Budget Deficits, the Savings Gap and Current Account Deficits in the Southern African Development Community
- Authors: Kopeledi, Alyssa
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Budget deficits -- South Africa Accounts current
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom (Economics)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/12392 , vital:39259
- Description: This study examines the validity of the triple deficit hypothesis for a selected number of SADC countries, utilising secondary annual data for the period 1996-2018. Based on previous studies and theory, current account deficit was chosen as the dependent variable and budget deficit and the savings gap as the independent variables. The study makes use of both first generation and second-generation unit root tests to examine the time series properties of the data. The empirical results show that the data is integrated of different orders. Kao, Pedroni and Westerlund cointegration tests were carried out to examine the long-term relationship between the variables of interest. The empirical results revealed that there is a long-term relationship between current account deficit, budget deficit s and the savings gap. The long-run model under the Autoregressive Distributed Lag test revealed that, a positive and significant relationship exists between budget deficit and current account deficit at a significance level of 10% and a negative and insignificant relationship exists between savings gap and current account deficit in the long run. This suggests that an improvement in the current account balance in SADC countries requires fiscal stringency
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: Kopeledi, Alyssa
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Budget deficits -- South Africa Accounts current
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom (Economics)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/12392 , vital:39259
- Description: This study examines the validity of the triple deficit hypothesis for a selected number of SADC countries, utilising secondary annual data for the period 1996-2018. Based on previous studies and theory, current account deficit was chosen as the dependent variable and budget deficit and the savings gap as the independent variables. The study makes use of both first generation and second-generation unit root tests to examine the time series properties of the data. The empirical results show that the data is integrated of different orders. Kao, Pedroni and Westerlund cointegration tests were carried out to examine the long-term relationship between the variables of interest. The empirical results revealed that there is a long-term relationship between current account deficit, budget deficit s and the savings gap. The long-run model under the Autoregressive Distributed Lag test revealed that, a positive and significant relationship exists between budget deficit and current account deficit at a significance level of 10% and a negative and insignificant relationship exists between savings gap and current account deficit in the long run. This suggests that an improvement in the current account balance in SADC countries requires fiscal stringency
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
Detecting plant species in the field with deep learning and drone technology:
- James, Katherine, Bradshaw, Karen
- Authors: James, Katherine , Bradshaw, Karen
- Date: 2020
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/160445 , vital:40446 , https://0-doi.org.wam.seals.ac.za/10.1111/2041-210X.13473
- Description: Aerial drones are providing a new source of high‐resolution imagery for mapping of plant species of interest, amongst other applications. On‐board detection algorithms could open the door to allow for applications in which drones can intelligently interact with their environment. However, the majority of plant detection studies have focused on detection in post‐flight processed orthomosaics. Greater research into developing detection algorithms robust to real‐world variations in environmental conditions is necessary, such that they are suitable for deployment in the field under variable conditions. We outline the steps necessary to develop such a system, show by example how real‐world considerations can be addressed during model training and briefly illustrate the performance of our best performing model in the field when integrated with an aerial drone.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: James, Katherine , Bradshaw, Karen
- Date: 2020
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/160445 , vital:40446 , https://0-doi.org.wam.seals.ac.za/10.1111/2041-210X.13473
- Description: Aerial drones are providing a new source of high‐resolution imagery for mapping of plant species of interest, amongst other applications. On‐board detection algorithms could open the door to allow for applications in which drones can intelligently interact with their environment. However, the majority of plant detection studies have focused on detection in post‐flight processed orthomosaics. Greater research into developing detection algorithms robust to real‐world variations in environmental conditions is necessary, such that they are suitable for deployment in the field under variable conditions. We outline the steps necessary to develop such a system, show by example how real‐world considerations can be addressed during model training and briefly illustrate the performance of our best performing model in the field when integrated with an aerial drone.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
African Foreign Policies: Selecting signifiers to explain agency
- Authors: Bischoff, Paul, 1954-
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Africa Foreign relations 1960- , Africa Politics and government 1960-
- Language: English
- Type: text , book
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/161716 , vital:40657 , ISBN 9780367348281 , https://www.routledge.com/African-Foreign-Policies-Selecting-Signifiers-to-Explain-Agency/Bischoff/p/book/9780367348281
- Description: This book explores, at a time when several powers have become serious players on the continent, aspects of African agency, past and present, by African writers on foreign policy, representative of geography, language and state size. In the past, African foreign policy has largely been considered within the context of reactions to the international or global 'external factor'. This ground-breaking book, however, looks at how foreign policy has been crafted and used in response not just to external, but also, mainly, domestic imperatives or (theoretical) signifiers. As such, it narrates individual and changing foreign policy orientations over time - and as far back as independence - with mainly African-based scholars who present their own constructs of what is a useful theoretical narrative regarding foreign policy on the continent - how theory is adapted to local circumstance or substituted for continentally based ontologies. The book therefore contends that the African experience carries valuable import for expanding general understandings of foreign policy in general. This book will be of key interest to scholars and students of Foreign Policy Analysis, Foreign Policy Studies, African International Relations/Politics/Studies, Diplomacy and more broadly to International Relations. , Introduction / Paul-Henri Bischoff -- What Next? Past and present African foreign policy concepts and practices / Paul-Henri Bischoff -- The African Union as a Foreign Policy Player: African Agency in International Cooperation / Tshepo Gwatiwa -- Unprincipled Pragmatism and Anti-Imperialist Impulses in an Interconnected World: The Zuma Presidency, 2009-2017 / Mzukisi Qobo -- Towards A Strategic Culture Approach to Understanding and Conceptualising Ethiopia's Foreign Policy Towards Israel and the Middle Eastern Arab Countries / Makonnen Tesfaye -- Nigeria's Foreign Policy and Intervention Behaviour in Africa: What Role for Agency? / Olumuyiwa Amao -- Zimbabwe and New Signifiers: Towards a cultural political economy of Foreign Policy Making / Mike Mavura -- Realist Conceptions of Kenya's Foreign Policy and Foreign Policy Behaviour: A Theoretical and Contextual Disposition / Korwa Gombe Adar and Mercy Kathambi Kaburu -- Addressing the Conceptual Void of African Small State Foreign Policy in Orthodox Theory: A Case Study of Botswana's Principled Pragmatism / Kabelo M. Mahupela -- Tunisia's Foreign Policy Towards France Before and After an Undemanding 'Revolution': A Theoretical Explanation of the An-Nahdha-led Interim Governments' Soft Policy / Ahmed Ali Salem -- Straddling Between Convergence and Divergence: A Constructivist's View of Malawi's Foreign Policy in Post-independence Africa / Eugenio Njoloma -- Strategies of a Small State Between Realism and Liberalism: Sixty Years of Guinea's Diplomacy and Foreign Policy (1958-2018) / Issaka K. Souaré -- Rethinking SADC's Collective Policymaking Processes on External Relations and Non-state Participation for Region-building / Cecilia Lwiindi Nedziwe -- Towards an Understanding of the Interplay Between Ghana's Foreign and Defence Policies / Kwesi Aning and Kwaku Danso -- Conclusion / Paul-Henri Bischoff
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: Bischoff, Paul, 1954-
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Africa Foreign relations 1960- , Africa Politics and government 1960-
- Language: English
- Type: text , book
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/161716 , vital:40657 , ISBN 9780367348281 , https://www.routledge.com/African-Foreign-Policies-Selecting-Signifiers-to-Explain-Agency/Bischoff/p/book/9780367348281
- Description: This book explores, at a time when several powers have become serious players on the continent, aspects of African agency, past and present, by African writers on foreign policy, representative of geography, language and state size. In the past, African foreign policy has largely been considered within the context of reactions to the international or global 'external factor'. This ground-breaking book, however, looks at how foreign policy has been crafted and used in response not just to external, but also, mainly, domestic imperatives or (theoretical) signifiers. As such, it narrates individual and changing foreign policy orientations over time - and as far back as independence - with mainly African-based scholars who present their own constructs of what is a useful theoretical narrative regarding foreign policy on the continent - how theory is adapted to local circumstance or substituted for continentally based ontologies. The book therefore contends that the African experience carries valuable import for expanding general understandings of foreign policy in general. This book will be of key interest to scholars and students of Foreign Policy Analysis, Foreign Policy Studies, African International Relations/Politics/Studies, Diplomacy and more broadly to International Relations. , Introduction / Paul-Henri Bischoff -- What Next? Past and present African foreign policy concepts and practices / Paul-Henri Bischoff -- The African Union as a Foreign Policy Player: African Agency in International Cooperation / Tshepo Gwatiwa -- Unprincipled Pragmatism and Anti-Imperialist Impulses in an Interconnected World: The Zuma Presidency, 2009-2017 / Mzukisi Qobo -- Towards A Strategic Culture Approach to Understanding and Conceptualising Ethiopia's Foreign Policy Towards Israel and the Middle Eastern Arab Countries / Makonnen Tesfaye -- Nigeria's Foreign Policy and Intervention Behaviour in Africa: What Role for Agency? / Olumuyiwa Amao -- Zimbabwe and New Signifiers: Towards a cultural political economy of Foreign Policy Making / Mike Mavura -- Realist Conceptions of Kenya's Foreign Policy and Foreign Policy Behaviour: A Theoretical and Contextual Disposition / Korwa Gombe Adar and Mercy Kathambi Kaburu -- Addressing the Conceptual Void of African Small State Foreign Policy in Orthodox Theory: A Case Study of Botswana's Principled Pragmatism / Kabelo M. Mahupela -- Tunisia's Foreign Policy Towards France Before and After an Undemanding 'Revolution': A Theoretical Explanation of the An-Nahdha-led Interim Governments' Soft Policy / Ahmed Ali Salem -- Straddling Between Convergence and Divergence: A Constructivist's View of Malawi's Foreign Policy in Post-independence Africa / Eugenio Njoloma -- Strategies of a Small State Between Realism and Liberalism: Sixty Years of Guinea's Diplomacy and Foreign Policy (1958-2018) / Issaka K. Souaré -- Rethinking SADC's Collective Policymaking Processes on External Relations and Non-state Participation for Region-building / Cecilia Lwiindi Nedziwe -- Towards an Understanding of the Interplay Between Ghana's Foreign and Defence Policies / Kwesi Aning and Kwaku Danso -- Conclusion / Paul-Henri Bischoff
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
The predictive ability of the yield spread in timing the stock exchange: a South African case
- Authors: Cook, Jenna
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Stocks -- Mathematical models , Probits , Johannesburg Stock Exchange
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/147025 , vital:38586
