The impact of illustrated side effect information on understanding and sustained retention of antiretroviral side effect knowledge:
- Scheihing, Konstantin W, Tanner, Jane, Weaver, Matthew, Schöniger, Matthias
- Authors: Scheihing, Konstantin W , Tanner, Jane , Weaver, Matthew , Schöniger, Matthias
- Date: 2020
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/156389 , vital:39985 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2020.101043
- Description: About 7.5 million South Africans access gratuitous drinking water via communal taps provided by municipalities under a free basic water policy. Supplying running water for free to low-income communities is essential but can result in water wastage due to a potential indifference of non-paying end-consumers. The consequence is a loss of municipal water and financial resources. We outline a new strategy that rewards low-income communities for reducing water wastage. The incentive strategy promotes water conservation and community development and decreases recurring water-related public expenses. The concept is funded by a percentage of municipal cost savings yielded from the respective water conservation.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: Scheihing, Konstantin W , Tanner, Jane , Weaver, Matthew , Schöniger, Matthias
- Date: 2020
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/156389 , vital:39985 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2020.101043
- Description: About 7.5 million South Africans access gratuitous drinking water via communal taps provided by municipalities under a free basic water policy. Supplying running water for free to low-income communities is essential but can result in water wastage due to a potential indifference of non-paying end-consumers. The consequence is a loss of municipal water and financial resources. We outline a new strategy that rewards low-income communities for reducing water wastage. The incentive strategy promotes water conservation and community development and decreases recurring water-related public expenses. The concept is funded by a percentage of municipal cost savings yielded from the respective water conservation.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
Sustainable conflict resolution through community based Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Planning in fragile and conflict situations: the case of Somalia
- Mafuta, Wonder, Zuwarimwe, Jethro, Kamuzhanje, Joseph, Mwale, Marizvikuru, Chipaike, Ronald
- Authors: Mafuta, Wonder , Zuwarimwe, Jethro , Kamuzhanje, Joseph , Mwale, Marizvikuru , Chipaike, Ronald
- Date: 2020
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/150241 , vital:38952 , https://0-doi.org.wam.seals.ac.za/10.1177/0021909620928104
- Description: The study examines the nature of disputes, which are prevalent in water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) programming and suggests possible conflict management and resolution mechanisms. An online web-based survey, hosted on the popular Survey Monkey platform, was conducted through the Somalia WASH Cluster to 40 ‘active’ member organisations. A response rate of 73% was achieved. Thematic analysis was conducted using NVivo 12. The type of conflicts identified are as follows: visible versus non-visible benefits, emergency versus development focus, the young and the old, insiders versus outsiders, local versus donor priorities and men versus women. The article goes on to suggest possible conflict resolution mechanisms, which include: planning together with communities, continuum programming, setting up early warning systems, harmonisation of institutions managing WASH resources and the development of localised Memorandums of Understanding. It is recommended that the complexities of conflict and fragility require different approaches. The approaches would apply to both relief and developmental WASH programming.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: Mafuta, Wonder , Zuwarimwe, Jethro , Kamuzhanje, Joseph , Mwale, Marizvikuru , Chipaike, Ronald
- Date: 2020
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/150241 , vital:38952 , https://0-doi.org.wam.seals.ac.za/10.1177/0021909620928104
- Description: The study examines the nature of disputes, which are prevalent in water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) programming and suggests possible conflict management and resolution mechanisms. An online web-based survey, hosted on the popular Survey Monkey platform, was conducted through the Somalia WASH Cluster to 40 ‘active’ member organisations. A response rate of 73% was achieved. Thematic analysis was conducted using NVivo 12. The type of conflicts identified are as follows: visible versus non-visible benefits, emergency versus development focus, the young and the old, insiders versus outsiders, local versus donor priorities and men versus women. The article goes on to suggest possible conflict resolution mechanisms, which include: planning together with communities, continuum programming, setting up early warning systems, harmonisation of institutions managing WASH resources and the development of localised Memorandums of Understanding. It is recommended that the complexities of conflict and fragility require different approaches. The approaches would apply to both relief and developmental WASH programming.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
