Accountability of armed opposition groups in Somalia
- Authors: Chingeni, Janet Chisomo
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: Armed Forces , Civil war -- Somalia
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , LLM
- Identifier: vital:10294 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020779
- Description: The purpose of IHL is to protect civilians and provide obligations that parties to the conflict are to adhere to. These obligations in case of a non-international armed conflict emanate from Common Article 3, Additional Protocol II and customary international humanitarian law. The reason for the imposition of these obligations on the parties to the conflict is for the need to protect the civilian population against the effects of hostilities which mostly are women and children. As the conflict in Somalia has gone on for too long, IHL plays an important role in protecting civilians. As the Geneva Conventions regulate armed conflicts together with its Additional Protocols they set out the requirements for the treatment of those not taking part in hostilities. In direct contravention of the Geneva Conventions by the parties to the conflict, the persons not taking part in hostilities have been the victims of attacks by armed groups. Even though armed groups have obligations, breaches have continued to occur resulting in impunity and perpetrators of violence have gone unpunished and there is need to close the accountability gap in respect of holding armed groups accountable in Somalia. The aim of this research is to assess how armed groups in Somalia can be held accountable for the atrocities they have committed. In an attempt to close the gap the researcher discusses the obligations that armed groups have, and when these obligations are breached many result in criminal accountability in respect of war crimes. It is also stated in the research that a State has an obligation to prosecute those in breach of IHL obligations. For prosecution to be possible in Somalia there is need for the Federal government of Somalia to adopt new legislation to enforce the justice system in the attempt to hold armed groups accountable and where possible to also utilise available courts as it is difficult and expensive to establish a tribunal. To end impunity armed groups are to be held accountable.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2013
- Authors: Chingeni, Janet Chisomo
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: Armed Forces , Civil war -- Somalia
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , LLM
- Identifier: vital:10294 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020779
- Description: The purpose of IHL is to protect civilians and provide obligations that parties to the conflict are to adhere to. These obligations in case of a non-international armed conflict emanate from Common Article 3, Additional Protocol II and customary international humanitarian law. The reason for the imposition of these obligations on the parties to the conflict is for the need to protect the civilian population against the effects of hostilities which mostly are women and children. As the conflict in Somalia has gone on for too long, IHL plays an important role in protecting civilians. As the Geneva Conventions regulate armed conflicts together with its Additional Protocols they set out the requirements for the treatment of those not taking part in hostilities. In direct contravention of the Geneva Conventions by the parties to the conflict, the persons not taking part in hostilities have been the victims of attacks by armed groups. Even though armed groups have obligations, breaches have continued to occur resulting in impunity and perpetrators of violence have gone unpunished and there is need to close the accountability gap in respect of holding armed groups accountable in Somalia. The aim of this research is to assess how armed groups in Somalia can be held accountable for the atrocities they have committed. In an attempt to close the gap the researcher discusses the obligations that armed groups have, and when these obligations are breached many result in criminal accountability in respect of war crimes. It is also stated in the research that a State has an obligation to prosecute those in breach of IHL obligations. For prosecution to be possible in Somalia there is need for the Federal government of Somalia to adopt new legislation to enforce the justice system in the attempt to hold armed groups accountable and where possible to also utilise available courts as it is difficult and expensive to establish a tribunal. To end impunity armed groups are to be held accountable.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2013
An investigation into the promotional activities employed by the motorcycle businesses in the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan area
- Authors: Gouws, Aldo
- Date: 2004
- Subjects: Motorcycle industry -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , Motorcycles -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth -- Marketing
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: vital:10860 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/250 , Motorcycle industry -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , Motorcycles -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth -- Marketing
