Drifting towards death: a South African patient safety incident through an HFE Systems lens
- Authors: Agar, Sarah Leigh
- Date: 2022-10-14
- Subjects: Patients Safety measures , Medical errors Prevention , Human engineering , Medical care South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/362716 , vital:65356
- Description: Patient Safety Incidents (PSI) are a frequent occurrence within the South African public healthcare system wherein a patient is unnecessarily maimed, harmed, killed, or put through significant trauma, emotional or physical. These incidents have a significant impact on the performance of the system and the well-being of individuals involved. Often PSI are the result of multiple system failings that provide the necessary preconditions for the PSI to occur. Thus, to provide appropriate patient safety recommendations to address and aid in the prevention of future PSI it is necessary to apply a systems approach to PSI analysis. A systems approach supports a ‘bigger picture’ view of an incident which includes looking beyond the immediate causes of a PSI and taking the different levels of the healthcare system into consideration during incident analysis. Human Factors and Ergonomics (HFE) is at its core a systems discipline and has been successfully applied to multiple fields including healthcare. HFE offers multiple incident analysis tools grounded in systems theory. The Life Esidimeni incident, a PSI that resulted in the death of 144 MHCU, is the biggest PSI in recent South African history and is therefore an important potential case study for the application of HFE systems tools within the South African healthcare context (an area that is lacking in existing literature). The objectives of this research were to (i) Systematically uncover the causal factors that led to the outcome of the of the Life Esidimeni incident; (ii) Identify critical faults, and gaps within the healthcare system that led to the Life Esidimeni PSI; and (iii) Provide proactive recommendations for future prevention of PSI. To fulfil these objectives a descriptive case study research method design was adopted using a qualitative systems-based tool, AcciMap. The application of AcciMap to Life Esidimeni enabled both the sharp end and blunt end causal factors that contributed to the outcome of the incident to be identified. Importantly this provided insight into the critical faults and gaps of the South African public healthcare system. The results of the AcciMap indicated that there were four main broad systemic faults in the system. These broad areas were categorized as key themes, which include: (i) competency, (ii) safeguards, (iii) time pressures, and (iv) vertical integration. From these key themes recommendations aimed at addressing the critical faults and gaps in the system and preventing future PSI were made. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Human Kinetics and Ergonomics, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-10-14
- Authors: Agar, Sarah Leigh
- Date: 2022-10-14
- Subjects: Patients Safety measures , Medical errors Prevention , Human engineering , Medical care South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/362716 , vital:65356
- Description: Patient Safety Incidents (PSI) are a frequent occurrence within the South African public healthcare system wherein a patient is unnecessarily maimed, harmed, killed, or put through significant trauma, emotional or physical. These incidents have a significant impact on the performance of the system and the well-being of individuals involved. Often PSI are the result of multiple system failings that provide the necessary preconditions for the PSI to occur. Thus, to provide appropriate patient safety recommendations to address and aid in the prevention of future PSI it is necessary to apply a systems approach to PSI analysis. A systems approach supports a ‘bigger picture’ view of an incident which includes looking beyond the immediate causes of a PSI and taking the different levels of the healthcare system into consideration during incident analysis. Human Factors and Ergonomics (HFE) is at its core a systems discipline and has been successfully applied to multiple fields including healthcare. HFE offers multiple incident analysis tools grounded in systems theory. The Life Esidimeni incident, a PSI that resulted in the death of 144 MHCU, is the biggest PSI in recent South African history and is therefore an important potential case study for the application of HFE systems tools within the South African healthcare context (an area that is lacking in existing literature). The objectives of this research were to (i) Systematically uncover the causal factors that led to the outcome of the of the Life Esidimeni incident; (ii) Identify critical faults, and gaps within the healthcare system that led to the Life Esidimeni PSI; and (iii) Provide proactive recommendations for future prevention of PSI. To fulfil these objectives a descriptive case study research method design was adopted using a qualitative systems-based tool, AcciMap. The application of AcciMap to Life Esidimeni enabled both the sharp end and blunt end causal factors that contributed to the outcome of the incident to be identified. Importantly this provided insight into the critical faults and gaps of the South African public healthcare system. The results of the AcciMap indicated that there were four main broad systemic faults in the system. These broad areas were categorized as key themes, which include: (i) competency, (ii) safeguards, (iii) time pressures, and (iv) vertical integration. From these key themes recommendations aimed at addressing the critical faults and gaps in the system and preventing future PSI were made. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Human Kinetics and Ergonomics, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-10-14
Quantification of pre-competitive sleep/wake behaviour in a sample of South African cyclists
- Authors: Steenekamp, Travis
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Sleep deprivation , Cyclists Health and hygiene South Africa , Sleep Physiological aspects , Performance , Performance anxiety
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/59015 , vital:27408
- Description: The quantification of athlete pre-competitive sleep behaviour is of interest owing to the possibility that sleep loss may have a negative effect on health and performance. The purpose of this study was to monitor and quantify the sleep/wake patterns of South African cyclists prior to competitive races. A total of 336 cyclists, male and female and of differing competition levels, cycling in either the 2015 Tsogo Sun Amashova or the 2016 Telkom 94.7 Cycle Challenge completed an altered version of the Competitive Sports and Sleep Questionnaire. The questionnaire asked cyclists to report on precompetitive sleep over the past year. A subset of 92 cyclists also recorded a Core Consensus Sleep Diary for the three nights leading up to the races. The questionnaire showed that 67% of the cyclists reported worsened sleep at least once prior to competition within the past 12 months. The sleep diary found that the cyclists’ average sleep duration the night before the races was 6h19min (±1h38min), which was significantly less than two and three nights prior to the races. Sleep quality was also shown to deteriorate significantly the night before the races. The contributing factors leading to worsened pre-competitive sleep were the time the cyclists had to wake-up as well as perceived increases in sleep latency and awakenings after sleep onset. Anxiety was found to be the major cause of sleep disturbances. While females were found to be significantly more likely to report having experienced poorer sleep before competition in the past year, the sleep diary showed no difference in sleep the night before the races between the sexes. Females were significantly more likely to report instances of unpleasant dreams and waking up during the night. Again, the sleep diary data did not corroborate these findings. Females were also found to report significantly more accounts of nervousness or thoughts about competition as being the cause of sleep problems. There was no difference in sleep loss the night before competition when comparing competition-level groups. The only significant difference was that recreational cyclists were more likely to report sleeping in foreign environments as a cause of sleep disturbances. Despite a large percentage of cyclists experiencing pre-competitive sleep loss, over half (55%) perceived sleep loss to have no impact on their performance. Analysis of pre-sleep behaviour also revealed that the cyclists engaged in several practices that may have a negative effect on subsequent sleep. The vast majority of the cyclists (61%) indicated having no specific strategy to help them sleep the night before competition. Fifteen percent of cyclists reporting using media devices to help them fall asleep, a practice that has been shown to disrupt sleep. In conclusion, most cyclists, regardless of sex and level of competition experience precompetitive sleep loss attributed largely to anxiety but with the perception that this loss in sleep does not negatively impact their performance.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Steenekamp, Travis
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Sleep deprivation , Cyclists Health and hygiene South Africa , Sleep Physiological aspects , Performance , Performance anxiety
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/59015 , vital:27408
- Description: The quantification of athlete pre-competitive sleep behaviour is of interest owing to the possibility that sleep loss may have a negative effect on health and performance. The purpose of this study was to monitor and quantify the sleep/wake patterns of South African cyclists prior to competitive races. A total of 336 cyclists, male and female and of differing competition levels, cycling in either the 2015 Tsogo Sun Amashova or the 2016 Telkom 94.7 Cycle Challenge completed an altered version of the Competitive Sports and Sleep Questionnaire. The questionnaire asked cyclists to report on precompetitive sleep over the past year. A subset of 92 cyclists also recorded a Core Consensus Sleep Diary for the three nights leading up to the races. The questionnaire showed that 67% of the cyclists reported worsened sleep at least once prior to competition within the past 12 months. The sleep diary found that the cyclists’ average sleep duration the night before the races was 6h19min (±1h38min), which was significantly less than two and three nights prior to the races. Sleep quality was also shown to deteriorate significantly the night before the races. The contributing factors leading to worsened pre-competitive sleep were the time the cyclists had to wake-up as well as perceived increases in sleep latency and awakenings after sleep onset. Anxiety was found to be the major cause of sleep disturbances. While females were found to be significantly more likely to report having experienced poorer sleep before competition in the past year, the sleep diary showed no difference in sleep the night before the races between the sexes. Females were significantly more likely to report instances of unpleasant dreams and waking up during the night. Again, the sleep diary data did not corroborate these findings. Females were also found to report significantly more accounts of nervousness or thoughts about competition as being the cause of sleep problems. There was no difference in sleep loss the night before competition when comparing competition-level groups. The only significant difference was that recreational cyclists were more likely to report sleeping in foreign environments as a cause of sleep disturbances. Despite a large percentage of cyclists experiencing pre-competitive sleep loss, over half (55%) perceived sleep loss to have no impact on their performance. Analysis of pre-sleep behaviour also revealed that the cyclists engaged in several practices that may have a negative effect on subsequent sleep. The vast majority of the cyclists (61%) indicated having no specific strategy to help them sleep the night before competition. Fifteen percent of cyclists reporting using media devices to help them fall asleep, a practice that has been shown to disrupt sleep. In conclusion, most cyclists, regardless of sex and level of competition experience precompetitive sleep loss attributed largely to anxiety but with the perception that this loss in sleep does not negatively impact their performance.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Potential running related injury contributors in South African long-distance runners
- Authors: Jäger, Chloë Rose Laubscher
- Date: 2022-04-06
- Subjects: Running injuries South Africa , Long-distance running South Africa , Running Physiological aspects , Running shoes , Biomechanics , Chi-square test , Fisher exact test
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/290943 , vital:56801
- Description: Running related injuries (RRIs) are a common problem among long-distance runners, with injury rates ranging from 19.4% to 79.3%. Many studies have been done, investigating possible contributors to RRIs however, very few studies have investigated RRIs in South African long-distance runners, a population which may differ from previously studied populations. The current study aimed to build a descriptive profile of South African long-distance runners, as well as to determine associated factors that may contribute to RRIs. In order to do this, a cross-sectional, retrospective study design was employed using a questionnaire which was mostly electronically distributed. The sample consisted of 378 long-distance runners from each province in South Africa (SA). Using the Chi-square analysis and Fisher exact tests, significant associations were established (p<0.05). The current study found that certain RRI variables were associated with specific aspects of the participants’ personal characteristics and demographics, training characteristics, running experience, footwear, and cross training activities. Footwear and training characteristics produced the largest number of significant RRI associations. The findings of the current study could assist future research on RRIs in South African long-distance runners, by informing researchers of potential areas where more in-depth research is needed. In the long term, researchers may be able to narrow down the main contributors to RRI, possibly decreasing RRI rates in the unique population of South African long-distance runners. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Human Kinetics and Ergonomics, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-04-06
- Authors: Jäger, Chloë Rose Laubscher
- Date: 2022-04-06
- Subjects: Running injuries South Africa , Long-distance running South Africa , Running Physiological aspects , Running shoes , Biomechanics , Chi-square test , Fisher exact test
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/290943 , vital:56801
- Description: Running related injuries (RRIs) are a common problem among long-distance runners, with injury rates ranging from 19.4% to 79.3%. Many studies have been done, investigating possible contributors to RRIs however, very few studies have investigated RRIs in South African long-distance runners, a population which may differ from previously studied populations. The current study aimed to build a descriptive profile of South African long-distance runners, as well as to determine associated factors that may contribute to RRIs. In order to do this, a cross-sectional, retrospective study design was employed using a questionnaire which was mostly electronically distributed. The sample consisted of 378 long-distance runners from each province in South Africa (SA). Using the Chi-square analysis and Fisher exact tests, significant associations were established (p<0.05). The current study found that certain RRI variables were associated with specific aspects of the participants’ personal characteristics and demographics, training characteristics, running experience, footwear, and cross training activities. Footwear and training characteristics produced the largest number of significant RRI associations. The findings of the current study could assist future research on RRIs in South African long-distance runners, by informing researchers of potential areas where more in-depth research is needed. In the long term, researchers may be able to narrow down the main contributors to RRI, possibly decreasing RRI rates in the unique population of South African long-distance runners. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Human Kinetics and Ergonomics, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-04-06
Physical activity, physical fitness, sedentary behaviour and screen time profiles of primary school children in a school within the Makana Municipality, Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Authors: Kade, Andréa Gaby
- Date: 2021-04
- Subjects: Sedentary behavior in children -- South Africa -- Makana Municipality , Physical fitness for children -- South Africa -- Makana Municipality , Exercise -- Physiological aspects , Exercise -- Health aspects , Diabetes -- Risk factors , Heart -- Diseases -- Risk factors
- Language: English
- Type: thesis , text , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/177282 , vital:42806
