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The development of the system of individual tenure for Africans: with special reference to the Glen Grey Act, c1894-1922

- Ally, Russell Thomas

  • Authors: Ally, Russell Thomas
  • Date: 1985
  • Subjects: Cape of Good Hope (South Africa) -- History , Labor policy -- South Africa -- History , Black people -- Employment -- South Africa -- History , South Africa -- Politics and government -- History
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
  • Identifier: vital:2576 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003122 , Cape of Good Hope (South Africa) -- History , Labor policy -- South Africa -- History , Black people -- Employment -- South Africa -- History , South Africa -- Politics and government -- History
  • Description: The Glen Grey Act was promulgated in August 1894. The main provisions of the Act were for the survey into individual allotments of land held tribally and for a system of local self-government. Described by its originator, C.J. Rhodes, as a 'Bill for Africa, it was first applied to the district of Glen Grey and subsequently extended (in a piece-meal fashion) to a number of districts in the Transkei. The Act was introduced at a crucial stage in South Africa's history. During this period the country stood poised on the threshhold of a significant and far-reaching transformation. The South Africa of 'old', predominantly agricultural and rural was giving way to a 'new' South Africa, modern and industrial. At the centre of this development was the mineral discoveries of the 1860s and 1880s. The period of colonial conquest had also virtually been completed. Most of the hitherto independent African chiefdoms had either been broken up or were under European control. The most urgent problem which now faced the new rulers was devising a policy to govern the millions of black people over whom they had assumed responsibility. Of crucial concern was the creation of working class to minister to the needs of the developing economy. This task was made all the more difficult by the divisions which existed among the ruling groups at the time. To all intents and purposes the country was made up of essentially four independent and autonomous regions. Although the economic changes which were taking place would hasten the unification of the country, until that happened it was well-nigh impossible for a uniform 'native policy' to take shape. The inevitable consequence was the emergence of a number of regional responses to what was essentially a country-wide issue. As the unification of South Africa drew closer however these different regional responses began to vie with each other for supremacy at a national level. The Glen Grey policy then was the response of the Cape to the changes which were taking place in the country. As such, it drew much of its inspiration from the traditions which had developed in the Cape Colony. Its initiators did not however view it as only a regional policy. For them it had applicability to the whole country. It was therefore to be expected that they would attempt to 'sell' their policy to the rest of the country. In the end however it won few adherents outside of the Cape Colony and when Union became an established fact it bowed out to a policy favoured largely by the northern provinces. To be sure the Glen Grey system did linger on for a while in those districts where it had first been applied but it would not be long before it was to fall into official disapproval. While the Glen Grey Act was ushered in with much fanfare and vaunted expectations, its demise was silent and ignominous. The grandiose course which it had charted for the taking-in-hand of the 'native question' came to naught, as did the profound and far-reaching changes which it was believed the policy would inaugurate. The origins of this policy, its implementation and actual working, and the reasons why in the end it foundered and was abandoned will be the main themes of this thesis.
  • Full Text:
  • Date Issued: 1985

Granitoid related Sn-W mineralisation with special reference to southern Africa, the Variscan Belt in Europe, and the Malay Peninsula

- Bentley, Philip Nelson

  • Authors: Bentley, Philip Nelson
  • Date: 1985
  • Subjects: Geotectonic settings , Granitoids , Granites , Tin-tungsten , Mineralisation , Greisen environment , Minerals , Exploration
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
  • Identifier: vital:4908 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001568
  • Description: A review of the geotectonic settings of granitoids and various tin-tungsten provinces in Europe, Malaysia and southern Africa shows a close spatial and temporal association of mineralisation to S-type ilmenite series granitoids. Granitoids with these affinities are derived from crustal anatexis and are most commonly found in continental collision and different ensialic, intraplate orogenic settings, (e.g. SW England, Malaysia, Namibia) as well as in association with anorogenic magmatism (Nigeria, Brazil, South Africa). Tin-tungsten mineralisation is related to late- to post-tectonic granites, emplaced into areas of substantial tectonic thickening. Crustal anatexis leads to an observable calcalkaline chemical trend, with a source of gabbroic or amphibolite composition through anatexis to; mafic-intermediate enclaves, para-autochthonous anatectic granitoids (tonalite, granodiorite), to intermediate level quartz monzonite, granodiorite, biotite-granite, to late-tectonic highly fractionated muscovite-bearing granites, and high level porphyry intrusions. Mineralisation is spatially related to apical protrusions of the youngest most differentiated granite. Various mineralised environments are recognised, including endogranitic veins, primary disseminations, pegmatites and pipes, and exogranitic stockwork and fissure veins, and replacement bodies. A common factor to all these deposits is the inherent greisen environment, characterised by postmagmatic metasomatic alteration and mineral deposition. Common alteration mineral assemblages include albite, quartz, muscovite, tourmaline, and fluorite ∓ topaz. Ore mineral assemblages commonly display a paragenetic sequence of oxides (cassiterite, wolframite, scheelite), followed by sulphides (molybdenite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite sphalerite, arsenopyrite/loëllingite, Pb-Bi(Ag) sulphosalts) and then lower temperature carbonates (calcite, siderite, ankerite). Analysis of Pan African orogenic provinces in southern Africa (Damara and Saldanian Provinces) shows there is good potential for applying integrated exploration techniques in search of endo-exogreisen Sn-W systems. Careful analysis and interpretation of granitoid geochemistry (K₂0, Na₂0, FeO/Fe₂0₃, F, B, Sn, W, Mo, Cu, Rb, Sr, Ti, Zr) should aid delineation of Sn-W and Mo-Cu metallogenic provinces in these regions. Magnetic susceptibility determinations should also aid distinction of S-type ilmenite series (less than 1 x lO⁻⁴emu/g ) from I-type magnetite series (more than 1 x lO⁻⁴emu/g ) granitoids
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  • Date Issued: 1985