Social capital reduces vulnerability in rural coastal communities of Solomon Islands:
- Malherbe, Willem, Sauer, Warwick H H, Aswani, Shankar
- Authors: Malherbe, Willem , Sauer, Warwick H H , Aswani, Shankar
- Date: 2020
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/150230 , vital:38951 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2020.105186
- Description: Rural island communities are generally regarded as the most vulnerable groups affected by climate change. This perception arises due to them often being in less developed areas with high levels of exposure to stressors, while reportedly lacking the means to cope with these stressors. Studies which use developed-country yardsticks, such as those used in past IPCC-based assessments, when measuring vulnerability in less developed states will however inevitably over-pronounce its effects in such areas. The sustainable livelihoods approach provides an alternate means of determining vulnerability using capital assets such as social capital. The presence of these assets enables communities to pursue diverse livelihood strategies which ultimately serve to reduce their vulnerability. This study seeks to measure attributes of social capital in five marine dependent communities of Solomon Islands.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: Malherbe, Willem , Sauer, Warwick H H , Aswani, Shankar
- Date: 2020
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/150230 , vital:38951 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2020.105186
- Description: Rural island communities are generally regarded as the most vulnerable groups affected by climate change. This perception arises due to them often being in less developed areas with high levels of exposure to stressors, while reportedly lacking the means to cope with these stressors. Studies which use developed-country yardsticks, such as those used in past IPCC-based assessments, when measuring vulnerability in less developed states will however inevitably over-pronounce its effects in such areas. The sustainable livelihoods approach provides an alternate means of determining vulnerability using capital assets such as social capital. The presence of these assets enables communities to pursue diverse livelihood strategies which ultimately serve to reduce their vulnerability. This study seeks to measure attributes of social capital in five marine dependent communities of Solomon Islands.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
Preferences of resettled refugees on pictograms describing common symptoms of illness:
- Bellamy, Kim, Dowse, Roslind, Ostini, Remo, Martini, Nataly, Kairuz, Therese
- Authors: Bellamy, Kim , Dowse, Roslind , Ostini, Remo , Martini, Nataly , Kairuz, Therese
- Date: 2020
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/${Handle} , vital:40086 , https://0-doi.org.wam.seals.ac.za/10.1007/s10903-019-00908-3
- Description: Illustrated health resources are useful for people who have limited English linguistic ability. The aim was to compare the preferences of resettled refugees from Africa and non-African countries, on pictograms describing common symptoms of illness. Data were collected in two cities in Queensland, Australia. Participants indicated their preference for three types of pictograms depicting seven symptoms. Pictogram sources included the International Pharmaceutical Federation, royaltyfree stock images, and pictograms designed in South Africa.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: Bellamy, Kim , Dowse, Roslind , Ostini, Remo , Martini, Nataly , Kairuz, Therese
- Date: 2020
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/${Handle} , vital:40086 , https://0-doi.org.wam.seals.ac.za/10.1007/s10903-019-00908-3
- Description: Illustrated health resources are useful for people who have limited English linguistic ability. The aim was to compare the preferences of resettled refugees from Africa and non-African countries, on pictograms describing common symptoms of illness. Data were collected in two cities in Queensland, Australia. Participants indicated their preference for three types of pictograms depicting seven symptoms. Pictogram sources included the International Pharmaceutical Federation, royaltyfree stock images, and pictograms designed in South Africa.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
Policies to reduce single-use plastic marine pollution in West Africa:
- Adam, Issahaku, Walker, Tony R, Bezerra, Joana Carlos, Clayton, Andrea
- Authors: Adam, Issahaku , Walker, Tony R , Bezerra, Joana Carlos , Clayton, Andrea
- Date: 2020
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/150196 , vital:38948 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.103928
- Description: Countries in Africa are increasingly adopting policies to reduce single-use plastic (SUP) pollution, yet there has been limited analysis of policies adopted by African countries. This paper reviews SUP reduction policies, specifically in West Africa.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: Adam, Issahaku , Walker, Tony R , Bezerra, Joana Carlos , Clayton, Andrea
- Date: 2020