- Description: There is a lack of data on the physical activity, physical fitness and sedentary behaviour of children in South Africa. Furthermore chronic diseases such as type II diabetes and coronary heart disease have been linked to childhood inactivity, and improving cardiorespiratory fitness and increasing levels of physical activity has been shown to be beneficial in reducing the risk of such diseases. In South Africa more broadly there is a lack of information on levels of physical activity and sedentary behaviour as well as physical fitness measures particularly in children. Objective: The purpose of this study was to enhance the existing body of knowledge on this, by measuring the prevalence of physical inactivity, sedentary behaviour and screen time of primary school children in a private school from the Makana Municipal region in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, where the evidence is most sparse. A secondary aim was to assess levels of physical fitness in this cohort, as well as to compare across grades and sexes. Method: After ethical approval was granted, stature and body mass measurements were taken and body mass index was computed for primary school children (Grade one to seven) from a private school in the Makana Municipality. Sitting stature was measured in order to determine each child’s peak height velocity and maturity offset. Five different physical fitness tests were conducted on the children and blood pressure and heart rate values were measured at rest. Physical activity and screen time questionnaires were completed by the children’s parents for a seven day period. Results: Females were found to mature faster than males. In addition females were more physically active (Females= 916 min/week; Males= 669 min/week) while also accumulating more sedentary time (Females= 1241 min/week; Males= 970 min/week) as compared to males, although no significant differences were found between males and females for these variables. The sample participated in more than 60 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and less than two hours of screen time daily, which is in accordance with guidelines. No differences were found between grades and sexes for accumulated screen time. Strength increased significantly with grade and age, and there were also statistical differences between the sexes for all three strength measures with males being stronger than females. Females were more flexible than males and no statistical differences were found between sexes for the shuttle run test. Blood pressure correlated positively with mass, as did all the strength measures as well as maturity offset. No correlations were found between screen time and all other variables. A negative relationship was recorded between screen time and physical activity, although not significant. For females a strong positive correlation was found between sedentary behaviour and physical activity. Conclusion: The study was successful in adding to the body of knowledge regarding the prevalence of physical inactivity, sedentary behaviour and screen time within school children from the Makana Municipality in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. The sample was considered physically active as they accumulated on average more than 60 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity daily (Males= 96 min/day; Females 130 min/day), which is in accordance with guidelines recommended by the World Health Organization (World Health Organization, 2018). The sample accumulated more sedentary behaviour than physical activity, although not significant. Screen time was below regulations of two hours daily, indicating this population participated in more non screen related sedentary behaviour. More research is needed into the risks presented with different forms of sedentary behaviour. Physical fitness increased with increasing grade and age and males were considerably more fit. The current study did not present any concern with regards to the effects of increased physical activity and fitness levels within school aged children. More research into the current levels of physical activity, physical fitness and sedentary behaviour of school aged children in South Africa in general, and in the Eastern Cape Province, is needed. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Human Kinetics and Ergonomics, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-04
- Authors: Kade, Andréa Gaby
- Date: 2021-04
- Subjects: Sedentary behavior in children -- South Africa -- Makana Municipality , Physical fitness for children -- South Africa -- Makana Municipality , Exercise -- Physiological aspects , Exercise -- Health aspects , Diabetes -- Risk factors , Heart -- Diseases -- Risk factors
- Language: English
- Type: thesis , text , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/177282 , vital:42806
- Description: There is a lack of data on the physical activity, physical fitness and sedentary behaviour of children in South Africa. Furthermore chronic diseases such as type II diabetes and coronary heart disease have been linked to childhood inactivity, and improving cardiorespiratory fitness and increasing levels of physical activity has been shown to be beneficial in reducing the risk of such diseases. In South Africa more broadly there is a lack of information on levels of physical activity and sedentary behaviour as well as physical fitness measures particularly in children. Objective: The purpose of this study was to enhance the existing body of knowledge on this, by measuring the prevalence of physical inactivity, sedentary behaviour and screen time of primary school children in a private school from the Makana Municipal region in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, where the evidence is most sparse. A secondary aim was to assess levels of physical fitness in this cohort, as well as to compare across grades and sexes. Method: After ethical approval was granted, stature and body mass measurements were taken and body mass index was computed for primary school children (Grade one to seven) from a private school in the Makana Municipality. Sitting stature was measured in order to determine each child’s peak height velocity and maturity offset. Five different physical fitness tests were conducted on the children and blood pressure and heart rate values were measured at rest. Physical activity and screen time questionnaires were completed by the children’s parents for a seven day period. Results: Females were found to mature faster than males. In addition females were more physically active (Females= 916 min/week; Males= 669 min/week) while also accumulating more sedentary time (Females= 1241 min/week; Males= 970 min/week) as compared to males, although no significant differences were found between males and females for these variables. The sample participated in more than 60 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and less than two hours of screen time daily, which is in accordance with guidelines. No differences were found between grades and sexes for accumulated screen time. Strength increased significantly with grade and age, and there were also statistical differences between the sexes for all three strength measures with males being stronger than females. Females were more flexible than males and no statistical differences were found between sexes for the shuttle run test. Blood pressure correlated positively with mass, as did all the strength measures as well as maturity offset. No correlations were found between screen time and all other variables. A negative relationship was recorded between screen time and physical activity, although not significant. For females a strong positive correlation was found between sedentary behaviour and physical activity. Conclusion: The study was successful in adding to the body of knowledge regarding the prevalence of physical inactivity, sedentary behaviour and screen time within school children from the Makana Municipality in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. The sample was considered physically active as they accumulated on average more than 60 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity daily (Males= 96 min/day; Females 130 min/day), which is in accordance with guidelines recommended by the World Health Organization (World Health Organization, 2018). The sample accumulated more sedentary behaviour than physical activity, although not significant. Screen time was below regulations of two hours daily, indicating this population participated in more non screen related sedentary behaviour. More research is needed into the risks presented with different forms of sedentary behaviour. Physical fitness increased with increasing grade and age and males were considerably more fit. The current study did not present any concern with regards to the effects of increased physical activity and fitness levels within school aged children. More research into the current levels of physical activity, physical fitness and sedentary behaviour of school aged children in South Africa in general, and in the Eastern Cape Province, is needed. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Human Kinetics and Ergonomics, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-04
The effects of intermittent task parameters on muscle fatigue development during submaximal dynamic exertions
- Authors: King, Josephine Claire
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Muscles -- Physiology , Muscles -- Wounds and injuries , Fatigue , Human engineering , Occupational diseases
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/63855 , vital:28498
- Description: The negative effects of localised muscle fatigue on accidents, injuries and poor work performance are well known, as is the realisation that modifying task characteristics can minimise fatigue development. A large amount of literature has investigated the effects of task-dependent factors on localised muscle fatigue, most studies have focussed on prolonged or intermittent static (isometric) exertions. Few studies have investigated muscle fatigue development during more complex tasks, namely those which resemble common work activities and which tend to be intermittent and dynamic in nature. More specifically, the interactions between the main intermittent parameters - duty cycle, force level, and cycle time - during dynamic exertions are poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of cycle time and combinations of duty cycles and force levels on the development of muscle fatigue during submaximal dynamic exertions while the overall mean muscle load was kept constant. A two-factorial repeated-measures experiment was developed for this study. Nine experimental conditions, each lasting 16 minutes, aimed at inducing muscle fatigue in the middle deltoid muscle via intermittent dynamic shoulder abduction and adduction motions at three cycle times (30, 60, and 120 seconds) and three combinations of duty cycles and force levels. The percentage of muscle activation during one cycle (i.e. the duty cycle) varied depending on the exertion intensity (force level) so that the overall mean muscle load remained consistent throughout all experimental conditions, namely at 20% of maximum force exertion. As a result, the three duty cycle/force level combinations were: 0.8/25% of maximum voluntary force (MVF), 0.5/40%MVF, and 0.4/50%MVF. Muscle fatigue development was inferred by changes in peak torque, total work, average power, local Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE), and surface electromyographical (EMG) activity (time domain and frequency domain).Two-factorial analyses of variance with Tukey post-hoc tests were used to identify significant condition effects at p<0.05. All dependent measures showed that muscle fatigue was induced by the 16-minute fatigue protocol. Peak torque, total work, average power, and EMG percentage of maximum showed that cycle time and the duty cycle/force level combination had no effect on the development of muscle fatigue, whereas the measures evaluated during the 16-minute fatigue protocol did. The cycle time of 120 seconds induced the greatest change in six of the eight variables, while the duty cycle/force level combination (0.8/25%) also resulted in the greatest effect in six of the measures. Fatigue was also found to be dependent on the interaction of cycle time and duty cycle/force level combination. The conclusion draws from this study is that shorter cycles and activities with short activation periods, and proportionally longer rest breaks result in the lowest fatigue developments.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: King, Josephine Claire
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Muscles -- Physiology , Muscles -- Wounds and injuries , Fatigue , Human engineering , Occupational diseases
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/63855 , vital:28498
- Description: The negative effects of localised muscle fatigue on accidents, injuries and poor work performance are well known, as is the realisation that modifying task characteristics can minimise fatigue development. A large amount of literature has investigated the effects of task-dependent factors on localised muscle fatigue, most studies have focussed on prolonged or intermittent static (isometric) exertions. Few studies have investigated muscle fatigue development during more complex tasks, namely those which resemble common work activities and which tend to be intermittent and dynamic in nature. More specifically, the interactions between the main intermittent parameters - duty cycle, force level, and cycle time - during dynamic exertions are poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of cycle time and combinations of duty cycles and force levels on the development of muscle fatigue during submaximal dynamic exertions while the overall mean muscle load was kept constant. A two-factorial repeated-measures experiment was developed for this study. Nine experimental conditions, each lasting 16 minutes, aimed at inducing muscle fatigue in the middle deltoid muscle via intermittent dynamic shoulder abduction and adduction motions at three cycle times (30, 60, and 120 seconds) and three combinations of duty cycles and force levels. The percentage of muscle activation during one cycle (i.e. the duty cycle) varied depending on the exertion intensity (force level) so that the overall mean muscle load remained consistent throughout all experimental conditions, namely at 20% of maximum force exertion. As a result, the three duty cycle/force level combinations were: 0.8/25% of maximum voluntary force (MVF), 0.5/40%MVF, and 0.4/50%MVF. Muscle fatigue development was inferred by changes in peak torque, total work, average power, local Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE), and surface electromyographical (EMG) activity (time domain and frequency domain).Two-factorial analyses of variance with Tukey post-hoc tests were used to identify significant condition effects at p<0.05. All dependent measures showed that muscle fatigue was induced by the 16-minute fatigue protocol. Peak torque, total work, average power, and EMG percentage of maximum showed that cycle time and the duty cycle/force level combination had no effect on the development of muscle fatigue, whereas the measures evaluated during the 16-minute fatigue protocol did. The cycle time of 120 seconds induced the greatest change in six of the eight variables, while the duty cycle/force level combination (0.8/25%) also resulted in the greatest effect in six of the measures. Fatigue was also found to be dependent on the interaction of cycle time and duty cycle/force level combination. The conclusion draws from this study is that shorter cycles and activities with short activation periods, and proportionally longer rest breaks result in the lowest fatigue developments.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Health and fitness of young, healthy adult females and the effect of an eight week pilates intervention
- Authors: Eaton, Lara Lee
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Physical fitness for women -- South Africa -- Makhanda , Pilates method , Exercise for women -- South Africa -- Makhanda , Exercise -- Health aspects -- South Africa -- Makhanda , Exercise -- Physiological aspects -- South Africa -- Makhanda
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/58267 , vital:27112
- Description: Purpose: The first phase of this study aimed to investigate the health and fitness status of young adult females in the local community. The second phase of this study investigated the impact of an eight week progressive Pilates intervention on selected health and fitness parameters in this cohort. Methods: Healthy young adult females aged 18-26 years (n=96), from the local community, partook in once-off tests including anthropometric measures (stature, body mass, Body Mass Index and waist circumference) as well as fitness parameters including balance, flexibility, muscular strength and endurance, and lastly lumbo-pelvic stability. Health measures investigated included blood pressure and spirometry. Where possible, results were compared to those of similar populations from national surveys or published normative data. Sedentary volunteers from this cohort were then randomised into a Pilates Exercise (PEx, n=12) or an inactive Control (Con, n=11) group, with their results from Phase 1 serving as baseline measures. Pilates classes were held twice weekly (60 minutes per session). All the measures from phase 1 were repeated at weeks 4 and 8. An additional intervention test included Transversus abdominis recruitment. Participants maintained habitual dietary intake and energy expenditure throughout. Nine PEx group and eight Con group participants completed the intervention. Results: The current sample (phase 1) was found to be healthier than comparative populations from national surveys, and significant differences (p<0.05) were found for all comparisons except Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV1), (p=0.64). Physical activity levels (230 min.week-1) exceeded that of the recommend weekly threshold (150 min.week-1). BMI, waist circumference, blood pressure and spirometry measures were all found to be within suggested healthy normal ranges. Pilates significantly improved lumbo-pelvic stability in the PEx group at weeks 4 (p<0.005) and 8 (p<0.002). Similarly, abdominal (p=0.00, d=1.1), upper limb (p=0.037, d=0.9) and lower limb endurance (p=0.02, d=1.0, between group d=0.73 for PEx) also improved with no changes in the Con group. PEx energy expenditure significantly increased from baseline to weeks 4 (p=0.007, d=10.7) and 8 (p=0.027, d=0.64), however body mass was maintained throughout. Conversely, Minute Ventilation decreased in the PEx cohort (p=0.010, d=0.95) from weeks 4 to 8. The Con group showed significant increases in body mass (p=0.018), leg strength (within-group Cohen’s d=-1.08 between weeks 0-8; d=-2 between weeks 4-8) and dynamic balance (p=0.01, d=-0.5). While no within-group changes were observed, Protein intake was significantly greater (p=0.036, d>0.8 at baseline and week 8) in the PEx group throughout the intervention. Medium between-group effect sizes (d>0.5) were noted for PEx BMI and waist circumference measures at all time points. Further, although not significant, the large within-group effect size (d=-0.84) between baseline and week 8 for PEx systolic blood pressure, suggested the 9 mm Hg was meaningful. The same time period also indicated a large within-group effect size (d=-0.8) for PEx dynamic balance, and a medium Cohen’s d for (d=0.57) PEx static balance. Conclusion: The local population of young adult females was found to be significantly healthier than those of comparable national samples. Further, Pilates participation significantly improved lumbo-pelvic stability and muscular endurance with meaningful changes in systolic blood pressure, and balance in previously sedentary young, adult females. Body mass was also maintained.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Eaton, Lara Lee
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Physical fitness for women -- South Africa -- Makhanda , Pilates method , Exercise for women -- South Africa -- Makhanda , Exercise -- Health aspects -- South Africa -- Makhanda , Exercise -- Physiological aspects -- South Africa -- Makhanda
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/58267 , vital:27112
