'Fetal "rights"? The need for a unified approach to the fetus in the context of feticide'
- Authors: Kruuse, Helen
- Date: 2009
- Language: English
- Type: Article , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/54163 , vital:26397 , https://store.lexisnexis.co.za/products/tydskrif-vir-hedendaagse-romeinshollandse-reg-journal-of-contemporary-romandutch-law-skuZASKU9780409079241/details
- Description: The issues of fetal protection, fetal rights and the status of unborn life have been debated on a variety of levels in a variety of disciplines over the past centuries. One needs only think of John Milton who asked the “hard” question: “For man to tell how human life began / Is hard: for who himself beginning knew?” (Paradise lost (1667) Bk 8 251–252). While the issue of fetal rights most often arises in abortion debates, the issue of fetal rights in the context of feticide has received scant attention in South Africa. (For a thought-provoking general discussion of fetal rights, see Du Plessis “Jurisprudential reflections on the status of unborn life” 1990 TSAR 44; Van Niekerk (ed) The status of prenatal life (1991) and Kahn (ed) The sanctity of human life (1983).) This note seeks to initiate a discussion on the current legal position in South Africa in respect of feticide.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
- Authors: Kruuse, Helen
- Date: 2009
- Language: English
- Type: Article , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/54163 , vital:26397 , https://store.lexisnexis.co.za/products/tydskrif-vir-hedendaagse-romeinshollandse-reg-journal-of-contemporary-romandutch-law-skuZASKU9780409079241/details
- Description: The issues of fetal protection, fetal rights and the status of unborn life have been debated on a variety of levels in a variety of disciplines over the past centuries. One needs only think of John Milton who asked the “hard” question: “For man to tell how human life began / Is hard: for who himself beginning knew?” (Paradise lost (1667) Bk 8 251–252). While the issue of fetal rights most often arises in abortion debates, the issue of fetal rights in the context of feticide has received scant attention in South Africa. (For a thought-provoking general discussion of fetal rights, see Du Plessis “Jurisprudential reflections on the status of unborn life” 1990 TSAR 44; Van Niekerk (ed) The status of prenatal life (1991) and Kahn (ed) The sanctity of human life (1983).) This note seeks to initiate a discussion on the current legal position in South Africa in respect of feticide.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
APDUSA Views
- Date: 2005-12
- Subjects: Government, Resistance to -- South Africa , South Africa -- History -- 20th century , South Africa -- Politics and government
- Language: English
- Type: text , Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/33526 , vital:32883 , Bulk File 7
- Description: APDUSA Views was published by the African People’s Democratic Union of Southern Africa (Natal), an affiliate of the New Unity Movement.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2005-12
- Date: 2005-12
- Subjects: Government, Resistance to -- South Africa , South Africa -- History -- 20th century , South Africa -- Politics and government
- Language: English
- Type: text , Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/33526 , vital:32883 , Bulk File 7
- Description: APDUSA Views was published by the African People’s Democratic Union of Southern Africa (Natal), an affiliate of the New Unity Movement.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2005-12
Archdeacon Merriman, ‘Caliban’, and the Cattle-Killing of 1856–57
- Authors: Wright, Laurence
- Date: 2008
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:7026 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007212 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00020180802242574
- Description: [From the introduction]: Did Archdeacon Merriman accept that Mhlakaza was Wilhelm Goliath? The short answer is that we don’t know. However, historical problems sometimes yield, or at least buckle slightly, when approached from unusual, tangential perspectives.I believe it can be shown that in the terrible aftermath of the Cattle-Killing, Nathaniel Merriman was brooding on his former servant, Wilhelm Goliath, and that evidence of this preoccupation emerges indirectly in a very open and unexpected forum: a public lecture on Shakespeare.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2008
- Authors: Wright, Laurence
- Date: 2008
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:7026 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007212 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00020180802242574
- Description: [From the introduction]: Did Archdeacon Merriman accept that Mhlakaza was Wilhelm Goliath? The short answer is that we don’t know. However, historical problems sometimes yield, or at least buckle slightly, when approached from unusual, tangential perspectives.I believe it can be shown that in the terrible aftermath of the Cattle-Killing, Nathaniel Merriman was brooding on his former servant, Wilhelm Goliath, and that evidence of this preoccupation emerges indirectly in a very open and unexpected forum: a public lecture on Shakespeare.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2008
