Cyber Security Responsibilization: an evaluation of the intervention approaches adopted by the Five Eyes Countries and China
- Renaud, Karen, Orgeron, Craig, Warkentin, Merrill, French, P Edward
- Authors: Renaud, Karen , Orgeron, Craig , Warkentin, Merrill , French, P Edward
- Date: 2020
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/149806 , vital:38885 , https://0-doi.org.wam.seals.ac.za/10.1111/puar.13210
- Description: Governments can intervene to a greater or lesser extent in managing the risks that citizens face. They can adopt a maximal intervention approach (e .g. COVID‐19) or a hands‐off approach (e .g ., unemployment) , effectively “responsibilizing” their citizens. To manage the cyber risk, governments publish cyber‐related policies. This article examines the intervention stances the governments adopt in supporting individual citizens managing their personal cyber risk. The authors pinpoint the cyber‐related responsibilities that several governments espouse, applying a “responsibilization” analysis. Those applying to citizens are identified, thereby revealing the governments' cyber‐related intervention stance. The analysis reveals that most governments adopt a minimal cyber‐related intervention stance in supporting their citizens. Given the increasing number of successful cyber attacks on individuals, it seems time for the consequences of this stance to be acknowledged and reconsidered. The authors argue that governments should support individual citizens more effectively in dealing with cyber threats.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: Renaud, Karen , Orgeron, Craig , Warkentin, Merrill , French, P Edward
- Date: 2020
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/149806 , vital:38885 , https://0-doi.org.wam.seals.ac.za/10.1111/puar.13210
- Description: Governments can intervene to a greater or lesser extent in managing the risks that citizens face. They can adopt a maximal intervention approach (e .g. COVID‐19) or a hands‐off approach (e .g ., unemployment) , effectively “responsibilizing” their citizens. To manage the cyber risk, governments publish cyber‐related policies. This article examines the intervention stances the governments adopt in supporting individual citizens managing their personal cyber risk. The authors pinpoint the cyber‐related responsibilities that several governments espouse, applying a “responsibilization” analysis. Those applying to citizens are identified, thereby revealing the governments' cyber‐related intervention stance. The analysis reveals that most governments adopt a minimal cyber‐related intervention stance in supporting their citizens. Given the increasing number of successful cyber attacks on individuals, it seems time for the consequences of this stance to be acknowledged and reconsidered. The authors argue that governments should support individual citizens more effectively in dealing with cyber threats.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
Detection of pharmaceutical residues in surface waters of the Eastern Cape Province:
- Vumazonke, Sesethu, Khamanga, Sandile M, Ngqwala, Nosiphiwe P
- Authors: Vumazonke, Sesethu , Khamanga, Sandile M , Ngqwala, Nosiphiwe P
- Date: 2020
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/149819 , vital:38886 , https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114067
- Description: Pharmaceuticals are emerging contaminants in the aquatic environments. Their presence poses toxicological effects in humans and animals even at trace concentrations. This study investigated the presence of antibiotics, anti-epilepsy and anti-inflammatory drugs in river water of selected rivers in the Eastern Cape Province in South Africa. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used for screening of sulfamethoxazole and fluoroquinolones antibiotics. The samples were collected in upper-stream, middle-stream and lower-stream regions of the rivers and effluent of selected wastewater treatment plants. Pre-concentration of the samples was conducted using lyophilisation and extraction was conducted using solid phase extraction (SPE) on Waters Oasis hydrophilic-lipophilic-balanced cartridge.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: Vumazonke, Sesethu , Khamanga, Sandile M , Ngqwala, Nosiphiwe P
- Date: 2020
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/149819 , vital:38886 , https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114067