- Description: Purpose: The first phase of this study aimed to investigate the health and fitness status of young adult females in the local community. The second phase of this study investigated the impact of an eight week progressive Pilates intervention on selected health and fitness parameters in this cohort. Methods: Healthy young adult females aged 18-26 years (n=96), from the local community, partook in once-off tests including anthropometric measures (stature, body mass, Body Mass Index and waist circumference) as well as fitness parameters including balance, flexibility, muscular strength and endurance, and lastly lumbo-pelvic stability. Health measures investigated included blood pressure and spirometry. Where possible, results were compared to those of similar populations from national surveys or published normative data. Sedentary volunteers from this cohort were then randomised into a Pilates Exercise (PEx, n=12) or an inactive Control (Con, n=11) group, with their results from Phase 1 serving as baseline measures. Pilates classes were held twice weekly (60 minutes per session). All the measures from phase 1 were repeated at weeks 4 and 8. An additional intervention test included Transversus abdominis recruitment. Participants maintained habitual dietary intake and energy expenditure throughout. Nine PEx group and eight Con group participants completed the intervention. Results: The current sample (phase 1) was found to be healthier than comparative populations from national surveys, and significant differences (p<0.05) were found for all comparisons except Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV1), (p=0.64). Physical activity levels (230 min.week-1) exceeded that of the recommend weekly threshold (150 min.week-1). BMI, waist circumference, blood pressure and spirometry measures were all found to be within suggested healthy normal ranges. Pilates significantly improved lumbo-pelvic stability in the PEx group at weeks 4 (p<0.005) and 8 (p<0.002). Similarly, abdominal (p=0.00, d=1.1), upper limb (p=0.037, d=0.9) and lower limb endurance (p=0.02, d=1.0, between group d=0.73 for PEx) also improved with no changes in the Con group. PEx energy expenditure significantly increased from baseline to weeks 4 (p=0.007, d=10.7) and 8 (p=0.027, d=0.64), however body mass was maintained throughout. Conversely, Minute Ventilation decreased in the PEx cohort (p=0.010, d=0.95) from weeks 4 to 8. The Con group showed significant increases in body mass (p=0.018), leg strength (within-group Cohen’s d=-1.08 between weeks 0-8; d=-2 between weeks 4-8) and dynamic balance (p=0.01, d=-0.5). While no within-group changes were observed, Protein intake was significantly greater (p=0.036, d>0.8 at baseline and week 8) in the PEx group throughout the intervention. Medium between-group effect sizes (d>0.5) were noted for PEx BMI and waist circumference measures at all time points. Further, although not significant, the large within-group effect size (d=-0.84) between baseline and week 8 for PEx systolic blood pressure, suggested the 9 mm Hg was meaningful. The same time period also indicated a large within-group effect size (d=-0.8) for PEx dynamic balance, and a medium Cohen’s d for (d=0.57) PEx static balance. Conclusion: The local population of young adult females was found to be significantly healthier than those of comparable national samples. Further, Pilates participation significantly improved lumbo-pelvic stability and muscular endurance with meaningful changes in systolic blood pressure, and balance in previously sedentary young, adult females. Body mass was also maintained.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
The effect of age and maturation on anthropometric characteristics and physical abilities of youth South African footballers
- Authors: De Beer, Ashley
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Soccer -- Physiologial aspects , Soccer players -- South Africa -- Makhanda -- Physiology , Soccer players -- South Africa -- Makhanda -- Psychophysiology , Makana Local Football Association (South Africa)
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/141222 , vital:37954
- Description: Currently there is limited research investigating the football related abilities of youth South African individuals. Populations from North and South America, Europe and Asia have been extensively covered in terms of their anthropometric characteristics, physical abilities, technical competency, tactical understanding as well as various personality traits. In describing these details, and especially how each is affected during the ageing and pubertal process, a more informed understanding of the talent development systems is created. A holistic approach to talent development is required to effectively and efficiently produce elite level footballers. An important consideration is the unique socio-economic environment many youth footballers experience which may impact on the talent development process. The present study therefore sought to quantify the anthropometric characteristics and the physical ability level of youth South African footballers from Local Football Association in Makhanda in the Sarah Baartman Region of the Eastern Cape province. In order to achieve this a two-factorial design was used with age and maturity status as independent variables. Anthropometric characteristics were tested by finding the height, weight, body mass index and total fat percentage of participants. Physical ability was determined by results for aerobic capacity, power, acceleration, speed and agility. All tests were football specific and had been widely used in a variety of footballing studies. Additional demographic and socio-economic information was also recorded. A total of 136 participants were placed in their respective Under 11, 13, 15 or Under 19 age groups, while the maturity status of 96 participants were stratified into five distinct categories. Statistical analyses was conducted using p-value significance, with appropriate Tukey post-hoc tests administered when necessary, while effect sizes were calculated using Cohen’s d. Significant changes and practical effect sizes were present for nearly all dependent variables when either stratified by age or by maturity. Total fat percentage was the only dependent variable which was not influenced by either age or maturity. Age and maturity effect sizes for total body fat percentage indicated practical changes present which did not occur during statistical analysis. The present results indicate poor values when compared to normative data or that of other football playing study populations. Further longitudinal research is required to better understand individual growth rates for youth South African footballers, particularly from the Makana region. Implications of the thesis may determine long term development pathways, while the delayed maturity rate is a critical finding which needs to be further researched.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: De Beer, Ashley
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Soccer -- Physiologial aspects , Soccer players -- South Africa -- Makhanda -- Physiology , Soccer players -- South Africa -- Makhanda -- Psychophysiology , Makana Local Football Association (South Africa)
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/141222 , vital:37954
- Description: Currently there is limited research investigating the football related abilities of youth South African individuals. Populations from North and South America, Europe and Asia have been extensively covered in terms of their anthropometric characteristics, physical abilities, technical competency, tactical understanding as well as various personality traits. In describing these details, and especially how each is affected during the ageing and pubertal process, a more informed understanding of the talent development systems is created. A holistic approach to talent development is required to effectively and efficiently produce elite level footballers. An important consideration is the unique socio-economic environment many youth footballers experience which may impact on the talent development process. The present study therefore sought to quantify the anthropometric characteristics and the physical ability level of youth South African footballers from Local Football Association in Makhanda in the Sarah Baartman Region of the Eastern Cape province. In order to achieve this a two-factorial design was used with age and maturity status as independent variables. Anthropometric characteristics were tested by finding the height, weight, body mass index and total fat percentage of participants. Physical ability was determined by results for aerobic capacity, power, acceleration, speed and agility. All tests were football specific and had been widely used in a variety of footballing studies. Additional demographic and socio-economic information was also recorded. A total of 136 participants were placed in their respective Under 11, 13, 15 or Under 19 age groups, while the maturity status of 96 participants were stratified into five distinct categories. Statistical analyses was conducted using p-value significance, with appropriate Tukey post-hoc tests administered when necessary, while effect sizes were calculated using Cohen’s d. Significant changes and practical effect sizes were present for nearly all dependent variables when either stratified by age or by maturity. Total fat percentage was the only dependent variable which was not influenced by either age or maturity. Age and maturity effect sizes for total body fat percentage indicated practical changes present which did not occur during statistical analysis. The present results indicate poor values when compared to normative data or that of other football playing study populations. Further longitudinal research is required to better understand individual growth rates for youth South African footballers, particularly from the Makana region. Implications of the thesis may determine long term development pathways, while the delayed maturity rate is a critical finding which needs to be further researched.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
The workload of flight attendants during short-haul flight operations: a system analysis
- Authors: Bennett, Chloe Kayla
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Flight attendants -- Health and hygiene , Employees -- South Africa -- Workload
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/123431 , vital:35437
- Description: Background and aim: Flight attendants forms a significant part in 24-hour aviation industry. Flight attendant fatigue is a significant problem in the aviation industry as it continues to jeopardize the ability to fulfil important safety and security roles which is critical in performance duty of a flight attendant. However, little attention has been accomplished to the workload, working conditions and fatigue of flight attendants crew in transport aircraft. In addition, there is currently less research that have also embraced the problematic of smaller regional/commercial operation (short-haul flight operations) inducing fatigue among short-haul flight attendants as the nature of this operation are often characterised with high productivity expectations in a demanding environment with high time pressures resulting in high workloads and fatigue. Thus, flight attendant fatigue and workload is a worldwide challenge in this operational environment and less attention has been given to the determining factors. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine the workload factors contributing to flight attendant fatigue during short-haul flight operations. Methods (System analysis): To achieve the research aim, the work system analysis, based on the Smith and Carayon-Sainfort model was chosen as the main research approach which was conducted in two ways; based on existing literature and secondly based on expert interviews. This method provided a systemic aspect to understand the whole work system of flight attendants work during short-haul operations in order to identify all the contributing factors to flight attendant fatigue and workload. Results: The literature analysis and the data from the expert interviews highlighted significant findings to flight attendant fatigue and workload. The reasons for flight attendant fatigue operating short-haul flights can be found at organizational, task, individual, environmental levels and tools and technologies and due to the interaction of the factors. The main factors of flight attendants’ fatigue are thought primarily as a function of scheduling due to irregular, mixed schedules with early starts and late finishes, extended duty days (long working hours), as well as high workload, due to the short turnaround flights, the number of sectors flown in a single duty period and duty length and high jobs demands. In addition, flight duty and rest regulations, confined work space in the cabin, vibrations, noise and lighting, sleeping in an unfamiliar environment, family responsibilities all add to additional stress placed on the body which can influence workload and sleep and consequently influencing fatigue. Conclusion: Overall the study determined that flight attendant fatigue is a significant problem in modern industry of short-haul operations. Using this systematic approach (work system analysis based on the framework of the work system model developed by Smith and Carayon-Sainfort (1989) allowed for an accurate representation of the complexity of flight attendant work environment in short-haul aviation industries, thus contributed to an increased understanding of fatigue and risk factors that span the entire work system and aid in identifying the patterns in combination of work system variables that are associated with increased risk to flight attendant fatigue. Overall flight attendant fatigue is a product of interactions with the short-haul environment. It can have a negative impact on safety, performance and well-being. Therefore, it needs to be managed and dealt with in the near future.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: Bennett, Chloe Kayla
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Flight attendants -- Health and hygiene , Employees -- South Africa -- Workload
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/123431 , vital:35437
- Description: Background and aim: Flight attendants forms a significant part in 24-hour aviation industry. Flight attendant fatigue is a significant problem in the aviation industry as it continues to jeopardize the ability to fulfil important safety and security roles which is critical in performance duty of a flight attendant. However, little attention has been accomplished to the workload, working conditions and fatigue of flight attendants crew in transport aircraft. In addition, there is currently less research that have also embraced the problematic of smaller regional/commercial operation (short-haul flight operations) inducing fatigue among short-haul flight attendants as the nature of this operation are often characterised with high productivity expectations in a demanding environment with high time pressures resulting in high workloads and fatigue. Thus, flight attendant fatigue and workload is a worldwide challenge in this operational environment and less attention has been given to the determining factors. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine the workload factors contributing to flight attendant fatigue during short-haul flight operations. Methods (System analysis): To achieve the research aim, the work system analysis, based on the Smith and Carayon-Sainfort model was chosen as the main research approach which was conducted in two ways; based on existing literature and secondly based on expert interviews. This method provided a systemic aspect to understand the whole work system of flight attendants work during short-haul operations in order to identify all the contributing factors to flight attendant fatigue and workload. Results: The literature analysis and the data from the expert interviews highlighted significant findings to flight attendant fatigue and workload. The reasons for flight attendant fatigue operating short-haul flights can be found at organizational, task, individual, environmental levels and tools and technologies and due to the interaction of the factors. The main factors of flight attendants’ fatigue are thought primarily as a function of scheduling due to irregular, mixed schedules with early starts and late finishes, extended duty days (long working hours), as well as high workload, due to the short turnaround flights, the number of sectors flown in a single duty period and duty length and high jobs demands. In addition, flight duty and rest regulations, confined work space in the cabin, vibrations, noise and lighting, sleeping in an unfamiliar environment, family responsibilities all add to additional stress placed on the body which can influence workload and sleep and consequently influencing fatigue. Conclusion: Overall the study determined that flight attendant fatigue is a significant problem in modern industry of short-haul operations. Using this systematic approach (work system analysis based on the framework of the work system model developed by Smith and Carayon-Sainfort (1989) allowed for an accurate representation of the complexity of flight attendant work environment in short-haul aviation industries, thus contributed to an increased understanding of fatigue and risk factors that span the entire work system and aid in identifying the patterns in combination of work system variables that are associated with increased risk to flight attendant fatigue. Overall flight attendant fatigue is a product of interactions with the short-haul environment. It can have a negative impact on safety, performance and well-being. Therefore, it needs to be managed and dealt with in the near future.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
Strength and conditioning practices of high school rugby coaches: a South African context
- Authors: Robinson, Bradley Charles
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Rugby football coaches South Africa , Rugby football Coaching , Rugby football Physiological aspects , Rugby football Training , High school students Social conditions
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/63459 , vital:28413
- Description: Although the sport of rugby union is well established, the strength and conditioning practices of high school level players are not well known. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the current strength and conditioning practices that coaches implement at South African high school level rugby. A secondary purpose was to compare practices between different types of schooling systems available in South Africa. An online survey or in person interview (depending on the school), adapted from previous strength and conditioning questionnaires, was conducted with 43 responses; including 28 schools among the top 100 rugby schools in South Africa for 2016 and 15 no-fee paying public schools in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Results indicated that the top 100 rugby schools implement conditioning practices similar to the best-known international practices compared to no-fee paying schools who lacked the knowledge and skills in various strength and conditioning principles. It was found that all no-fee paying school coaches had insufficient qualifications to administer the correct training techniques. Coaches at all schools lacked the appropriate knowledge on injury prevention and scientifically based training programmes. It was concluded that education and skills around the best strength and conditioning practices for school level coaches needs to be improved and particularly in less privileged schools. The main goal being to reduce the risk of injury and improve performance across all sectors of the rugby playing population within the country. This was deemed crucial to the transformation goals set out by the South African Rugby Union, which would benefit from player development in lower socioeconomic schools.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Robinson, Bradley Charles
