuaries also fluctuated seasonally, with more frequent movements during summer which lasted for longer periods. This coincided with the peak of the spawning period inferred from the gonad developmental cycle of fish captured in the Breede Estuary. Results from a generalized linear mixed model showed that the presence of Breede tagged P. commersonnii in the sea, where the species is known to spawn, was significantly influenced by water temperatures in the estuary and river flow rate with fish more likely to occur at sea during warmer months (summer) and periods of high river flow (winter). Furthermore, circular analysis showed that season (month) had a significant influence on the departure from and arrival in the Breede Estuary, with most departures and arrivals occurring during January. Moreover, P. commersonnii tagged in the Sundays Estuary also showed similar results where both departures and arrivals were influenced by season, mostly taking place in December and January, respectively. The increased frequency of sea trips by adult P. commersonnii in summer suggests regional spawning occurring in the WC. Based on the similar movement behaviour displayed by tagged fish in the Sundays Estuary, it is possible that spawning also occurs in the EC. Most of the P. commersonnii tagged in all the three estuaries never left their tagging estuaries (57 percent Breede, 66 percent Goukou, 38 percent Sundays), only making short sea trips, while others displayed use of multiple habitats. On average, the tagged P. commersonnii that left their tagging estuaries travelled a maximum distance of 377 km (Breede), 63 km (Goukou) and 300 km (Sundays). Tagged fish were more likely to visit nearby estuaries and offshore marine habitats (< 130 km) compared to distant ones (> 130 km). These results suggest that there are high levels of localised connectivity between P. commersonnii populations in different habitats although connectivity between distant habitats appears to be rare. Connectivity will likely occur on habitats located close to the boundaries of the WC, EC and KZN. The findings from this long-term monitoring study have shown that adult P. commersonnii rely heavily on the estuarine environment, undertaking short sea trips, thus demonstrating the importance of estuaries to the adult population. Due to various threats faced by estuaries such as habitat degradation and overexploitation, management of these systems is paramount to conserve such fishery resources. Due to the resident behaviour of the P. commersonnii within estuaries, Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) and area closures, in conjunction with Estuarine Protected Areas (EPAs) will be significant in the recovery and management of P. commersonnii populations. Since P. commersonnii appears to reach peak spawning activity during summer when fishing pressure is usually highest, improved enforcement during this period is necessary to conserve the spawning stock. As connectivity is an important aspect in the life of the P. commersonnii, ensuring such connectivity is maintained by protecting all these habitats is important. , Thesis (MSc) (Zoology) -- University of Fort Hare, 2021
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- Date Issued: 2021-06
Women in organisational management in Zimbabwe: theory and practice
- Authors: Zikhali, Whitehead
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Businesswomen , Discrimination in employment -- Zimbabwe , Women executives -- Zimbabwe , Success in business -- Zimbabwe , Corporate culture -- Zimbabwe , Leadership -- Zimbabwe
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD (Social Science Dev)
- Identifier: vital:11415 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1001185 , Businesswomen , Discrimination in employment -- Zimbabwe , Women executives -- Zimbabwe , Success in business -- Zimbabwe , Corporate culture -- Zimbabwe , Leadership -- Zimbabwe
- Description: The study was premised on the truism that men have historically served in higher echelons of organizational management structures and women are under-represented. The principal objective was to explore the constraints faced by women in accessing higher leadership and senior management positions in public, private and non-governmental organisations in Zimbabwe. This study adopted the triangulation method, that is, qualitative and quantitative approaches. These mixed research methods, were upgraded by the feminist research methodologies, thereby making a contribution in the field of research. The study found out that the constraints that mostly hinder women from accessing leadership and senior management positions in public, private and NGOs were cultural practices, which represent levels of power and control that in turn hinder reforms; and women's socialisation into feminised roles. The study also found out that in most organisations, most females work under male leadership, and this traditional organisational culture, needs to be deconstructed and reversed in order to achieve gender equality. The study recommended for a human centric and integrated organizational management strategy for public, private and NGOs in Zimbabwe. The adoption of a human centric and integrated management approach should aim at gender equity and reduce women's under-representation. A human centred organizational culture has to be practiced, that would create organisational ethos that guide organizational management. An integrated organizational management approach should integrate all systems and processes into one complete framework, enabling people to work as a single unit, unified by organizational goals, shared vision and common values. The system should depend on a balanced mix of the masculine and feminine attributes. The approach should put its weight towards adoption of measures to attract, advance and empower women so as to benefit from their qualifications, experience and talent in a highly competitive environment.