Development of written information for antiretroviral therapy: comprehension in a Tanzanian population
- Mwingira, Betty, Dowse, Roslind
- Authors: Mwingira, Betty , Dowse, Roslind
- Date: 2007
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6404 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006477
- Description: Objective To design and develop a simple, easily readable patient information leaflet (PIL) for a commonly used antiretroviral (ARV) regimen and to evaluate its readability and acceptability in a Tanzanian population. Method A PIL incorporating simple text and pictograms was designed for the antiretroviral regimen of stavudine, lamivudine and efavirenz. The PIL was designed according to established good design guidelines, modified during a multi-stage iterative testing process and piloted in a South African Xhosa population. The PIL was made available in both English and Kiswahili. Sixty Tanzanian participants who were not taking ARVs were interviewed. They were asked to read the PIL in the language of their choice and were then asked a series of two-part questions; the first part required participants to locate the information in the PIL, after which they were asked to explain the information in their own words. Acceptability was assessed through close-ended questions and open-ended feedback. The influence of selected patient characteristics on comprehension of the PIL was investigated using one-way ANOVA and t-tests for independent samples with a significance level set at 0.05. Main outcome measure Comprehension of the written information in an overall percentage understanding. Results The overall average percentage comprehension of the PIL was 95%. The target set by the EC guideline that at least 80% of participants correctly locate and understand the information was achieved for 19 of the 20 questions. Five of the six instructions illustrated by pictograms were correctly understood by all participants. The only patient characteristics significantly associated with comprehension were educational level and self-reported ease of reading the PIL. Acceptability of the PIL was high and positive comments were associated with simplicity, good design, easy readability and user-friendliness, the latter enhanced by the inclusion of pictograms. Conclusion The PIL designed for this study was shown to be effective in communicating information about ARVs. Patient characteristics must be taken into account when developing written information, and the final document must be tested for comprehension in the target population.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2007
- Authors: Mwingira, Betty , Dowse, Roslind
- Date: 2007
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6404 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006477
- Description: Objective To design and develop a simple, easily readable patient information leaflet (PIL) for a commonly used antiretroviral (ARV) regimen and to evaluate its readability and acceptability in a Tanzanian population. Method A PIL incorporating simple text and pictograms was designed for the antiretroviral regimen of stavudine, lamivudine and efavirenz. The PIL was designed according to established good design guidelines, modified during a multi-stage iterative testing process and piloted in a South African Xhosa population. The PIL was made available in both English and Kiswahili. Sixty Tanzanian participants who were not taking ARVs were interviewed. They were asked to read the PIL in the language of their choice and were then asked a series of two-part questions; the first part required participants to locate the information in the PIL, after which they were asked to explain the information in their own words. Acceptability was assessed through close-ended questions and open-ended feedback. The influence of selected patient characteristics on comprehension of the PIL was investigated using one-way ANOVA and t-tests for independent samples with a significance level set at 0.05. Main outcome measure Comprehension of the written information in an overall percentage understanding. Results The overall average percentage comprehension of the PIL was 95%. The target set by the EC guideline that at least 80% of participants correctly locate and understand the information was achieved for 19 of the 20 questions. Five of the six instructions illustrated by pictograms were correctly understood by all participants. The only patient characteristics significantly associated with comprehension were educational level and self-reported ease of reading the PIL. Acceptability of the PIL was high and positive comments were associated with simplicity, good design, easy readability and user-friendliness, the latter enhanced by the inclusion of pictograms. Conclusion The PIL designed for this study was shown to be effective in communicating information about ARVs. Patient characteristics must be taken into account when developing written information, and the final document must be tested for comprehension in the target population.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2007
Load stress; carrier strain: implications for military and receational backpacking
- Authors: Charteris, J
- Date: 2007
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6754 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1009456