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Rugby football coaches South Africa , Rugby football Coaching , Rugby football Physiological aspects , Rugby football Training , High school students Social conditions
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/63459 , vital:28413
- Description: Although the sport of rugby union is well established, the strength and conditioning practices of high school level players are not well known. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the current strength and conditioning practices that coaches implement at South African high school level rugby. A secondary purpose was to compare practices between different types of schooling systems available in South Africa. An online survey or in person interview (depending on the school), adapted from previous strength and conditioning questionnaires, was conducted with 43 responses; including 28 schools among the top 100 rugby schools in South Africa for 2016 and 15 no-fee paying public schools in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Results indicated that the top 100 rugby schools implement conditioning practices similar to the best-known international practices compared to no-fee paying schools who lacked the knowledge and skills in various strength and conditioning principles. It was found that all no-fee paying school coaches had insufficient qualifications to administer the correct training techniques. Coaches at all schools lacked the appropriate knowledge on injury prevention and scientifically based training programmes. It was concluded that education and skills around the best strength and conditioning practices for school level coaches needs to be improved and particularly in less privileged schools. The main goal being to reduce the risk of injury and improve performance across all sectors of the rugby playing population within the country. This was deemed crucial to the transformation goals set out by the South African Rugby Union, which would benefit from player development in lower socioeconomic schools.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Adolescents and coaches/trainers perspectives of ergogenic sports supplement use within South African private high schools
- Authors: Butler, Nicholas John
- Date: 2022-04-06
- Subjects: Dietary supplements , Energy metabolism , Teenagers South Africa , Teenagers Physiology South Africa , Teenagers Substance use South Africa , Coaches (Athletics) South Africa , Athletic trainers South Africa , Private schools South Africa , Ergogenic aids
- Language: English
- Type: Master's thesis , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/232443 , vital:49992
- Description: Sports supplements, also referred to as ergogenic aids, are used because of the assertion that they can enhance physical or athletic performance and/or physical appearance. Commonly used sports supplements include creatines, proteins, amino acids, stimulants, and in some cases pro-hormones. There is a relatively high and increasing prevalence of sports supplement use by the general population globally and in South Africa, particularly among adolescents and young adults due to various factors. While some research has explored supplement use among adolescents in a school setting, no study has explored this across the private school system in South Africa. Additionally, given the important role that coaches/trainers play in adolescent development, it is critical to also understand the role that they play regarding adolescent supplement use, given that there has been limited research around this topic in South Africa. Therefore, there were two aims of this study; Firstly, this study explored the prevalence and perceptions (knowledge; attitudes; beliefs) of sports supplements among South African private high school adolescents. Secondly, this study explored the perceptions (knowledge; attitudes; application of knowledge) towards sports supplements among adolescent coaches/trainers in South African private high schools. Considering the dual aim of this study, this thesis was structured as a two-part research study. Both parts took the form of a cross-sectional design, using an online questionnaire to collect qualitative and quantitative data. In total, a cohort of n=50 adolescents and n=49 coaches/trainers participated. Adolescent participants reported a high prevalence of sports supplement use (62%) with their main reasons for using them being recovery and performance. Adolescents were primarily influenced/advised by friends and coaches/trainers to start using sports supplements. Coaches/trainers primarily relied on other coaches/trainers and internet advertising/sites as a main source of information. Less than half of the participants from both groups reported having any formal education or training related to sports nutrition or sports supplements. Both groups thought that these products are being misused by adolescents, which may account for why a portion of the adolescent participants reported experiencing adverse side-effects from using sports supplements, and a few coach/trainer participants reported witnessing this in their practice. This may be a result of the professionalisation of school sport which places pressure on athletes and their coaches/trainers to perform and may in turn be the reason why some adolescents reported that they would use, and some coaches/trainers reported they would recommend the use of sports supplements even if they were aware of risk/dangers involved. Thus, there is a need for education/training among South African high school adolescents and their coaches/trainers with respect to the use of sports supplements, so that they can make informed decisions from reliable sources of information or advice in order to use these products safely and effectively. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Human Kinetics and Ergonomics, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-04-06
- Authors: Butler, Nicholas John
- Date: 2022-04-06
- Subjects: Dietary supplements , Energy metabolism , Teenagers South Africa , Teenagers Physiology South Africa , Teenagers Substance use South Africa , Coaches (Athletics) South Africa , Athletic trainers South Africa , Private schools South Africa , Ergogenic aids
- Language: English
- Type: Master's thesis , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/232443 , vital:49992
- Description: Sports supplements, also referred to as ergogenic aids, are used because of the assertion that they can enhance physical or athletic performance and/or physical appearance. Commonly used sports supplements include creatines, proteins, amino acids, stimulants, and in some cases pro-hormones. There is a relatively high and increasing prevalence of sports supplement use by the general population globally and in South Africa, particularly among adolescents and young adults due to various factors. While some research has explored supplement use among adolescents in a school setting, no study has explored this across the private school system in South Africa. Additionally, given the important role that coaches/trainers play in adolescent development, it is critical to also understand the role that they play regarding adolescent supplement use, given that there has been limited research around this topic in South Africa. Therefore, there were two aims of this study; Firstly, this study explored the prevalence and perceptions (knowledge; attitudes; beliefs) of sports supplements among South African private high school adolescents. Secondly, this study explored the perceptions (knowledge; attitudes; application of knowledge) towards sports supplements among adolescent coaches/trainers in South African private high schools. Considering the dual aim of this study, this thesis was structured as a two-part research study. Both parts took the form of a cross-sectional design, using an online questionnaire to collect qualitative and quantitative data. In total, a cohort of n=50 adolescents and n=49 coaches/trainers participated. Adolescent participants reported a high prevalence of sports supplement use (62%) with their main reasons for using them being recovery and performance. Adolescents were primarily influenced/advised by friends and coaches/trainers to start using sports supplements. Coaches/trainers primarily relied on other coaches/trainers and internet advertising/sites as a main source of information. Less than half of the participants from both groups reported having any formal education or training related to sports nutrition or sports supplements. Both groups thought that these products are being misused by adolescents, which may account for why a portion of the adolescent participants reported experiencing adverse side-effects from using sports supplements, and a few coach/trainer participants reported witnessing this in their practice. This may be a result of the professionalisation of school sport which places pressure on athletes and their coaches/trainers to perform and may in turn be the reason why some adolescents reported that they would use, and some coaches/trainers reported they would recommend the use of sports supplements even if they were aware of risk/dangers involved. Thus, there is a need for education/training among South African high school adolescents and their coaches/trainers with respect to the use of sports supplements, so that they can make informed decisions from reliable sources of information or advice in order to use these products safely and effectively. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Human Kinetics and Ergonomics, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-04-06
Influence of knowledge of the end-point on pacing during a 2000m rowing time trial
- Authors: Ferreira, Dean
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Rowing -- Training , Rowing -- Coaching , Endurance sports -- Training , Rowers -- Ability testing , Rowing -- Training -- Psychological aspects
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/61636 , vital:28044
- Description: Introduction: A typical 2000 m rowing race requires maximal force production over six to eight minutes. Optimal distribution of energetic resources during such a race is vital for optimal performance. There is little research examining the pacing strategies employed by rowers, particularly at the sub-elite level. Aim: The purpose of this investigation was to determine the influence of knowledge of the end-point on pacing during a 2000 m rowing time trial. Methods: Eleven male rowers from a university rowing club volunteered to partake in the study. Each participant completed three experimental trials on an indoor rowing ergometer, each 2000 m. The only difference between the trials was the nature of the information provided beforehand. At the start of the control trial, participants were correctly informed about the distance to be covered. Participants were not informed of the distance to be completed in the unknown trial. For the deceptive trial, participants were told 1000 m would be completed, but when this distance was reached, they were told to continue for another 1000 m. During each trial muscle activity, power output, heart rate, performance time and perceptions of effort were measured.Results: The control trial was significantly (p<0.05) faster than both the unknown and deceptive trials, however the deceptive trial was the fastest of all trials at the 1000 m distance. The unknown trial was slowest at 1000 m and at 2000 m. Muscle activity, RPE, heart rate and power output were significantly (p<0.05) lower in the unknown trial compared to the control and deceptive trial. The control trial exhibited a reverse J-shape pacing profile. The deceptive trial revealed a significant (p<0.05) reduction in performance time, heart rate, power output and muscle activity after the 1000 m interval. The first 500 m interval had the fastest performance and highest power output in all trials. In all trials, RPE was highest at the end of the 2000 m, the greatest reading being obtained at the end of the control trial. During the first 1000 m of the deceptive trial, the dependant variables were similar to those in the control trial. Once the deception was revealed, there was a significant (p<0.05) reduction in the muscle activity, heart rate and power output. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that accurate end-point information is crucial to the development of an optimal pacing strategy, and ultimately to successful performance. Rowers tend to adopt the reverse J-shape pacing profile most often due to the tactical and physiological benefits offered by this strategy. Unknown or inaccurate end-point information resulted in performance decrements due to the uncertainty associated with the exercise bout.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Ferreira, Dean
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Rowing -- Training , Rowing -- Coaching , Endurance sports -- Training , Rowers -- Ability testing , Rowing -- Training -- Psychological aspects
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/61636 , vital:28044
- Description: Introduction: A typical 2000 m rowing race requires maximal force production over six to eight minutes. Optimal distribution of energetic resources during such a race is vital for optimal performance. There is little research examining the pacing strategies employed by rowers, particularly at the sub-elite level. Aim: The purpose of this investigation was to determine the influence of knowledge of the end-point on pacing during a 2000 m rowing time trial. Methods: Eleven male rowers from a university rowing club volunteered to partake in the study. Each participant completed three experimental trials on an indoor rowing ergometer, each 2000 m. The only difference between the trials was the nature of the information provided beforehand. At the start of the control trial, participants were correctly informed about the distance to be covered. Participants were not informed of the distance to be completed in the unknown trial. For the deceptive trial, participants were told 1000 m would be completed, but when this distance was reached, they were told to continue for another 1000 m. During each trial muscle activity, power output, heart rate, performance time and perceptions of effort were measured.Results: The control trial was significantly (p<0.05) faster than both the unknown and deceptive trials, however the deceptive trial was the fastest of all trials at the 1000 m distance. The unknown trial was slowest at 1000 m and at 2000 m. Muscle activity, RPE, heart rate and power output were significantly (p<0.05) lower in the unknown trial compared to the control and deceptive trial. The control trial exhibited a reverse J-shape pacing profile. The deceptive trial revealed a significant (p<0.05) reduction in performance time, heart rate, power output and muscle activity after the 1000 m interval. The first 500 m interval had the fastest performance and highest power output in all trials. In all trials, RPE was highest at the end of the 2000 m, the greatest reading being obtained at the end of the control trial. During the first 1000 m of the deceptive trial, the dependant variables were similar to those in the control trial. Once the deception was revealed, there was a significant (p<0.05) reduction in the muscle activity, heart rate and power output. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that accurate end-point information is crucial to the development of an optimal pacing strategy, and ultimately to successful performance. Rowers tend to adopt the reverse J-shape pacing profile most often due to the tactical and physiological benefits offered by this strategy. Unknown or inaccurate end-point information resulted in performance decrements due to the uncertainty associated with the exercise bout.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
The physical activity status and the impact of lifestyle behaviours on workplace productivity and absenteeism of Transnet employees
- Authors: Zimmermann, Sharnae Vanessa
- Date: 2021-10
- Subjects: Transnet (Firm : South Africa) Employees , Absenteeism (Labor) South Africa Durban , Labor productivity South Africa Durban , Exercise , Sedentary behavior , Lifestyles
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/190077 , vital:44961
- Description: Increased sitting time, insufficient physical activity and sub-optimal body composition are all contributing to the global disease burden. This is made evident by increases in obesity, type II diabetes, cardiovascular diseases (i.e. hypertension and strokes), cancer and other non-communicable diseases resulting in absenteeism and reduced productivity in the workplace. The global rise in sitting time and physical inactivity is caused, in part, by changes in transport convenience, work roles and technological advancements. Employees working in office environments or driving trains sit for prolonged periods; something which is evident in the industry that Transnet operates in. Sitting time and physical inactivity are independent risk factors for non-communicable diseases with poor nutrition, smoking, alcohol consumption and psychological wellbeing, being separate constructs. The purpose of the study is to determine the levels of sedentary behaviour, physical inactivity, obesity, nutrition, alcohol consumption, smoking, non-communicable disease risk, mental wellbeing and their association with productivity and absenteeism in office workers and train drivers at Transnet Freight Rail, Durban. A cross-sectional study was done with 40 participants, 20 office workers and 20 train drivers. Stature (175.80 ± 9.43 ±cm) and body mass (83.85 ± 20.31 kg) were measured; and body mass index calculated (26.98 ± 5.37 kg.m2). Physical activity levels, sedentary behaviour, body mass index and other lifestyle factors were explored using an amended version of The Health and Wellbeing survey, a self-report measure. The results revealed that there was a high prevalence of sedentary behaviour (train drivers = 7.85 ± 2.21 and office workers = 8.3 ± 1.03), particularly among office workers. Most of the participants had a relatively high body mass index, placing in the overweight and obese category, particularly among train drivers. The prevalence of physical inactivity was marginally higher for office workers compared to train drivers. There were significantly (p<0.05) higher levels of physical activity within train drivers with a moderate effect size. There were limited associations found between lifestyle factors and sickness absenteeism and worker productivity. Obesity had the most prominent relationship with noncommunicable diseases, followed by high levels of sedentary behaviour, not meeting physical activity guidelines, obesity, overweight, and prolonged sitting time at work. A significant and moderate correlation was found between obesity and absenteeism (train drivers: r = 0.32 and office workers: r= 0.46), however, no associations were found between sedentary behaviour, physical activity and fruit and vegetable intake and absenteeism. Lastly, the association between physical activity and productivity among the train drivers was low negative (r=-0.15) which was not significant (p>0.05). The associations between physical activity and productivity among office workers, however, was both significant (p<0.05) and moderate positive (r=0.39). The vegetable intake among the office workers showed a significant (p<0.05) moderate positive association with productivity (r=0.49). The association between vegetable intake and productivity among the train drivers was not significant (p>0.05) and low positive (r=0.16). There was a significant (p<0.05) and moderate positive association between fruit intake and productivity among both train drivers (r=0.43) and office workers (r=0.47). No significant associations between sedentary behaviour and obesity and productivity were found. The current study provided new insight into the risks associated with lifestyle factors of office workers and train drivers in the transportation sector. The poor lifestyle factors, together with the high prevalence of sedentary behaviour and physical inactivity, provide ideal opportunities for future interventions to focus on workers productivity and overall wellbeing. The job design of train drivers and office workers does not place significant importance on employee health and wellness. Essentially they are not “healthy” but they work productively, giving reason as to why employee wellness is not a priority for employers. The current findings of the study suggest that adopting regular physical activity, healthy dietary patterns and reduced sitting time should be promoted as key components of lifestyle interventions for the prevention of non-communicable diseases in office workers and train drivers. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Human Kinetics and Ergonomics, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-10
