Frontiers of exclusion and enclusion: post-apartheid suburban social dynamics in East London, Beacon Bay
- Authors: Buku, Luzuko
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Apartheid -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , M Soc Sc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/1316 , vital:26545
- Description: This dissertation deals with the nature of the black middle-class assimilation in the South African suburban space, a space that was the sole preserve of the white middle-class during apartheid. It explores the relationship between these races as they come to meet in this space and what new identities are being formed. It also explores the relationship between both the black and white suburbanites and the urban poor who stay in an adjacent area to the suburb. The study uses the Beacon Bay area, which is constituted by one of East London’s most affluent suburbs and a poor township, Nompumelelo, to show how the emergent black middle-class has managed to enter this space in the post-apartheid era. Previous studies by Richard Ballard (2004) and Grant Saff (2001) have shown how the white middle-class has always been against any form of race or class mixing. Within the suburb, the new black suburbanites in Beacon Bay appear to have been welcomed but with conditions by their fellow white counterparts. The relationship between these two races does not stretch beyond meet and greets and it is only in the second generation black middle-class that you find better and non-superficial relations with fellow white suburbanites. In the older generation, the generation that experienced apartheid, the relationship between these two races has been that of tolerance and serious escape of contact unless when necessary. The children of both white and black families, though, have a far better relationship in school and in sport than their parents. This has created another area of contact for both these races and it bears potential for meaningful integration in the suburban space. Externally as it relates to relations between the black middle-class and the urban poor, the findings show that these new black suburbanites express a similar discomfort as the white suburbanites about the urban poor’s presence in the area. This shows that the evolution of the Beacon Bay suburb, with its deep-rooted discourse of white middle-class exclusivity, has not been entirely about hatred of the urban poor necessarily but about an identity ascription of what it means to live in a suburb. Despite these realities traditional ceremonies organised by the black middle-class in the suburbs and the church appear to be playing a role in creating relations between these suburbanites and the Nompumelelo residents. This is why we have decided to use the conceptualisation of the 18th century frontier zone as the borders of segregation within the suburb and between the suburban residents and those of the township can be crossed and re-crossed.
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- Date Issued: 2014
A situational survey of Siyazondla homestead food production programme and food security, poverty alleviation in selected communities of Nkonkobe local municipality of the Eastern Cape
- Authors: Bulelani, Phezisa
- Date: 2016
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc Agric (Agricultural Economics)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/723 , vital:26491
- Description: People living in rural areas are continually losing their value, dignity, ubuntu and rural nature of livelihood. Agriculture in these areas characterises the nature of rural livelihood. Traditionally, people living in rural areas were highly dependent on their production from gardens for food, income (barter exchange), and other social activities. Nowadays, that motive and interest is no longer operating at its full potential, so to revive that history and nature, household (homestead) production, certain programmes were introduced to greatly improved the standard of living of the poor, and it has proved to have an impact as it has generated income, and created food stability and employment through the project. Home gardens are there and can be used as the method and the strategy toward improvement and development of the people around the world, more especial to developing countries. Certain programmes that are initiated for acting against the challenges faced by rural people have failed to materialise and operate on their fully potential. The Siyazondla homestead food production programme is the one of the programmes practiced by the government of South Africa to act against such challenges, affecting especially poor people. This study was aimed at assessing the role of Siyazondla homestead food production programme in food security and poverty alleviation in selected communities of Nkonkobe local municipality of the Eastern Cape. It took the form of a case study in Msobomvu, Ngcothoyi and Binfield locations. The Nkonkobe local municipality is demarcated into five major areas: Middledrift, Alice, Seymour, Fort Beaufort and Balfour. The study sample was collected from beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries of the Siyazondla programme. The sample size was 90 respondents, from which in one area, a 15 beneficiaries and anticipated non-beneficiaries were targeted. The target sample from each village was collected from 15 beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries. Many farmers from the study area benefited from the programme, though a limited number was targeted. Therefore, a probability sampling was applied and employed, where there were more than required number of beneficiaries of the programme and anticipated beneficiaries of the programme. The study was effectively and efficiently carried out and achieved with the use of personal interviewing of the recipients by use of questionnaires. The study was analysed by a computerised programme of analyses called SPSS v.2.1 and excel. The objectives of the study based on food security, poverty alleviation and reduction, and also improving nutritious status. The finding of the research clearly indicates the outcome of the programme on livelihood basis of the beneficiaries. Some of the objectives of the programme were achieved, such as food security and nutritious levels, whilst other objectives had shortcomings. The finding of the study also shows that programme, though had original benefits but also there are the anticipated and probable benefits of the programme Siyazondla, such as income, skill of farming, improving social status, and there are some possibilities when the programme is properly implemented. Though the majority of people are concentrated in rural areas, the programme on its own had shortcoming to meet needs of the whole population, as food insecurity, unemployment and poverty are taking its course. The programme on its own had shortcoming such as lack of adequate resource and as results, very few people benefited from the programme. Another shortcoming of the programme is the effectiveness of agricultural extension personnel to certain aspect such as marketing of farmers produce and proper monitoring and evaluation of the programme. Therefore, in the long run programmes of this nature are promising, there will be some development and improvement toward growth and better standards of livelihood. It is through this study that had to assess the structure, procedure, strategies implemented of the programme and impact of the programme to both beneficiaries and anticipated beneficiaries of the programme. Keywords: rural area, social challenges, home garden, home based food production and Siyazondla.