- Description: The use of the yield curve in forecasting economic recessions is well established in the literature. A new avenue of use for the yield curve has emerged in the form of using it to forecast bull and bear stock markets. This has the potential to change how investors manage portfolios. A dynamic market-timing strategy would allow investors to shift out of or in to stock markets based on the probability of bear stock market in the future. The relationship between the yield curve and the stock market is tested using an adapted probit model. This has proven positive with encouraging results for the US, India and Spain. This is tested for South Africa using the adapted probit model and the SA yield spread. Bear stock markets are identified on the JSE and forms part of the probit modelling process. Bear markets are identified using a six- and four-month criteria. As South Africa is a small, open and developing economy, the probit is also modelled using the US yield spread. The three probit models do not appear to track bear markets well. This is substantiated through the Henriksson-Merton parametric model test which tests for market timing ability. The results for the SA yield spread using both bear market criteria do not show market timing ability, however, the SA and US yield spread model does show potential market timing ability.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: Cook, Jenna
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Stocks -- Mathematical models , Probits , Johannesburg Stock Exchange
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/147025 , vital:38586
- Description: The use of the yield curve in forecasting economic recessions is well established in the literature. A new avenue of use for the yield curve has emerged in the form of using it to forecast bull and bear stock markets. This has the potential to change how investors manage portfolios. A dynamic market-timing strategy would allow investors to shift out of or in to stock markets based on the probability of bear stock market in the future. The relationship between the yield curve and the stock market is tested using an adapted probit model. This has proven positive with encouraging results for the US, India and Spain. This is tested for South Africa using the adapted probit model and the SA yield spread. Bear stock markets are identified on the JSE and forms part of the probit modelling process. Bear markets are identified using a six- and four-month criteria. As South Africa is a small, open and developing economy, the probit is also modelled using the US yield spread. The three probit models do not appear to track bear markets well. This is substantiated through the Henriksson-Merton parametric model test which tests for market timing ability. The results for the SA yield spread using both bear market criteria do not show market timing ability, however, the SA and US yield spread model does show potential market timing ability.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
Identification of differentially expressed proteins involved in wheat (Triticum aestivum) resistance against Russian Wheat Aphid (Diuraphis noxia) SA2 using SWATH-MS analysis
- Authors: Ntlokwana, Sitha Emmanuel
- Date: 2020
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/18872 , vital:42888
- Description: Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is the second most-consumed cereal crop in the world, second only to maize. In South Africa it is mainly produced in three provinces; the Free State, Western Cape, and the Northen Cape. The average total land area used for wheat cultivation in these three Provinces, is 533 000 hectares, with a resultant annual production of between 1.3 to 2 million tons. The total wheat requirement in South Africa is currently 2.7 million tons according to the production of wheat guidelines published by the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, which is higher than the total annual production. One of the primary reasons that contribute to the lower production levels is insect and pest infestation, in particular, the Russian wheat aphid (Diurophis noxis), which can result in crop loss of up to sixty percent. Russian wheat aphids (RWA) are invasive insects that feed on the phloem of the plant through their specialised thin stylet-like mouthparts and release toxic agents contained in their saliva during feeding, which disrupt cellular functions inside the host plant. This damage leads to symptoms like; chlorosis, necrosis, wilting, stunting and curling of leaves, also known as leaf rolling. This study aimed to identify differentially expressed proteins in resistant and susceptible wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars during Russian wheat aphid Biotype South African 2 (RWA-SA2) infestation, in order to identify proteins involved in the wheat resistant mechanism against RWA-SA2. Two wheat cultivars SST398 (resistant to RWA-SA2) and SST356 (susceptible to RWA-SA2) were used, and a total number of 126 plants were planted and divided according to four different harvest times (Control day 0; day 5; day 7 and day 12). The wheat plants were infested with approximately 10 aphids per plant at the three-leaf stage, and placed within an insect cage inside a growth chamber (Conviron, Winnipeg, Canada) set at 24ºC, light intensity of 352 µmol.m-2.sec-1, ambient CO2 levels (410 ppm) and humidity of 60% with a 16h/8h day/night cycle. Wheat leaves were harvested at various time frames, and total protein extraction was performed. The protein samples were reduced with 10 mM dithiothreitol (DTT) and alkylated with 30 mM iodoacetamide (IAA). Sample clean-up and on-bead trypsin digest were performed on megReSyn Hilic columns, over four hours. The resultant peptides were vacuum dried and resuspended in 2% acetonitrile (ACN) before submitting them to LC-MS/MS (SWATH) for analysis. A total number of 611 proteins were differentially expressed, of which 19 were identified to be involved in the resistance response of wheat, and an additional 20 involved in biotic stress responses. This study showed that reactive oxidative species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals (OH-) play a significant role in the early stages of wheat resistance against RWA-SA2 infestation. They are involved in cell wall strengthening, activation of defence genes, involvement of phytohormone signals such as salicylic and jasmonic acid, which also mediates the systemic defences such as, systemic acquired resistance (SAR), leading to the expression of pathogen-related proteins such as (thaumatin-like proteins, oxalate oxidase, defensin, chitinase, and thionins). Although up-regulation of photosynthesis proteins such as (chlorophyll a/b binding protein, photosystem I and II, rubisco and divinyl chlorophyllide a, and 8 vinyl-reductase) were seen on both infested cultivars (susceptible and resistance), higher numbers of these classes of proteins were identified in the resistance cultivar, suggesting that they also play a critical role in resistance. In conclusion, the SWATH analysis used in this study was able to identify numerous proteins involved in the wheat resistance mechanism against RWA-SA2, most of which have not yet been reported to be involved in either biotic stress or RWA-SA2 resistance responses. Future studies are required to biochemically confirm the involvement of these enzymes and proteins the specific metabolic pathways where they are found, in the wheat resistance mechanism against Russian wheat aphid Biotype 2
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: Ntlokwana, Sitha Emmanuel
- Date: 2020
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/18872 , vital:42888
- Description: Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is the second most-consumed cereal crop in the world, second only to maize. In South Africa it is mainly produced in three provinces; the Free State, Western Cape, and the Northen Cape. The average total land area used for wheat cultivation in these three Provinces, is 533 000 hectares, with a resultant annual production of between 1.3 to 2 million tons. The total wheat requirement in South Africa is currently 2.7 million tons according to the production of wheat guidelines published by the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, which is higher than the total annual production. One of the primary reasons that contribute to the lower production levels is insect and pest infestation, in particular, the Russian wheat aphid (Diurophis noxis), which can result in crop loss of up to sixty percent. Russian wheat aphids (RWA) are invasive insects that feed on the phloem of the plant through their specialised thin stylet-like mouthparts and release toxic agents contained in their saliva during feeding, which disrupt cellular functions inside the host plant. This damage leads to symptoms like; chlorosis, necrosis, wilting, stunting and curling of leaves, also known as leaf rolling. This study aimed to identify differentially expressed proteins in resistant and susceptible wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars during Russian wheat aphid Biotype South African 2 (RWA-SA2) infestation, in order to identify proteins involved in the wheat resistant mechanism against RWA-SA2. Two wheat cultivars SST398 (resistant to RWA-SA2) and SST356 (susceptible to RWA-SA2) were used, and a total number of 126 plants were planted and divided according to four different harvest times (Control day 0; day 5; day 7 and day 12). The wheat plants were infested with approximately 10 aphids per plant at the three-leaf stage, and placed within an insect cage inside a growth chamber (Conviron, Winnipeg, Canada) set at 24ºC, light intensity of 352 µmol.m-2.sec-1, ambient CO2 levels (410 ppm) and humidity of 60% with a 16h/8h day/night cycle. Wheat leaves were harvested at various time frames, and total protein extraction was performed. The protein samples were reduced with 10 mM dithiothreitol (DTT) and alkylated with 30 mM iodoacetamide (IAA). Sample clean-up and on-bead trypsin digest were performed on megReSyn Hilic columns, over four hours. The resultant peptides were vacuum dried and resuspended in 2% acetonitrile (ACN) before submitting them to LC-MS/MS (SWATH) for analysis. A total number of 611 proteins were differentially expressed, of which 19 were identified to be involved in the resistance response of wheat, and an additional 20 involved in biotic stress responses. This study showed that reactive oxidative species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals (OH-) play a significant role in the early stages of wheat resistance against RWA-SA2 infestation. They are involved in cell wall strengthening, activation of defence genes, involvement of phytohormone signals such as salicylic and jasmonic acid, which also mediates the systemic defences such as, systemic acquired resistance (SAR), leading to the expression of pathogen-related proteins such as (thaumatin-like proteins, oxalate oxidase, defensin, chitinase, and thionins). Although up-regulation of photosynthesis proteins such as (chlorophyll a/b binding protein, photosystem I and II, rubisco and divinyl chlorophyllide a, and 8 vinyl-reductase) were seen on both infested cultivars (susceptible and resistance), higher numbers of these classes of proteins were identified in the resistance cultivar, suggesting that they also play a critical role in resistance. In conclusion, the SWATH analysis used in this study was able to identify numerous proteins involved in the wheat resistance mechanism against RWA-SA2, most of which have not yet been reported to be involved in either biotic stress or RWA-SA2 resistance responses. Future studies are required to biochemically confirm the involvement of these enzymes and proteins the specific metabolic pathways where they are found, in the wheat resistance mechanism against Russian wheat aphid Biotype 2
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
Exploring a systems approach to mainstreaming sustainability in universities: A case study of Rhodes University in South Africa
- Togo, Muchaiteyi, Lotz-Sisitka, Heila
- Authors: Togo, Muchaiteyi , Lotz-Sisitka, Heila
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/182857 , vital:43886 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2012.749974"
- Description: This paper explores the use of systems theory to inform the mainstreaming of sustainability in a university’s functions as it responds to sustainable development challenges in its local context. Offering a case study of Rhodes University, the paper shows how the use of systems models and concepts, underpinned by a critical realist ontology and an understanding of morphogenetic change processes, have the potential to enable universities to mobilise their operations to respond to local sustainability challenges. In this instance, the success of such an approach is shown to depend on commitments from the university community and the availability of enabling inputs, such as financial and human resources. The paper concludes with reflections and recommendations to inform further development of a newly emerging systems approach in sustainability mainstreaming at Rhodes University, and other institutions pursuing similar approaches and goals.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2013
- Authors: Togo, Muchaiteyi , Lotz-Sisitka, Heila