- Authors: Zimmermann, Sharnae Vanessa
- Date: 2021-10
- Subjects: Transnet (Firm : South Africa) Employees , Absenteeism (Labor) South Africa Durban , Labor productivity South Africa Durban , Exercise , Sedentary behavior , Lifestyles
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/190077 , vital:44961
- Description: Increased sitting time, insufficient physical activity and sub-optimal body composition are all contributing to the global disease burden. This is made evident by increases in obesity, type II diabetes, cardiovascular diseases (i.e. hypertension and strokes), cancer and other non-communicable diseases resulting in absenteeism and reduced productivity in the workplace. The global rise in sitting time and physical inactivity is caused, in part, by changes in transport convenience, work roles and technological advancements. Employees working in office environments or driving trains sit for prolonged periods; something which is evident in the industry that Transnet operates in. Sitting time and physical inactivity are independent risk factors for non-communicable diseases with poor nutrition, smoking, alcohol consumption and psychological wellbeing, being separate constructs. The purpose of the study is to determine the levels of sedentary behaviour, physical inactivity, obesity, nutrition, alcohol consumption, smoking, non-communicable disease risk, mental wellbeing and their association with productivity and absenteeism in office workers and train drivers at Transnet Freight Rail, Durban. A cross-sectional study was done with 40 participants, 20 office workers and 20 train drivers. Stature (175.80 ± 9.43 ±cm) and body mass (83.85 ± 20.31 kg) were measured; and body mass index calculated (26.98 ± 5.37 kg.m2). Physical activity levels, sedentary behaviour, body mass index and other lifestyle factors were explored using an amended version of The Health and Wellbeing survey, a self-report measure. The results revealed that there was a high prevalence of sedentary behaviour (train drivers = 7.85 ± 2.21 and office workers = 8.3 ± 1.03), particularly among office workers. Most of the participants had a relatively high body mass index, placing in the overweight and obese category, particularly among train drivers. The prevalence of physical inactivity was marginally higher for office workers compared to train drivers. There were significantly (p<0.05) higher levels of physical activity within train drivers with a moderate effect size. There were limited associations found between lifestyle factors and sickness absenteeism and worker productivity. Obesity had the most prominent relationship with noncommunicable diseases, followed by high levels of sedentary behaviour, not meeting physical activity guidelines, obesity, overweight, and prolonged sitting time at work. A significant and moderate correlation was found between obesity and absenteeism (train drivers: r = 0.32 and office workers: r= 0.46), however, no associations were found between sedentary behaviour, physical activity and fruit and vegetable intake and absenteeism. Lastly, the association between physical activity and productivity among the train drivers was low negative (r=-0.15) which was not significant (p>0.05). The associations between physical activity and productivity among office workers, however, was both significant (p<0.05) and moderate positive (r=0.39). The vegetable intake among the office workers showed a significant (p<0.05) moderate positive association with productivity (r=0.49). The association between vegetable intake and productivity among the train drivers was not significant (p>0.05) and low positive (r=0.16). There was a significant (p<0.05) and moderate positive association between fruit intake and productivity among both train drivers (r=0.43) and office workers (r=0.47). No significant associations between sedentary behaviour and obesity and productivity were found. The current study provided new insight into the risks associated with lifestyle factors of office workers and train drivers in the transportation sector. The poor lifestyle factors, together with the high prevalence of sedentary behaviour and physical inactivity, provide ideal opportunities for future interventions to focus on workers productivity and overall wellbeing. The job design of train drivers and office workers does not place significant importance on employee health and wellness. Essentially they are not “healthy” but they work productively, giving reason as to why employee wellness is not a priority for employers. The current findings of the study suggest that adopting regular physical activity, healthy dietary patterns and reduced sitting time should be promoted as key components of lifestyle interventions for the prevention of non-communicable diseases in office workers and train drivers. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Human Kinetics and Ergonomics, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-10
A comparison between the responsiveness of selected physiological and subjective mental workload indicators during real-world driving scenarios
- Authors: Schmidtke, Nadia-Jasmine
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Automobile driving -- Physiological aspects , Automobile driving -- Psychological aspects , Automobile drivers -- Health and hygiene , Mental fatigue , Mental work -- Case studies
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/148115 , vital:38711
- Description: Sub-optimal levels of mental workload in automobile drivers is a risk factor for road accidents. However, mental workload as a construct cannot be directly measured. Common indicators of mental workload include heart rate frequency and variability, eye motion and subjective rating tools. Namely, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index (NASA-TLX), its modified, unweighted version called the Raw-TLX, and the Rating Scale of Mental Effort (RSME). Comparisons between the suitability and responsiveness of these mental workload indicators have been almost exclusively examined in driving simulators. However, real-world driving research is important as even high-fidelity simulators cannot capture the complexity of driving scenarios. Hence, this research aimed to compare the suitability and responsiveness of these mental workload indicators in response to real-world driving scenarios. Six participants drove along a set route for an hour while wearing a heart rate monitor and eye tracker. A dashcam was used to capture footage of the different driving scenarios encountered. The set route comprised of driving through the industrial, residential, provincial main road and Rhodes University campus areas. RSME scores were taken during brief stops after driving though each zone. The NASA-TLX questionnaire was administered on completion of the drive and analysed later as the modified Raw-TLX version. The data collected in response to the encountered driving scenarios were sorted into three meta-groupings. (1) Data was segmented according to the different areas that participants drove through. This was termed Area Events and were long duration scenarios of between five and thirty minutes. These driving scenarios were further segmented into two meta-groups with short duration driving scenarios (< 90 seconds). (2) The Common Events meta-group consisted of driving scenarios that were encountered by all participants. These were scenarios were anticipated by drivers. (3) The All Events meta-group was grouped according to all the driving scenarios that were encountered by participants. It consisted of both anticipated and unanticipated driving scenarios of short durations. Data were further analysed using a method of systematically selecting a threshold value for each mental workload indicator. Responses to driving scenarios which surpassed the threshold were considered indicative of an increase in mental workload. The total frequency of higher mental workload events was used as a determiner responsiveness (or ‘sensitivity’) for each mental workload indicator. Mental workload indicators were evaluated for their responsiveness and suitability for assessing mental workload. Results found blink frequency to be a responsive mental workload indicator for all categories of driving scenarios. Blink frequency and duration were the most responsive short duration mental workload indicators. Furthermore, the indicators were able to distinguish between higher and lower mental workload driving scenarios. However, blink parameters are also sensitive to driver fatigue and drowsiness. Further research on distinguishing mental workload from that of fatigue in response to real-world driving was recommended. Pupil diameter, fixation duration, saccade saccade duration and saccade amplitude were found to be responsive short duration mental workload indicators. However, these measures were not determined to be suitable for real-world driving applications. Pupil diameter was confounded by changing illumination levels. Fixation and saccade responses were confounded by the driving task itself as gaze could not be accounted for. For long duration driving scenarios heart rate frequency, heart rate variability: high-frequency power, blink frequency and RSME were found to be responsive and suitable MWL indicators. The Raw-TLX results could not be assessed for responsiveness as it was administered once. However, it was confirmed as a suitable cumulative mental workload indicator in the application of real-world driving. The moderate levels of workload reported by participants agreed with the experimental protocol that prevented inducing sub-optimal mental workload. Blink frequency shows promise as a responsive and suitable mental workload indicator for different types of driving scenarios. More research is needed regarding the assessment of mental workload during short durations using blink frequency and blink duration. For driving durations between five and thirty minutes long, further research into heart rate frequency, heart rate variability: high frequency power, and the RSME was recommended.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: Schmidtke, Nadia-Jasmine
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Automobile driving -- Physiological aspects , Automobile driving -- Psychological aspects , Automobile drivers -- Health and hygiene , Mental fatigue , Mental work -- Case studies
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/148115 , vital:38711
- Description: Sub-optimal levels of mental workload in automobile drivers is a risk factor for road accidents. However, mental workload as a construct cannot be directly measured. Common indicators of mental workload include heart rate frequency and variability, eye motion and subjective rating tools. Namely, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index (NASA-TLX), its modified, unweighted version called the Raw-TLX, and the Rating Scale of Mental Effort (RSME). Comparisons between the suitability and responsiveness of these mental workload indicators have been almost exclusively examined in driving simulators. However, real-world driving research is important as even high-fidelity simulators cannot capture the complexity of driving scenarios. Hence, this research aimed to compare the suitability and responsiveness of these mental workload indicators in response to real-world driving scenarios. Six participants drove along a set route for an hour while wearing a heart rate monitor and eye tracker. A dashcam was used to capture footage of the different driving scenarios encountered. The set route comprised of driving through the industrial, residential, provincial main road and Rhodes University campus areas. RSME scores were taken during brief stops after driving though each zone. The NASA-TLX questionnaire was administered on completion of the drive and analysed later as the modified Raw-TLX version. The data collected in response to the encountered driving scenarios were sorted into three meta-groupings. (1) Data was segmented according to the different areas that participants drove through. This was termed Area Events and were long duration scenarios of between five and thirty minutes. These driving scenarios were further segmented into two meta-groups with short duration driving scenarios (< 90 seconds). (2) The Common Events meta-group consisted of driving scenarios that were encountered by all participants. These were scenarios were anticipated by drivers. (3) The All Events meta-group was grouped according to all the driving scenarios that were encountered by participants. It consisted of both anticipated and unanticipated driving scenarios of short durations. Data were further analysed using a method of systematically selecting a threshold value for each mental workload indicator. Responses to driving scenarios which surpassed the threshold were considered indicative of an increase in mental workload. The total frequency of higher mental workload events was used as a determiner responsiveness (or ‘sensitivity’) for each mental workload indicator. Mental workload indicators were evaluated for their responsiveness and suitability for assessing mental workload. Results found blink frequency to be a responsive mental workload indicator for all categories of driving scenarios. Blink frequency and duration were the most responsive short duration mental workload indicators. Furthermore, the indicators were able to distinguish between higher and lower mental workload driving scenarios. However, blink parameters are also sensitive to driver fatigue and drowsiness. Further research on distinguishing mental workload from that of fatigue in response to real-world driving was recommended. Pupil diameter, fixation duration, saccade saccade duration and saccade amplitude were found to be responsive short duration mental workload indicators. However, these measures were not determined to be suitable for real-world driving applications. Pupil diameter was confounded by changing illumination levels. Fixation and saccade responses were confounded by the driving task itself as gaze could not be accounted for. For long duration driving scenarios heart rate frequency, heart rate variability: high-frequency power, blink frequency and RSME were found to be responsive and suitable MWL indicators. The Raw-TLX results could not be assessed for responsiveness as it was administered once. However, it was confirmed as a suitable cumulative mental workload indicator in the application of real-world driving. The moderate levels of workload reported by participants agreed with the experimental protocol that prevented inducing sub-optimal mental workload. Blink frequency shows promise as a responsive and suitable mental workload indicator for different types of driving scenarios. More research is needed regarding the assessment of mental workload during short durations using blink frequency and blink duration. For driving durations between five and thirty minutes long, further research into heart rate frequency, heart rate variability: high frequency power, and the RSME was recommended.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
An ergonomics study of orthotics and prosthetics workshops in the Eastern Cape of South Africa
- Authors: Mgibantaka, Aviwe Sihle
- Date: 2021-10-29
- Subjects: Orthopedic apparatus industry South Africa Eastern Cape Administration , Prosthesis industry South Africa Eastern Cape Administration , Prosthetists Health and hygiene South Africa Eastern Cape , Prosthetists Job stress South Africa Eastern Cape , Work environment Psychological aspects , Industrial hygiene South Africa Eastern Cape , Human engineering South Africa Eastern Cape , Industrial safety South Africa Eastern Cape , Posture Health aspects
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/192108 , vital:45196