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- Date Issued: 2016
Exploration of nursing students’ experiences of learning in a tertiary institution in East London in the Province of Eastern Cape
- Authors: Bulelwa, Cynthia James
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc (Nursing Science)
- Identifier: vital:11909 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1015526
- Description: The purpose of this study was to explore and describe the experiences of nursing students learning in a tertiary institution in East London in the Province of the Eastern Cape. Reviewed literature has revealed that the transition from high school to university is a major concern globally and that students start tertiary education with a number of pre-existing problems which influence their experience of learning and their academic performance. A qualitative, contextual approach and phenomenology design was seen as most appropriate to guide this research process in this study. Purposive, non-probability sampling was used to select the 12 participants. The participants included nursing students from the University of Fort Hare in East London in the Eastern Cape Province who are enrolled in the course leading to registration as a Nurse (General, Psychiatry and Community) and Midwifery. A pilot study was conducted at the University of Fort Hare involving respondents with similar characteristics to the study population.
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- Date Issued: 2014
An Assessment of the Public Finance Management Act, Act 1 of 1999 (PFMA): a case study of the Eastern Cape Department of Education (2005-2012)
- Authors: Bulelwa, Tunyiswa
- Date: 2013
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPA
- Identifier: vital:11688 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1013586
- Description: The Eastern Cape Department of Education consumes a huge chunk of the Eastern Cape provincial budget. Any transgression of the laws that govern how the public purse should be managed - whether overspending, under spending, irregular or wasteful expenditure - has far reaching consequences in terms of service delivery. The Eastern Cape is one of the poorest and most rural provinces in the country and by implication has huge service delivery backlogs .This has been confirmed by various stakeholders and role-players such as Chapter Nine institutions and non-governmental organisations. An observation by the Auditor-General and both the portfolio committees on Public Accounts and Education over the years is the lack of proper controls, especially in financial management. This study presents a case study of the Eastern Cape Department of Education in the financial years 2007-2012 to assess the Public Finance Management Act, Act 1 of 1999 (PFMA). The main objective of this study is to assist the department by putting forward lasting scientific recommendations and solutions that could be integrated into the plans of this department.
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- Date Issued: 2013
Performance evaluation of an off-grid building integrated photovoltaic system in Alice, Eastern Cape province, South Africa
- Authors: Buma, Carine Lethem
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Building-integrated photovoltaic systems Buildings -- Energy conservation Performance -- Evaluation
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/13227 , vital:39623
- Description: The constant increase in the global demand for energy and the current crisis on global warming and climate change has prompted a dying quest for clean, sustainable and reliable sources of energy. Amongst numerous renewable energy technologies, harnessing energy from the sun is the most viable way of guaranteeing a clean and sustainable supply of energy. Also, photovoltaic energy is one of the ways of using energy from the sun, where sunlight is converted to electricity using photovoltaic panels. Furthermore, the integration of photovoltaic modules into buildings is one of the most elegant innovations of this technology, as it plays the dual role of supplying energy to the building as well as protecting the building from outdoor weather conditions. Moreover, operating off the grid offers the possibility of energy access to locations far off from the grid and individuals willing to gain some degree of energy independence. Evaluating the performance of existing off grid and/or building integrated photovoltaic systems is the key to guaranteeing sustainable development and advancement in the technology. Thus, the aim of this work was to evaluate the performance of an off-grid building integrated photovoltaic system that was installed at the Fort Hare Institute of Technology. This entailed performing an in-depth characterisation of the solar resource at this location, evaluating the performance of the modules under outdoor weather conditions and also evaluating the performance of the balance of system (BOS) components. The system was monitored for a period of nine months (between February and October 2017). A data acquisition system was designed for measuring and recording both electrical system parameters and meteorological parameters affecting the performance of the system. These meteorological parameters include; solar irradiance, ambient temperature, cell temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and direction. A detailed characterisation of the solar resource at this location was carried out. It was observed that the solar declination angle varied from -23.5o on the summer solstice to 23.5o on the winter solstice. Also, the solar altitude angle (at solar noon) which is a complementary angle to the zenith angle varied from 33.7o in June to 80.65o in December. During the summer months, longer day lengths were experienced because the sun traversed the sky over a longer time, rising south of east and setting south of west. Whereas, in the winter months, the path length of the sun was shorter, with the sun rising north of east and setting north of west, hence, shorter day lengths. The solar radiation incident on a 25o north facing solar collector was found to be in three components; beam, diffuse and reflected. The beam component was higher in summer whereas the diffuse component was higher in winter due to an increase in the air mass ratio. However, the total daily average radiation was highest in January (7.12 peak sun hours) and least in June (3.04 peak sun hours). Finally, a comparison between the calculated and measured values of solar radiation showed just a 1.1percent difference over the year with disparities being in the individual months.m The influence of outdoor weather conditions on the performance of the system was also evaluated. Operating temperatures were noticed to have a great impact on the output voltage and power of the PV array. Significant correlations existed between various meteorological parameters. Also, a multiple linear regression model was developed to ascertain the dependence of module temperature on solar irradiance, ambient temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and wind direction. The coefficient of determination for the model was 0.928, showing a strong relationship between cell temperature and the chosen predictors. Also, the six thermocouples installed at various locations of the PV array revealed variations in the operating temperatures of the modules. The modules on the east side of the array recorded relatively lower temperatures because of the ceiling that had been removed beneath one of the modules on this side of the array, which permitted the free flow of air. Furthermore, I-V measurements conducted on various strings of the array revealed so many steps (hotspots), indicative of module (or cell) mismatch on almost all the cell strings.