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/182857 , vital:43886 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2012.749974"
- Description: This paper explores the use of systems theory to inform the mainstreaming of sustainability in a university’s functions as it responds to sustainable development challenges in its local context. Offering a case study of Rhodes University, the paper shows how the use of systems models and concepts, underpinned by a critical realist ontology and an understanding of morphogenetic change processes, have the potential to enable universities to mobilise their operations to respond to local sustainability challenges. In this instance, the success of such an approach is shown to depend on commitments from the university community and the availability of enabling inputs, such as financial and human resources. The paper concludes with reflections and recommendations to inform further development of a newly emerging systems approach in sustainability mainstreaming at Rhodes University, and other institutions pursuing similar approaches and goals.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2013
Between past and future: memory and mourning in the stories of Okwiri Oduor and Ndinda Kioko
- Authors: Awuor, Nicholas Amol
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Oduor, Okwiri -- Criticism and interpretation , Oduor, Okwiri -- The plea bargain , Oduor, Okwiri -- My father's head , Oduor, Okwiri -- Rag doll , Kioko, Ndinda -- Criticism and interpretation , Kioko, Ndinda -- Sometime Before Maulidi , Kioko, Ndinda -- Some Freedom Dreams , Authors, Kenyan -- Criticism and interpretation , Kenyan fiction (English) -- History and criticism , Kenyan literature (English) -- History and criticism
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/163168 , vital:41015
- Description: This study investigates the literary activities of two emerging female Kenyan writers, Claudette Okwiri Oduor and Jacqueline Ndinda Kioko, both of whom are award-winning authors. Oduor won the 2014 Caine Prize for African Writing while Kioko bagged the Wasafiri New Writing Fiction Award 2017. It examines specifically how the writers deal with memory and mourning in negotiating between the past and future. I explore how their fictional and non-fictional narratives assist individuals and groups to confront loss, reconstruct new identities, and renegotiate belonging amidst personal and social upheaval. The fictional narratives at the centre of this research are Oduor’s “The Plea Bargain” (2011), “My Father’s Head” (2013) and “Rag Doll” (2014), and Kioko’s “Sometime Before Maulidi” (2014) and “Some Freedom Dreams” (2017). The study explores the themes of mental illness, existential crisis, and fragmentation, and considers bereavement, queer relationships, cultural freedom, and social recognition. The research further considers the active participation of these two writers in Kenya’s contemporary literary-cultural conversations, which span different genres and various media platforms, including blogs, YouTube clips, online magazines, and social media networks in dialogue with other writers. I trace the significance of the literary-cultural link these authors have with their local, continental, and global counterparts in countries like Uganda, Nigeria, and South Africa. The link finds expression through their (in)direct association with some of the new online publishing outlets in Kenya like Jalada Africa, Enkare Review, and Kikwetu. More importantly, their shared participation in and association with such international awards and scholarships as the Commonwealth Short Story Prize, Kwani Trust Manuscript Project, and Miles Morland Foundation is integral in apprehending contemporary literary exchanges and multidirectional flows of publishing in Africa and beyond. I equally illustrate how mentorship of younger writers through local writers’ organisations and collectives like AMKA and Writivism help in the formation of an alternative canon other than the mainstream. The study affirms that the authors seem to transcend the boundaries of production and circulation by fluidly moving between electronic and non-electronic platforms, thus mimicking the memory production of remembering, repeating, and working through.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: Awuor, Nicholas Amol
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Oduor, Okwiri -- Criticism and interpretation , Oduor, Okwiri -- The plea bargain , Oduor, Okwiri -- My father's head , Oduor, Okwiri -- Rag doll , Kioko, Ndinda -- Criticism and interpretation , Kioko, Ndinda -- Sometime Before Maulidi , Kioko, Ndinda -- Some Freedom Dreams , Authors, Kenyan -- Criticism and interpretation , Kenyan fiction (English) -- History and criticism , Kenyan literature (English) -- History and criticism
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/163168 , vital:41015
- Description: This study investigates the literary activities of two emerging female Kenyan writers, Claudette Okwiri Oduor and Jacqueline Ndinda Kioko, both of whom are award-winning authors. Oduor won the 2014 Caine Prize for African Writing while Kioko bagged the Wasafiri New Writing Fiction Award 2017. It examines specifically how the writers deal with memory and mourning in negotiating between the past and future. I explore how their fictional and non-fictional narratives assist individuals and groups to confront loss, reconstruct new identities, and renegotiate belonging amidst personal and social upheaval. The fictional narratives at the centre of this research are Oduor’s “The Plea Bargain” (2011), “My Father’s Head” (2013) and “Rag Doll” (2014), and Kioko’s “Sometime Before Maulidi” (2014) and “Some Freedom Dreams” (2017). The study explores the themes of mental illness, existential crisis, and fragmentation, and considers bereavement, queer relationships, cultural freedom, and social recognition. The research further considers the active participation of these two writers in Kenya’s contemporary literary-cultural conversations, which span different genres and various media platforms, including blogs, YouTube clips, online magazines, and social media networks in dialogue with other writers. I trace the significance of the literary-cultural link these authors have with their local, continental, and global counterparts in countries like Uganda, Nigeria, and South Africa. The link finds expression through their (in)direct association with some of the new online publishing outlets in Kenya like Jalada Africa, Enkare Review, and Kikwetu. More importantly, their shared participation in and association with such international awards and scholarships as the Commonwealth Short Story Prize, Kwani Trust Manuscript Project, and Miles Morland Foundation is integral in apprehending contemporary literary exchanges and multidirectional flows of publishing in Africa and beyond. I equally illustrate how mentorship of younger writers through local writers’ organisations and collectives like AMKA and Writivism help in the formation of an alternative canon other than the mainstream. The study affirms that the authors seem to transcend the boundaries of production and circulation by fluidly moving between electronic and non-electronic platforms, thus mimicking the memory production of remembering, repeating, and working through.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
A strategy to motivate continued instructor usage of learning management systems (LMSS) in higher learning institutions of Zimbabwe
- Authors: Siwela, Ndukuyenkosi
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Web-based instruction , Computer systems Organizational learning -- Zimbabwe Internet in education
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPhil
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/47259 , vital:39837
- Description: The purpose of this study was to develop a strategy to motivate continued usage of Learning Management Systems in higher learning institutions of Zimbabwe. A related goal was to identify unique challenges experienced by instructors in their use of LMSs. The use of LMSs is now global and has been fairly successful in developed countries even though past research shows that instructors tend to discontinue usage over a period of time. Whereas most LMSs research is carried in the context of the developed world, the candidate demonstrates that Vantankesh's IS Success Model and Davis' Technology Acceptance Model can be successfully replicated into the developing world on condition that local environment is taken into context. The results showed that LMSs in Zimbabwe higher learning institutions hold a promise of success even though challenges exist. The findings have wider implications on the need to invest in neccessary infrustructure and future predictions on learner interests. The study demonstrates that shared success can be achieved if the local conditions are taken into context when developing a strategy to motivate instructor continued LMS usage. The study holds the practical implication that institutions can motivate instructors to continue with usage of LMSs to deliver quality output in their daily duties.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: Siwela, Ndukuyenkosi
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Web-based instruction , Computer systems Organizational learning -- Zimbabwe Internet in education
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPhil
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/47259 , vital:39837
- Description: The purpose of this study was to develop a strategy to motivate continued usage of Learning Management Systems in higher learning institutions of Zimbabwe. A related goal was to identify unique challenges experienced by instructors in their use of LMSs. The use of LMSs is now global and has been fairly successful in developed countries even though past research shows that instructors tend to discontinue usage over a period of time. Whereas most LMSs research is carried in the context of the developed world, the candidate demonstrates that Vantankesh's IS Success Model and Davis' Technology Acceptance Model can be successfully replicated into the developing world on condition that local environment is taken into context. The results showed that LMSs in Zimbabwe higher learning institutions hold a promise of success even though challenges exist. The findings have wider implications on the need to invest in neccessary infrustructure and future predictions on learner interests. The study demonstrates that shared success can be achieved if the local conditions are taken into context when developing a strategy to motivate instructor continued LMS usage. The study holds the practical implication that institutions can motivate instructors to continue with usage of LMSs to deliver quality output in their daily duties.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
First candidates for γ vibrational bands built on the [505] 11/2− neutron orbital in odd-A Dy isotopes:
- Majola, S N T, Sithole, M A, Mdletshe, L, Hartley, D, Timár, J, Nyakó, B M, Allmond, J M, Bark, R A, Beausang, C, Bianco, L, Bucher, T D, Bvumbi, S P, Carpenter, M P, Chiara, C J, Cooper, N, Cullen, D M, Curien, D, Dinoko, T S, Gall, B J P, Garrett, P E, Greenlees, P T, Hirvonen, J, Jakobsson, U, Jones, P M, Julin, R, Juutinen, S, Ketelhut, S, Keswa, B V, Kondev, F G, Korichi, A, Kulp, W D, Lauritsen, T, Lawrie, E A, Makhathini, L, Masiteng, P L, Maqabuka, B, McCutchan, E A, Miller, D, Miller, S, Minkova, A, Msebi, L, Mthembu, S H, Ndayishmiye, J, Nieminen, P, Ngcobo, P Z, Ntshamgase, S S, Orce, J N, Peura, P, Rahkila, P, Redon, N, Riedinger, L L, Riley, M A, Roux, D G, Ruotsalainen, P, Piot, J, Saren, J, Sharpey-Schafer, J F, Scholey, C, Shirinda, O, Simpson, J, Sorri, J, Stefansecu, I, Stolze, S, Uusitalo, J, Wang, X, Werner, V, Wood, J L, Yu, C-H, Zhu, S, Zimba, G
- Authors: Majola, S N T , Sithole, M A , Mdletshe, L , Hartley, D , Timár, J , Nyakó, B M , Allmond, J M , Bark, R A , Beausang, C , Bianco, L , Bucher, T D , Bvumbi, S P , Carpenter, M P , Chiara, C J , Cooper, N , Cullen, D M , Curien, D , Dinoko, T S , Gall, B J P , Garrett, P E , Greenlees, P T , Hirvonen, J , Jakobsson, U , Jones, P M , Julin, R , Juutinen, S , Ketelhut, S , Keswa, B V , Kondev, F G , Korichi, A , Kulp, W D , Lauritsen, T , Lawrie, E A , Makhathini, L , Masiteng, P L , Maqabuka, B , McCutchan, E A , Miller, D , Miller, S , Minkova, A , Msebi, L , Mthembu, S H , Ndayishmiye, J , Nieminen, P , Ngcobo, P Z , Ntshamgase, S S , Orce, J N , Peura, P , Rahkila, P , Redon, N , Riedinger, L L , Riley, M A , Roux, D G , Ruotsalainen, P , Piot, J , Saren, J , Sharpey-Schafer, J F , Scholey, C , Shirinda, O , Simpson, J , Sorri, J , Stefansecu, I , Stolze, S , Uusitalo, J , Wang, X , Werner, V , Wood, J L , Yu, C-H , Zhu, S , Zimba, G
- Date: 2020
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/148827 , vital:38777 , https://0-journals.aps.org.wam.seals.ac.za/prc/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevC.101.044312