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- Date Issued: 2009
An evaluation of the implementation of the student teacher mentoring programme in Zimbabwe
- Authors: Zikhali, Edson
- Date: 2007
- Subjects: Student teachers -- Zimbabwe , Mentoring -- Zimbabwe , Mentoring in eduction -- Zimbabwe
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPhil
- Identifier: vital:9492 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/651 , Student teachers -- Zimbabwe , Mentoring -- Zimbabwe , Mentoring in eduction -- Zimbabwe
- Description: The student teacher mentoring programme (STMP) has been an important feature of the Zimbabwean teacher education landscape since 1995. However, this programme has not been evaluated and thus the need for this article, which seeks to evaluate the implementation of the STMP in Zimbabwe. Data were collected through responses to checklists and questionnaires by ten lecturers and sixteen mentors; fifteen student teachers responded to questionnaires, and two school heads were interviewed. The main findings are that: (1) the STMP is being implemented through the key elements (mentors, student teachers and the mentoring context); (2) while the key participants are playing their part in the STMP, the latter is not being effectively implemented because of lack of funding. This has negatively impacted on the STMP, resulting in low mentor morale. In the recommendations it is urged that the status of the mentor is recognised, in a bid to boost the STMP.
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- Date Issued: 2007
An investigation into development of a stable aqeous suspension of Metronidazole Benzoate for oral use
- Authors: Zietsman, Sharon Lynne
- Date: 2005
- Subjects: Metronidazole -- Testing , Excipients -- South Africa -- Testing , Rheology -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:10158 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/456 , Metronidazole -- Testing , Excipients -- South Africa -- Testing , Rheology -- South Africa
- Description: Metronidazole is a synthetic, nitroimidazole-derivative antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent (ed. McEvoy, 2001). It has been reported that crystallization occurs in aqueous suspensions of metronidazole benzoate, a bland-tasting prodrug of metronidazole, as a result of conversion from the anhydrous to the monohydrate form, thereby compromising the stability and clinical efficacy of the substance due to the particle size growth (Hoelgaard & Moller, 1983). A generic South African based pharmaceutical company commenced formulation of an aqueous metronidazole benzoate suspension and experienced problems with crystallization that occurred in products stored at 2 to 8 °C. This study aimed to continue development of the product in order to identify a formulation that prevents formation of the hydrate form of metronidazole benzoate and the accompanying crystal growth. A variety of metronidazole benzoate suspensions were manufactured on a laboratory scale using a number of natural and synthetic suspending agents, including magnesium aluminium silicate, povidone K90, xanthan gum and Avicel® RC-591 (microcrystalline cellulose and carboxymethylcellulose sodium), over a range of concentrations. Analytical quantification methods were developed and validated, and the physicochemical properties of the raw material and finished products were fully characterized. Rheological tests were performed in order to characterize the suspension flow properties. Real-time and accelerated stability studies and a temperature cycle study were conducted in accordance with the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. Conversion of metronidazole benzoate to the monohydrate form took place in suspensions containing xanthan gum 0.65 percent m/v under real-time and accelerated storage conditions. The suspensions containing Avicel® RC-591 were found to be physically and chemically stable after the temperature cycle and over the 12-week period whilst stored at 25 ºC / 60 percent RH and 5 ºC. The suspensions were chemically stable whilst stored at 40 ºC / 75 percent RH but showed sedimentation at this accelerated condition. The metronidazole benzoate contained in these products remained in the anhydrous state under all storage conditions and were consequently concluded to be the most stable formulations out of all the products analyzed in the current study. The suspending agent system consisting of microcrystalline cellulose and carboxymethylcellulose sodium thus shows promise in preventing the conversion of metronidazole benzoate from the anhydrate to the monohydrate form, thereby inhibited the subsequent increase in particle size due to crystal growth.
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- Date Issued: 2005
Mature South African students’ perceptions of their transition experiences into and from university education
- Authors: Zietsman, Louis Frederick
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Adult college students -- South Africa , Adult education -- South Africa , Education, Higher -- South Africa , Continuing education -- South Africa , Universities and colleges -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/36126 , vital:33896
- Description: Mature students and their experience of tertiary education is an area of career psychology in which there is currently a lack of research. In particular, little published data related to the transition experience of mature students into and from tertiary education is available internationally and there is even less literature examining these students within the African and South African context. This study contributes to psychology‟s broad body of knowledge as it explores the perceptions of previously employed final year South African students on their transition experience into and from tertiary education. The researcher utilised a qualitative research approach. A non-probability purposive sampling strategy was employed and semi-structured interviews were conducted with five participants. All participants were considered to be mature students in their final year of university study. Interviews were conducted until data saturation was reached. The data obtained was subjected to thematic content analysis using Tesch‟s model. Lincoln and Guba‟s model was used to assess the trustworthiness of the data obtained. The findings revealed several factors influencing mature students‟ entry or re-entry into tertiary education. Participants‟ experience of tertiary education was enriching on both a personal/career level and participants were confident in their abilities. Furthermore, it was found that transition towards a new career starts during their tertiary study and that relying on experiences of their previous job aided them in their transition from tertiary education to new career. Limitations of the study, recommendations for further research and contributions of the research were identified.
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- Date Issued: 2018