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- Date Issued: 2018
Preparation and evaluation of Lignocellulose-Montmorillonite nanocomposites for the adsorption of some heavy metals and organic dyes from aqueous solution
- Authors: Bunhu, Tavengwa
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Lignocellulose , Lignocellulose -- Biodegradation , Water -- Purification , Adsorption , Separation (Technology) , Dyes and dyeing , Montmorillonite
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD (Chemistry)
- Identifier: vital:11333 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/535 , Lignocellulose , Lignocellulose -- Biodegradation , Water -- Purification , Adsorption , Separation (Technology) , Dyes and dyeing , Montmorillonite
- Description: The need to reduce the cost of adsorption technology has led scientists to explore the use of many low cost adsorbents especially those from renewable resources. Lignocellulose and montmorillonite clay have been identified as potentially low cost and efficient adsorbent materials for the removal of toxic heavy metals and organic substances from contaminated water. Montmorillonite clay has good adsorption properties and the potential for ion exchange. Lignocellulose possesses many hydroxyl, carbonyl and phenyl groups and therefore, both montmorillonite and lignocellulose are good candidates for the development of effective and low cost adsorbents in water treatment and purification. The aim of this study was to prepare composite materials based on lignocellulose and montmorillonite clay and subsequently evaluate their efficacy as adsorbents for heavy metal species and organic pollutants in aqueous solution. It was also important to assess the adsorption properties of the modified individual (uncombined) lignocellulose and montmorillonite. Lignocellulose and sodium-exchanged montmorillonite (NaMMT) clay were each separately modified with methyl methacrylate (MMA), methacrylic acid (MAA) and methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane (MPS) and used as adsorbents for the removal of heavy metals and dyes from aqueous solution. The lignocellulose and NaMMT were modified with MMA, MAA and MPS through free radical graft polymerisation and/or condensation reactions. NaMMT was also modified through Al-pillaring to give AlpMMT. The materials were characterised by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and characterisation results showed that the modification of the montmorillonite with MAA, MMA and MPS was successful. The modified lignocellulose and montmorillonite materials were evaluated for the adsorption of heavy metal ions (Cd2+ and Pb2+) from aqueous solution by the batch method. The adsorption isotherms and kinetics of both Cd2+ and Pb2+ onto the NaMMT clay, AlpMMT and lignocellulose materials are presented. The Langmuir isotherm was found to be the best fit for the adsorption of both heavy metals onto all the adsorbents. AlpMMT showed very poor uptake for heavy metals (both Cd2+ and Pb2+). PMMAgMMT, PMAAgMMT, PMAAgLig and PMPSgLig showed improved adsorption for both heavy metals. The mechanism of heavy metal adsorption onto the adsorbents was best represented by the pseudo second-order kinetic model. PMPSgLig, NaMMT and AlpMMT showed relatively high adsorption capacities for methyl orange, while the adsorption of neutral red was comparable for almost all the adsorbents. Neither the Langmuir model nor the Freundlich model was found to v adequately describe the adsorption process of dyes onto all the adsorbents. The pseudo second-order model was found to be the best fit to describe the adsorption mechanism of both dyes onto all the adsorbents. The modification of lignocellulose and montmorillonite with suitable organic groups can potentially produce highly effective and efficient adsorbents for the removal of both heavy metals and dyes from contaminated water. Novel adsorbent composite materials based on lignocellulose and montmorillonite clay (NaMMT) were also prepared and evaluated for the removal of pollutants (dyes and heavy metals) from aqueous solution. The lignocellulose-montmorillonite composites were prepared by in situ intercalative polymerisation, using methyl methacrylate, methacrylic acid and methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane (MPS) as coupling agents. The composite materials were characterised by FTIR, TGA, TEM and SAXS. SAXS diffractograms showed intercalated nanocomposites of PMMAgLig-NaMMT and PMAAgLig-NaMMT, whereas PMPSgLig-NaMMT showed a phase-separated composite and the same results were confirmed by TEM. The lignocellulose-montmorillonite composites were assessed for their adsorption properties for heavy metal ions (Cd2+ and Pb2+) and dyes (methyl orange and neutral red) from aqueous solution. Among these composite materials, only PMAAgLig-NaMMT showed a marked increase in the uptake of both Cd2+ and Pb2+ relative to lignocellulose and montmorillonite when used independently. The adsorption data were fitted to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, as well as to the pseudo first-order and pseudo second-order kinetic models. The data were best described by the Langmuir isotherm and the pseudo second-order kinetic model. On the adsorption of dyes, only PMPSgLig-NaMMT showed enhanced adsorption of methyl orange (MetO) compared with lignocellulose and montmorillonite separately. The enhanced adsorption was attributed to the synergistic adsorption due to the presence of MPS, lignocellulose and NaMMT. Competitive adsorption studies were carried out from binary mixtures of MetO and Cd2+ or Pb2+ in aqueous solution. The adsorption process of MetO onto the composite material was found to follow the Freundlich adsorption model, while the mechanism of adsorption followed both the pseudo first-order and pseudo second-order models. This particular composite can be used for the simultaneous adsorption of both heavy metals and organic dyes from contaminated water. The adsorption of neutral red to the composite materials was comparable and the pseudo second-order kinetic model best described the adsorption mechanism.