- Description: The South African healthcare system is under pressure due to inequalities inherited from the Apartheid system of the past, as well as more recent maladministration. These problems are particularly evident in the Eastern Cape province, which is considered the second poorest province in the country. Furthermore, the rehabilitation sector within healthcare is struggling for recognition in both the public and private healthcare sectors. Orthotists and prosthetists (O&Ps) form an important service in the greater rehabilitation sector since they provide an essential service for people living with disabilities, thus enabling them to function independently. Limited literature and anecdotal evidence suggest that O&Ps perform strenuous physical work under sub-optimal environmental conditions. Furthermore, it is hypothesized that the contextual influences of a struggling healthcare system such as lack or resources, poor referral systems, staff shortages and poor working environments may create a lot of challenges for O&Ps that can impact O&P’s health and well-being and work performance. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the systemic challenges and enablers facing orthotists and prosthetists working in the Eastern Cape of South Africa and thus also evaluate the impact on their health and well-being as well as their job performance. Furthermore, this thesis aimed to compare the work system of O&Ps working in the public with that of O&Ps in the private sector. Methods: A quantitative research method was chosen for this study. Data were collected using a descriptive questionnaire-based approach aimed at identifying the socio-technical interactions in the work systems of O&Ps in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. This study was approved by the Rhodes University Ethical Standards Committee. The questionnaire was created in Google forms and the link to the online form was sent to Medical O&Ps and Orthopaedic Footwear Technicians using instant messaging (WhatsApp). Two hard copies were also handed out. Data were analysed using StatSoft Statistica Software (version 13.4.0.14 by TIBCO Software Inc.). Descriptive, parametric, content and correlation analyses were conducted. Significant findings were identified at p<0.05. Results: The study received 43 respondents working in both the public and private health sectors, of which 53.5% were males and 46.5% females. The mean age of the respondents was 34.38 years with a coefficient of variation of 19.45%. Majority of respondents (68.9%) worked in the public sector, with the remainder working in the private sector, or sharing their time between both healthcare sectors. Generally, respondents were satisfied with the organizational structure of their workplaces and their work environments. Work demands were identified by respondents from both sectors as an area of concern as tasks performed by O&Ps entailed physical strength, prolonged standing, awkward postures, and repetitive movements. Furthermore, there were some concerns about lighting and noise being unfavourable in some of the workshops. For all the system components, the standard deviations had a low dispersion of less than 1.0 from the mean. The lowest dispersion was 0.63 and the highest dispersion from the mean was 0.99. The analysis using the general linear models option revealed a significant difference between the scores of the work system components (p=0.03). The subsequent Tukey post-hoc test revealed a significant difference in the mean rating scores between the “Environment” and “Work demands”, with a p-value of 0.03. There was discontentment from respondents working in both sectors with their work productivity as the public health sector respondents were 64.52% content; private sector respondents were 68.89% content, and respondents working in both sectors were only 56.67% content. When comparing the responses between O&Ps working in the different sectors, respondents working both sectors were unhappy with the provision of tools, machines, and materials, with 56.25% of the respondents working in the public health sector being less happy than the 61.11% working in the private health sector and the 63.19% working in both the private and public health sectors. Respondents had concerns regarding health and well-being with 60.60% of respondents working in both the public and private health sectors and experiencing more challenges than the 61.05% in the public and 67.24% in the private health sectors, respectively. Correlation analyses revealed very high positive correlations between the system components and the system outcomes. Conclusion: The biggest issue emerging from this study was work demands as O&Ps work is physically demanding. O&Ps had to do a lot of manual handling, heavy load lifting, endure repetitive and vibration movements, prolonged standing and bending in awkward postures to complete tasks. The results from this study indicate that the private health sector is better equipped in terms of the work environment, machines than the public healthcare sector. The finding from this study can be used to improve the factors that enable O&Ps’ job performance and come up with possible solutions to the challenges O&Ps face in their jobs. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Human Kinetics and Ergonomics, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-10-29
- Authors: Mgibantaka, Aviwe Sihle
- Date: 2021-10-29
- Subjects: Orthopedic apparatus industry South Africa Eastern Cape Administration , Prosthesis industry South Africa Eastern Cape Administration , Prosthetists Health and hygiene South Africa Eastern Cape , Prosthetists Job stress South Africa Eastern Cape , Work environment Psychological aspects , Industrial hygiene South Africa Eastern Cape , Human engineering South Africa Eastern Cape , Industrial safety South Africa Eastern Cape , Posture Health aspects
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/192108 , vital:45196
- Description: The South African healthcare system is under pressure due to inequalities inherited from the Apartheid system of the past, as well as more recent maladministration. These problems are particularly evident in the Eastern Cape province, which is considered the second poorest province in the country. Furthermore, the rehabilitation sector within healthcare is struggling for recognition in both the public and private healthcare sectors. Orthotists and prosthetists (O&Ps) form an important service in the greater rehabilitation sector since they provide an essential service for people living with disabilities, thus enabling them to function independently. Limited literature and anecdotal evidence suggest that O&Ps perform strenuous physical work under sub-optimal environmental conditions. Furthermore, it is hypothesized that the contextual influences of a struggling healthcare system such as lack or resources, poor referral systems, staff shortages and poor working environments may create a lot of challenges for O&Ps that can impact O&P’s health and well-being and work performance. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the systemic challenges and enablers facing orthotists and prosthetists working in the Eastern Cape of South Africa and thus also evaluate the impact on their health and well-being as well as their job performance. Furthermore, this thesis aimed to compare the work system of O&Ps working in the public with that of O&Ps in the private sector. Methods: A quantitative research method was chosen for this study. Data were collected using a descriptive questionnaire-based approach aimed at identifying the socio-technical interactions in the work systems of O&Ps in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. This study was approved by the Rhodes University Ethical Standards Committee. The questionnaire was created in Google forms and the link to the online form was sent to Medical O&Ps and Orthopaedic Footwear Technicians using instant messaging (WhatsApp). Two hard copies were also handed out. Data were analysed using StatSoft Statistica Software (version 13.4.0.14 by TIBCO Software Inc.). Descriptive, parametric, content and correlation analyses were conducted. Significant findings were identified at p<0.05. Results: The study received 43 respondents working in both the public and private health sectors, of which 53.5% were males and 46.5% females. The mean age of the respondents was 34.38 years with a coefficient of variation of 19.45%. Majority of respondents (68.9%) worked in the public sector, with the remainder working in the private sector, or sharing their time between both healthcare sectors. Generally, respondents were satisfied with the organizational structure of their workplaces and their work environments. Work demands were identified by respondents from both sectors as an area of concern as tasks performed by O&Ps entailed physical strength, prolonged standing, awkward postures, and repetitive movements. Furthermore, there were some concerns about lighting and noise being unfavourable in some of the workshops. For all the system components, the standard deviations had a low dispersion of less than 1.0 from the mean. The lowest dispersion was 0.63 and the highest dispersion from the mean was 0.99. The analysis using the general linear models option revealed a significant difference between the scores of the work system components (p=0.03). The subsequent Tukey post-hoc test revealed a significant difference in the mean rating scores between the “Environment” and “Work demands”, with a p-value of 0.03. There was discontentment from respondents working in both sectors with their work productivity as the public health sector respondents were 64.52% content; private sector respondents were 68.89% content, and respondents working in both sectors were only 56.67% content. When comparing the responses between O&Ps working in the different sectors, respondents working both sectors were unhappy with the provision of tools, machines, and materials, with 56.25% of the respondents working in the public health sector being less happy than the 61.11% working in the private health sector and the 63.19% working in both the private and public health sectors. Respondents had concerns regarding health and well-being with 60.60% of respondents working in both the public and private health sectors and experiencing more challenges than the 61.05% in the public and 67.24% in the private health sectors, respectively. Correlation analyses revealed very high positive correlations between the system components and the system outcomes. Conclusion: The biggest issue emerging from this study was work demands as O&Ps work is physically demanding. O&Ps had to do a lot of manual handling, heavy load lifting, endure repetitive and vibration movements, prolonged standing and bending in awkward postures to complete tasks. The results from this study indicate that the private health sector is better equipped in terms of the work environment, machines than the public healthcare sector. The finding from this study can be used to improve the factors that enable O&Ps’ job performance and come up with possible solutions to the challenges O&Ps face in their jobs. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Human Kinetics and Ergonomics, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-10-29
The incidence of musculoskeletal disorders and stakeholder perceptions of work challenges in South-Eastern Nigerian quarry mining industry
- Authors: Egwuonwu, Victor Afamerfuna
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Quarries and quarrying -- Health aspects -- Nigeria , Musculoskeletal system -- Diseases -- Nigeria , Miners -- Health and hygiene -- Nigeria
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/141263 , vital:37957
- Description: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are very common among industrial labourers, leading to sick leave absence, disability and low productivity at work. MSDs have multifactorial causes, thereby making it difficult to pinpoint the extent of the contributions of the various risks regarding the mechanism of its pathophysiology. Previously, attempts were made to study regional pain symptoms in varying occupational groups, disregarding the particularities of the different workplace situations. It is important to highlight, that quantifying physical exposure factors that contribute to MSDs occurrence using quantitative approach alone could be inadequate. It is therefore imperative to incorporate qualitative approach to unmask accompanying psychosocial stressors, which are mostly explanatory variables. The study investigated the following: 12-month retrospective prevalence of MSDs, prospective incidence, risk factors and pattern of MSDs in a 6-month follow-up survey of selected quarry mineworkers, who reported MSDs complaints at the mine clinic. The study also determined the level of psychosocial stress associated with working in the mine by understanding stakeholders’ perception of work challenges, and how it influenced recurrence of MSDs. The study utilised a mixed method design with two phases: phase 1 was an initial baseline retrospective prevalence and a prospective cohort-control incidence survey. The Cultural and Psychosocial Influence on Disability (CUPID) questionnaire was translated into an Igbo-language version, cross-culturally adapted and utilized. The instrument was administered via oral interview and sought information on the following: demographic characteristics; pain in different anatomical sites and associated disability for tasks of daily living; as well as information on any change of job and reason during the study period, recent pain in different anatomical sites and associated disability for tasks of daily living; distress from common somatic symptoms; mental health status, sickness absence in the past 5-months for musculoskeletal pain. Phase 2 was a qualitative focus group discussion that engaged mine stakeholders on their perceptions of work challenges. Descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation was utilised to analyse sociodemographic characteristics of participants. MSD incidence rates were estimated and the patterns of MSD incidence at different anatomical sites were also determined. The Cox proportional regression analyses were utilised to compare hazard ratios of MSD risks between the exposed cohorts and unexposed cohorts in the phase one incidence survey, alpha level was set at 0.05. Transcription, thematic and content analyses with the aid of Nvivo version 11 for windows was used to interpret stakeholders’ perception of work challenges. The incidence of MSD was 6.2 per 1000, with shoulder pain being the most reported complaint (40% prevalence). This was followed by back pain with the distribution of back pain presented as follows: upper back (20.37%), lower back (45.50%) and both (34.13%). All participants reported previous medical history of back, shoulder and neck pain. The relative risk ratio of mineworkers to MSDs was 4.57, which implies that the mineworkers were approximately 5 times more at risk of developing MSDs compared to the recruited unexposed cohorts. Meanwhile, wrist pain (43.58%) was the highest MSD complaints which lead miners to be absent from work, followed by knee and back with 35.42% and 21% respectively. Physical job risks, such as III working underground and squatting or kneeling at work were all significantly associated with MSDs recurrence in all six body parts (HR: 1.12-1.92, 95%CI). Similarly, time pressure to complete task, low decision latitude, poor job satisfaction, somatisation and mental disorder, job insecurity, poor incentive system (HR: 1.01-1.75, 95%CI) were perceived by stakeholders’ and participants alike in the study to be significantly associated with MSDs incidence. Quarrymen are exposed to high MSD risks associated with elevated psychosocial stress from their difficult work situations. The South Eastern Nigerian mine stakeholders believed that the high incidence of MSDs may have a substantial impact on health and productivity in the near future. Necessitating a clear need for the promotion of stakeholder’s engagement concerning safe work policy implementation initiatives in the sector.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: Egwuonwu, Victor Afamerfuna
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Quarries and quarrying -- Health aspects -- Nigeria , Musculoskeletal system -- Diseases -- Nigeria , Miners -- Health and hygiene -- Nigeria
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/141263 , vital:37957
- Description: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are very common among industrial labourers, leading to sick leave absence, disability and low productivity at work. MSDs have multifactorial causes, thereby making it difficult to pinpoint the extent of the contributions of the various risks regarding the mechanism of its pathophysiology. Previously, attempts were made to study regional pain symptoms in varying occupational groups, disregarding the particularities of the different workplace situations. It is important to highlight, that quantifying physical exposure factors that contribute to MSDs occurrence using quantitative approach alone could be inadequate. It is therefore imperative to incorporate qualitative approach to unmask accompanying psychosocial stressors, which are mostly explanatory variables. The study investigated the following: 12-month retrospective prevalence of MSDs, prospective incidence, risk factors and pattern of MSDs in a 6-month follow-up survey of selected quarry mineworkers, who reported MSDs complaints at the mine clinic. The study also determined the level of psychosocial stress associated with working in the mine by understanding stakeholders’ perception of work challenges, and how it influenced recurrence of MSDs. The study utilised a mixed method design with two phases: phase 1 was an initial baseline retrospective prevalence and a prospective cohort-control incidence survey. The Cultural and Psychosocial Influence on Disability (CUPID) questionnaire was translated into an Igbo-language version, cross-culturally adapted and utilized. The instrument was administered via oral interview and sought information on the following: demographic characteristics; pain in different anatomical sites and associated disability for tasks of daily living; as well as information on any change of job and reason during the study period, recent pain in different anatomical sites and associated disability for tasks of daily living; distress from common somatic symptoms; mental health status, sickness absence in the past 5-months for musculoskeletal pain. Phase 2 was a qualitative focus group discussion that engaged mine stakeholders on their perceptions of work challenges. Descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation was utilised to analyse sociodemographic characteristics of participants. MSD incidence rates were estimated and the patterns of MSD incidence at different anatomical sites were also determined. The Cox proportional regression analyses were utilised to compare hazard ratios of MSD risks between the exposed cohorts and unexposed cohorts in the phase one incidence survey, alpha level was set at 0.05. Transcription, thematic and content analyses with the aid of Nvivo version 11 for windows was used to interpret stakeholders’ perception of work challenges. The incidence of MSD was 6.2 per 1000, with shoulder pain being the most reported complaint (40% prevalence). This was followed by back pain with the distribution of back pain presented as follows: upper back (20.37%), lower back (45.50%) and both (34.13%). All participants reported previous medical history of back, shoulder and neck pain. The relative risk ratio of mineworkers to MSDs was 4.57, which implies that the mineworkers were approximately 5 times more at risk of developing MSDs compared to the recruited unexposed cohorts. Meanwhile, wrist pain (43.58%) was the highest MSD complaints which lead miners to be absent from work, followed by knee and back with 35.42% and 21% respectively. Physical job risks, such as III working underground and squatting or kneeling at work were all significantly associated with MSDs recurrence in all six body parts (HR: 1.12-1.92, 95%CI). Similarly, time pressure to complete task, low decision latitude, poor job satisfaction, somatisation and mental disorder, job insecurity, poor incentive system (HR: 1.01-1.75, 95%CI) were perceived by stakeholders’ and participants alike in the study to be significantly associated with MSDs incidence. Quarrymen are exposed to high MSD risks associated with elevated psychosocial stress from their difficult work situations. The South Eastern Nigerian mine stakeholders believed that the high incidence of MSDs may have a substantial impact on health and productivity in the near future. Necessitating a clear need for the promotion of stakeholder’s engagement concerning safe work policy implementation initiatives in the sector.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
The time course changes in selected fatigue indicators in moderately trained participants
- Authors: Maduna, Bongani Cyprian
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Athletes -- Health and hygiene , Fatigue , Athletes -- Physiology