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/150196 , vital:38948 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.103928
- Description: Countries in Africa are increasingly adopting policies to reduce single-use plastic (SUP) pollution, yet there has been limited analysis of policies adopted by African countries. This paper reviews SUP reduction policies, specifically in West Africa.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
Non-material costs of wildlife conservation to local people and their implications for conservation interventions:
- Thondhlana, Gladman, Redpath, Stephen Mark, Vedeld, Pål Olav, van Eden, Lily, Pascual, Unai, Sherren, Kate, Murata, Chenai
- Authors: Thondhlana, Gladman , Redpath, Stephen Mark , Vedeld, Pål Olav , van Eden, Lily , Pascual, Unai , Sherren, Kate , Murata, Chenai
- Date: 2020
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/150174 , vital:38946 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108578
- Description: In assessment of costs (and benefits) of wildlife conservation, conventional economic valuation frameworks may inadequately address various non-tangible values and neglect social, cultural and political contexts of resources and their use. Correspondingly, there seems to be much more focus on quantifying the economic, material benefits and costs of wildlife conservation than the non-material aspects that also affect human well-being. In addition, current research on the costs of wildlife conservation tends to be discipline-focused which constrains comparability, often causing conceptual ambiguity. This paper is an attempt to address this ambiguity. While there is growing acknowledgement of the material costs of wildlife conservation, we contend that employing a broader, composite social well-being approach may provide better conceptual insights on—and practical options for—managing various non-material impacts of wildlife conservation for local people.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: Thondhlana, Gladman , Redpath, Stephen Mark , Vedeld, Pål Olav , van Eden, Lily , Pascual, Unai , Sherren, Kate , Murata, Chenai
- Date: 2020
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/150174 , vital:38946 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108578
- Description: In assessment of costs (and benefits) of wildlife conservation, conventional economic valuation frameworks may inadequately address various non-tangible values and neglect social, cultural and political contexts of resources and their use. Correspondingly, there seems to be much more focus on quantifying the economic, material benefits and costs of wildlife conservation than the non-material aspects that also affect human well-being. In addition, current research on the costs of wildlife conservation tends to be discipline-focused which constrains comparability, often causing conceptual ambiguity. This paper is an attempt to address this ambiguity. While there is growing acknowledgement of the material costs of wildlife conservation, we contend that employing a broader, composite social well-being approach may provide better conceptual insights on—and practical options for—managing various non-material impacts of wildlife conservation for local people.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
Non-aggregated lipophilic water-soluble tin porphyrins as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy and photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy:
- Babu, Balaji, Soy, Rodah C, Mack, John, Nyokong, Tebello
- Authors: Babu, Balaji , Soy, Rodah C , Mack, John , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2020
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/158241 , vital:40165 , DOI: 10.1039/d0nj01564d
- Description: Two readily synthesized water-soluble Sn(IV) porphyrins have been prepared with quaternized pyridyl nitrogens and 2-naphthalato trans-axial ligands. Methyl and hexyl groups were attached to the quaternized nitrogens to form lipophilic dyes with high singlet oxygen quantum yields (ca. 0.90) and unusually long triplet state lifetimes. The dyes exhibit good photodynamic activity against MCF-7 cells with IC50 values of 14.3 and 8.5 μM, respectively. The hexyl quaternized dye exhibited a 9.69 log reduction value (0.5 μM) towards S. aureus under illumination for 90 min (250 mW cm−2). The results demonstrate that this set of structural modification strategies for photosensitizer dyes merits further in depth study.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: Babu, Balaji , Soy, Rodah C , Mack, John , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2020
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/158241 , vital:40165 , DOI: 10.1039/d0nj01564d
- Description: Two readily synthesized water-soluble Sn(IV) porphyrins have been prepared with quaternized pyridyl nitrogens and 2-naphthalato trans-axial ligands. Methyl and hexyl groups were attached to the quaternized nitrogens to form lipophilic dyes with high singlet oxygen quantum yields (ca. 0.90) and unusually long triplet state lifetimes. The dyes exhibit good photodynamic activity against MCF-7 cells with IC50 values of 14.3 and 8.5 μM, respectively. The hexyl quaternized dye exhibited a 9.69 log reduction value (0.5 μM) towards S. aureus under illumination for 90 min (250 mW cm−2). The results demonstrate that this set of structural modification strategies for photosensitizer dyes merits further in depth study.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