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- Date Issued: 2011
Experiences of HIV and AIDS patients and families regarding palliative care in an urban care centre in Buffalo City
- Authors: Bunt, Helen
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: Palliative care -- HIV/AIDS , Patients and families experiences
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc (Nursing Science)
- Identifier: vital:11904 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1006814 , Palliative care -- HIV/AIDS , Patients and families experiences
- Description: The South African Constitution (South Africa, 1996) states that access to healthcare services is a basic human right. The Patients’ Rights Charter (HPCSA, 2008: 6) stipulates that the provision for “special needs in the case of persons living with HIV or AIDS” and palliative care be “affordable and effective”. The need for palliative care in South Africa today continues to increase. Khan and Sayed 2011[2]) found that five years after commencement of anti-retrovirals, twenty five percent of their patients had passed away. This study was performed in the Eastern Cape which is one of the poorest provinces with the second highest HIV prevalence rate. Since 2008, Sophumelela Centre Incorporated has offered palliative care for HIV and AIDS patients in Buffalo City. Some of these patients and their families were interviewed about their experiences in this care centre. The South African Constitution (South Africa, 1996) states that access to healthcare services is a basic human right. The Patients’ Rights Charter (HPCSA, 2008: 6) stipulates that the provision for “special needs in the case of persons living with HIV or AIDS” and palliative care be “affordable and effective”. The need for palliative care in South Africa today continues to increase. Khan and Sayed (2011[2]) found that five years after commencement of anti-retrovirals, twenty five percent of their patients had passed away. This study was performed in the Eastern Cape which is one of the poorest provinces with the second highest HIV prevalence rate. Since 2008, Sophumelela Centre Incorporated has offered palliative care for HIV and AIDS patients in Buffalo City. Some of these patients and their families were interviewed about their experiences in this care centre.
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- Date Issued: 2013
Factors affecting female condom use in Buffalo City Metropolitan, Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Authors: Bunu, Nosipho
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Condom use -- South Africa Sexually transmitted diseases
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , M Cur
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/12959 , vital:39411
- Description: Introduction: The female condom was introduced so many years after the male condom was introduced as an additional intervention to prevent sexually transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS. The purpose of the study was to explore and describe the factors affecting female condom use in Buffalo City Metropolitan, Eastern Cape. Method: Quantitative descriptive and contextual research designs were used to enable the researcher to gain knowledge and insights on female condom use. The population of the study was sexually active women between ages of 15-49 years, living in Reeston community of Buffalo City Municipality in the Eastern Cape Province. Convenient sampling was used to recruit the respondents with 599-sample size and data was collected using questionnaires. Ethical considerations were considered throughout the study. Data was analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS version 22) and summarised using tables, graphs and descriptive statistics. Results: The findings of the study were minimal use of female condom because of poor marketing strategies towards female condoms despite the government intervention. The attitude of sexually active women towards female condom was positive, but minimal knowledge, inaccessibility and unavailability of female condoms hinder its use. Conclusion and Recommendation: The study recommended health education through campaigns and counselling about female condom use and their benefits to all age groups of women who are sexually active. The government and stakeholders should promote the condom uptake, accessibility and availability in every public place. Department of Health, Education should have empowered the community at large on how to promote female condom use and improve the distribution of both male/ female condoms to schools and public place.
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- Date Issued: 2019
Silenced women of John Steinbeck's dustbowl trilogy
- Authors: Burri, Stella Teresia
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Steinbeck, John, 1902-1968 -- Criticism and interpretation , Steinbeck, John, 1902-1968 -- Grapes of wrath , Steinbeck, John, 1902-1968 -- Political and social views , Steinbeck, John, 1902-1968 -- Appreciation
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA (English)
- Identifier: vital:11838 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1005643 , Steinbeck, John, 1902-1968 -- Criticism and interpretation , Steinbeck, John, 1902-1968 -- Grapes of wrath , Steinbeck, John, 1902-1968 -- Political and social views , Steinbeck, John, 1902-1968 -- Appreciation
- Description: The primary aim of this project is to examine selected works by John Steinbeck, a significant American writer. Through a close contextual and textual analysis of Steinbeck’s Dustbowl Trilogy, which consists of the novels In Dubious Battle, Of Mice and Men, and The Grapes of Wrath, this project will interrogate Steinbeck’s contribution to the silencing of women and their inferior placement in their society and determine the extent to which Steinbeck promotes patriarchal ideology through his literature. A close examination of the modernist era in which these novels were written will provide the method of interrogating Steinbeck’s portrayal of women’s situation during the Depression and determine whether it is a reflection of the reality of women’s situation at that time given the political and environmental factors of the 1930s. The theories of various feminist critics, including Simone de Beauvoir, Judith Butler, Gayle Rubin, Luce Irigaray, Sherry Ortner, and Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar will be explored in order to elucidate the author’s treatment of the female characters and determine the extent to which patriarchal ideology is embedded in his writing. A brief examination of some of his contemporaries, namely F. Scott Fitzgerald, William Faulkner and Ernest Hemingway, will reveal the general treatment of women in male authored modernist literature and determine the extent to which Steinbeck’s female subjugation is representative.