- Description: This paper reviews a growing literature on the stress of backpacking, particularly in military situations. Conceptual issues are raised and the implications for recreational backpackers are addressed. Under moderate to fairly heavy loading the energy cost, per kg total load carried, per hour, relates almost linearly to walking speed. Empirical data from studies in this unit are presented as benchmark indicators for use by recreational backpackers.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2007
- Authors: Charteris, J
- Date: 2007
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6754 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1009456
- Description: This paper reviews a growing literature on the stress of backpacking, particularly in military situations. Conceptual issues are raised and the implications for recreational backpackers are addressed. Under moderate to fairly heavy loading the energy cost, per kg total load carried, per hour, relates almost linearly to walking speed. Empirical data from studies in this unit are presented as benchmark indicators for use by recreational backpackers.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2007
New soluble methylendioxy-phenoxy-substituted zinc phthalocyanine derivatives : synthesis, photophysical and photochemical studies
- Erdoğmuş, Ali, Nyokong, Tebello
- Authors: Erdoğmuş, Ali , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2009
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6572 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004135
- Description: The syntheses of new three phthalonitriles (1, 2 and 3), together with photophysical and photochemical properties of the resulting peripherally and non-peripherally tetrakis- and octakis 3,4-(methylendioxy)-phenoxy-substituted zinc phthalocyanines (4, 5 and 6) are described for the first time. Complexes 4, 5 and 6 have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, 1H NMR spectroscopy, electronic spectroscopy and mass spectra. Complexes 4, 5 and 6 have good solubility in organic solvents such as CHCl3, DCM, DMSO, DMF, THF and toluene and are mainly not aggregated (except for complex 6 in DMSO) within a wide concentration range. General trends are described for singlet oxygen, photodegradation, fluorescence quantum yields, triplet quantum yields and triplet life times of these complexes in DMSO and toluene. Complex 4 has higher singlet oxygen quantum yields, fluorescence quantum yields, triplet quantum yields and triplet life times than complexes 5 and 6. The effect of the solvents on the photophysical and photochemical parameters of the zinc(II) phthalocyanines (4, 5 and 6) are also reported.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
- Authors: Erdoğmuş, Ali , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2009
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6572 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004135
- Description: The syntheses of new three phthalonitriles (1, 2 and 3), together with photophysical and photochemical properties of the resulting peripherally and non-peripherally tetrakis- and octakis 3,4-(methylendioxy)-phenoxy-substituted zinc phthalocyanines (4, 5 and 6) are described for the first time. Complexes 4, 5 and 6 have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, 1H NMR spectroscopy, electronic spectroscopy and mass spectra. Complexes 4, 5 and 6 have good solubility in organic solvents such as CHCl3, DCM, DMSO, DMF, THF and toluene and are mainly not aggregated (except for complex 6 in DMSO) within a wide concentration range. General trends are described for singlet oxygen, photodegradation, fluorescence quantum yields, triplet quantum yields and triplet life times of these complexes in DMSO and toluene. Complex 4 has higher singlet oxygen quantum yields, fluorescence quantum yields, triplet quantum yields and triplet life times than complexes 5 and 6. The effect of the solvents on the photophysical and photochemical parameters of the zinc(II) phthalocyanines (4, 5 and 6) are also reported.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
Observables in a lattice Universe : the cosmological fitting problem
- Bruneton, J-P, Larena, Julien
- Authors: Bruneton, J-P , Larena, Julien
- Date: 2013
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6790 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006943
- Description: We explore observables in a lattice Universe described by a recently found solution to Einstein field equations. This solution models a regular lattice of evenly distributed objects of equal masses. This inhomogeneous solution is perturbative, and, up to second order in a small parameter, it expands at a rate exactly equal to the one expected in a dust dominated Friedmann-Lema^itre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) model with the equivalent, smoothed, energy density. Therefore, the kinematics of both cosmologies are identical up to the order of perturbation studied. Looking at the behaviour of the redshift and angular distance, we find a condition on the compactness of the objects at the centre of each cell under which corrections to the FLRW observables remain small, i.e. of order of a few percents at most. Nevertheless, we show that, if this condition is violated, i.e. if the objects are too compact, our perturbative scheme breaks down as far as the calculations of observables are concerned, even though the kinematics of the lattice remains identical to its FLRW counter-part (at the perturbative order considered). This may be an indication of an actual fitting problem, i.e. a situation in which the FLRW model obtained from lightcone observables does not correspond to the FLRW model obtained by smoothing the spatial distribution of matter. Fully non-perturbative treatments of the observables will be necessary to answer that question.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2013