New directions in Maritime and Fisheries Anthropology:
- Authors: Aswani, Shankar
- Date: 2020
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/179028 , vital:40101 , https://0-doi.org.wam.seals.ac.za/10.1111/aman.13380
- Description: Maritime and fisheries anthropology is a mixture of different themes couched under various theoretical frameworks that straddle the humanities and the sciences. In this subject survey, I explore different thematic and theoretical strands of maritime and fisheries anthropology and illustrate broader changes in this subdiscipline since around the mid‐1990s. I also review developing and future thematic and theoretical research frontiers, and discuss their potential contribution to a public and actionable anthropology/scholarship that can better inform fisheries management and conservation. This is important because in the twenty‐first century, coastal peoples are facing socioeconomic and environmental challenges that are increasingly becoming hazardous. To create a more actionable discipline, anthropology needs to be more accessible, inform innovation, and recapture a more pluralistic scholarship that champions interdisciplinary work. This will require the consilience between the humanities and natural sciences for studying human–marine interactions more broadly and for protecting the marine environment.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: Aswani, Shankar
- Date: 2020
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/179028 , vital:40101 , https://0-doi.org.wam.seals.ac.za/10.1111/aman.13380
- Description: Maritime and fisheries anthropology is a mixture of different themes couched under various theoretical frameworks that straddle the humanities and the sciences. In this subject survey, I explore different thematic and theoretical strands of maritime and fisheries anthropology and illustrate broader changes in this subdiscipline since around the mid‐1990s. I also review developing and future thematic and theoretical research frontiers, and discuss their potential contribution to a public and actionable anthropology/scholarship that can better inform fisheries management and conservation. This is important because in the twenty‐first century, coastal peoples are facing socioeconomic and environmental challenges that are increasingly becoming hazardous. To create a more actionable discipline, anthropology needs to be more accessible, inform innovation, and recapture a more pluralistic scholarship that champions interdisciplinary work. This will require the consilience between the humanities and natural sciences for studying human–marine interactions more broadly and for protecting the marine environment.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
Maximal-entropy initial state of the Universe as a microscopic description of inflation:
- Brustein, Ram, Medved, A J M
- Authors: Brustein, Ram , Medved, A J M
- Date: 2020
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/149682 , vital:38874 , https://0-doi.org.wam.seals.ac.za/10.1103/PhysRevD.101.123502
- Description: We propose that the initial state of the Universe was an isotropic state of maximal entropy. Such a state can be described in terms of a state of closed, interacting, fundamental strings in their high-temperature Hagedorn phase, which constitutes a novel microscopic model for the state of the Universe when it is at the highest sustainable temperature. This state resolves the big-bang singularity by replacing the past of the hot big-bang Universe and sets inflationary initial conditions for the subsequent evolution of the thermal radiation and the semiclassical cosmological geometry. The entropy density in this state is equal to the square root of the energy density in Planck units, while the pressure is positive and equal to the energy density.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: Brustein, Ram , Medved, A J M
- Date: 2020
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/149682 , vital:38874 , https://0-doi.org.wam.seals.ac.za/10.1103/PhysRevD.101.123502
- Description: We propose that the initial state of the Universe was an isotropic state of maximal entropy. Such a state can be described in terms of a state of closed, interacting, fundamental strings in their high-temperature Hagedorn phase, which constitutes a novel microscopic model for the state of the Universe when it is at the highest sustainable temperature. This state resolves the big-bang singularity by replacing the past of the hot big-bang Universe and sets inflationary initial conditions for the subsequent evolution of the thermal radiation and the semiclassical cosmological geometry. The entropy density in this state is equal to the square root of the energy density in Planck units, while the pressure is positive and equal to the energy density.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
Influence of intra-and interspecific variation in predator–prey body size ratios on trophic interaction strengths:
- Cuthbert, Ross N, Wasserman, Ryan J, Dalu, Tatenda, Kaiser, Horst, Weyl, Olaf L F, Dick, Jaimie T A, Sentis, Arnaud, McCoy, Michael W, Alexander, Mhairi E