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- Date Issued: 2012
Stratigraphy and sedimentology of the Msikaba formation in KwaZulu Natal South Coast, South Africa
- Authors: Busakwe, Nolukholo Sinovuyo
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Geology, Stratigraphic Sedimentology -- South Africa -- KwaZulu-Natal
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/2501 , vital:27877
- Description: The Msikaba Formation is a Late Devonian fluvial and marine succession which outcrops from Hibberdene to Port Edward along the south coast of KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. The Formation is composed of brownish conglomerate at the bottom and white-greyish quartz arenite sequence in the middle and mixed quartz-arenite with feldspathic sandstone in the upper sequence. Previous studies put more emphasis on the correlation of Msikaba Formation with the Natal Group and Cape Supergroup, whereas this study revised the stratigraphy, and also put new insight on the petrography, sedimentary facies, depositional environments and diagenesis of the Formation. The total stratigraphic section attains a thickness of 184 m at Margate area and 186 m at Port Edward area. The stratigraphy of Msikaba Formation is well exposed on the outcrops along the KwaZulu-Natal coastline. The stratigraphy is subdivided into 4 new members along Margate to Shelly beach section; namely Manaba Member, Uvongo Member, Mhlangeni Member and Shelly Beach Member from bottom upward. Twelve sedimentary facies were identified and the sedimentary facies were integrated into 4 facies association: Facies association 1 (Gmm+Sm) represents braided fluvial deposits, Facies association 2 (Gcm+St+Sp+Sl+Shb) represents tidal channel and tidal flat deposit, Facies association 3 (St+Sp+Sr+Sl) is result of shallow marine deposit and Facies association 4 (Sp+Sl+St+Sm) is a mixed marine and fluvial deposit. Each facies association represents a specific stratigraphic unit and were deposited in a specific sedimentary environment. Grain size analysis was conducted on seventeen thin sections and 500 grains were counted from each thin section. The sandstone grain size parameters of mean, sorting, skewness and kurtosis fell under the average of 0.75, 0.78, 0.4 and 1.2φ respectively. The results show that most of the grain size are coarse to medium grained throughout the study areas and sorting of the sandstones are moderate to poorly sorted. The cumulative frequency diagrams and bivariate plots show positive skewness and negative kurtosis, which indicate a high hydrodynamic environment. Modal composition analysis and petrography studies show that detrital components of the Msikaba Formation are dominated by monocrystalline quartz, feldspar (mostly K-feldspar) and lithic fragments of igneous and metamorphic rocks. The sandstones could be classified as quartz arenite, sub-arkosic sandstone and feldspathic litharenite; and the provenance analysis indicates that the sandstones were derived from craton interior, recycled or quartzose recycled sources which may derived from weathering and erosion of igneous and metamorphic rocks. Diagenetic processes of the Msikaba Formation have been passed through early, mid- and late diagenetic stages. Cementation, mineral conversion and compaction affect early diagenetic stage; authigenic minerals, quartz and feldspar overgrowth are presented in mid-diagenetic stage, whereas recrystallization, replacement, deformation and dissolution have been strongly affected late diagenetic stage. Microscopy, XRD and SEM-EDX studies have identified five types of cements including smectite clay, kaolinite, hematite, quartz and feldspar cements. Quartz cement, pore-filling and pore-lining clay are the major type of cements in the Msikaba Formation. Based on the lithology, sedimentary structure and facies variations, the Manaba Member was most probably deposited in a braided fluvial environment, the Uvongo Member was deposited in a tidal channel environment, the Mhlangeni Member was formed in shallow marine storm-influenced environment, whereas the Shelly Beach Member was represented mixed marine and fluvial environment. The sequence stratigraphy of Msikaba Formation constitutes a transgressive sequence from Manaba Member to Uvongo Member, whereas it ended as a regressive sequence from Mhlangeni Member to Shelly beach Member. The Msikaba Formation shows major differences with the Natal Group and Table Mountain Group (Cape Supergroup) in the lithology, stratigraphic sequence, sedimentary structures, facies system, palaeocurrent styles, fossil contents and depositional environments, which demonstrate that they are not the equivalent stratigraphic unit. Therefore, the Msikaba Formation is a separate, younger stratigraphic unit, and cannot correlate with the Natal Group and Table Mountain Group as suggested by previous researchers.
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- Date Issued: 2015
Assessment of the Eastern Cape Provincial Public Service Commission in promoting public service ethics
- Authors: Butana, Vulikhaya
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Public administration -- Moral and ethical aspects Civil service ethics Public administration
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , Public Administration
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/10295 , vital:35391
- Description: After the fall of the apartheid government with discriminatory laws and the rise and dawn of democracy in South Africa (SA), the government had to restructure the Public Service (PS). The creation and development of PS legislations and policies to regulate the PS took place. The PSC in 1999 was developed to monitor and steer the operation of the PS. The main objective of this study is to assess the Public Service Commission (PSC) in promoting the professional and ethical environment in the Public Service (PS). The PSC is an independent and impartial body or institution which is mandated by the Republic of South African Constitution of 1996 (Act No.108 of 1996), Public Service Commission Act and the Public Service Act. Chapter ten of the Constitution gives PSC a mandate to ensure that the egalitarian values and principles governing public administration are maintained by government departments, organizations, parastatals and administrations providing the PS, where in this study focus on the promotion of ethics. The methodology used in this study is qualitative research methodology. The study used desktop research where by a data was collected using books, journal articles, academic papers, online information and media reports. The findings of this study highlighted that non-compliance to rules and regulations, lack of policy implementation, limited financial and human resources are still the major problems facing the South African Public Service (SAPS). However, the study recommends that, the PSC must work closely with government departments, promotion of ethics workshops and conferences. In a nutshell, the PSC could improve by developing and regularly reviewing policies, procedures, practices and institutions influencing ethical conduct in the public service.