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/76354 , vital:30553
- Description: Background: During daily physical activities, individuals will encounter some level of fatigue. This is especially true for athletes who exert their bodies to achieve superior performance and attempt to delay the onset of fatigue as far as possible. However, fatigue is a progressive process that is part of physical exercise. It is therefore, important to understand the various factors associated with fatigue. Objective: The purpose of this research project was to observe the changes in perceptual, physiological responses, and workload while participants performed a fatiguing cycling exercise task. In order to observe the aforementioned changes, one of the three variables, either perceptual, physiological responses or workload was kept constant, while the other two were observed as dependent variables. There were three test conditions, which permitted each variable to be kept constant in at least one of the three test conditions. Methods: Thirty-six apparently healthy university students were recruited for the study. The exercise was of 35 minute duration for each condition, with the data collection for HR (physiological response), RPE (perceptual response), and power output (workload) occurring at two minute intervals from the eighth minute until the thirtieth minute. The participants were required to perform a peak-power-output test in order set the relative performance ranges for each participant in order to elicit an observable fatigue response from all the participants. The three conditions included constant HR response, constant workload, and constant RPE response where each participant performed all of the above conditions on separate days.Results: The perceptual (RPE) response increased significantly (p<0.05) over time in all three test conditions, even under the constant RPE condition where it was expected to remain unchanged throughout the test duration. The HR response only demonstrated a significant (p<0.05) increase over time under the constant workload condition. Lastly, workload remained constant in all three testing conditions. Conclusion: Participants may be able to exercise for longer periods during sub-maximal exercise if they disregard the RPE warning response. In the current study, the RPE response illustrated that participants were being exerted more over time; however, the participants still had physiological and workload capacity to continue exercising. This research project has confirmed the fact that fatigue is a multifaceted phenomenon. Furthermore, it has been illustrated that RPE response alone as an indicator of fatigue onset may be misleading as participants did not breach the HR and workload steady state during the current research. Therefore, it may be more appropriate to assess fatigue onset through the assessment of more than one fatigue variable in order to ensure increased accuracy of the participants’ fatigue state assessment.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Maduna, Bongani Cyprian
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Athletes -- Health and hygiene , Fatigue , Athletes -- Physiology
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/76354 , vital:30553
- Description: Background: During daily physical activities, individuals will encounter some level of fatigue. This is especially true for athletes who exert their bodies to achieve superior performance and attempt to delay the onset of fatigue as far as possible. However, fatigue is a progressive process that is part of physical exercise. It is therefore, important to understand the various factors associated with fatigue. Objective: The purpose of this research project was to observe the changes in perceptual, physiological responses, and workload while participants performed a fatiguing cycling exercise task. In order to observe the aforementioned changes, one of the three variables, either perceptual, physiological responses or workload was kept constant, while the other two were observed as dependent variables. There were three test conditions, which permitted each variable to be kept constant in at least one of the three test conditions. Methods: Thirty-six apparently healthy university students were recruited for the study. The exercise was of 35 minute duration for each condition, with the data collection for HR (physiological response), RPE (perceptual response), and power output (workload) occurring at two minute intervals from the eighth minute until the thirtieth minute. The participants were required to perform a peak-power-output test in order set the relative performance ranges for each participant in order to elicit an observable fatigue response from all the participants. The three conditions included constant HR response, constant workload, and constant RPE response where each participant performed all of the above conditions on separate days.Results: The perceptual (RPE) response increased significantly (p<0.05) over time in all three test conditions, even under the constant RPE condition where it was expected to remain unchanged throughout the test duration. The HR response only demonstrated a significant (p<0.05) increase over time under the constant workload condition. Lastly, workload remained constant in all three testing conditions. Conclusion: Participants may be able to exercise for longer periods during sub-maximal exercise if they disregard the RPE warning response. In the current study, the RPE response illustrated that participants were being exerted more over time; however, the participants still had physiological and workload capacity to continue exercising. This research project has confirmed the fact that fatigue is a multifaceted phenomenon. Furthermore, it has been illustrated that RPE response alone as an indicator of fatigue onset may be misleading as participants did not breach the HR and workload steady state during the current research. Therefore, it may be more appropriate to assess fatigue onset through the assessment of more than one fatigue variable in order to ensure increased accuracy of the participants’ fatigue state assessment.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
An explorative study of Makana local football association coaches characteristics, experiences and needs
- Authors: Callow, Gavin
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Makana Local Football Association (South Africa) , Football -- Coaching -- South Africa , Football coaches -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/138785 , vital:37672
- Description: Introduction: Sports participation has been associated with a number of benefits to young athletes, outside of purely physical health. One of the key components of a successful sports talent identification and development program is effective coaching. A foundation of effective coaching is the coach’s knowledge which can be developed through formal, non-formal and informal means of education. The majority of coach education literature has however focused on coaches from developed countries. Limited studies have looked at the educational experiences and needs of South African coaches, particularly football coaches. The purpose of the current investigation is to establish Local Football Association (LFA) coaches’ perceptions of their educational backgrounds and what knowledge they deem important to be effective coaches. Method: A mixed methods approach was used in which (n=25) Makana LFA coaches answered a questionnaire with the aim of identifying their educational histories and what their current educational needs were. A semi-structured interview was also implemented in which some of the respondents (n=4) were asked more in-depth questions around the same topics, to create a more complete coaching profile. Results: The questionnaire responses highlighted that only 8% of the coaches possess a formal coaching qualification and all of the coaches work on a volunteer basis. Previous experience as a player is the chief source of knowledge for Makana LFA coaches. Not having enough available time is the main perceived barrier for 56% of participants to seeking out further educational opportunities. Fundamentals of coaching was selected by 56% of the coaches as a key subject they want to learn more about. Findings from the interview demonstrate that participants coach multiple teams and often have to rely on senior players to take up assistant coach positions, as well as managing their time effectively to work with all their teams. Informal education is the main source of information for the coaches which includes asking for advice, reading coaching manuals or having a mentor. The coaches value all 3 forms of education, however non-formal workshops are favoured. This is due to all of the coaches already having some form of informal learning experience and formal learning opportunities being too costly to pursue. A combination of lectures, practical sessions and group discussions is desired as a delivery method of coaching knowledge. Discussion: The level of coaching qualifications in the LFA is low, this may have significant implications for talent identification and development in the Sarah Baartman region. All the coaches are volunteer coaches, who primarily rely on informal means of coaching education. ‘Time’ was indicated to be a major barrier, to coaches seeking out educational opportunities. Coaches indicated that they would benefit from a coaching program if it took into consideration their needs, such as wanting to learn more about interpersonal and intrapersonal awareness. Conclusion: If local coaching programs are to be effective, they must reflect the educational needs of their community.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: Callow, Gavin
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Makana Local Football Association (South Africa) , Football -- Coaching -- South Africa , Football coaches -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/138785 , vital:37672
- Description: Introduction: Sports participation has been associated with a number of benefits to young athletes, outside of purely physical health. One of the key components of a successful sports talent identification and development program is effective coaching. A foundation of effective coaching is the coach’s knowledge which can be developed through formal, non-formal and informal means of education. The majority of coach education literature has however focused on coaches from developed countries. Limited studies have looked at the educational experiences and needs of South African coaches, particularly football coaches. The purpose of the current investigation is to establish Local Football Association (LFA) coaches’ perceptions of their educational backgrounds and what knowledge they deem important to be effective coaches. Method: A mixed methods approach was used in which (n=25) Makana LFA coaches answered a questionnaire with the aim of identifying their educational histories and what their current educational needs were. A semi-structured interview was also implemented in which some of the respondents (n=4) were asked more in-depth questions around the same topics, to create a more complete coaching profile. Results: The questionnaire responses highlighted that only 8% of the coaches possess a formal coaching qualification and all of the coaches work on a volunteer basis. Previous experience as a player is the chief source of knowledge for Makana LFA coaches. Not having enough available time is the main perceived barrier for 56% of participants to seeking out further educational opportunities. Fundamentals of coaching was selected by 56% of the coaches as a key subject they want to learn more about. Findings from the interview demonstrate that participants coach multiple teams and often have to rely on senior players to take up assistant coach positions, as well as managing their time effectively to work with all their teams. Informal education is the main source of information for the coaches which includes asking for advice, reading coaching manuals or having a mentor. The coaches value all 3 forms of education, however non-formal workshops are favoured. This is due to all of the coaches already having some form of informal learning experience and formal learning opportunities being too costly to pursue. A combination of lectures, practical sessions and group discussions is desired as a delivery method of coaching knowledge. Discussion: The level of coaching qualifications in the LFA is low, this may have significant implications for talent identification and development in the Sarah Baartman region. All the coaches are volunteer coaches, who primarily rely on informal means of coaching education. ‘Time’ was indicated to be a major barrier, to coaches seeking out educational opportunities. Coaches indicated that they would benefit from a coaching program if it took into consideration their needs, such as wanting to learn more about interpersonal and intrapersonal awareness. Conclusion: If local coaching programs are to be effective, they must reflect the educational needs of their community.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
Academic or ‘zoombie’? Characterizing sleep quality, work and lifestyle behaviours among a cohort of South African academic staff during the Covid-19 pandemic
- Authors: Le Grange, Sarah-Ann
- Date: 2022-04-06
- Subjects: Sleep-wake cycle South Africa Eastern Cape , Sleep Physiological aspects , Lifestyles Health aspects South Africa Eastern Cape , COVID-19 Pandemic, 2020- Influence , Work environment Psychological aspects , Work environment Physiological aspects , College teachers Workload South Africa Eastern Cape , Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/291099 , vital:56818
- Description: Working in academe is characterized by high work demands, long and late working hours and balancing multiple roles. This often leaves academic staff (interchangeably referred to as ‘academics’ and ‘staff’) with limited time to prioritize adequate rest and sleep. While sufficient sleep is important for general well-being and work performance, it may be important for academics given the cognitive and interactive nature of their work. However, limited research has characterized sleep behaviours and sleep quality in academic staff globally and specifically in South Africa (SA). Further, research shows that academics from different academic ranks and genders differ in their work experiences but less is known about whether these factors affect their sleep and lifestyle factors. Over and above the demands of academic work, the current study was conducted during COVID-19, which saw unprecedented change in workloads for academic staff due to online teaching and learning. Additionally, the pandemic has been associated with poorer sleep quality and lifestyle behaviours in the general population, but very few studies have explored this in the context of academics. Thus, this study aimed to characterize the sleep quality, work and lifestyle factors among academics from a university in the Eastern Cape province of SA and determine the effects of gender and academic rank on these measures. Additionally, the study aimed to determine the impact of COVID-19 on sleep and work-related factors of this group. This study adopted a cross-sectional design and made use of an online questionnaire that was distributed to all academics employed at the institution via email. The data collection occurred over an 8-week testing period between August and September of 2020. The questionnaire explored sociodemographic, work and lifestyle characteristics, while the characteristics of sleep and sleep quality were explored with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Additionally, an open-ended section was included to determine the impact of COVID-19-related changes on sleep and work. The questionnaire responses were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics and the open-ended questions were analyzed with thematic analyses. A total of 84 respondents completed the questionnaire. On average, sleep quality was poor (global score of 7.09 ± 3.8), the reported sleep duration was short (6.41 ± 1.06 hrs) and the group was classified as overweight according to median BMI (26.67 [23.8-2 29.45] kg/m2). Over a third (35.71%) of academic staff reported not meeting physical activity guidelines and reported using screens one hour prior to bed every night during the week (76.19%) and the weekend (67.88%). Staff also worked long total weekly work hours (54.25 ± 11). Female academics had a poorer sleep quality (p = 0.035), spent a longer time in bed (p = 0.04), experienced more bad dreams (p = <0.01), had their last serving of alcohol earlier (p = 0.04) and worked less weekday (p = 0.04) and less total weekly (p = 0.02) hours compared to male academics. Professorship-level academics were significantly older than junior- and senior-level academics (p = <0.01) while senior-level academics had a poorer PSQI compared to professorship-level academics (p = 0.03). The thematic analysis showed that home environment, neighbourhood noise, work and mental health were the main emerging factors that disturbed sleep. The thematic analysis showed that, in relation to the impact of COVID19, sleep schedules changed and sleep duration and sleep quality improved or got worse. Respondents reported their work hours increasing, work schedules becoming less routine while working from home, dealing with the challenges of working online and experiencing worry, stress and anxiety due to the pandemic. The study highlights that, in the context of lockdown and having to work and teach online from home, academics reported poor quality sleep and short sleep duration. Further, on average, the sample reported working extensive hours and unhealthy lifestyle behaviours. The sleep health, nature of work and overall lifestyles of academic staff deserves more research attention, given the importance of their work and the impact that inadequate sleep could have on academics’ health and work performance. Sleep quality was worse for females and mid-career academics, suggesting that their sleep quality may be at greater risk than other sub-groups. However, the reasons for these differences need to be explored in future studies. The findings contribute to the narrative that academe involves numerous demands and supports previous research that has suggested that academics’ sleep is insufficient. Furthermore, COVID-19 had an impact on staff’s sleep, with staff reporting changes in their sleep quality and duration. The pandemic impacted work of academics by presenting novel demands related to online teaching, intensifying demands overall and disrupting work routines. However, future research is needed to understand academics’ sleep behaviours, work and lifestyles, especially in South Africa. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Human Kinetics and Ergonomics, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-04-06
- Authors: Le Grange, Sarah-Ann
- Date: 2022-04-06
- Subjects: Sleep-wake cycle South Africa Eastern Cape , Sleep Physiological aspects , Lifestyles Health aspects South Africa Eastern Cape , COVID-19 Pandemic, 2020- Influence , Work environment Psychological aspects , Work environment Physiological aspects , College teachers Workload South Africa Eastern Cape , Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/291099 , vital:56818