- Description: The motorcycle industry is well established in South Africa, but has not nearly reached its full potential. This study investigates how this situation can be improved by enhancing the promotions of motorcycles in the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality (NMMM) area under investigation. Motorcycle businesses in this area currently compete with a disadvantage in the transportation market. Motor vehicles are assembled in this area whereas motorcycles are not, and this creates various work opportunities and brand loyalty for the motor industry. The Government also offers import rebates to motor vehicle exports. The cost, prejudicial attitudes and road safety of motorcycles contribute toward the difficulties faced by the motorcycle industry, which prevent the growth of this market. This market usually requires potential customers to have a passion for motorcycles to turn them into actual customers. To overcome these difficulties an investigation was conducted to determine which promotional activities the motorcycle businesses in the NMMM area employ. This study identifies the motorcycle businesses’ promotional shortcomings and makes suggestions for improvement. Promotional activities are vital since motorcycles are at a disadvantage when compared to motor vehicles in the NMMM area. One of the best ways the motorcycle businesses can successfully compete in the transportation market is to make use of promotions to make potential customers aware and enhance their support of the motorcycle businesses. For this reason the promotional variables (advertising, direct marketing, personal selling, sales promotions and public relations) should be exploited to its fullest to enhance potential customers’ support of motorcycles. This process can also create brand loyalty and equity, which will retain customers over the long term. Communication with a market is essential to achieve this and to inform and remind potential customers about the products available.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2004
- Authors: Gouws, Aldo
- Date: 2004
- Subjects: Motorcycle industry -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , Motorcycles -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth -- Marketing
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: vital:10860 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/250 , Motorcycle industry -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , Motorcycles -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth -- Marketing
- Description: The motorcycle industry is well established in South Africa, but has not nearly reached its full potential. This study investigates how this situation can be improved by enhancing the promotions of motorcycles in the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality (NMMM) area under investigation. Motorcycle businesses in this area currently compete with a disadvantage in the transportation market. Motor vehicles are assembled in this area whereas motorcycles are not, and this creates various work opportunities and brand loyalty for the motor industry. The Government also offers import rebates to motor vehicle exports. The cost, prejudicial attitudes and road safety of motorcycles contribute toward the difficulties faced by the motorcycle industry, which prevent the growth of this market. This market usually requires potential customers to have a passion for motorcycles to turn them into actual customers. To overcome these difficulties an investigation was conducted to determine which promotional activities the motorcycle businesses in the NMMM area employ. This study identifies the motorcycle businesses’ promotional shortcomings and makes suggestions for improvement. Promotional activities are vital since motorcycles are at a disadvantage when compared to motor vehicles in the NMMM area. One of the best ways the motorcycle businesses can successfully compete in the transportation market is to make use of promotions to make potential customers aware and enhance their support of the motorcycle businesses. For this reason the promotional variables (advertising, direct marketing, personal selling, sales promotions and public relations) should be exploited to its fullest to enhance potential customers’ support of motorcycles. This process can also create brand loyalty and equity, which will retain customers over the long term. Communication with a market is essential to achieve this and to inform and remind potential customers about the products available.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2004
Implementation of the national language policy at institutions of higher education
- Authors: Ownhouse, Aileen Lucia
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Language policy -- South Africa , Multilingual education -- South Africa , Education, Higher -- Curricula -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/3415 , vital:20428
- Description: This study investigated the implementation progress of the National Language Policy (NLP) of South Africa (SA) by reviewing pertinent research related to Language Policy (LP) initiatives. In particular, the study explored the implications of the NLP implementation on multilingual teaching and learning practices, especially practices aimed at developing proficiency in the Language of Learning and Teaching (LOLT). In particular, the LP implementation initiatives to support a multilingual practice community at Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University (NMMU) were overviewed. The study focused on and assessed the AHZ Project multilingual initiative in the Department of Applied Language Studies (DALS) at NMMU. The AHZ Project multilingual initiative included text translation and multilingual tutorial strategies to assist isiXhosa-speaking students understand grammatical concepts. As a result, an aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of the AHZ Project by assessing the perceptions of English Language Studies (LES111) students and lecturers who were responsible for