- Description: Rotational structures have been measured using the Jurogam II and GAMMASPHERE arrays at low spin following the 155Gd(α,2n)157Dy and 148Nd(12C,5n)155Dy reactions at 25 and 65 MeV, respectively. We report high-K bands, which are conjectured to be the first candidates of a Kπ=2+γ vibrational band, built on the [505]11/2− neutron orbital, in both odd-A155,157Dy isotopes. The coupling of the first excited K=0+ states or the so-called β vibrational bands at 661 and 676 keV in 154Dy and 156Dy to the [505]11/2− orbital, to produce a Kπ=11/2− band, was not observed in both 155Dy and 157Dy, respectively. The implication of these findings on the interpretation of the first excited 0+ states in the core nuclei 154Dy and 156Dy are also discussed.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: Majola, S N T , Sithole, M A , Mdletshe, L , Hartley, D , Timár, J , Nyakó, B M , Allmond, J M , Bark, R A , Beausang, C , Bianco, L , Bucher, T D , Bvumbi, S P , Carpenter, M P , Chiara, C J , Cooper, N , Cullen, D M , Curien, D , Dinoko, T S , Gall, B J P , Garrett, P E , Greenlees, P T , Hirvonen, J , Jakobsson, U , Jones, P M , Julin, R , Juutinen, S , Ketelhut, S , Keswa, B V , Kondev, F G , Korichi, A , Kulp, W D , Lauritsen, T , Lawrie, E A , Makhathini, L , Masiteng, P L , Maqabuka, B , McCutchan, E A , Miller, D , Miller, S , Minkova, A , Msebi, L , Mthembu, S H , Ndayishmiye, J , Nieminen, P , Ngcobo, P Z , Ntshamgase, S S , Orce, J N , Peura, P , Rahkila, P , Redon, N , Riedinger, L L , Riley, M A , Roux, D G , Ruotsalainen, P , Piot, J , Saren, J , Sharpey-Schafer, J F , Scholey, C , Shirinda, O , Simpson, J , Sorri, J , Stefansecu, I , Stolze, S , Uusitalo, J , Wang, X , Werner, V , Wood, J L , Yu, C-H , Zhu, S , Zimba, G
- Date: 2020
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/148827 , vital:38777 , https://0-journals.aps.org.wam.seals.ac.za/prc/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevC.101.044312
- Description: Rotational structures have been measured using the Jurogam II and GAMMASPHERE arrays at low spin following the 155Gd(α,2n)157Dy and 148Nd(12C,5n)155Dy reactions at 25 and 65 MeV, respectively. We report high-K bands, which are conjectured to be the first candidates of a Kπ=2+γ vibrational band, built on the [505]11/2− neutron orbital, in both odd-A155,157Dy isotopes. The coupling of the first excited K=0+ states or the so-called β vibrational bands at 661 and 676 keV in 154Dy and 156Dy to the [505]11/2− orbital, to produce a Kπ=11/2− band, was not observed in both 155Dy and 157Dy, respectively. The implication of these findings on the interpretation of the first excited 0+ states in the core nuclei 154Dy and 156Dy are also discussed.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
Technology in conservation: towards a system for in-field drone detection of invasive vegetation
- James, Katherine Margaret Frances
- Authors: James, Katherine Margaret Frances
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Drone aircraft in remote sensing , Neural networks (Computer science) , Drone aircraft in remote sensing -- Case studies , Machine learning , Computer vision , Environmental monitoring -- Remote sensing , Invasive plants -- Monitoring
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/143408 , vital:38244
- Description: Remote sensing can assist in monitoring the spread of invasive vegetation. The adoption of camera-carrying unmanned aerial vehicles, commonly referred to as drones, as remote sensing tools has yielded images of higher spatial resolution than traditional techniques. Drones also have the potential to interact with the environment through the delivery of bio-control or herbicide, as seen with their adoption in precision agriculture. Unlike in agricultural applications, however, invasive plants do not have a predictable position relative to each other within the environment. To facilitate the adoption of drones as an environmental monitoring and management tool, drones need to be able to intelligently distinguish between invasive and non-invasive vegetation on the fly. In this thesis, we present the augmentation of a commercially available drone with a deep machine learning model to investigate the viability of differentiating between an invasive shrub and other vegetation. As a case study, this was applied to the shrub genus Hakea, originating in Australia and invasive in several countries including South Africa. However, for this research, the methodology is important, rather than the chosen target plant. A dataset was collected using the available drone and manually annotated to facilitate the supervised training of the model. Two approaches were explored, namely, classification and semantic segmentation. For each of these, several models were trained and evaluated to find the optimal one. The chosen model was then interfaced with the drone via an Android application on a mobile device and its performance was preliminarily evaluated in the field. Based on these findings, refinements were made and thereafter a thorough field evaluation was performed to determine the best conditions for model operation. Results from the classification task show that deep learning models are capable of distinguishing between target and other shrubs in ideal candidate windows. However, classification in this manner is restricted by the proposal of such candidate windows. End-to-end image segmentation using deep learning overcomes this problem, classifying the image in a pixel-wise manner. Furthermore, the use of appropriate loss functions was found to improve model performance. Field tests show that illumination and shadow pose challenges to the model, but that good recall can be achieved when the conditions are ideal. False positive detection remains an issue that could be improved. This approach shows the potential for drones as an environmental monitoring and management tool when coupled with deep machine learning techniques and outlines potential problems that may be encountered.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: James, Katherine Margaret Frances
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Drone aircraft in remote sensing , Neural networks (Computer science) , Drone aircraft in remote sensing -- Case studies , Machine learning , Computer vision , Environmental monitoring -- Remote sensing , Invasive plants -- Monitoring
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/143408 , vital:38244
- Description: Remote sensing can assist in monitoring the spread of invasive vegetation. The adoption of camera-carrying unmanned aerial vehicles, commonly referred to as drones, as remote sensing tools has yielded images of higher spatial resolution than traditional techniques. Drones also have the potential to interact with the environment through the delivery of bio-control or herbicide, as seen with their adoption in precision agriculture. Unlike in agricultural applications, however, invasive plants do not have a predictable position relative to each other within the environment. To facilitate the adoption of drones as an environmental monitoring and management tool, drones need to be able to intelligently distinguish between invasive and non-invasive vegetation on the fly. In this thesis, we present the augmentation of a commercially available drone with a deep machine learning model to investigate the viability of differentiating between an invasive shrub and other vegetation. As a case study, this was applied to the shrub genus Hakea, originating in Australia and invasive in several countries including South Africa. However, for this research, the methodology is important, rather than the chosen target plant. A dataset was collected using the available drone and manually annotated to facilitate the supervised training of the model. Two approaches were explored, namely, classification and semantic segmentation. For each of these, several models were trained and evaluated to find the optimal one. The chosen model was then interfaced with the drone via an Android application on a mobile device and its performance was preliminarily evaluated in the field. Based on these findings, refinements were made and thereafter a thorough field evaluation was performed to determine the best conditions for model operation. Results from the classification task show that deep learning models are capable of distinguishing between target and other shrubs in ideal candidate windows. However, classification in this manner is restricted by the proposal of such candidate windows. End-to-end image segmentation using deep learning overcomes this problem, classifying the image in a pixel-wise manner. Furthermore, the use of appropriate loss functions was found to improve model performance. Field tests show that illumination and shadow pose challenges to the model, but that good recall can be achieved when the conditions are ideal. False positive detection remains an issue that could be improved. This approach shows the potential for drones as an environmental monitoring and management tool when coupled with deep machine learning techniques and outlines potential problems that may be encountered.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
Analysis of the existence of the Phillips curve, Okun’s law and Taylor rule in the Zambian economy
- Authors: Chella, Siame Nampasa
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Unemployment -- Effect of inflation -- Mathematical models --Zambia
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/49783 , vital:41800
- Description: The objective for this study was to explore the relationship between inflation and growth with an understanding of the effects of unemployment on growth. The primary objective of this paper was to investigate the existence of Phillips Curve, Okun’s Law, and Taylor Rule in Zambia on the basis that Zambia is a youthful economy, with a growing population, which is expected to temper with unemployment rates, as an increase in the supply of labour might be too high for the demand for jobs available. To be specific, the study aims at determining the relationship between inflation and growth and seeks to understand what policy measures have been undertaken to curb inflation and reduce unemployment in Zambia. To achieve this, a quantitative research was undertaken using the ARDL cointegration model in conjunction with sensitivity tests to cater for structural changes in the economy with 2007 standing as the break point, as well as paying attention to the fact that different policy regimes employed during the course of the data covered, that being, 1996 to 2017, would affect that rates of unemployment, inflation and growth of the country, across period under review. The study revealed that Zambia faces a Hybrid New Keynesian Phillips Curve during the period under study which is dominated by a mixture of both back-ward and forward-looking aspects of inflation. This specifically, paints the effects of inflation persistence as well future expectations of inflation on growth. Further, a cointegration relationship was established between unemployment and output, while Taylor principles were found not to apply to the Zambian economy, which have proved in other economies to be foundation blocks for good economic growth and as such significant to both fiscal and monetary policy authorities of the economy. The researcher therefore recommends that Zambian policy makers, that is, both the fiscal and the monetary authorities, work together in order to attain minimal and optimal levels of inflation to help achieve a conducive economic environment for the country.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: Chella, Siame Nampasa
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Unemployment -- Effect of inflation -- Mathematical models --Zambia
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/49783 , vital:41800
- Description: The objective for this study was to explore the relationship between inflation and growth with an understanding of the effects of unemployment on growth. The primary objective of this paper was to investigate the existence of Phillips Curve, Okun’s Law, and Taylor Rule in Zambia on the basis that Zambia is a youthful economy, with a growing population, which is expected to temper with unemployment rates, as an increase in the supply of labour might be too high for the demand for jobs available. To be specific, the study aims at determining the relationship between inflation and growth and seeks to understand what policy measures have been undertaken to curb inflation and reduce unemployment in Zambia. To achieve this, a quantitative research was undertaken using the ARDL cointegration model in conjunction with sensitivity tests to cater for structural changes in the economy with 2007 standing as the break point, as well as paying attention to the fact that different policy regimes employed during the course of the data covered, that being, 1996 to 2017, would affect that rates of unemployment, inflation and growth of the country, across period under review. The study revealed that Zambia faces a Hybrid New Keynesian Phillips Curve during the period under study which is dominated by a mixture of both back-ward and forward-looking aspects of inflation. This specifically, paints the effects of inflation persistence as well future expectations of inflation on growth. Further, a cointegration relationship was established between unemployment and output, while Taylor principles were found not to apply to the Zambian economy, which have proved in other economies to be foundation blocks for good economic growth and as such significant to both fiscal and monetary policy authorities of the economy. The researcher therefore recommends that Zambian policy makers, that is, both the fiscal and the monetary authorities, work together in order to attain minimal and optimal levels of inflation to help achieve a conducive economic environment for the country.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