- Authors: Cuthbert, Ross N , Wasserman, Ryan J , Dalu, Tatenda , Kaiser, Horst , Weyl, Olaf L F , Dick, Jaimie T A , Sentis, Arnaud , McCoy, Michael W , Alexander, Mhairi E
- Date: 2020
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/149358 , vital:38839 , https://0-doi.org.wam.seals.ac.za/10.1002/ece3.6332
- Description: Predation is a pervasive force that structures food webs and directly influences ecosystem functioning. The relative body sizes of predators and prey may be an important determinant of interaction strengths. However, studies quantifying the combined influence of intra‐ and interspecific variation in predator–prey body size ratios are lacking. We use a comparative functional response approach to examine interaction strengths between three size classes of invasive bluegill and largemouth bass toward three scaled size classes of their tilapia prey. We then quantify the influence of intra‐ and interspecific predator–prey body mass ratios on the scaling of attack rates and handling times.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: Cuthbert, Ross N , Wasserman, Ryan J , Dalu, Tatenda , Kaiser, Horst , Weyl, Olaf L F , Dick, Jaimie T A , Sentis, Arnaud , McCoy, Michael W , Alexander, Mhairi E
- Date: 2020
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/149358 , vital:38839 , https://0-doi.org.wam.seals.ac.za/10.1002/ece3.6332
- Description: Predation is a pervasive force that structures food webs and directly influences ecosystem functioning. The relative body sizes of predators and prey may be an important determinant of interaction strengths. However, studies quantifying the combined influence of intra‐ and interspecific variation in predator–prey body size ratios are lacking. We use a comparative functional response approach to examine interaction strengths between three size classes of invasive bluegill and largemouth bass toward three scaled size classes of their tilapia prey. We then quantify the influence of intra‐ and interspecific predator–prey body mass ratios on the scaling of attack rates and handling times.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
Hydrodynamical backflow in X-shaped radio galaxy PKS 2014− 55:
- Cotton, W D, Thorat, K, Condon, J J, Frank, B S, Józsa, G I G, White, S V, Deane, R, Oozeer, N, Atemkeng, Marcellin T, Bester, L, Fanaroff, B, Kupa, R S, Smirnov, Oleg M, Mauch, T, Krishnan, V, Camilo, F
- Authors: Cotton, W D , Thorat, K , Condon, J J , Frank, B S , Józsa, G I G , White, S V , Deane, R , Oozeer, N , Atemkeng, Marcellin T , Bester, L , Fanaroff, B , Kupa, R S , Smirnov, Oleg M , Mauch, T , Krishnan, V , Camilo, F
- Date: 2020
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/149913 , vital:38912 , https://0-doi.org.wam.seals.ac.za/10.1093/mnras/staa1240
- Description: We present MeerKAT 1.28 GHz total-intensity, polarization, and spectral-index images covering the giant (projected length l ≈ 1.57 Mpc) X-shaped radio source PKS 2014−55 with an unprecedented combination of brightness sensitivity and angular resolution. They show the clear ‘double boomerang’ morphology of hydrodynamical backflows from the straight main jets deflected by the large and oblique hot-gas halo of the host galaxy PGC 064440.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: Cotton, W D , Thorat, K , Condon, J J , Frank, B S , Józsa, G I G , White, S V , Deane, R , Oozeer, N , Atemkeng, Marcellin T , Bester, L , Fanaroff, B , Kupa, R S , Smirnov, Oleg M , Mauch, T , Krishnan, V , Camilo, F
- Date: 2020
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/149913 , vital:38912 , https://0-doi.org.wam.seals.ac.za/10.1093/mnras/staa1240
- Description: We present MeerKAT 1.28 GHz total-intensity, polarization, and spectral-index images covering the giant (projected length l ≈ 1.57 Mpc) X-shaped radio source PKS 2014−55 with an unprecedented combination of brightness sensitivity and angular resolution. They show the clear ‘double boomerang’ morphology of hydrodynamical backflows from the straight main jets deflected by the large and oblique hot-gas halo of the host galaxy PGC 064440.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
Hop depletion reduces HSF1 levels and activity and coincides with reduced stress resilience:
- Chakraborty, Abantika, Edkins, Adrienne L
- Authors: Chakraborty, Abantika , Edkins, Adrienne L
- Date: 2020
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/165440 , vital:41244 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.04.072
- Description: Heat-shock factor 1 (HSF1) regulates the transcriptional response to stress and controls expression of molecular chaperones required for cell survival. Here we report that HSF1 is regulated by the abundance of the Hsp70-Hsp90 organizing protein (Hop/STIP1).
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: Chakraborty, Abantika , Edkins, Adrienne L
- Date: 2020
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/165440 , vital:41244 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.04.072
- Description: Heat-shock factor 1 (HSF1) regulates the transcriptional response to stress and controls expression of molecular chaperones required for cell survival. Here we report that HSF1 is regulated by the abundance of the Hsp70-Hsp90 organizing protein (Hop/STIP1).
