A best-practice guideline for facilitating adherence to anti-retroviral therapy for persons attending public hospitals in Ghana
- Authors: Agyeman-Yeboah, Joana
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: HIV infections -- Treatment -- Ghana , Health services administration -- Ghana Public health -- Ghana Hospital care -- Ghana
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13603 , vital:27256
- Description: The retention of persons on an HIV programme has been a global challenge. The success of any strategy to optimize adherence to anti-retroviral therapy (ART) depends on the intensive and effective adherence counselling and strategies. It is important to research whether persons receiving anti-retroviral therapy in public hospitals in Ghana are receiving the needed service that would optimize their adherence to the anti-retroviral therapy. Therefore, this study explored and described the experiences of healthcare professionals providing care, support and guidance to persons on ART at public hospitals in Ghana, as well as the best-practice guideline that could contribute to facilitating the ART adherence of patients. This study also explored and described the experiences of persons living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) on ART, regarding their adherence to the therapy. The study was organized into three phases. In Phase One: a qualitative, exploratory, descriptive and contextual design was employed. The research population included healthcare professionals, providing services at the HIV clinic at the public hospitals in Ghana, namely the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital; the 37 Military Hospital and the Ridge Hospital. The healthcare professionals comprised of doctors, nurses, pharmacists and trained counsellors employed in any of the three public hospitals. Persons receiving ART at any of the three public hospitals were also part of the research population. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with healthcare professionals and persons receiving ART. Data were collected from healthcare professionals in relation to their experiences regarding the provision of ART services, their understanding of evidence-based practice and best-practice guidelines, as well as data on the experiences of persons receiving ART in relation to their adherence to the therapy. The data were analysed using Creswell’s six steps of data analysis; and the coding of the data was done according to Tesch’s eight steps of coding. Trustworthiness was ensured by using Lincoln and Guba’s framework which comprised credibility, transferability, dependability, confirmability and authenticity. Ethical principles such as beneficence and non-maleficence, respect for human dignity, justice, veracity, privacy and confidentiality were considered in the study. In phase two, the literature was searched by using an integrative literature review approach and critically appraising the methodological quality of the guidelines in order to identify the best available evidence related to adherence to ART. In Phase Three, a best-practice guideline for facilitating adherence to ART was developed for public hospitals in Ghana based on the findings of the empirical research of Phase One and the integrative literature review in Phase Two. The guideline was submitted to an expert panel for review; and it was modified, according to the recommendations of the panel.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Agyeman-Yeboah, Joana
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: HIV infections -- Treatment -- Ghana , Health services administration -- Ghana Public health -- Ghana Hospital care -- Ghana
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13603 , vital:27256
- Description: The retention of persons on an HIV programme has been a global challenge. The success of any strategy to optimize adherence to anti-retroviral therapy (ART) depends on the intensive and effective adherence counselling and strategies. It is important to research whether persons receiving anti-retroviral therapy in public hospitals in Ghana are receiving the needed service that would optimize their adherence to the anti-retroviral therapy. Therefore, this study explored and described the experiences of healthcare professionals providing care, support and guidance to persons on ART at public hospitals in Ghana, as well as the best-practice guideline that could contribute to facilitating the ART adherence of patients. This study also explored and described the experiences of persons living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) on ART, regarding their adherence to the therapy. The study was organized into three phases. In Phase One: a qualitative, exploratory, descriptive and contextual design was employed. The research population included healthcare professionals, providing services at the HIV clinic at the public hospitals in Ghana, namely the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital; the 37 Military Hospital and the Ridge Hospital. The healthcare professionals comprised of doctors, nurses, pharmacists and trained counsellors employed in any of the three public hospitals. Persons receiving ART at any of the three public hospitals were also part of the research population. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with healthcare professionals and persons receiving ART. Data were collected from healthcare professionals in relation to their experiences regarding the provision of ART services, their understanding of evidence-based practice and best-practice guidelines, as well as data on the experiences of persons receiving ART in relation to their adherence to the therapy. The data were analysed using Creswell’s six steps of data analysis; and the coding of the data was done according to Tesch’s eight steps of coding. Trustworthiness was ensured by using Lincoln and Guba’s framework which comprised credibility, transferability, dependability, confirmability and authenticity. Ethical principles such as beneficence and non-maleficence, respect for human dignity, justice, veracity, privacy and confidentiality were considered in the study. In phase two, the literature was searched by using an integrative literature review approach and critically appraising the methodological quality of the guidelines in order to identify the best available evidence related to adherence to ART. In Phase Three, a best-practice guideline for facilitating adherence to ART was developed for public hospitals in Ghana based on the findings of the empirical research of Phase One and the integrative literature review in Phase Two. The guideline was submitted to an expert panel for review; and it was modified, according to the recommendations of the panel.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