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- Date Issued: 2018
Forage production, nutritive value and intake rates by goats of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) forages grown in the subtropical region of South Africa
- Authors: Buthelezi, Lindokuhle Sizwe
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Forage Pigeon pea Forage plants
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/7852 , vital:30773
- Description: Different growth stages and drying methods were used to assess forage production, nutritive value and intake of leaves from three Cajanus cajan varieties (ICEAP 00557, ICEAP 01514 and CIMMYT 100/01). In the 2016/17 growing season, three complete randomized block designs (CRBD’s) were conducted. Regrowth parameters were measured during both the both vegetative and flowering stages. The plots were harvested at the flowering stage. Biomass yields were measured at the flowering stage. The harvested leaves were then dried under the two different drying methods. The methods used were shade- and oven-drying at 60 oC. This was used to determine dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL) and total non-structural carbohydrates (TNC) for the C. cajan varieties. Minerals Ca, Mg, K, Na, K/(Ca+Mg), P and Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe and phytochemicals condensed tannins, phenolic compounds and saponins were also analyzed. The intake rates and in vitro and in sacco ruminal degradabilities were also determined. The survival percentage was significantly different (P<0.05) only across the means of varieties. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the number of shoots per plant, stems per shoot and coppice stems produced by the three C. cajan varieties at vegetative and flowering stage. There was a significant difference (P<0.05) in the heights of plants recorded by the varieties only at flowering stage. The yields of fresh biomass in C. cajan was significantly different (P<0.05) across all the varieties harvested in 2016. In all the varieties there was a significant difference (P<0.05) in dry matter yield in both seasons of 2016 and 2017. The effect of browse varieties and drying methods showed a significant effect (P<0.05) on DM, CP, fat, NDIN, ADIN and hemicellulose content of varieties. There was little impact by varieties and drying methods (P<0.05) on ash, NDF, ADF, ADL, TNC and cellulose content of varieties. Varieties and drying method had no effect (P>0.05) on Ca, Mg and K except for Na and P. There was no effect caused by varieties and drying methods (P>0.05) on Zn and Mn with Cu and Fe being the exceptions. Oven drying showed an overall reduction in the tannin concentration on leaves while there was an increase in saponins. The different varieties had no effect (P>0.05) on the IIR, 0.0275±0.0089, 0.0275±0.0077 and 0.0409±0.0109 for Cv1, Cv2 and Cv3, respectively. The day of the trial and browse variety had an effect (P<0.05) on bite rate. However, the day of trial had no significant effect (P>0.05) on both bite size and the instantaneous intake rate. Individual goat had a significant effect (P<0.05) on bite rate. There was a significant difference (P<0.05) in the in vitro and in sacco rapidly degradable fractions (a) of all the three varieties but the drying method had no effect (P>0.05). The slowly degradable fraction (b) and degradation rate constant (c) of all varieties was not significantly different (P>0.05) on both drying methods during IV DaisyII procedure. However, b and c, in all the varieties was significantly different (P<0.05) in both drying methods during the in sacco procedure. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the mean potentially degradable fraction (a+b) across all C. cajan varieties during IV DaisyII procedure, however a+c of all varieties was significantly different (P<0.05) in both the drying methods during the in sacco procedure. The effective in vitro and in sacco degradability of the varieties was significantly different (P<0.05) with a rumen outflow rate of 2, 5 and 8 percent per hour. The shade-dried varieties had a higher (P<0.05) ED than the oven-dried materials during IV DaisyII and the in sacco procedures. It was concluded that the decline in yield of C. cajan during the study is a reflection of poor survival, the insufficient regeneration from seed, nutrient depletion over time and the extended dry seasons. Therefore, shade drying is commended method of drying forages.
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- Date Issued: 2017
A phenomenological study on the experiences of adults, in Nongoma KwaZulu Natal who headed households in their childhood
- Authors: Buthelezi, Nondumiso
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Orphanages Households
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSoc. Sci (Psychology)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/17652 , vital:41132
- Description: The aim of this study was to explore the lived experiences of adults who headed households in their childhood. The phenomenon of child-headed households is intricate and multidimensional. Not only does it have implications on the family system, it also impacts on the community and has insightful consequences for the welfare of children, as well as the realisation of their rights. The rationale for the study was to explore the phenomena of child-headed households from a reflective perspective, from previous child headers of households. In order to carry out this aim, the researcher utilised the systems theory, kinship theory, as well as the African philosophy of Ubuntu to anchor the study. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was used as a qualitative research methodology in this study. Data was generated through in-depth semi-structured interviews with the four purposively selected participants. The interviews with the participants were recorded and further transcribed verbatim. The IPA data analysis, as set out by Jonathan Smith, was applied manually to the transcribed extracts. The findings of the study indicated that headers of child households face challenges related to psychological well-being, emotional well-being as well as educational difficulties. It is recommended that government strengthen policies that will support and protect children who are heading families
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- Date Issued: 2019
Wild vegetables of the Eastern Cape of South Africa: the nutritional value and domestication of solanum nigrum l
- Authors: Bvenura, Callistus
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD (Ethnobotany)
- Identifier: vital:11885 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1015514
- Description: An ethnobotanical survey was conducted in Alice and Willowvale in the Nkonkobe and Mbashe municipalities of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa to identify and document wild vegetables growing in the areas. The survey documented 22 vegetable species belonging to 12 different families. The Amaryllidaceae, Amaranthaceae, Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Caryophyllaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Convolvulaceae, Cruciferae, Cucurbitaceaea, Euphorbiaceae, Tiliaceae, Solanaceae, Polygonaceae and Urticaceae were the families that were recorded. The species were Tulbaghia violacea Harv., Amaranthus blitoides S., Amaranthus blitum L., Amaranthus hybridus L., Centella coriacea Nannfd., Bidens pilosa L, Cotula heterocarpa DC., Sonchus oleraceus L., Galinsoga parviflora Cav., Taraxacum officinale Weber, Hypochaeris radicata L., Stellaria media L., Chenopodium album L., Chenopodium murale L., Ipomoea batatas L., Sisymbrium thellungii O. Schulz, Cucurbita pepo L., Rumex crispus L., Acalypha virginica L., Nicandra physalodes L., Physalis peruviana L., Solanum nigrum L., Urtica urens L. and Corchorus olitorius L. About 27 % of the wild vegetables were native to South Africa and about 45 % were also used as medicinal plants in the areas. Sun drying was the most common method of preserving the wild vegetables for the off season months. This study also revealed that, men and the younger generation knew less about wild vegetables than the women. The study also revealed a loss of knowledge of wild vegetables and their use by the rural dwellers who are more in favour of the exotic types such as spinach and cabbage.