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
F-and F+-band radioluminescence and the influence of annealing on its emission spectra in Al2O3: C, Mg:
- Chithambo, Makaiko L, Kalita, Jitumani M, Finch, A A
- Authors: Chithambo, Makaiko L , Kalita, Jitumani M , Finch, A A
- Date: 2020
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/150130 , vital:38942 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2020.106306
- Description: Radioluminescence spectra of Al2O3:C,Mg monitored at temperatures up to 400 °C is reported. Measurements were made on samples either as received or on ones annealed at 1200 °C. Radioluminescence is observed at 410 nm for the unannealed sample but principally at 330 and 410 nm in the annealed sample with the emission at 330 nm dominant. Both bands are subject to thermal quenching but the change for the F+ band is atypical. Temperature induced effects on these and other bands are discussed, as are complementary measurements of thermoluminescence spectra.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: Chithambo, Makaiko L , Kalita, Jitumani M , Finch, A A
- Date: 2020
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/150130 , vital:38942 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2020.106306
- Description: Radioluminescence spectra of Al2O3:C,Mg monitored at temperatures up to 400 °C is reported. Measurements were made on samples either as received or on ones annealed at 1200 °C. Radioluminescence is observed at 410 nm for the unannealed sample but principally at 330 and 410 nm in the annealed sample with the emission at 330 nm dominant. Both bands are subject to thermal quenching but the change for the F+ band is atypical. Temperature induced effects on these and other bands are discussed, as are complementary measurements of thermoluminescence spectra.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
Examining intraspecific multiple predator effects across shifting predator sex ratios:
- Cuthbert, Ross N, Dalu, Tatenda, Wasserman, Ryan J, Weyl, Olaf L F, Froneman, P William, Callaghan, Amanda, Dick, Jaimie T A
- Authors: Cuthbert, Ross N , Dalu, Tatenda , Wasserman, Ryan J , Weyl, Olaf L F , Froneman, P William , Callaghan, Amanda , Dick, Jaimie T A
- Date: 2020
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/150119 , vital:38941 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2020.03.002
- Description: Predator-predator interactions, or “multiple predator effects” (MPEs), are pervasive in the structuring of communities and complicate predictive quantifications of ecosystem dynamics. The nature of MPEs is also context-dependent, manifesting differently among species, prey densities and habitat structures. However, there has hitherto been a lack of consideration for the implications of intraspecific demographic variation within populations for the strength of MPEs. The present study extends MPE concepts to examine intraspecific interactions among male and female predators across differences in prey densities using a functional response approach. Focusing on a copepod-mosquito model predator-prey system, interaction strengths of different sex ratio pairs of Lovenula raynerae were quantified towards larval Culex pipiens complex prey, with observations compared to both additive and substitutive model predictions.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: Cuthbert, Ross N , Dalu, Tatenda , Wasserman, Ryan J , Weyl, Olaf L F , Froneman, P William , Callaghan, Amanda , Dick, Jaimie T A
- Date: 2020
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/150119 , vital:38941 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2020.03.002
- Description: Predator-predator interactions, or “multiple predator effects” (MPEs), are pervasive in the structuring of communities and complicate predictive quantifications of ecosystem dynamics. The nature of MPEs is also context-dependent, manifesting differently among species, prey densities and habitat structures. However, there has hitherto been a lack of consideration for the implications of intraspecific demographic variation within populations for the strength of MPEs. The present study extends MPE concepts to examine intraspecific interactions among male and female predators across differences in prey densities using a functional response approach. Focusing on a copepod-mosquito model predator-prey system, interaction strengths of different sex ratio pairs of Lovenula raynerae were quantified towards larval Culex pipiens complex prey, with observations compared to both additive and substitutive model predictions.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
Electricity use behaviour in a high-income neighbourhood in Johannesburg, South Africa:
- Williams, Stephanie P, Thondhlana, Gladman, Kua, Harn W
- Authors: Williams, Stephanie P , Thondhlana, Gladman , Kua, Harn W
- Date: 2020
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/149725 , vital:38878 , https://doi.org/10.3390/su12114571
- Description: Worldwide, households’ consumption of electricity contributes to a substantial proportion of total national energy demand. Thus, the residential sector is a major entity in efforts to define and achieve global sustainability goals. Understanding electricity use behaviour and factors underlying behaviour is critical for designing behaviour change interventions, particularly in contexts characterised by fast-growing economies, burgeoning number of high-income households, and consumption growth. However, relative to developed economies, very little is known on this subject in South Africa. Using structured questionnaires, this study examines electricity use behaviour among high-income households in Johannesburg, South Africa.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: Williams, Stephanie P , Thondhlana, Gladman , Kua, Harn W
- Date: 2020
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/149725 , vital:38878 , https://doi.org/10.3390/su12114571