implementing the initiative. Finally, the research aimed to determine reasons for the apparent slow progress of implementing multilingualism as a teaching and learning practice as well as the underlying constraints of implementing the NLP at Higher Education Institutions (HEIs). A mixed-method approach was selected to explore the aims of the research study as both quantitative and qualitative data collection tools were used. As the AHZ Project initiative was the study’s data sample, data was collected by conducting three face-to-face semi-structured interviews with two LES111 lecturers and a tutor as well as one focus-group interview with eight student participants. In addition, a LEC online assessment and 284 LES111 reflective paragraphs were analysed. NVivo 10 qualitative software was used for the coding of the data and a descriptive analysis of the interviews as well as the LEC online assessment was employed. To code and analyse the face-to-face semi-structured and focus-group interview transcripts, dominant themes from the study’s literature review, for example, Second Language Acquisition (SLA) and Mother Tongue (MT) transfer were used. The reflective paragraphs were analysed manually using a quantitative coding approach. From the data coding, the study’s findings were determined and interpreted. The LEC assessment confirmed that the students were not coping with the LOLT. By taking cognisance of the AHZ Project strategies and investigating the perceptions of the participants towards the initiative, conclusions were drawn. These conclusions indicated positive attitudes towards the multilingual language practices as implemented by the AHZ Project initiative. In addition, the perceptions towards identity, language status, mother tongue education and language transfer were articulated. Based on the findings of the study, recommendations were made to promote the use of African Languages as LOLTs in teaching and learning classroom practices. Recommendations were also made for future research relating to the teaching of African Languages (ALs) in the schooling sector.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
- Authors: Ownhouse, Aileen Lucia
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Language policy -- South Africa , Multilingual education -- South Africa , Education, Higher -- Curricula -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/3415 , vital:20428
- Description: This study investigated the implementation progress of the National Language Policy (NLP) of South Africa (SA) by reviewing pertinent research related to Language Policy (LP) initiatives. In particular, the study explored the implications of the NLP implementation on multilingual teaching and learning practices, especially practices aimed at developing proficiency in the Language of Learning and Teaching (LOLT). In particular, the LP implementation initiatives to support a multilingual practice community at Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University (NMMU) were overviewed. The study focused on and assessed the AHZ Project multilingual initiative in the Department of Applied Language Studies (DALS) at NMMU. The AHZ Project multilingual initiative included text translation and multilingual tutorial strategies to assist isiXhosa-speaking students understand grammatical concepts. As a result, an aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of the AHZ Project by assessing the perceptions of English Language Studies (LES111) students and lecturers who were responsible for implementing the initiative. Finally, the research aimed to determine reasons for the apparent slow progress of implementing multilingualism as a teaching and learning practice as well as the underlying constraints of implementing the NLP at Higher Education Institutions (HEIs). A mixed-method approach was selected to explore the aims of the research study as both quantitative and qualitative data collection tools were used. As the AHZ Project initiative was the study’s data sample, data was collected by conducting three face-to-face semi-structured interviews with two LES111 lecturers and a tutor as well as one focus-group interview with eight student participants. In addition, a LEC online assessment and 284 LES111 reflective paragraphs were analysed. NVivo 10 qualitative software was used for the coding of the data and a descriptive analysis of the interviews as well as the LEC online assessment was employed. To code and analyse the face-to-face semi-structured and focus-group interview transcripts, dominant themes from the study’s literature review, for example, Second Language Acquisition (SLA) and Mother Tongue (MT) transfer were used. The reflective paragraphs were analysed manually using a quantitative coding approach. From the data coding, the study’s findings were determined and interpreted. The LEC assessment confirmed that the students were not coping with the LOLT. By taking cognisance of the AHZ Project strategies and investigating the perceptions of the participants towards the initiative, conclusions were drawn. These conclusions indicated positive attitudes towards the multilingual language practices as implemented by the AHZ Project initiative. In addition, the perceptions towards identity, language status, mother tongue education and language transfer were articulated. Based on the findings of the study, recommendations were made to promote the use of African Languages as LOLTs in teaching and learning classroom practices. Recommendations were also made for future research relating to the teaching of African Languages (ALs) in the schooling sector.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
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