A national strategy towards cultivating a cybersecurity culture in South Africa
- Authors: Gcaza, Noluxolo
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Computer networks -- Security measures , Cyberspace -- Security measures Computer security -- South Africa Subculture -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13735 , vital:27303
- Description: In modern society, cyberspace is interwoven into the daily lives of many. Cyberspace is increasingly redefining how people communicate as well as gain access to and share information. Technology has transformed the way the business world operates by introducing new ways of trading goods and services whilst bolstering traditional business methods. It has also altered the way nations govern. Thus individuals, organisations and nations are relying on this technology to perform significant functions. Alongside the positive innovations afforded by cyberspace, however, those who use it are exposed to a variety of risks. Cyberspace is beset by criminal activities such as cybercrime, fraud, identity theft to name but a few. Nonetheless, the negative impact of these cyber threats does not outweigh the advantages of cyberspace. In light of such threats, there is a call for all entities that reap the benefits of online services to institute cybersecurity. As such, cybersecurity is a necessity for individuals, organisations and nations alike. In practice, cybersecurity focuses on preventing and mitigating certain security risks that might compromise the security of relevant assets. For a long time, technology-centred measures have been deemed the most significant solution for mitigating such risks. However, after a legacy of unsuccessful technological efforts, it became clear that such solutions in isolation are insufficient to mitigate all cyber-related risks. This is mainly due to the role that humans play in the security process, that is, the human factor. In isolation, technology-centred measures tend to fail to counter the human factor because of the perception among many users that security measures are an obstacle and consequently a waste of time. This user perception can be credited to the perceived difficulty of the security measure, as well as apparent mistrust and misinterpretation of the measure. Hence, cybersecurity necessitates the development of a solution that encourages acceptable user behaviour in the reality of cyberspace. The cultivation of a cybersecurity culture is thus regarded as the best approach for addressing the human factors that weaken the cybersecurity chain. While the role of culture in pursuing cybersecurity is well appreciated, research focusing on defining and measuring cybersecurity culture is still in its infancy. Furthermore, studies have shown that there are no widely accepted key concepts that delimit a cybersecurity culture. However, the notion that such a culture is not well-delineated has not prevented national governments from pursuing a culture in which all citizens behave in a way that promotes cybersecurity. As a result, many countries now offer national cybersecurity campaigns to foster a culture of cybersecurity at a national level. South Africa is among the nations that have identified cultivating a culture of cybersecurity as a strategic priority. However, there is an apparent lack of a practical plan to cultivate such a cybersecurity culture in South Africa. Thus, this study sought firstly to confirm from the existing body of knowledge that cybersecurity culture is indeed ill-defined and, secondly, to delineate what constitutes a national cybersecurity culture. Finally, and primarily, it sought to devise a national strategy that would assist SA in fulfilling its objective of cultivating a culture of cybersecurity on a national level.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Gcaza, Noluxolo
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Computer networks -- Security measures , Cyberspace -- Security measures Computer security -- South Africa Subculture -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13735 , vital:27303
- Description: In modern society, cyberspace is interwoven into the daily lives of many. Cyberspace is increasingly redefining how people communicate as well as gain access to and share information. Technology has transformed the way the business world operates by introducing new ways of trading goods and services whilst bolstering traditional business methods. It has also altered the way nations govern. Thus individuals, organisations and nations are relying on this technology to perform significant functions. Alongside the positive innovations afforded by cyberspace, however, those who use it are exposed to a variety of risks. Cyberspace is beset by criminal activities such as cybercrime, fraud, identity theft to name but a few. Nonetheless, the negative impact of these cyber threats does not outweigh the advantages of cyberspace. In light of such threats, there is a call for all entities that reap the benefits of online services to institute cybersecurity. As such, cybersecurity is a necessity for individuals, organisations and nations alike. In practice, cybersecurity focuses on preventing and mitigating certain security risks that might compromise the security of relevant assets. For a long time, technology-centred measures have been deemed the most significant solution for mitigating such risks. However, after a legacy of unsuccessful technological efforts, it became clear that such solutions in isolation are insufficient to mitigate all cyber-related risks. This is mainly due to the role that humans play in the security process, that is, the human factor. In isolation, technology-centred measures tend to fail to