- Description: Worldwide, households’ consumption of electricity contributes to a substantial proportion of total national energy demand. Thus, the residential sector is a major entity in efforts to define and achieve global sustainability goals. Understanding electricity use behaviour and factors underlying behaviour is critical for designing behaviour change interventions, particularly in contexts characterised by fast-growing economies, burgeoning number of high-income households, and consumption growth. However, relative to developed economies, very little is known on this subject in South Africa. Using structured questionnaires, this study examines electricity use behaviour among high-income households in Johannesburg, South Africa.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
Dragonfly (Odonata) community structure in the Eastern Highlands Biodiversity Hotspot of Zimbabwe: potential threats of land use changes on freshwater invertebrates
- Mafuwe, Kudzai, Moyo, Sydney
- Authors: Mafuwe, Kudzai , Moyo, Sydney
- Date: 2020
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/158265 , vital:40167 , https://doi.org/10.1080/13887890.2020.1768156
- Description: We examined the diversity and potential drivers of dragonfly distribution in a biodiversity hotspot of Southern Africa (Eastern Highlands, Zimbabwe) by surveying 30 sites (13 lentic and 17 lotic habitats) located within this region. Additionally, we identified the anthropogenic factors that may threaten Odonata diversity and abundance.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: Mafuwe, Kudzai , Moyo, Sydney
- Date: 2020
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/158265 , vital:40167 , https://doi.org/10.1080/13887890.2020.1768156
- Description: We examined the diversity and potential drivers of dragonfly distribution in a biodiversity hotspot of Southern Africa (Eastern Highlands, Zimbabwe) by surveying 30 sites (13 lentic and 17 lotic habitats) located within this region. Additionally, we identified the anthropogenic factors that may threaten Odonata diversity and abundance.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
Development of manganese phthalocyanine decorated with silver nanoparticles nanocomposite for improved electrocatalytic oxidation of hydrazine:
- Mpeta, Lekhetho S, Sen, Pinar, Nyokong, Tebello
- Authors: Mpeta, Lekhetho S , Sen, Pinar , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2020
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/148472 , vital:38742 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114173
- Description: In this study we report on the synthesis of tetrakis [4-(4-(5-chloro-1H-benzo [d]imidazol-2-yl) phenoxy phthalocyaninato] manganese (III) chloride (MnPc). The MnPc was first used to modify a glassy carbon electrode, followed by the growth of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) onto the MnPc modified electrode to form MnPc-AgNPs modified electrode. The modified electrode was characterized using cydic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, scanning electrochemical microscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The modified MnPc-AgNPs electrode was employed for the detection of hydrazine. The MnPc-AgNPs gave better current responses for electrooxidation of hydrazine relative to MnPc and AgNPs, individually. The catalytic rate constant was 1.90 x 10(5 )M(-1) S-1, with the detection limit (LoD) of 2.42 pM (using 3 sigma notation), and sensitivity of 61.56 mu A mM(-1), for MnPc-AgNPs. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: Mpeta, Lekhetho S , Sen, Pinar , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2020
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/148472 , vital:38742 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114173
- Description: In this study we report on the synthesis of tetrakis [4-(4-(5-chloro-1H-benzo [d]imidazol-2-yl) phenoxy phthalocyaninato] manganese (III) chloride (MnPc). The MnPc was first used to modify a glassy carbon electrode, followed by the growth of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) onto the MnPc modified electrode to form MnPc-AgNPs modified electrode. The modified electrode was characterized using cydic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, scanning electrochemical microscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The modified MnPc-AgNPs electrode was employed for the detection of hydrazine. The MnPc-AgNPs gave better current responses for electrooxidation of hydrazine relative to MnPc and AgNPs, individually. The catalytic rate constant was 1.90 x 10(5 )M(-1) S-1, with the detection limit (LoD) of 2.42 pM (using 3 sigma notation), and sensitivity of 61.56 mu A mM(-1), for MnPc-AgNPs. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
Detection of pharmaceutical residues in surface waters of the Eastern Cape Province:
- Vumazonke, Sesethu, Khamanga, Sandile M, Ngqwala, Nosiphiwe P
- Authors: Vumazonke, Sesethu , Khamanga, Sandile M , Ngqwala, Nosiphiwe P
- Date: 2020
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/149819 , vital:38886 , https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114067
- Description: Pharmaceuticals are emerging contaminants in the aquatic environments. Their presence poses toxicological effects in humans and animals even at trace concentrations. This study investigated the presence of antibiotics, anti-epilepsy and anti-inflammatory drugs in river water of selected rivers in the Eastern Cape Province in South Africa. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used for screening of sulfamethoxazole and fluoroquinolones antibiotics. The samples were collected in upper-stream, middle-stream and lower-stream regions of the rivers and effluent of selected wastewater treatment plants. Pre-concentration of the samples was conducted using lyophilisation and extraction was conducted using solid phase extraction (SPE) on Waters Oasis hydrophilic-lipophilic-balanced cartridge.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: Vumazonke, Sesethu , Khamanga, Sandile M , Ngqwala, Nosiphiwe P
- Date: 2020
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/149819 , vital:38886 , https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114067