A comparative study of acute responses to running in elite black and white marathon athletes

- Bosch, Andrew Norman

  • Authors: Bosch, Andrew Norman
  • Date: 1985
  • Subjects: Athletics , Sports -- Physiological aspects , Running races , Marathon running , Marathon running -- Physiological aspects
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
  • Identifier: vital:5099 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001839 , Athletics , Sports -- Physiological aspects , Running races , Marathon running , Marathon running -- Physiological aspects
  • Description: Experienced male marathon runners, 9 black and 10 white, with marathon times of 2 hours 45 minutes or faster, acted as subjects for the study, the purpose of which was to determine whether black runners are better suited to marathon running than whites. Body composition was determined by anthropometry. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂ max) and other physiological variables were measured during a continuous, speed-incremented treadmill protocol using a computer-aided data acquisition system. Subjects also ran a simulated marathon at 92.5% of the running speed at which the ventilatory threshold (VT) occurred. Physiological, gait and RPE variables were measured at 10 minute intervals during the marathon. Major findings are detailed below:- The VO₂, max averaged 60.4 ∓ 6.5 and 63.2 ∓ 2.9 mI. kg⁻¹.min⁻¹ in the black and white runners respectively and was highly correlated with best marathon race time (r = 0.86 and 0.85 respectively) and VT (r = 0.84 and 0.60 respectively) (p < 0.05). No significant differences existed between the groups in submaximal oxygen uptake (VO₂,) or % VO₂ max utilised at 16 km.hr⁻¹, but the estimated % VO₂ max utilised during a marathon race was higher in the black (89.0 ∓ 5.5%) than the white runners (81. 5 ∓ 3.1%) {p .( 0.05). The % VO₂ max utilised at 16 km.hr⁻¹ (84.8 ∓ 9.1 and 78.6 ∓ 5.8% in the black and white runners respectively) was significantly correlated with the % VO₂, max utilised while racing in the white (81.5 ∓ 3.1%) (r = 0.70) (p < 0.05), but not the black runners (89.0 ∓ 5.5%). The VT occurred at 82.7 ∓ 7.7 and 75.6 :∓ 6.2% VO₂; max in the black and white groups respectively (p < 0.05). Post-marathon blood lactic acid levels were lower in the black (1.30 ∓ 0.26 mmo1.l⁻¹) than the white runners (1.59 ∓ 0.20 mmol.l⁻¹). The respiratory exchange ratio (R) was higher in the blacks than whites when running at 16 km.hr ⁻¹ (1.03 ∓ 0.07 and 0.98 ∓ 0.03 respectively) and during the marathon (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in pulmonary minute ventilation (Vı) between the groups, but breathing frequency (f) was higher in the black (59 ∓ 12 breaths.min⁻¹) than the white runners (45 ∓ 8 breaths. min⁻¹ ) and tidal volume (V⊤) lower in the black ( 1.33 ∓ 0.16 l.breath⁻¹) than the white runners (1.75 ∓ 0.36 I.breath⁻¹) during submaximal running at 16 km. hr⁻¹ (p < 0.05). The same trend was observed during the marathon run. During the time-course of the marathon f increased and V⊤ decreased In both groups (p < 0.05). Stroke volume decreased and heart rate increased In both groups during the time-course of the marathon (p< 0.05). Cardiac output was therefore maintained. Thermal responses were similar in the two groups. A significant increase in rectal temperature coincided with a decrease in skin temperature and may have been related to an increase in f (r = 0.86 and 0.67 in the blacks and whites respectively), H/R (r = 0.70 and 0.67 respectively) and "local" (leg) RPE (r = 0.84 and 0.82 respectively). It was concluded that black runners were able to run marathon races at a higher % VO₂ more than whites due to the blacks having lower blood lactic acid levels when running at a similar % VO₂ max. Given similar maximal oxygen uptakes, this would enable blacks to run faster. Cardiopulmonary adjustments occur during the time-course of a marathon which maintains Q and Vı
  • Full Text:
  • Date Issued: 1985