- Authors: Bruneton, J-P , Larena, Julien
- Date: 2013
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6790 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006943
- Description: We explore observables in a lattice Universe described by a recently found solution to Einstein field equations. This solution models a regular lattice of evenly distributed objects of equal masses. This inhomogeneous solution is perturbative, and, up to second order in a small parameter, it expands at a rate exactly equal to the one expected in a dust dominated Friedmann-Lema^itre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) model with the equivalent, smoothed, energy density. Therefore, the kinematics of both cosmologies are identical up to the order of perturbation studied. Looking at the behaviour of the redshift and angular distance, we find a condition on the compactness of the objects at the centre of each cell under which corrections to the FLRW observables remain small, i.e. of order of a few percents at most. Nevertheless, we show that, if this condition is violated, i.e. if the objects are too compact, our perturbative scheme breaks down as far as the calculations of observables are concerned, even though the kinematics of the lattice remains identical to its FLRW counter-part (at the perturbative order considered). This may be an indication of an actual fitting problem, i.e. a situation in which the FLRW model obtained from lightcone observables does not correspond to the FLRW model obtained by smoothing the spatial distribution of matter. Fully non-perturbative treatments of the observables will be necessary to answer that question.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2013
Terracettes and active gelifluction terraces in the Drakensberg of the Province of Eastern Cape, South Africa: a process study
- Authors: Kück, K M , Lewis, Colin A
- Date: 2002
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6688 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006706
- Description: Terracettes and turf-banked terraces exist at Tiffindell Ski Resort in the Drakensberg of the Province of the Eastern Cape at altitudes between 2750 m and 2880 m on slopes of between 15°and 26°. Ice lenses and interstitial ice exist within turf-banked terraces in winter. During post-winter thaws, soil moisture reaches saturation in at least the upper part of the regolith in which turf-banked terraces occur. These terraces move downslope under the influence of gelifluction (which is essentially a combination of frost creep and solifluction). Terracettes appear to move as a result of frost creep, processes associated with needle ice, and slope wash. Both turf-banked terraces and terracettes are part of the periglacial environment and are active under present climatic conditions at Tiffindell.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2002
- Authors: Kück, K M , Lewis, Colin A
- Date: 2002
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6688 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006706
- Description: Terracettes and turf-banked terraces exist at Tiffindell Ski Resort in the Drakensberg of the Province of the Eastern Cape at altitudes between 2750 m and 2880 m on slopes of between 15°and 26°. Ice lenses and interstitial ice exist within turf-banked terraces in winter. During post-winter thaws, soil moisture reaches saturation in at least the upper part of the regolith in which turf-banked terraces occur. These terraces move downslope under the influence of gelifluction (which is essentially a combination of frost creep and solifluction). Terracettes appear to move as a result of frost creep, processes associated with needle ice, and slope wash. Both turf-banked terraces and terracettes are part of the periglacial environment and are active under present climatic conditions at Tiffindell.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2002
The development of a toxicity database using freshwater macroinvertebrates, and its application to the protection of South African water resources
- Palmer, Carolyn G, Muller, Wilhelmine J, Gordon, Andrew K, Scherman, Patricia A, Davies-Coleman, Heather D, Pakhomova, L, de Kock, E
- Authors: Palmer, Carolyn G , Muller, Wilhelmine J , Gordon, Andrew K , Scherman, Patricia A , Davies-Coleman, Heather D , Pakhomova, L , de Kock, E
- Date: 2004
- Language: English
- Type: text , Article
- Identifier: vital:7073 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1009528