Retracted COVID-19 Papers and the level of 'citation pollution': a preliminary analysis and directions for future research
- Van der Walt, Wynand, Willems, Kris A, Friedrich, Wernher, Hatsu, Sylvester, Krauss, Kirstin
- Authors: Van der Walt, Wynand , Willems, Kris A , Friedrich, Wernher , Hatsu, Sylvester , Krauss, Kirstin
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Retraction watch , Research -- Evaluation , Bibliographical citations -- Evaluation , Science publishing -- Corrupt practices , Scholarly publishing -- Corrupt practices , Learning and scholarship -- Corrupt practices , Medical publishing -- Corrupt practices , COVID-19 (Disease) -- Publishing
- Language: English
- Type: Article , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/167732 , vital:41508 , https://www.abd-bvd.be/nl/bladen-voor-documentatie/2020-3-4/
- Description: Retraction Watch maintains a "running list" of retracted papers on Covid-19 related research. By the end of September 2020, thirty-three retracted Covid-19 papers were listed. We analysed these retracted papers, focusing specifically on how they have been cited by review papers, and subsequently how they have penetrated and potentially distorted public discourse and legitimate research on Covid-19. The study demonstrates the need for more in-depth studies that focus on the phenomenon of citation pollution. We show that the "Covid-19 publication race", amplified by a pressure-to-publish research culture, distorted published science on Covid-19. We highlight the urgency to engage popular media and critical decision makers on how to distinguish between questionable and legitimate science. We also emphasise the importance of dealing with illegitimate research in a timely manner, both from a scholarly communications and research quality perspective. , Retraction Watch maintient une "liste courante" des articles rétractés sur les recherches liées au Covid-19. Fin septembre 2020, trente-trois articles rétractés sur le Covid-19 étaient répertoriés. Nous avons analysé ces articles rétractés, en nous concentrant spécifiquement sur la façon dont ils ont été cités par d'autres articles, et ensuite sur la façon dont ils ont pénétré et potentiellement faussé le discours public et la recherche légitime sur le Covid-19. L'étude démontre le besoin d'études plus approfondies qui se concentrent sur le phénomène de la pollution des citations. Nous montrons que la "course à la publication sur le Covid-19", amplifiée par une culture de la pression à la publication de la recherche, a déformé l'information scientifique publiée sur le Covid-19. Nous soulignons l'urgence d'engager les médias populaires et les décideurs critiques sur la manière de distinguer la science douteuse de la science légitime. Nous soulignons également l'importance de traiter rapidement les recherches illégitimes, tant du point de vue de la communication scientifique que de la qualité de la recherche. , Retraction Watch houdt een "lopende lijst" bij van ingetrokken papieren over Covid-19-gerelateerd onderzoek. Eind september 2020 waren drieëndertig ingetrokken Covid-19 papieren op de lijst geplaatst. We hebben deze ingetrokken papieren geanalyseerd, waarbij we ons specifiek hebben gericht op de manier waarop ze zijn geciteerd door review papers, en vervolgens op de manier waarop ze zijn doorgedrongen en mogelijk vervormd in het publieke discours en het legitieme onderzoek naar Covid-19. De studie toont aan dat er behoefte is aan meer diepgaande studies die zich richten op het fenomeen van de citatievervuiling. We tonen aan dat de "Covid-19-publicatierace", versterkt door een druk om te publiceren onderzoekscultuur, de gepubliceerde wetenschap over Covid-19 vertekend heeft. We benadrukken de urgentie om de populaire media en kritische besluitvormers te betrekken bij het maken van een onderscheid tussen twijfelachtige en legitieme wetenschap. We benadrukken ook het belang van het tijdig aanpakken van onrechtmatig onderzoek, zowel vanuit het oogpunt van wetenschappelijke communicatie als vanuit het oogpunt van de kwaliteit van het onderzoek.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: Van der Walt, Wynand , Willems, Kris A , Friedrich, Wernher , Hatsu, Sylvester , Krauss, Kirstin
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Retraction watch , Research -- Evaluation , Bibliographical citations -- Evaluation , Science publishing -- Corrupt practices , Scholarly publishing -- Corrupt practices , Learning and scholarship -- Corrupt practices , Medical publishing -- Corrupt practices , COVID-19 (Disease) -- Publishing
- Language: English
- Type: Article , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/167732 , vital:41508 , https://www.abd-bvd.be/nl/bladen-voor-documentatie/2020-3-4/
- Description: Retraction Watch maintains a "running list" of retracted papers on Covid-19 related research. By the end of September 2020, thirty-three retracted Covid-19 papers were listed. We analysed these retracted papers, focusing specifically on how they have been cited by review papers, and subsequently how they have penetrated and potentially distorted public discourse and legitimate research on Covid-19. The study demonstrates the need for more in-depth studies that focus on the phenomenon of citation pollution. We show that the "Covid-19 publication race", amplified by a pressure-to-publish research culture, distorted published science on Covid-19. We highlight the urgency to engage popular media and critical decision makers on how to distinguish between questionable and legitimate science. We also emphasise the importance of dealing with illegitimate research in a timely manner, both from a scholarly communications and research quality perspective. , Retraction Watch maintient une "liste courante" des articles rétractés sur les recherches liées au Covid-19. Fin septembre 2020, trente-trois articles rétractés sur le Covid-19 étaient répertoriés. Nous avons analysé ces articles rétractés, en nous concentrant spécifiquement sur la façon dont ils ont été cités par d'autres articles, et ensuite sur la façon dont ils ont pénétré et potentiellement faussé le discours public et la recherche légitime sur le Covid-19. L'étude démontre le besoin d'études plus approfondies qui se concentrent sur le phénomène de la pollution des citations. Nous montrons que la "course à la publication sur le Covid-19", amplifiée par une culture de la pression à la publication de la recherche, a déformé l'information scientifique publiée sur le Covid-19. Nous soulignons l'urgence d'engager les médias populaires et les décideurs critiques sur la manière de distinguer la science douteuse de la science légitime. Nous soulignons également l'importance de traiter rapidement les recherches illégitimes, tant du point de vue de la communication scientifique que de la qualité de la recherche. , Retraction Watch houdt een "lopende lijst" bij van ingetrokken papieren over Covid-19-gerelateerd onderzoek. Eind september 2020 waren drieëndertig ingetrokken Covid-19 papieren op de lijst geplaatst. We hebben deze ingetrokken papieren geanalyseerd, waarbij we ons specifiek hebben gericht op de manier waarop ze zijn geciteerd door review papers, en vervolgens op de manier waarop ze zijn doorgedrongen en mogelijk vervormd in het publieke discours en het legitieme onderzoek naar Covid-19. De studie toont aan dat er behoefte is aan meer diepgaande studies die zich richten op het fenomeen van de citatievervuiling. We tonen aan dat de "Covid-19-publicatierace", versterkt door een druk om te publiceren onderzoekscultuur, de gepubliceerde wetenschap over Covid-19 vertekend heeft. We benadrukken de urgentie om de populaire media en kritische besluitvormers te betrekken bij het maken van een onderscheid tussen twijfelachtige en legitieme wetenschap. We benadrukken ook het belang van het tijdig aanpakken van onrechtmatig onderzoek, zowel vanuit het oogpunt van wetenschappelijke communicatie als vanuit het oogpunt van de kwaliteit van het onderzoek.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
The effects of vascular targeted bi-functionalized aunps on hepatic lipid metabolism of a diet-induced rats
- Authors: Singo, Dakalo Gladwell
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Bile acids
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/47072 , vital:39780
- Description: Introduction: Obesity is a metabolic disease in which the accumulation of excessive fat in the adipose tissue may interfere with the normal maintenance of a healthy state. However, there is only a limited number of drugs approved for the treatment of obesity. For this purpose, target therapies are receiving more attention as a preferred treatment to reduce the burden of chronic diseases which are associated with the current strategies. Nanotechnology is a highly promising field that offers a nanotechnology-based drug delivery system as a novel means of solving issues associated with the toxicity of conventional anti-obesity drugs. Vascular targeted nanotherapy (targeted bi-functionalized nanoparticles) as a strategy that can overcome the current available anti-obesity drugs. Aim: This study sought to understand the effects of nanotherapy in the hepatic lipid metabolism and secretion of bile acids Research focus: The effects of gold nanotherapy on the bile acid biosynthetic enzymes, transporters and lipogenic enzymes of rats that were on a high fat diet. Conclusion: The study shows low expression in the majority of genes responsible for bile acid synthesis and a lipogenic pathway; therefore, the effects of nanotherapy exhibit low toxicity in the hepatic lipid metabolism.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: Singo, Dakalo Gladwell
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Bile acids
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/47072 , vital:39780
- Description: Introduction: Obesity is a metabolic disease in which the accumulation of excessive fat in the adipose tissue may interfere with the normal maintenance of a healthy state. However, there is only a limited number of drugs approved for the treatment of obesity. For this purpose, target therapies are receiving more attention as a preferred treatment to reduce the burden of chronic diseases which are associated with the current strategies. Nanotechnology is a highly promising field that offers a nanotechnology-based drug delivery system as a novel means of solving issues associated with the toxicity of conventional anti-obesity drugs. Vascular targeted nanotherapy (targeted bi-functionalized nanoparticles) as a strategy that can overcome the current available anti-obesity drugs. Aim: This study sought to understand the effects of nanotherapy in the hepatic lipid metabolism and secretion of bile acids Research focus: The effects of gold nanotherapy on the bile acid biosynthetic enzymes, transporters and lipogenic enzymes of rats that were on a high fat diet. Conclusion: The study shows low expression in the majority of genes responsible for bile acid synthesis and a lipogenic pathway; therefore, the effects of nanotherapy exhibit low toxicity in the hepatic lipid metabolism.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
Constraints in attainment of sustainable human settlements at Kwamaphumulo Local Municipality
- Authors: Sikhosana, Phindokuhle
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Human settlements , Sustainable development
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/47181 , vital:39829
- Description: This study sought to investigate the constraints in the attainment of sustainable human settlement in KwaMaphumulo Local Municipality at iLembe District in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The aim of this study was to investigate the constraints that limit the achievement of the ideal of sustainable human settlement development in the KwaMaphumulo Local Municipality. Furthermore, the study sought to determine the impact of these constraints on sustainable development and to proffer measures that can be taken to combat stagnant or underdevelopment in the area. A mixed-method approach is followed in this study, which considers a triangulation of quantitative and qualitative data collection, analysis and interpretation techniques. It is important to note that in the past years since South Africa became a democratic country, there have been countless efforts with regard to overcoming the problems created during the apartheid era. These problems stemmed from a distorted spatial, social, economic and political background that was advocated by both segregationist public policies and the planning systems of the Apartheid Regime. In recent years, South African cities have also been faced with environmental issues, which are imperative to the future development of the country. With all these issues in mind, we see that the many efforts that are put in place by government always fall short of solving the problems. This research report looked at the constraints that affect the KwaMaphumulo Local Municipality in attaining sustainable human settlements and whether the efforts of redistribution and equality have been enough to overcome the problems. The key findings of the study were that constraints in attaining sustainable human settlements in the KwaMaphumulo Local Municipality negatively impacts on the development in the area. The level of services being provided is poor. There is an apparent disconnect between traditional leaders and the municipality councillor as development management and vision are concerned. Furthermore, the development programmes and projects do not seem to address the critical needs of the community. Housing development is narrow minded with a focus on the top structure and a failure to include basic services and infrastructure. Houses built that are financed by subsidies are of poor quality. The latter situation results in more able‐ bodied, skilled and capable people emigrating to developed areas.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: Sikhosana, Phindokuhle