- Description: Working in academe is characterized by high work demands, long and late working hours and balancing multiple roles. This often leaves academic staff (interchangeably referred to as ‘academics’ and ‘staff’) with limited time to prioritize adequate rest and sleep. While sufficient sleep is important for general well-being and work performance, it may be important for academics given the cognitive and interactive nature of their work. However, limited research has characterized sleep behaviours and sleep quality in academic staff globally and specifically in South Africa (SA). Further, research shows that academics from different academic ranks and genders differ in their work experiences but less is known about whether these factors affect their sleep and lifestyle factors. Over and above the demands of academic work, the current study was conducted during COVID-19, which saw unprecedented change in workloads for academic staff due to online teaching and learning. Additionally, the pandemic has been associated with poorer sleep quality and lifestyle behaviours in the general population, but very few studies have explored this in the context of academics. Thus, this study aimed to characterize the sleep quality, work and lifestyle factors among academics from a university in the Eastern Cape province of SA and determine the effects of gender and academic rank on these measures. Additionally, the study aimed to determine the impact of COVID-19 on sleep and work-related factors of this group. This study adopted a cross-sectional design and made use of an online questionnaire that was distributed to all academics employed at the institution via email. The data collection occurred over an 8-week testing period between August and September of 2020. The questionnaire explored sociodemographic, work and lifestyle characteristics, while the characteristics of sleep and sleep quality were explored with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Additionally, an open-ended section was included to determine the impact of COVID-19-related changes on sleep and work. The questionnaire responses were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics and the open-ended questions were analyzed with thematic analyses. A total of 84 respondents completed the questionnaire. On average, sleep quality was poor (global score of 7.09 ± 3.8), the reported sleep duration was short (6.41 ± 1.06 hrs) and the group was classified as overweight according to median BMI (26.67 [23.8-2 29.45] kg/m2). Over a third (35.71%) of academic staff reported not meeting physical activity guidelines and reported using screens one hour prior to bed every night during the week (76.19%) and the weekend (67.88%). Staff also worked long total weekly work hours (54.25 ± 11). Female academics had a poorer sleep quality (p = 0.035), spent a longer time in bed (p = 0.04), experienced more bad dreams (p = <0.01), had their last serving of alcohol earlier (p = 0.04) and worked less weekday (p = 0.04) and less total weekly (p = 0.02) hours compared to male academics. Professorship-level academics were significantly older than junior- and senior-level academics (p = <0.01) while senior-level academics had a poorer PSQI compared to professorship-level academics (p = 0.03). The thematic analysis showed that home environment, neighbourhood noise, work and mental health were the main emerging factors that disturbed sleep. The thematic analysis showed that, in relation to the impact of COVID19, sleep schedules changed and sleep duration and sleep quality improved or got worse. Respondents reported their work hours increasing, work schedules becoming less routine while working from home, dealing with the challenges of working online and experiencing worry, stress and anxiety due to the pandemic. The study highlights that, in the context of lockdown and having to work and teach online from home, academics reported poor quality sleep and short sleep duration. Further, on average, the sample reported working extensive hours and unhealthy lifestyle behaviours. The sleep health, nature of work and overall lifestyles of academic staff deserves more research attention, given the importance of their work and the impact that inadequate sleep could have on academics’ health and work performance. Sleep quality was worse for females and mid-career academics, suggesting that their sleep quality may be at greater risk than other sub-groups. However, the reasons for these differences need to be explored in future studies. The findings contribute to the narrative that academe involves numerous demands and supports previous research that has suggested that academics’ sleep is insufficient. Furthermore, COVID-19 had an impact on staff’s sleep, with staff reporting changes in their sleep quality and duration. The pandemic impacted work of academics by presenting novel demands related to online teaching, intensifying demands overall and disrupting work routines. However, future research is needed to understand academics’ sleep behaviours, work and lifestyles, especially in South Africa. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Human Kinetics and Ergonomics, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-04-06
Variables associated with run out opportunities in cricket: coaches’ perceptions versus video analyses of the Indian Premier League 2018/2019 seasons
- Authors: Sholto-Douglas, Robert
- Date: 2022-10-14
- Subjects: Uncatalogued
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/365014 , vital:65670
- Description: The purpose of this investigation was to add a scientific element to the understanding of run out opportunities in T20 (twenty/twenty) formats, which would in turn, provide recommendations to players and coaches around the topic of run outs. Due to a lack of research in this field, the study was two-fold, as there is little research known on this topic. Firstly, surveying experienced coaches on what they would expect to take place during run out opportunities from different areas of the field in a T20 game. Secondly, the study looked at what happened during successful and unsuccessful run outs from different areas of the field in two Indian Premier League (IPL) seasons. The aim of the study was to determine what variables, within an area of fielding, led to a successful or non-successful run out from different zones in the field. Coaches were required to fill out a survey which asked them to give their expectations on run out opportunities during a T20 competition. The data from the questionnaire would be used to gain a greater understanding of the way coaches understand different characteristics of run outs and whether this matched the findings of the second part of this study. The second part of the study investigated run out opportunities in two consecutive IPL seasons, based on video footage, looking at how different variables impacted successful or marginally missed run out opportunities in different areas of the field and at different times of the game. The areas were put into four different zones. Zone 1 being close to the batter, zone 2 being in the inner ring, zone 3 being on the edge of the ring and zone 4 being boundary fielders. Most of the coaches believed that in zone 1 of the field, the bowler would have the most opportunities, where in fact, based on the video footage, these fell to the wicket-keeper. In zone 2 there were a larger range of fielding positions (10) that run outs fell to when analysing video footage. The coaches supported this by often naming the same fielding positions. There was a divide in zone 3. Most run out opportunities from the video footage came to extra cover, where most coaches didn’t believe that would be the case and rather mentioned mid-off and mid-on. When analysing video footage in zone 4, it had two fielding positions (long on and deep mid-wicket) make up the majority of run out chances in this area and these two positions were quoted by most of the coaches as having the most run out opportunities fall to them. Throughout the findings, as concluded from the video footage, there were some results that matched the coaches’ expectation and some results where findings from the video footage differed from the coaches’ expectations. These findings are all useful. Firstly, it validates coaching practices. Secondly, it provides coaches with greater insight as to where they aren’t getting it correct in their fielding training. In conclusion, this study found that although coaches perceptions, for the most part, matched what took place on the field, there were instances where we saw the opposite action take place. This has important practical implications for coaching and practice. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Human Kinetics and Ergonomics, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-10-14
- Authors: Sholto-Douglas, Robert
- Date: 2022-10-14
- Subjects: Uncatalogued
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/365014 , vital:65670
- Description: The purpose of this investigation was to add a scientific element to the understanding of run out opportunities in T20 (twenty/twenty) formats, which would in turn, provide recommendations to players and coaches around the topic of run outs. Due to a lack of research in this field, the study was two-fold, as there is little research known on this topic. Firstly, surveying experienced coaches on what they would expect to take place during run out opportunities from different areas of the field in a T20 game. Secondly, the study looked at what happened during successful and unsuccessful run outs from different areas of the field in two Indian Premier League (IPL) seasons. The aim of the study was to determine what variables, within an area of fielding, led to a successful or non-successful run out from different zones in the field. Coaches were required to fill out a survey which asked them to give their expectations on run out opportunities during a T20 competition. The data from the questionnaire would be used to gain a greater understanding of the way coaches understand different characteristics of run outs and whether this matched the findings of the second part of this study. The second part of the study investigated run out opportunities in two consecutive IPL seasons, based on video footage, looking at how different variables impacted successful or marginally missed run out opportunities in different areas of the field and at different times of the game. The areas were put into four different zones. Zone 1 being close to the batter, zone 2 being in the inner ring, zone 3 being on the edge of the ring and zone 4 being boundary fielders. Most of the coaches believed that in zone 1 of the field, the bowler would have the most opportunities, where in fact, based on the video footage, these fell to the wicket-keeper. In zone 2 there were a larger range of fielding positions (10) that run outs fell to when analysing video footage. The coaches supported this by often naming the same fielding positions. There was a divide in zone 3. Most run out opportunities from the video footage came to extra cover, where most coaches didn’t believe that would be the case and rather mentioned mid-off and mid-on. When analysing video footage in zone 4, it had two fielding positions (long on and deep mid-wicket) make up the majority of run out chances in this area and these two positions were quoted by most of the coaches as having the most run out opportunities fall to them. Throughout the findings, as concluded from the video footage, there were some results that matched the coaches’ expectation and some results where findings from the video footage differed from the coaches’ expectations. These findings are all useful. Firstly, it validates coaching practices. Secondly, it provides coaches with greater insight as to where they aren’t getting it correct in their fielding training. In conclusion, this study found that although coaches perceptions, for the most part, matched what took place on the field, there were instances where we saw the opposite action take place. This has important practical implications for coaching and practice. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Human Kinetics and Ergonomics, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-10-14
The application of human factors and ergonomics (HFE) to community-sport organisations in resource scarce contexts: a case study of grassroots football in Makana, Eastern Cape
- Authors: Bennett, Ryan
- Date: 2021
- Subjects: Makana Local Football Association (South Africa) , Human engineering , Soccer teams -- South Africa -- Makhanda -- Management , Soccer -- Management -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/172412 , vital:42198 , 10.21504/10962/172412
- Description: Background: Modern Human Factors and Ergonomics (HFE) focuses on the optimisation of complex socio-technical systems and has been challenged to contribute to broader societal issues. An example is within grassroots football organisations in resource-scarce areas such as Makana, South Africa. Through embedded participatory approaches, the research problem was co-constructed: To investigate the socio-technical system of the Makana Local Football Association (LFA). Method: A useful complex system modelling tool is that of Cognitive Work Analysis (CWA), with its 5 phases used to identify constraints and affordances. Three perspectives were adopted for the application of an adapted (to suit participant characteristics) CWA to the Makana LFA: 1) how work is prescribed by the governing body SAFA, 2) how subject matter experts (SME) disclose its current functioning, and 3) how SMEs imagine it could function. Five SMEs attended 12 three-hour workshops to complete the latter two perspectives. Results: The composite work domain analysis between work as prescribed and work as disclosed identified significant mismatches between how policymakers envision the system and how SMEs report its functioning. Key differences in perspectives included the fundamental purpose of the Makana LFA, while only four of 22 functions operate within the Makana LFA. Participants also identified key affordances for the LFA such as reorientation as a community sports organisation. Discussion: Comparison between perspectives indicated four mismatches. 1) SAFA views the LFA as the foundation of the talent identification and development infrastructure of South African football. SMEs view it as a community centred organisation. 2) A lack of human capacity is evident at the community level of Makana football. 3) Funding and assets are absent at this grassroots level. 4) The LFA relies on other stakeholders, but these relationships are not formalised. Policymakers, therefore, have a lack of knowledge of the contextual challenges faced by LFA administrators. It is recommended that SAFA view the LFA as a community sport organisation, focusing on improving human capacity, increasing funding, and formalising stakeholder networks. Furthermore, conceptual models from CWA provide explicit socio-technical system redesign recommendations. Conclusion: Large mismatches between the organising body SAFA and the actual functioning of the LFA significantly hinder the effective management and running of football at a grassroots level in resource-scarce contexts in South Africa. The perspectives approach to CWA was useful in elucidating the constraints and affordances of the Makana LFA socio-technical system and informing redesign opportunities. Systems HFE methodology is therefore well placed to contribute to broader societal issues within resources scarce contexts such as football in Makana. Furthermore, the philosophical underpinnings of systems based HFE were successful in the development of sustainable participatory research within the South African grassroots football context.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021
- Authors: Bennett, Ryan
- Date: 2021
- Subjects: Makana Local Football Association (South Africa) , Human engineering , Soccer teams -- South Africa -- Makhanda -- Management , Soccer -- Management -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/172412 , vital:42198 , 10.21504/10962/172412
- Description: Background: Modern Human Factors and Ergonomics (HFE) focuses on the optimisation of complex socio-technical systems and has been challenged to contribute to broader societal issues. An example is within grassroots football organisations in resource-scarce areas such as Makana, South Africa. Through embedded participatory approaches, the research problem was co-constructed: To investigate the socio-technical system of the Makana Local Football Association (LFA). Method: A useful complex system modelling tool is that of Cognitive Work Analysis (CWA), with its 5 phases used to identify constraints and affordances. Three perspectives were adopted for the application of an adapted (to suit participant characteristics) CWA to the Makana LFA: 1) how work is prescribed by the governing body SAFA, 2) how subject matter experts (SME) disclose its current functioning, and 3) how SMEs imagine it could function. Five SMEs attended 12 three-hour workshops to complete the latter two perspectives. Results: The composite work domain analysis between work as prescribed and work as disclosed identified significant mismatches between how policymakers envision the system and how SMEs report its functioning. Key differences in perspectives included the fundamental purpose of the Makana LFA, while only four of 22 functions operate within the Makana LFA. Participants also identified key affordances for the LFA such as reorientation as a community sports organisation. Discussion: Comparison between perspectives indicated four mismatches. 1) SAFA views the LFA as the foundation of the talent identification and development infrastructure of South African football. SMEs view it as a community centred organisation. 2) A lack of human capacity is evident at the community level of Makana football. 3) Funding and assets are absent at this grassroots level. 4) The LFA relies on other stakeholders, but these relationships are not formalised. Policymakers, therefore, have a lack of knowledge of the contextual challenges faced by LFA administrators. It is recommended that SAFA view the LFA as a community sport organisation, focusing on improving human capacity, increasing funding, and formalising stakeholder networks. Furthermore, conceptual models from CWA provide explicit socio-technical system redesign recommendations. Conclusion: Large mismatches between the organising body SAFA and the actual functioning of the LFA significantly hinder the effective management and running of football at a grassroots level in resource-scarce contexts in South Africa. The perspectives approach to CWA was useful in elucidating the constraints and affordances of the Makana LFA socio-technical system and informing redesign opportunities. Systems HFE methodology is therefore well placed to contribute to broader societal issues within resources scarce contexts such as football in Makana. Furthermore, the philosophical underpinnings of systems based HFE were successful in the development of sustainable participatory research within the South African grassroots football context.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021