- Description: There is a growing international trend towards the protection of freshwater resources from pollution by imposing instream guidelines and specified waste-discharge conditions. Current methods for devising freshwater quality guidelines are based on species sensitivity distributions (SSDs) that are used to identify pollutant concentrations, ensuring the protection of a modelled percentage of species (95% protection is a common goal). SSDs are derived from the toxicity test results of as many taxa as possible for each polluting substance. Waste-discharge licences can be for single substances, specified in terms of chemical concentrations, and derived in conjunction with instream guidelines; or for complex mixtures, specified in terms of toxic units. In both cases toxicity test results are the core data used. The emphasis on SSDs calls into question the species constituting the test populations. It is likely that SSDs based in part on the responses of local organisms will achieve superior site-specific ecological protection. Until the early 1990s, there were very few data on the tolerances of South African freshwater organisms. In the intervening decade, the Unilever Centre for Environmental Water Quality at Rhodes University has developed a toxicity database that, to date, records the responses of 21 South African freshwater taxa to 26 single-substance pollutants or mixtures. This is the most comprehensive database of South African toxicity responses available and has been used in the drawing up of methods and guidelines to protect water resources. This paper aims to make these data available and to describe applications of the data using selected case studies.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2004
- Authors: Palmer, Carolyn G , Muller, Wilhelmine J , Gordon, Andrew K , Scherman, Patricia A , Davies-Coleman, Heather D , Pakhomova, L , de Kock, E
- Date: 2004
- Language: English
- Type: text , Article
- Identifier: vital:7073 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1009528
- Description: There is a growing international trend towards the protection of freshwater resources from pollution by imposing instream guidelines and specified waste-discharge conditions. Current methods for devising freshwater quality guidelines are based on species sensitivity distributions (SSDs) that are used to identify pollutant concentrations, ensuring the protection of a modelled percentage of species (95% protection is a common goal). SSDs are derived from the toxicity test results of as many taxa as possible for each polluting substance. Waste-discharge licences can be for single substances, specified in terms of chemical concentrations, and derived in conjunction with instream guidelines; or for complex mixtures, specified in terms of toxic units. In both cases toxicity test results are the core data used. The emphasis on SSDs calls into question the species constituting the test populations. It is likely that SSDs based in part on the responses of local organisms will achieve superior site-specific ecological protection. Until the early 1990s, there were very few data on the tolerances of South African freshwater organisms. In the intervening decade, the Unilever Centre for Environmental Water Quality at Rhodes University has developed a toxicity database that, to date, records the responses of 21 South African freshwater taxa to 26 single-substance pollutants or mixtures. This is the most comprehensive database of South African toxicity responses available and has been used in the drawing up of methods and guidelines to protect water resources. This paper aims to make these data available and to describe applications of the data using selected case studies.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2004
Women writers of the South Asian diaspora : towards a transnational feminist Aesthetic?
- Authors: Naidu, Samantha
- Date: 2008
- Language: English
- Type: Article , text
- Identifier: vital:26375 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/54027 , https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9456-8657
- Description: Women writers of the South Asian diaspora have, in recent decades, found prominence in the international literary arena. These writers may be new immigrants to their diasporic homes, migrants who divide their lives between far-flung homes (for example, Anita Desai, who lives in India, the United Kingdom [UK] and Germany), or descended from nineteenth-century immigrants, as is the case of South African authors like Farida Karodia and Agnes Sam.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2008
- Authors: Naidu, Samantha
- Date: 2008
- Language: English
- Type: Article , text
- Identifier: vital:26375 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/54027 , https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9456-8657
- Description: Women writers of the South Asian diaspora have, in recent decades, found prominence in the international literary arena. These writers may be new immigrants to their diasporic homes, migrants who divide their lives between far-flung homes (for example, Anita Desai, who lives in India, the United Kingdom [UK] and Germany), or descended from nineteenth-century immigrants, as is the case of South African authors like Farida Karodia and Agnes Sam.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2008
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