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Human settlements , Sustainable development
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/47181 , vital:39829
- Description: This study sought to investigate the constraints in the attainment of sustainable human settlement in KwaMaphumulo Local Municipality at iLembe District in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The aim of this study was to investigate the constraints that limit the achievement of the ideal of sustainable human settlement development in the KwaMaphumulo Local Municipality. Furthermore, the study sought to determine the impact of these constraints on sustainable development and to proffer measures that can be taken to combat stagnant or underdevelopment in the area. A mixed-method approach is followed in this study, which considers a triangulation of quantitative and qualitative data collection, analysis and interpretation techniques. It is important to note that in the past years since South Africa became a democratic country, there have been countless efforts with regard to overcoming the problems created during the apartheid era. These problems stemmed from a distorted spatial, social, economic and political background that was advocated by both segregationist public policies and the planning systems of the Apartheid Regime. In recent years, South African cities have also been faced with environmental issues, which are imperative to the future development of the country. With all these issues in mind, we see that the many efforts that are put in place by government always fall short of solving the problems. This research report looked at the constraints that affect the KwaMaphumulo Local Municipality in attaining sustainable human settlements and whether the efforts of redistribution and equality have been enough to overcome the problems. The key findings of the study were that constraints in attaining sustainable human settlements in the KwaMaphumulo Local Municipality negatively impacts on the development in the area. The level of services being provided is poor. There is an apparent disconnect between traditional leaders and the municipality councillor as development management and vision are concerned. Furthermore, the development programmes and projects do not seem to address the critical needs of the community. Housing development is narrow minded with a focus on the top structure and a failure to include basic services and infrastructure. Houses built that are financed by subsidies are of poor quality. The latter situation results in more able‐ bodied, skilled and capable people emigrating to developed areas.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
Dragonfly (Odonata) community structure in the Eastern Highlands Biodiversity Hotspot of Zimbabwe: potential threats of land use changes on freshwater invertebrates
- Mafuwe, Kudzai, Moyo, Sydney
- Authors: Mafuwe, Kudzai , Moyo, Sydney
- Date: 2020
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/158265 , vital:40167 , https://doi.org/10.1080/13887890.2020.1768156
- Description: We examined the diversity and potential drivers of dragonfly distribution in a biodiversity hotspot of Southern Africa (Eastern Highlands, Zimbabwe) by surveying 30 sites (13 lentic and 17 lotic habitats) located within this region. Additionally, we identified the anthropogenic factors that may threaten Odonata diversity and abundance.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: Mafuwe, Kudzai , Moyo, Sydney
- Date: 2020
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/158265 , vital:40167 , https://doi.org/10.1080/13887890.2020.1768156
- Description: We examined the diversity and potential drivers of dragonfly distribution in a biodiversity hotspot of Southern Africa (Eastern Highlands, Zimbabwe) by surveying 30 sites (13 lentic and 17 lotic habitats) located within this region. Additionally, we identified the anthropogenic factors that may threaten Odonata diversity and abundance.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
Towards development of a malaria diagnostic: Generation, screening and validation of novel aptamers recognising Plasmodium falciparum lactate dehydrogenase
- Authors: Frith, Kelly-Anne
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Plasmodium falciparum , Malaria -- Chemotherapy , Oligonucleotides , Lactate dehydrogenase , Biochemical markers , Systematic evolution of ligands through exponential enrichment (SELEX)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/142247 , vital:38062
- Description: Malaria, caused by infection with the Plasmodium parasite, is one of the leading causes of death in under-developed countries. Early detection is crucial for the effective treatment of malaria, particularly in cases where infection is due to Plasmodium falciparum. There is, therefore, an enduring need for portable, sensitive, reliable, accurate, durable, self-validating and cost-effective techniques for the rapid detection of malaria. Moreover, there is a demand to distinguish between various infectious species causing malaria. Research in the area of malarial biomarkers has identified a unique, species-specific, epitope of P. falciparum lactate dehydrogenase (PfLDH), enhancing prospects for the development of diagnostics capable of identifying the species causing malarial infection. In recent years, improvements have been made towards the development of rapid diagnostic tests for detecting malarial biomarkers. Owing to their low cost, ease of labeling, and high thermal stability (relative to antibodies), the development and synthesis of aptamers that target the malarial lactate dehydrogenase represents one of the key innovations in the field of rapid diagnostics for malaria. This study explored the generation of aptamers that specifically target P. falciparum. Two sets of aptamers with diagnostically-supportive functions were generated independently, through parallel SELEX of recombinantly-expressed, full-length Plasmodium falciparum lactate dehydrogenase (rPfLDH), and an oligopeptide comprising the P. falciparum-specific epitope on lactate dehydrogenase (LDHp). The latter offers a promising solution for generating aptamers capable of binding with high specificity to P. falciparum. In this work, an rLDH class of aptamers was generated when SELEX was performed using the full-length rPfLDH protein as the target and the LDHp class of aptamers was generated when SELEX was performed using the oligopeptide LDHp as a target. Aptamers were successfully generated through the process of SELEX (systematic evolution of ligands through exponential enrichment) following the study and application of several optimisation steps, particularly during the amplification stage of SELEX. Optimisation steps included the study of improvements in PCR conditions; role of surfactants (Triton-X), modifying the PCR clean-up protocol; and agarose gel excision. Structurally-relevant moieties with particular consensus sequences (GGTAG and GGCG) were found in aptamers both reported here and previously published, confirming their importance in recognition of the target. Novel moieties particular to this work (ATTAT and poly-A stretches) were identified. Clades of consensus sequences were identified in both the rLDH and LDHp groups of aptamers, where sequences in the rLDH clade did not show preferential binding to rPfLDH while those in the LDHp clade (particularly LDHp 3 and 18) were able to recognise and bind only LDHp. Of the 19 sequences returned from the parallel SELEX procedures for rPfLDH (11 sequences) and LDHp (8 sequences), six rPfLDH and all eight LDHp sequences underwent preliminary screening and those with low responses eliminated. Of the eight LDHp-targeting aptamer sequences, five were preliminarily shown to bind to LDHp, whereas only two rPfLDH-targeting sequences were shown to bind to the target (rLDH 4 and 7). To this small selection of rPfLDH oligonucleotide sequences, two more (rLDH 1 and 15) were chosen for further study based on their sequences, secondary and predicted tertiary conformations. Sequences chosen for further study were therefore: rLDH 1, 4, 7 and 15 in the rLDH class, and LDHp 1, 3, 11, 14 and 18 in the LDHp class. Binding properties of the aptamers towards their targets were investigated using enzyme-linked oligonucleotide assays (ELONA), fluorophore-linked oligonucleotide assays (FLONA), electromobility shift assays (EMSA), surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and GelRed dissociation assays, while applications towards aptasensors were explored using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and fluorescent microscopy. Some inconsistencies were seen for specific aptamer to target binding interactions using specific techniques; however, generally, binding to the targets was observed across the techniques assessed. These varied responses demonstrate the need to screen and validate aptamers using a variety of techniques and platforms not necessarily specific for the proposed application. From the aptamer binding screening studies using ELONA, the most promising aptamers generated were identified as LDHp 11, rLDH 4, rLDH 7 and rLDH 15. Aptamer rLDH 4, which was generated against rPfLDH, exhibited preferential and specific binding to the lactate dehydrogenase from P. falciparum, over the recombinantly-expressed lactate dehydrogenase from Plasmodium vivax (rPvLDH), albeit with lowered responses compared to LDHp 11 in ELONA and EMSA studies. However, in kinetic ELONA studies rLDH 4 showed binding to both rPfLDH and rPvLDH. Aptamer rLDH 7 showed high affinity for rPfLDH and rPvLDH in kinetic studies using ELONA. However, screening studies with ELONA indicates that aptamer rLDH 7 may not be suitable for diagnostic tests in serum samples given its non-specific binding to human serum albumin (HSA). Aptamer rLDH 15 exhibited species specificity for rPfLDH in screening studies using ELONA but showed affinity towards rPvLDH (albeit lower relative to its affinity for rPfLDH) in kinetic studies using ELONA. LDHp 11, generated against the PfLDH peptide, showed a clear preference for rPfLDH when compared to rPvLDH and other control proteins, in both sets of ELONA studies conducted, as well as EMSA, thus possessing a strong ability to identify the presence of Plasmodium falciparum owing to its generation against the species-specific epitope. While LDHp 1 demonstrated binding to plasmodial LDH in a flow-through system (SPR), so reiterating ELONA responses, it did not perform well in the remaining methodologies. Aptamers rLDH 1 and 15 and LDHp 3, 14 and 18 exhibited a mixed set of results throughout the target protein screening analyses and were, thus, not considered for selective binding in P. falciparum parasite bodies. In studies aimed at exploring biosensor assemblies utilising the developed aptamers, both rLDH 4 and LDHp 11, along with rLDH 7, LDHp 1 and pL1, demonstrated in situ binding to the native PfLDH in fluorescent microscopy. LDHp 11 exhibited FITC-based fluorescence equivalent to the anti-rPfLDHp IgY antibody in confocal fluorescent microscopy indicating superior binding to the native PfLDH compared to the remaining aptamers. An examination of electrochemical impedance as a platform for a biosensor assembly did not, in these studies, exhibit the required sensitivity using physiologically relevant concentrations of analyte expected for pLDH following infection with Plasmodium spp. Malstat/LDH activity was explored for application in a colorimetric aptasensor. A decrease in both rPfLDH and rPvLDH activity was observed following incubation with the tested aptamers, but rLDH 1, rLDH 7 and LDHp 14 did not exhibit similar decreases in rPvLDH activity. Aptamers rLDH 1, 4 and 7 and LDHp 11 and 14 were, therefore, not selected as candidates for LDH capture in LDH activity-based diagnostic devices for P. falciparum. The decreases in pLDH activity in the presence of aptamers could hold promise as direct or antagonistic malaria therapeutic agents. Preliminary studies on the application of aptamers as malaria therapeutic agents, while of interest, should be viewed with due caution given the challenges of aptamers reaching the intracellular native plasmodial LDH hosted within the red blood cells. In conclusion, this work has shown the ability of the LDHp 11 aptamer, generated in these studies, to selectively bind rPfLDH over rPvLDH, and to bind to the native PfLDH in fluorescent microscopy, indicating that this aptamer holds promise as a biorecognition element in malaria biosensors and other diagnostic devices for the detection, and differentiation, of P. falciparum and P. vivax. The use of a species-specific epitope of P. falciparum as a target in aptamer generation paves the way for similar such studies aimed at generating aptamers with species selectivity for other Plasmodium species.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: Frith, Kelly-Anne