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- Date Issued: 2014
Desegregation and socio-spatial integration in residential suburbs in East London, South Africa (1993-2008)
- Authors: Bwalya, John
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: City planning -- South Africa -- East London , Apartheid -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Migration, Internal -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD (Geography)
- Identifier: vital:11504 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/336 , City planning -- South Africa -- East London , Apartheid -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Migration, Internal -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Description: This study used integration as the overarching conceptual framework to investigate socio-spatial integration in post-apartheid South Africa. The study adopted the embedded case study design to investigate the spatial and social aspects of integration in former white residential suburbs in East London, South Africa. Recognising that integration occurred in different registers, this study used data from the South African Property Transfer Guide (SAPTG) database to investigate spatial-temporal integration in East London‟s residential suburbs from 1993 to 2008. A total of 21,683 residential property transfers were reviewed in 46 suburbs, and transfers to Blacks were identified. The residential property transfers were mapped to identify the nature of spatial integration. To investigate social integration, in-depth personal interviews were conducted on a purposively drawn sample of residents in the three case study suburbs of Southernwood, Cambridge and Gonubie. The interviews focused on three proxy indicators of social capital at neighbourhood level. The results of the study showed that post-apartheid spatial integration in East London closely followed the class-based residential template. Contrary to predictions prior to, and following apartheid‟s demise, the study showed that spatial integration occurred without racial conflicts. The study also found that social integration in the residential suburbs reflected the neighbourhood context and personal preferences, and was highly fluid. Although feelings of racial distance were evident, there were also indications of social cohesion, which were dynamic and uneven in time and space. Based on the data and the dialectical nature of spatial and social integration, the study concluded that fragmentation and integration are likely to continue coexisting in the South African city.
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- Date Issued: 2011
Guilt and shame as intergroup emotions applied within the South African context
- Authors: Byrnes, Janet
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Intergroup relations , Shame , Guilt
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , M Soc Sc (Psych)
- Identifier: vital:11607 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/154 , Intergroup relations , Shame , Guilt
- Description: The present paper will inform about three studies that seek to make a contribution to the area of self-conscious emotions, namely guilt and shame, and their consequences for intergroup relations in a South African context. As with previous research, this research investigated whether belonging to a particular group (i.e. being a white South African) is likely to evoke feelings of collective guilt and collective shame when reminded of the atrocities of Apartheid, even though the individual members did not personally contribute to their group’s negative history. The first study aimed to investigate experimentally the effects of experienced collective ingroup guilt and shame on the desire to make reparation. The second study aimed to test the relationship between guilt/shame and reparation of white South Africans in the field. Furthermore, the second study aimed to account for the dialectical aspects of the intergroup situation by exploring guilt/shame and reparation of white South Africans as expected by young black South Africans (as members of the previously oppressed group). The third study aimed to replicate the differences between experienced guilt/shame/reparation and reported ingroup identification by white South Africans and the expected guilt/shame/reparation from white South Africans and reported ingroup identification by black South Africans as found in the study 2. In addition, the third study aimed to control the antecedents for collective guilt and for collective shame. It also explored the impact knowledge about atrocities of the ingroup (white participants) has on emotions and reparation attitudes and whether perceived status relations at present and in the future impacts the emotions as well general reparation attitudes.