The petrogenesis of the volcanic rocks of the Witwatersrand triad in the Klerksdorp area, Transvaal

- Bowen, Michael Peter

  • Authors: Bowen, Michael Peter
  • Date: 1985
  • Subjects: Volcanic rocks , Witwatersrand triad , Klerksdorp , Transvaal , Northwest Province , South Africa , Chemical analysis , Magma , Geology
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
  • Identifier: vital:4909 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001569
  • Description: Several hundred chemical analyses of early Proterozoic lavas of the Witwatersrand triad (incorporating the Dominion Group, Witwatersrand Supergroup and Ventersdorp Supergroup) in the Klerksdorp area, have revealed the presence of various distinct magma types. These essentially correspond to formally defined lithostratigraphic units, but several inconsistencies have necessitated the use of informal nomenclature. The lavas have been regionally metamorphosed to low-grade, greenschist facies assemblages. Original igneous textures are preserved, despite a metamorphic overprint. Metamorphism has resulted in a certain degree of random chemical remobilization. Ba, Sr, Rb, K₂0, Na₂0 and CaO have been highly mobile, and their usefulness in petrogenetic modelling is extremely limited. In contrast, Zr, Nb, Y, LREE's, Cr, Ni, Ti0₂ P₂0₅ and Al₂0₃ have remained immobile. Ti/Zr and Ti/P ratios together constitute efficient discriminating variables for characterizing the different magma types. Lava compositions range from primitive Mg-rich tholeiites to rhyolites, the bulk being tholeiitic andesites. Al₂0₃ contents do not exceed 15%, a feature which reflects the tholeiitic, as opposed to calcalkaline, character of these lavas. Two magma-types are present within the Dominion Group, which is a typical example of bimodal volcanism. The Dominion basic lavas are overlain by the Dominion acid porphyries, with a limited amount of interfingering. The basic lava suite is highly fractionated, with compositions ranging from Mg-, Cr- and Ni-rich tholeiites (close to primary mantle melts) to evolved tholeiitic andesites. The most primitive liquids evolved by 45% fractional crystallization of hornblende, followed by a further 70% crystallization of an orthopyroxene-plagioclase assemblage containing up to 3% sulphides. The Dominion porphyries are rhyolitic, display very limited compositional variation, and probably represent a crustal melt related to the same magmatic event which produced the basic lavas. The only lavas from the Witwatersrand Supergroup present in the Klerksdorp area are those of the Crown Formation (Jeppestown amygdaloid). These are tholeiitic dacites which display extremely limited compositional variation, and are unrelated to any of the other magmas of the Witwatersrand triad. The Ventersdorp Supergroup comprises 4 magma-types: The Kliprivierberg Group lavas at the base are subdivisible into 3 sub-types on the basis of Zr contents. (Zr>11Oppm) are the most evolved. They are tholeiitic andesites which display fairly limited compositional variation. It is likely that more evolved compositions are present in other areas where the porphyritic lavas which characterize this unit are better developed. The overlying Orkney lavas are characterized by 110ppm>Zr>90ppm. They are tholeiitic andesites of similar composition to the Alberton lavas, but have lower incompatible element levels, higher siderophile element levels, and are of extremely uniform composition. The uppermost Loraine/Edenville lavas range from magnesian tholeiites to tholeiitic andesites. They are distinguished by Zr< 90ppm, and contain the most primitive magmas af the Witwatersrand triad, with up to 17,5% MgO, 2600ppm Cr, 600ppm Ni and M-values up to 77. The most primitive liquids evolved by 38% fractional crystallization of orthopyroxene ∓ chromite, followed by 35% fractional crystallization of an extract containing clinopyroxene and plagioclase. The absence of olivine precipitation is a result of the inherently high Si0₂ content of the magma. The Loraine/Edenville, Orkney and Alberton lavas do not lie on a common liquid line of descent, but are probably consanguinous. The Platberg Group overlies the Kliprivierberg Group, and has a coarse-clastic sedimentary unit, the Kameeldoorns Formation, at the base. Three petrographically distinct porphyritic lava sequences overlie the Kameeldoorns Formation, namely the informal "Goedgenoeg formation", the Makwassie quartz-feldspar porphyries and the Rietgat Formation. Despite petrographic differences, the Goedgenoeg and Rietgat lavas are chemically indistinguishable and thus form a single magma-type. The Makwassie porphyries are dacitic in composition with a high proportion of feldspar and quartz phenocrysts. Rational variation trends are attributed to a nett loss of Si0₂ during secondary alteration. The porphyries are probably of crustal origin. The Goedgenoeg/Rietgat lavas display unusual chemistry and a broad, irrational compositional spectrum. They contain very high incompatible element levels, high nonnative quartz, as well as high MgO, M-values, Cr and Ni relative to the other tholeiitic andesites of the Witwatersrand triad. It is tentatively suggested that they are hybrid magmas containing both crust and mantle components, the former possibly represented by the Makwassie porphyries. Field evidence suggests that Platberg volcanism commenced directly after Klipriviersberg volcanism ceased, and was accompanied by a period of enhanced tectonic activity. The Platberg lavas thus probably reflect a crustal melting cycle associated with the Klipriviersberg magmatic event. The Allanridge lavas are the youngest rocks of the Witwatersrand triad. They are separated from the Platberg Group by a unit of flat-lying sediments, the Bothaville Formation, which was deposited after an extended period of peneplanation. The Allanridge lavas form a separate magma-type. They are tholeiitic andesites of similar composition to the Alberton lavas, but have higher incompatible element levels and are not consanguinous. The compositional similarities amongst the basic magma-types of the Witwatersrand triad suggests that all were generated in an hydrous mantle. Interelement ratio differences between the various magma-types nevertheless support the concept that the mantle was chemically heterogeneous during the early Proterozoic.
  • Full Text:
  • Date Issued: 1985