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Plasmodium falciparum , Malaria -- Chemotherapy , Oligonucleotides , Lactate dehydrogenase , Biochemical markers , Systematic evolution of ligands through exponential enrichment (SELEX)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/142247 , vital:38062
- Description: Malaria, caused by infection with the Plasmodium parasite, is one of the leading causes of death in under-developed countries. Early detection is crucial for the effective treatment of malaria, particularly in cases where infection is due to Plasmodium falciparum. There is, therefore, an enduring need for portable, sensitive, reliable, accurate, durable, self-validating and cost-effective techniques for the rapid detection of malaria. Moreover, there is a demand to distinguish between various infectious species causing malaria. Research in the area of malarial biomarkers has identified a unique, species-specific, epitope of P. falciparum lactate dehydrogenase (PfLDH), enhancing prospects for the development of diagnostics capable of identifying the species causing malarial infection. In recent years, improvements have been made towards the development of rapid diagnostic tests for detecting malarial biomarkers. Owing to their low cost, ease of labeling, and high thermal stability (relative to antibodies), the development and synthesis of aptamers that target the malarial lactate dehydrogenase represents one of the key innovations in the field of rapid diagnostics for malaria. This study explored the generation of aptamers that specifically target P. falciparum. Two sets of aptamers with diagnostically-supportive functions were generated independently, through parallel SELEX of recombinantly-expressed, full-length Plasmodium falciparum lactate dehydrogenase (rPfLDH), and an oligopeptide comprising the P. falciparum-specific epitope on lactate dehydrogenase (LDHp). The latter offers a promising solution for generating aptamers capable of binding with high specificity to P. falciparum. In this work, an rLDH class of aptamers was generated when SELEX was performed using the full-length rPfLDH protein as the target and the LDHp class of aptamers was generated when SELEX was performed using the oligopeptide LDHp as a target. Aptamers were successfully generated through the process of SELEX (systematic evolution of ligands through exponential enrichment) following the study and application of several optimisation steps, particularly during the amplification stage of SELEX. Optimisation steps included the study of improvements in PCR conditions; role of surfactants (Triton-X), modifying the PCR clean-up protocol; and agarose gel excision. Structurally-relevant moieties with particular consensus sequences (GGTAG and GGCG) were found in aptamers both reported here and previously published, confirming their importance in recognition of the target. Novel moieties particular to this work (ATTAT and poly-A stretches) were identified. Clades of consensus sequences were identified in both the rLDH and LDHp groups of aptamers, where sequences in the rLDH clade did not show preferential binding to rPfLDH while those in the LDHp clade (particularly LDHp 3 and 18) were able to recognise and bind only LDHp. Of the 19 sequences returned from the parallel SELEX procedures for rPfLDH (11 sequences) and LDHp (8 sequences), six rPfLDH and all eight LDHp sequences underwent preliminary screening and those with low responses eliminated. Of the eight LDHp-targeting aptamer sequences, five were preliminarily shown to bind to LDHp, whereas only two rPfLDH-targeting sequences were shown to bind to the target (rLDH 4 and 7). To this small selection of rPfLDH oligonucleotide sequences, two more (rLDH 1 and 15) were chosen for further study based on their sequences, secondary and predicted tertiary conformations. Sequences chosen for further study were therefore: rLDH 1, 4, 7 and 15 in the rLDH class, and LDHp 1, 3, 11, 14 and 18 in the LDHp class. Binding properties of the aptamers towards their targets were investigated using enzyme-linked oligonucleotide assays (ELONA), fluorophore-linked oligonucleotide assays (FLONA), electromobility shift assays (EMSA), surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and GelRed dissociation assays, while applications towards aptasensors were explored using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and fluorescent microscopy. Some inconsistencies were seen for specific aptamer to target binding interactions using specific techniques; however, generally, binding to the targets was observed across the techniques assessed. These varied responses demonstrate the need to screen and validate aptamers using a variety of techniques and platforms not necessarily specific for the proposed application. From the aptamer binding screening studies using ELONA, the most promising aptamers generated were identified as LDHp 11, rLDH 4, rLDH 7 and rLDH 15. Aptamer rLDH 4, which was generated against rPfLDH, exhibited preferential and specific binding to the lactate dehydrogenase from P. falciparum, over the recombinantly-expressed lactate dehydrogenase from Plasmodium vivax (rPvLDH), albeit with lowered responses compared to LDHp 11 in ELONA and EMSA studies. However, in kinetic ELONA studies rLDH 4 showed binding to both rPfLDH and rPvLDH. Aptamer rLDH 7 showed high affinity for rPfLDH and rPvLDH in kinetic studies using ELONA. However, screening studies with ELONA indicates that aptamer rLDH 7 may not be suitable for diagnostic tests in serum samples given its non-specific binding to human serum albumin (HSA). Aptamer rLDH 15 exhibited species specificity for rPfLDH in screening studies using ELONA but showed affinity towards rPvLDH (albeit lower relative to its affinity for rPfLDH) in kinetic studies using ELONA. LDHp 11, generated against the PfLDH peptide, showed a clear preference for rPfLDH when compared to rPvLDH and other control proteins, in both sets of ELONA studies conducted, as well as EMSA, thus possessing a strong ability to identify the presence of Plasmodium falciparum owing to its generation against the species-specific epitope. While LDHp 1 demonstrated binding to plasmodial LDH in a flow-through system (SPR), so reiterating ELONA responses, it did not perform well in the remaining methodologies. Aptamers rLDH 1 and 15 and LDHp 3, 14 and 18 exhibited a mixed set of results throughout the target protein screening analyses and were, thus, not considered for selective binding in P. falciparum parasite bodies. In studies aimed at exploring biosensor assemblies utilising the developed aptamers, both rLDH 4 and LDHp 11, along with rLDH 7, LDHp 1 and pL1, demonstrated in situ binding to the native PfLDH in fluorescent microscopy. LDHp 11 exhibited FITC-based fluorescence equivalent to the anti-rPfLDHp IgY antibody in confocal fluorescent microscopy indicating superior binding to the native PfLDH compared to the remaining aptamers. An examination of electrochemical impedance as a platform for a biosensor assembly did not, in these studies, exhibit the required sensitivity using physiologically relevant concentrations of analyte expected for pLDH following infection with Plasmodium spp. Malstat/LDH activity was explored for application in a colorimetric aptasensor. A decrease in both rPfLDH and rPvLDH activity was observed following incubation with the tested aptamers, but rLDH 1, rLDH 7 and LDHp 14 did not exhibit similar decreases in rPvLDH activity. Aptamers rLDH 1, 4 and 7 and LDHp 11 and 14 were, therefore, not selected as candidates for LDH capture in LDH activity-based diagnostic devices for P. falciparum. The decreases in pLDH activity in the presence of aptamers could hold promise as direct or antagonistic malaria therapeutic agents. Preliminary studies on the application of aptamers as malaria therapeutic agents, while of interest, should be viewed with due caution given the challenges of aptamers reaching the intracellular native plasmodial LDH hosted within the red blood cells. In conclusion, this work has shown the ability of the LDHp 11 aptamer, generated in these studies, to selectively bind rPfLDH over rPvLDH, and to bind to the native PfLDH in fluorescent microscopy, indicating that this aptamer holds promise as a biorecognition element in malaria biosensors and other diagnostic devices for the detection, and differentiation, of P. falciparum and P. vivax. The use of a species-specific epitope of P. falciparum as a target in aptamer generation paves the way for similar such studies aimed at generating aptamers with species selectivity for other Plasmodium species.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
Hop as an anti-cancer drug target
- Vaaltyn, Michaelone Chantelle
- Authors: Vaaltyn, Michaelone Chantelle
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Uncatalogued
- Language: English
- Type: thesis , text , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/164704 , vital:41156 , doi:10.21504/10962/164704
- Description: Thesis (PhD)--Rhodes University, Biochemistry and Microbiology, 2020
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: Vaaltyn, Michaelone Chantelle
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Uncatalogued
- Language: English
- Type: thesis , text , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/164704 , vital:41156 , doi:10.21504/10962/164704
- Description: Thesis (PhD)--Rhodes University, Biochemistry and Microbiology, 2020
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
The relative efficacy of liberation theology and critical solidarity in keeping the SACC to its goals of human welfare and Ecumenical unity in its relationship with the South African state
- Authors: Pongolo, Mziwamadoda
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Black theology Liberation theology
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/18269 , vital:42247
- Description: The problem that this study is grappling with is that since the SACC has followed the Critical Solidarity model it is less successful in meeting its goals, to support human welfare and ecumenical solidarity in South Africa. The research will compare the two respective models of relations between SACC and State, that which guided the SACC after the demise of Apartheid that which guided it. First, the research will investigate why the present relationship of Critical Solidarity has proven less effective in achieving its goals. Secondly it will investigate factors accounting for the relative success of the model of relations between SACC and the South African State during the struggle against apartheid, that of Liberation Theology. Secondly, this study will recommend the reconstruction of a more effective model of Critical Solidarity, to remedy present weaknesses, by incorporating factors from the apartheid-era model of Liberation Theology that which serve the goals of ecumenical solidarity and human welfare. The research seeks to address the following questions. What challenges, for the goals of the SACC, of ecumenical solidarity and human welfare, have arisen for the SACC that may be attributed to its adoption of a model of Critical Solidarity in its relationship with the State? What factors conducive to ecumenical solidarity and human welfare are absent from the present model of Critical Solidarity, though they present the preceding model of relations between Church and State as adopted adopted by the SACC during the struggle against apartheid, modeled on Liberation Theology? How might these factors conducive to Church unity and social justice in South Africa be reintroduced in the present model of Critical Solidarity
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: Pongolo, Mziwamadoda
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Black theology Liberation theology
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/18269 , vital:42247