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- Date Issued: 2009
The characterization and electrochemistry of dye-sensitized solar cells
- Authors: Caga, Noloyiso
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: Dye-sensitized solar cells , Acetonitrile , Electrochemistry , Spectrum analysis
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc (Chemistry)
- Identifier: vital:11341 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1016069 , Dye-sensitized solar cells , Acetonitrile , Electrochemistry , Spectrum analysis
- Description: In this study a presentation of the technology behind dye-sensitized solar cells, their design as well as the role of the different parts of the cell. The characterization of the cell is divided into four sections namely: the characterization of the paste required to make the TiO2 film and its optical properties using SEM-EDX and XRD analytical techniques; Analysis of the various absorptions of three Ru-based dyes using UV-Vis spectroscopy, Photoluminescence and Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy; the characterization and the analyses of the entire cell using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. The nine cells were prepared by examining RuL2(CN)2 , RuL2(NCS)2 or N3 dye and RuL2(NCS)2 TBA+ or N719 dye. [L = 2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid ;TBA = tetra-butyl ammonium] were combined with three electrolytes namely: Z–150 , AN–50 and PN–50. The Iodolyte PN–50 is an iodide based low viscosity electrolyte with 50 mM of tri-iodide dissolved in a solvent called propionitrile (PN). The Iodolyte AN–50 is an iodide based low viscosity electrolyte with 50 mM of tri-iodide dissolved in a solvent called acetonitrile (AN). The Iodolyte Z–150 is an iodide based low viscosity electrolyte with 150 mM of tri-iodide dissolved in a solvent called 3-methoxypropionitrile (MPN) and with additives such an ionic liquid, malkylbenziimidazole and guanidine thiocyanate. A solar simulator was utilized with which the standard solar irradiation can be created in laboratory conditions. The fill factors as well as overall performance efficiencies of the these cells are quite low < 1.0%,.
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- Date Issued: 2013
Prevalence and antibiotic resistance determinants of Escherichia coli pathotypes obtained from raw milk in two farms from the Eastern Cape, South Africa: public health implications
- Authors: Caine, Lesley-Anne
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: Raw Milk -- Escherichia coli , Polymerase -- Chain Reaction (PCR)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc (Microbiology)
- Identifier: vital:11277 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1015525 , Raw Milk -- Escherichia coli , Polymerase -- Chain Reaction (PCR)
- Description: Milk quality continues to be a topic of intense debate in the dairy industry, medical and public health communities. Production of maximum quantities of high-quality milk is an important goal of every dairy operation. High-quality milk must contain a low number of somatic cells and low bacteria count, and must be free of human pathogens and antibiotic residues. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of E. coli in unpasteurized milk recovered from Middledrift and Fort Hare dairy. In this study 400 milk samples were collected from two commercial farms (Middledrift and Fort Hare) in the Eastern Cape, South Africa, 200 raw milk samples from each farm. Samples were cultured on violet red bile mug-agar (VRB-MUG Agar) and incubated at 37ºC for 24 hours and preliminary identified by Gram stain and catalase test. Isolates that were Gram negative and catalase positive were screened for a marker of E. coli uidA gene using PCR assays. Middledrift dairy farm had 50 (25%) E. coli isolated from raw milk and Fort Hare farm showed 37 (18.5%) E. coli present in the milk samples. The presence of E. coli found in the milk samples points to the fact that fecal contamination was unavoidable and traditional practices are likely to contribute to the contamination of the milk and proliferation of the microorganisms.
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- Date Issued: 2013
An investigation into the management of allocated funds in schools: a case study of two selected schools in Fort Beaufort District in the Eastern Cape Province
- Authors: Cakwebe, Pindiwe Theodora
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: Allocated Funds , Constitution , Education , Financial Management -- Government , Paper Budget -- Quintile , School Governing Body -- Section 21 school
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPA
- Identifier: vital:11706 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1015204 , Allocated Funds , Constitution , Education , Financial Management -- Government , Paper Budget -- Quintile , School Governing Body -- Section 21 school
- Description: The South African Schools Act (No. 84 of 1996) mandates the government to make financial allocations to needy schools. Section 21 of the Act read together with the National Norms and Standards for School Funding, stipulates that schools falling into certain categories (quintiles) receive given amount of funds per each and every learner. The funds are meant to help promote the equal and unparalleled access to education for all citizens as set-out in Section 29 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (1996). The study focused on investigating the manner in which two selected Section 21 primary schools are managing their allocated funds. The empirical study made use of a qualitative paradigm through which data was collected using interviews and focus group discussions to collect data from a sample comprising of thirty-five respondents. In terms of data analysis, the study used a qualitative analysis approach to interpret data into readable information for the various categories of audiences in the study. The findings of the study were, inter alia, that financial management skills are low in the schools, the amounts appropriated to schools needs to be revised upwards because schools need more funding for renovations and property development in schools, sanctions for those guilty of school financial misconduct are too soft and auditing of financial record is not being constantly done. The study recommends that the following be considered in order to help improve school financial management; the training of financial officers in school on how to best manage funds, imposition of stiffer penalties for offenders of financial misconduct and increase in allocation aimed at school property development.
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- Date Issued: 2013
Financial liberalization and financial instability in the selected SADC member countries
- Authors: Cele, Nolungelo Mercy
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Finance Financial crises Finance -- Developing countries
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/8978 , vital:34179
- Description: The study examined the impact of financial liberalization on financial instability in selected SADC member countries namely South Africa, Tanzania, Madagascar and Botswana for the period 1970-2012. The Panel data methodology was adopted to establish the relationship between the two variables. Impaired loans were used to capture financial instability and financial reforms to capture the level of financial liberalization. Credit to the private sector, government expenditure, GDP and inflation were utilised as control variables The empirical findings reveal that financial liberalization leads to financial instability. The financial reforms were found to be positively related with the impaired loans ratio in almost all the specifications. It was also found that financial instability intensifies when the global financial crisis is taken into consideration. This suggests that financial liberalization can therefore be another source of financial instability in the SADC countries. The empirical results imply that policy makers should focus on reforms that give due share to the regulations rather than just simply liberalizing the financial sector.
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- Date Issued: 2018