- Description: Pharmaceuticals are emerging contaminants in the aquatic environments. Their presence poses toxicological effects in humans and animals even at trace concentrations. This study investigated the presence of antibiotics, anti-epilepsy and anti-inflammatory drugs in river water of selected rivers in the Eastern Cape Province in South Africa. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used for screening of sulfamethoxazole and fluoroquinolones antibiotics. The samples were collected in upper-stream, middle-stream and lower-stream regions of the rivers and effluent of selected wastewater treatment plants. Pre-concentration of the samples was conducted using lyophilisation and extraction was conducted using solid phase extraction (SPE) on Waters Oasis hydrophilic-lipophilic-balanced cartridge.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
Detection of pharmaceutical residues in surface waters of the Eastern Cape Province:
- Vumazonke, Sesethu, Khamanga, Sandile M, Ngqwala, Nosiphiwe P
- Authors: Vumazonke, Sesethu , Khamanga, Sandile M , Ngqwala, Nosiphiwe P
- Date: 2020
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/149693 , vital:38875 , https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114067
- Description: Pharmaceuticals are emerging contaminants in the aquatic environments. Their presence poses toxicological effects in humans and animals even at trace concentrations. This study investigated the presence of antibiotics, anti-epilepsy and anti-inflammatory drugs in river water of selected rivers in the Eastern Cape Province in South Africa. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used for screening of sulfamethoxazole and fluoroquinolones antibiotics. The samples were collected in upper-stream, middle-stream and lower-stream regions of the rivers and effluent of selected wastewater treatment plants. Pre-concentration of the samples was conducted using lyophilisation and extraction was conducted using solid phase extraction (SPE) on Waters Oasis hydrophilic-lipophilic-balanced cartridge.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: Vumazonke, Sesethu , Khamanga, Sandile M , Ngqwala, Nosiphiwe P
- Date: 2020
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/149693 , vital:38875 , https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114067
- Description: Pharmaceuticals are emerging contaminants in the aquatic environments. Their presence poses toxicological effects in humans and animals even at trace concentrations. This study investigated the presence of antibiotics, anti-epilepsy and anti-inflammatory drugs in river water of selected rivers in the Eastern Cape Province in South Africa. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used for screening of sulfamethoxazole and fluoroquinolones antibiotics. The samples were collected in upper-stream, middle-stream and lower-stream regions of the rivers and effluent of selected wastewater treatment plants. Pre-concentration of the samples was conducted using lyophilisation and extraction was conducted using solid phase extraction (SPE) on Waters Oasis hydrophilic-lipophilic-balanced cartridge.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
Cyber Security Responsibilization: an evaluation of the intervention approaches adopted by the Five Eyes Countries and China
- Renaud, Karen, Orgeron, Craig, Warkentin, Merrill, French, P Edward
- Authors: Renaud, Karen , Orgeron, Craig , Warkentin, Merrill , French, P Edward
- Date: 2020
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/149806 , vital:38885 , https://0-doi.org.wam.seals.ac.za/10.1111/puar.13210
- Description: Governments can intervene to a greater or lesser extent in managing the risks that citizens face. They can adopt a maximal intervention approach (e .g. COVID‐19) or a hands‐off approach (e .g ., unemployment) , effectively “responsibilizing” their citizens. To manage the cyber risk, governments publish cyber‐related policies. This article examines the intervention stances the governments adopt in supporting individual citizens managing their personal cyber risk. The authors pinpoint the cyber‐related responsibilities that several governments espouse, applying a “responsibilization” analysis. Those applying to citizens are identified, thereby revealing the governments' cyber‐related intervention stance. The analysis reveals that most governments adopt a minimal cyber‐related intervention stance in supporting their citizens. Given the increasing number of successful cyber attacks on individuals, it seems time for the consequences of this stance to be acknowledged and reconsidered. The authors argue that governments should support individual citizens more effectively in dealing with cyber threats.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: Renaud, Karen , Orgeron, Craig , Warkentin, Merrill , French, P Edward
- Date: 2020
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/149806 , vital:38885 , https://0-doi.org.wam.seals.ac.za/10.1111/puar.13210
- Description: Governments can intervene to a greater or lesser extent in managing the risks that citizens face. They can adopt a maximal intervention approach (e .g. COVID‐19) or a hands‐off approach (e .g ., unemployment) , effectively “responsibilizing” their citizens. To manage the cyber risk, governments publish cyber‐related policies. This article examines the intervention stances the governments adopt in supporting individual citizens managing their personal cyber risk. The authors pinpoint the cyber‐related responsibilities that several governments espouse, applying a “responsibilization” analysis. Those applying to citizens are identified, thereby revealing the governments' cyber‐related intervention stance. The analysis reveals that most governments adopt a minimal cyber‐related intervention stance in supporting their citizens. Given the increasing number of successful cyber attacks on individuals, it seems time for the consequences of this stance to be acknowledged and reconsidered. The authors argue that governments should support individual citizens more effectively in dealing with cyber threats.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020