- Description: The problem that this study is grappling with is that since the SACC has followed the Critical Solidarity model it is less successful in meeting its goals, to support human welfare and ecumenical solidarity in South Africa. The research will compare the two respective models of relations between SACC and State, that which guided the SACC after the demise of Apartheid that which guided it. First, the research will investigate why the present relationship of Critical Solidarity has proven less effective in achieving its goals. Secondly it will investigate factors accounting for the relative success of the model of relations between SACC and the South African State during the struggle against apartheid, that of Liberation Theology. Secondly, this study will recommend the reconstruction of a more effective model of Critical Solidarity, to remedy present weaknesses, by incorporating factors from the apartheid-era model of Liberation Theology that which serve the goals of ecumenical solidarity and human welfare. The research seeks to address the following questions. What challenges, for the goals of the SACC, of ecumenical solidarity and human welfare, have arisen for the SACC that may be attributed to its adoption of a model of Critical Solidarity in its relationship with the State? What factors conducive to ecumenical solidarity and human welfare are absent from the present model of Critical Solidarity, though they present the preceding model of relations between Church and State as adopted adopted by the SACC during the struggle against apartheid, modeled on Liberation Theology? How might these factors conducive to Church unity and social justice in South Africa be reintroduced in the present model of Critical Solidarity
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
Institutional culture and internationalisation: a study of Black African academics’ experiences at Rhodes University
- Authors: Wambua, Lloyd M
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Corporate culture -- South Africa -- Makhanda , Universities and colleges -- South Africa -- Makhanda -- Sociological aspects , Discrimination in higher education -- South Africa -- Makhanda , Rhodes University , College teachers, Black -- South Africa -- Makhanda -- Social conditions , College teachers, Foreign -- South Africa -- Makhanda -- Social conditions , Globalization -- South Africa -- Makhanda , Educational change -- South Africa -- Makhanda , Sex discrimination in higher education -- South Africa -- Makhanda , South Africa -- Race relations , Intersectionality (Sociology) , Pan-Africanism , Belonging (Social psychology) , Alienation (Social psychology)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/146607 , vital:38541
- Description: This research sets out to examine institutional culture and internationalisation in higher education in contemporary South Africa, by analysing the experiences of black foreign academics at Rhodes University. Much has been written on the adaptation processes of foreign students in South African universities (Ayliff and Wang, 2006; Dzansi and Monnapula-Mapesela, 2012; Mudhovozi, 2011). There is also a host of literature on the black South African experience of adaptation and (non) belonging at historically white universities (HWU) (Akoojee and Nkomo, 2007; Cornell and Kessi, 2017; Soudien, 2008). Comparatively less is written on whether there are any unique pressures regarding institutional culture that black foreign African academics face at historically white institutions such as Rhodes University. The black experience may be misrepresented as a homogenous one by much of the literature on higher education transformation (Batsai, 2019). But there are a host of factors that could change your experience of being ‘black’, such as your class, and gender and quite recently there has been a push to further examine the effect that one’s nationality has on their experience of being ‘black’ in the academy (Batsai, 2019). Institutional culture refers to the “behaviours and values that make up the unique psychological and social environment of a certain institution” (Toma et al., 2005). Internationalisation of higher education in the context of Africa, particularly South Africa refers to “the intentional or unintentional process to integrate intercultural, international and global dimensions in higher education” (Draft Policy Framework for the Internationalisation of Higher Education in South Africa, 2017). In analysing the experiences of international African academics, this research is trying to give a voice to an often-overlooked group of individuals. This research is also meant to portray the black experience in South African higher education as an experience that is not homogenous but reliant on a host of unique identity factors such as gender, class and also their nationality.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: Wambua, Lloyd M
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Corporate culture -- South Africa -- Makhanda , Universities and colleges -- South Africa -- Makhanda -- Sociological aspects , Discrimination in higher education -- South Africa -- Makhanda , Rhodes University , College teachers, Black -- South Africa -- Makhanda -- Social conditions , College teachers, Foreign -- South Africa -- Makhanda -- Social conditions , Globalization -- South Africa -- Makhanda , Educational change -- South Africa -- Makhanda , Sex discrimination in higher education -- South Africa -- Makhanda , South Africa -- Race relations , Intersectionality (Sociology) , Pan-Africanism , Belonging (Social psychology) , Alienation (Social psychology)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/146607 , vital:38541
- Description: This research sets out to examine institutional culture and internationalisation in higher education in contemporary South Africa, by analysing the experiences of black foreign academics at Rhodes University. Much has been written on the adaptation processes of foreign students in South African universities (Ayliff and Wang, 2006; Dzansi and Monnapula-Mapesela, 2012; Mudhovozi, 2011). There is also a host of literature on the black South African experience of adaptation and (non) belonging at historically white universities (HWU) (Akoojee and Nkomo, 2007; Cornell and Kessi, 2017; Soudien, 2008). Comparatively less is written on whether there are any unique pressures regarding institutional culture that black foreign African academics face at historically white institutions such as Rhodes University. The black experience may be misrepresented as a homogenous one by much of the literature on higher education transformation (Batsai, 2019). But there are a host of factors that could change your experience of being ‘black’, such as your class, and gender and quite recently there has been a push to further examine the effect that one’s nationality has on their experience of being ‘black’ in the academy (Batsai, 2019). Institutional culture refers to the “behaviours and values that make up the unique psychological and social environment of a certain institution” (Toma et al., 2005). Internationalisation of higher education in the context of Africa, particularly South Africa refers to “the intentional or unintentional process to integrate intercultural, international and global dimensions in higher education” (Draft Policy Framework for the Internationalisation of Higher Education in South Africa, 2017). In analysing the experiences of international African academics, this research is trying to give a voice to an often-overlooked group of individuals. This research is also meant to portray the black experience in South African higher education as an experience that is not homogenous but reliant on a host of unique identity factors such as gender, class and also their nationality.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
A management model for human settlements: a case study of Nigeria and South Africa
- Authors: Adeniran, Adeleye Ayoade
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Human settlements -- Nigeria , Human settlements -- South Africa Sustainable development
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , DPhil
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/45985 , vital:39403
- Description: Persistent depreciating human settlements is a global challenge, particularly in developing countries and this challenge contributes to the continuously increasing housing gap, despite several novel policies and programmes. Although there is a dearth of research-based literature on human settlements management, studies show that property management, Facility Management, housing management and urban management impact the sustainability of all these built environment milieus which form part of the human settlements’ sub-components. This research aimed at altering the afore-said challenge by exploring the management of human settlements in Nigeria and in South Africa. Philosophically, the research is pragmatic, and it rests on positivist deductive reasoning. The methods used for data collection include a review of literature, collection of archival records, and empirical studies of purposively selected professionals and stakeholders involved in human settlements’ management in Nigeria and in South Africa. The findings indicate that existing human settlements in the case studies are “good” and “acceptable” with the majority adopting an outsourced method of management. Furthermore, the lack of maintenance records, the deficiency in policy monitoring and the training of management and maintenance personnel were the three highest ranking factors indicated to be affecting human settlements management. Moreover, an inhabitant’s income, the time available for management, professional expertise and technology employed for management are recognised as the critical sustainability sub-factors affecting human settlement management. The factor analysis established ownership, human resource and capital, social, legal, technology, economic, physical and environmental factors as vital and very significant in achieving sustainable management of human settlements. The study recommends the professionalisation of the field of human settlements as well as a formulation of management policy among others. The study developed a management model for human settlements, and it advocates that human settlements managers, owners and organisations should apply the model in this study, to improve their human settlement management practices, so as to achieve sustainability, and in essence, Sustainable Development Goal 11. It is hoped that the suggested management model will influence human settlement policy development and review, the designing of human settlement management programmes including the framework for their ongoing monitoring and evaluation. The study furthermore contributes to the development of housing and human settlement curricula and evolving human settlement research in both developed and developing countries.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: Adeniran, Adeleye Ayoade
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Human settlements -- Nigeria , Human settlements -- South Africa Sustainable development
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , DPhil
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/45985 , vital:39403
- Description: Persistent depreciating human settlements is a global challenge, particularly in developing countries and this challenge contributes to the continuously increasing housing gap, despite several novel policies and programmes. Although there is a dearth of research-based literature on human settlements management, studies show that property management, Facility Management, housing management and urban management impact the sustainability of all these built environment milieus which form part of the human settlements’ sub-components. This research aimed at altering the afore-said challenge by exploring the management of human settlements in Nigeria and in South Africa. Philosophically, the research is pragmatic, and it rests on positivist deductive reasoning. The methods used for data collection include a review of literature, collection of archival records, and empirical studies of purposively selected professionals and stakeholders involved in human settlements’ management in Nigeria and in South Africa. The findings indicate that existing human settlements in the case studies are “good” and “acceptable” with the majority adopting an outsourced method of management. Furthermore, the lack of maintenance records, the deficiency in policy monitoring and the training of management and maintenance personnel were the three highest ranking factors indicated to be affecting human settlements management. Moreover, an inhabitant’s income, the time available for management, professional expertise and technology employed for management are recognised as the critical sustainability sub-factors affecting human settlement management. The factor analysis established ownership, human resource and capital, social, legal, technology, economic, physical and environmental factors as vital and very significant in achieving sustainable management of human settlements. The study recommends the professionalisation of the field of human settlements as well as a formulation of management policy among others. The study developed a management model for human settlements, and it advocates that human settlements managers, owners and organisations should apply the model in this study, to improve their human settlement management practices, so as to achieve sustainability, and in essence, Sustainable Development Goal 11. It is hoped that the suggested management model will influence human settlement policy development and review, the designing of human settlement management programmes including the framework for their ongoing monitoring and evaluation. The study furthermore contributes to the development of housing and human settlement curricula and evolving human settlement research in both developed and developing countries.
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- Date Issued: 2020