The geochemical stratigraphy of the volcanic rocks of the Witwatersrand triad in the Klerksdorp area, Transvaal

- Bowen, Teral Barbara

  • Authors: Bowen, Teral Barbara
  • Date: 1985 , 2013-03-14
  • Subjects: Lava -- South Africa -- Transvaal , Igneous rocks -- South Africa -- Transvaal , Geochemistry -- South Africa -- Transvaal
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
  • Identifier: vital:4932 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004932 , Lava -- South Africa -- Transvaal , Igneous rocks -- South Africa -- Transvaal , Geochemistry -- South Africa -- Transvaal
  • Description: This study lias initiated with the aim of identifying the existence of any geochemical criteria which may be used to distinguish between the various volcanic formations within the Witwatersrand triad. The Witwatersrand triad comprises three sequences: the Dominion Group at the base, the Witwatersrand Supergroup in the middle, and the Ventersdorp Supergroup at the top. It is underlain by Archaean basement rocks, and covered by rocks of the Transvaal sequence. The Dominion Group consists of the sedimentary Rhenosterspruit quartzite Formation at the base, overlain by a bimodal component of the Syferfontein Porphyry succession of lavas. Basaltic lavas are the major component of the Rhenosterhoek Formation, while the overlying Formation consists primarily of dacitic porphyries. Intercalations of one lava type within the other are common, however, so each formation is not the exclusive domain of only one lava type. The Witwatersrand Supergroup, a predominantly argillaceous and arenaceous sequence, contains two narrow volcanic horizons, one of wbich, the Jeppestown Amygdaloid (now Crown Formation), consisting of tholeiitic andesites, occurs in the study area. The overlying Ventersdorp Supergroup has, at its base, the basaltic Klipriviersberg Group, of which four out of six formations are present in the study area, namely, the Alberton, Orkney, Loraine and Edenville Formations. This group is succeeded unconformably by the PIatberg Group, consisting of the sedimentary Kameel doorns Formation, followed by the (informal) Goedgenoeg, Makwassie Quartz Porphyry and Rietgat Formations. The Goedgenoeg and Rietgat Formations are basaltic, whil e the Mawassie rocks range from basaltic to dacitic, the majority being tholeiitic andesites and andesites . The Pniel sequence at the top of the Ventersdorp Supergroup consists of the sedimentary Bothaville Formation, and the Allarridge Formation, the lavas of which are basaltic with some andesitic tendencies. A well-defined geochemical stratigraphy was found to exist. From the eleven volcanic formations examined, nine distinct geochemical units emerged, as the Loraine and Edenville Formations were found to have the same geochemical characteristics, as did the Goedgenoeg and Rietgat Formations. Despite having undergone law-grade greenschist facies metamorphism, very clear variation patterns with height are displayed by the immobile elements Ti, P, Kb, Zr and Y, and the light rare earth elements La, Ce and Nd. In contrast, much scatter was observed in the variation patterns of Na, K, Mn, Ba and Rb. Three techniques were employed to effect discrimination between formations - orthosonal discrimination, interelement and ratio vs ratio plots, and discriminant analysis. Confidence limits placed on normal probability plots served to isolate outlier samples for further examination by the various discrimination techniques. A successful test of the efficacy of the discrimination techniques was afforded when fourteen samples from an unknown succession were positively identified as representative of the Klipriviersberg Group
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  • Date Issued: 1985