- Description: Pharmaceuticals are emerging contaminants in the aquatic environments. Their presence poses toxicological effects in humans and animals even at trace concentrations. This study investigated the presence of antibiotics, anti-epilepsy and anti-inflammatory drugs in river water of selected rivers in the Eastern Cape Province in South Africa. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used for screening of sulfamethoxazole and fluoroquinolones antibiotics. The samples were collected in upper-stream, middle-stream and lower-stream regions of the rivers and effluent of selected wastewater treatment plants. Pre-concentration of the samples was conducted using lyophilisation and extraction was conducted using solid phase extraction (SPE) on Waters Oasis hydrophilic-lipophilic-balanced cartridge.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
Detection of pharmaceutical residues in surface waters of the Eastern Cape Province:
- Vumazonke, Sesethu, Khamanga, Sandile M, Ngqwala, Nosiphiwe P
- Authors: Vumazonke, Sesethu , Khamanga, Sandile M , Ngqwala, Nosiphiwe P
- Date: 2020
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/149693 , vital:38875 , https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114067
- Description: Pharmaceuticals are emerging contaminants in the aquatic environments. Their presence poses toxicological effects in humans and animals even at trace concentrations. This study investigated the presence of antibiotics, anti-epilepsy and anti-inflammatory drugs in river water of selected rivers in the Eastern Cape Province in South Africa. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used for screening of sulfamethoxazole and fluoroquinolones antibiotics. The samples were collected in upper-stream, middle-stream and lower-stream regions of the rivers and effluent of selected wastewater treatment plants. Pre-concentration of the samples was conducted using lyophilisation and extraction was conducted using solid phase extraction (SPE) on Waters Oasis hydrophilic-lipophilic-balanced cartridge.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: Vumazonke, Sesethu , Khamanga, Sandile M , Ngqwala, Nosiphiwe P
- Date: 2020
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/149693 , vital:38875 , https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114067
- Description: Pharmaceuticals are emerging contaminants in the aquatic environments. Their presence poses toxicological effects in humans and animals even at trace concentrations. This study investigated the presence of antibiotics, anti-epilepsy and anti-inflammatory drugs in river water of selected rivers in the Eastern Cape Province in South Africa. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used for screening of sulfamethoxazole and fluoroquinolones antibiotics. The samples were collected in upper-stream, middle-stream and lower-stream regions of the rivers and effluent of selected wastewater treatment plants. Pre-concentration of the samples was conducted using lyophilisation and extraction was conducted using solid phase extraction (SPE) on Waters Oasis hydrophilic-lipophilic-balanced cartridge.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
Hydrodynamical backflow in X-shaped radio galaxy PKS 2014− 55:
- Cotton, W D, Thorat, K, Condon, J J, Frank, B S, Józsa, G I G, White, S V, Deane, R, Oozeer, N, Atemkeng, Marcellin T, Bester, L, Fanaroff, B, Kupa, R S, Smirnov, Oleg M, Mauch, T, Krishnan, V, Camilo, F
- Authors: Cotton, W D , Thorat, K , Condon, J J , Frank, B S , Józsa, G I G , White, S V , Deane, R , Oozeer, N , Atemkeng, Marcellin T , Bester, L , Fanaroff, B , Kupa, R S , Smirnov, Oleg M , Mauch, T , Krishnan, V , Camilo, F
- Date: 2020
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/149913 , vital:38912 , https://0-doi.org.wam.seals.ac.za/10.1093/mnras/staa1240
- Description: We present MeerKAT 1.28 GHz total-intensity, polarization, and spectral-index images covering the giant (projected length l ≈ 1.57 Mpc) X-shaped radio source PKS 2014−55 with an unprecedented combination of brightness sensitivity and angular resolution. They show the clear ‘double boomerang’ morphology of hydrodynamical backflows from the straight main jets deflected by the large and oblique hot-gas halo of the host galaxy PGC 064440.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: Cotton, W D , Thorat, K , Condon, J J , Frank, B S , Józsa, G I G , White, S V , Deane, R , Oozeer, N , Atemkeng, Marcellin T , Bester, L , Fanaroff, B , Kupa, R S , Smirnov, Oleg M , Mauch, T , Krishnan, V , Camilo, F
- Date: 2020
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/149913 , vital:38912 , https://0-doi.org.wam.seals.ac.za/10.1093/mnras/staa1240
- Description: We present MeerKAT 1.28 GHz total-intensity, polarization, and spectral-index images covering the giant (projected length l ≈ 1.57 Mpc) X-shaped radio source PKS 2014−55 with an unprecedented combination of brightness sensitivity and angular resolution. They show the clear ‘double boomerang’ morphology of hydrodynamical backflows from the straight main jets deflected by the large and oblique hot-gas halo of the host galaxy PGC 064440.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
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