Andinamali esipajeni

- Boys and girls, Composer not specified, Dargie, Dave

Spenser's Colin Clout : an introductory study

- Brown, Molly Anne

  • Authors: Brown, Molly Anne
  • Date: 1985
  • Subjects: Spenser, Edmund, 1552?-1599 -- Criticism and interpretation , Faerie Queene , English poetry , Epic , Criticism , Interpretation , Clout, Colin (Fictitious character)
  • Language: English
  • Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MA
  • Identifier: vital:2180 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001831
  • Description: From introduction: In the sixth book of The Faerie Qveene, the reader is presented with a vision of the Graces and their attendants dancing on Mount Acidale to the piping of a simple shepherd. Spenser identifies this favoured musician as Colin Clout and then goes on to pose a seemingly inconsequential rhetorical question. "Who knowes not Colin Cloute?” he asks. The note of confident pride which can be discerned in the query clearly reveals Spenser's peculiar interest in one of his most intriguing creations. It is almost impossible to read a representative selection of Spenser's poetical works without noticing the hauntingly frequent appearances of his "Southerne shepheardes boye". Colin appears or is named in no fewer than six of Spenser's poems.
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  • Date Issued: 1985

The monitor and synchroniser concepts in the programming language CLANG

- Chalmers, Alan Gordon

  • Authors: Chalmers, Alan Gordon
  • Date: 1985
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
  • Identifier: vital:4616 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006132
  • Full Text:
  • Date Issued: 1985

Samuel Palmer and Romanticism

- Chapman, Anton

  • Authors: Chapman, Anton
  • Date: 1985
  • Subjects: Uncatalogued
  • Language: English
  • Type: Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/193269 , vital:45316
  • Description: This introduction and ensuing essay are something in the nature of a personal confession. Deemed as such what I have written concerning Samuel Palmer has not, in any way, been written as an exercise, but rather for the purpose of self-edification. This I will elaborate upon while disclosing my motive for writing on Palmer. Palmer's works - when I first saw them - were something of a revelation. They seemed the alpha and omega of my own artistic endeavour. Perhaps the term which best describes the euphoria I felt is 1deja vu1, because although it describes a connectedness of sorts, the words have in their sound an exotic ring. There is in it an implied equivocation - and equivocality best describes my understanding of Samuel Palmer at that juncture. This euphoria I felt dimmed with the realisation that by purportedly claiming, as I was, Samuel Palmer's visionary landscapes as my goal I was treading on sacred ground; I'd arrived, as it were, in another's Paradise. The effects of this upon my own creativity were completely negative. Worse still, I lacked the necessary means to extricate myself from Palmer's paradisiacal visions. His influence was incapacitating and convoluting my own growth. It was obvious then that I had to be rid of Samuel Palmer. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Humanities, Fine Art, 1985
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  • Date Issued: 1985

Prayer of Faithful Response

- Christ the New Man Centre Congregation, Composer not specified, Dargie, Dave

Masithi Amen

- Christ the New Man Centre Congregation, Composer not specified, Dargie, Dave

Nkosi shesha sikhulule

- Christ the New Man Centre Congregation, Composer not specified, Dargie, Dave

Our Father

- Christ the New Man Centre Congregation, Composer not specified, Dargie, Dave

Offertory Song

- Christ the New Man Centre Congregation, Composer not specified, Dargie, Dave

Masithi Amen

- Christ the New Man Centre Congregation, Composer not specified, Dargie, Dave

Siwe siyakubongoza

- Christ the New Man Centre Congregation, Composer not specified, Dargie, Dave

Inganzi Lemvana

- Christ the New Man Centre Congregation, Composer not specified, Dargie, Dave

Sung Prayer and Amen

- Christ the New Man Centre Congregation, Composer not specified, Dargie, Dave

Lord make us One

- Christ the New Man Centre Congregation, Composer not specified, Dargie, Dave

Masithi Amen with Spoken Prayer

- Christ the New Man Centre Congregation, Composer not specified, Dargie, Dave

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