counter the human factor because of the perception among many users that security measures are an obstacle and consequently a waste of time. This user perception can be credited to the perceived difficulty of the security measure, as well as apparent mistrust and misinterpretation of the measure. Hence, cybersecurity necessitates the development of a solution that encourages acceptable user behaviour in the reality of cyberspace. The cultivation of a cybersecurity culture is thus regarded as the best approach for addressing the human factors that weaken the cybersecurity chain. While the role of culture in pursuing cybersecurity is well appreciated, research focusing on defining and measuring cybersecurity culture is still in its infancy. Furthermore, studies have shown that there are no widely accepted key concepts that delimit a cybersecurity culture. However, the notion that such a culture is not well-delineated has not prevented national governments from pursuing a culture in which all citizens behave in a way that promotes cybersecurity. As a result, many countries now offer national cybersecurity campaigns to foster a culture of cybersecurity at a national level. South Africa is among the nations that have identified cultivating a culture of cybersecurity as a strategic priority. However, there is an apparent lack of a practical plan to cultivate such a cybersecurity culture in South Africa. Thus, this study sought firstly to confirm from the existing body of knowledge that cybersecurity culture is indeed ill-defined and, secondly, to delineate what constitutes a national cybersecurity culture. Finally, and primarily, it sought to devise a national strategy that would assist SA in fulfilling its objective of cultivating a culture of cybersecurity on a national level.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
An experimental study of self-regulated learning with mathematically gifted pupils in Nigerian primary schools
- Authors: Zaram, Gyang Nyam
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Mathematics -- Study and teaching (Elementary) -- Nigeria , Numeracy -- Study and teaching (Elementary) -- Nigeria Gifted children -- Education -- Curricula Gifted children -- Nigeria
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13381 , vital:27180
- Description: The purpose of this study was to determine whether gifted pupils can master an enriched advanced level curriculum in mathematics using self-regulated learning strategies. A mathematics curriculum for class five primary school learners in Nigeria was developed for this study. An empirical study was conducted on primary five pupils who were seen to be significantly gifted in mathematics. The study employed the quantitative method of research, that is, the true experimental research. The pre-test, post-test control group design was used. Sixty gifted pupils who participated in a mathematics enrichment programme (MEP) were assigned into two groups of the control group and experimental group with thirty pupils forming each group. The control group was exposed to direct teaching (DT) while the experimental group used self-regulated learning (SRL) strategies. Four teachers served as facilitators in the MEP. The teaching and learning activities were carried out at a higher cognitive level as opposed to the regular curriculum, ensuring that the contents of the MEP were enriched and accelerated. Pupils in both the experimental group and the control group were administered a pre-test, problem-solving exercises, and post-test. These pupils also completed an attitudinal questionnaire to provide feedback about the MEP. The empirical results show that gifted pupils in primary five are capable of self-regulating their own learning through self-monitoring, self-evaluation, and self-reinforcement. The empirical results also show that there is a significant relationship between self-regulated learning, gifted learners, and an enriched advanced level differentiated curriculum as a realistic alternative to the present regular curriculum for gifted pupils in the mainstream of education. The findings further show that the lack of differentiation of instruction, lack of facilities such as libraries, media centres, and support materials contributes to low achievement of gifted pupils. Furthermore, the findings show that pupils were challenged and motivated with the MEP to the extent that they were engaged to think divergently and applied their metacognitive skills in finding solutions to mathematical problems. Therefore, the findings of this study could have significant implications for the future direction of gifted primary school education as well as teacher education. This study has made a significant contribution to the existing body of knowledge for implementing an enriched advanced level curriculum using SRL strategies for mathematically gifted pupils in the mainstream of primary school education.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Zaram, Gyang Nyam
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Mathematics -- Study and teaching (Elementary) -- Nigeria , Numeracy -- Study and teaching (Elementary) -- Nigeria Gifted children -- Education -- Curricula Gifted children -- Nigeria
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13381 , vital:27180
- Description: The purpose of this study was to determine whether gifted pupils can master an enriched advanced level curriculum in mathematics using self-regulated learning strategies. A mathematics curriculum for class five primary school learners in Nigeria was developed for this study. An empirical study was conducted on primary five pupils who were seen to be significantly gifted in mathematics. The study employed the quantitative method of research, that is, the true experimental research. The pre-test, post-test control group design was used. Sixty gifted pupils who participated in a mathematics enrichment programme (MEP) were assigned into two groups of the control group and experimental group with thirty pupils forming each group. The control group was exposed to direct teaching (DT) while the experimental group used self-regulated learning (SRL) strategies. Four teachers served as facilitators in the MEP. The teaching and learning activities were carried out at a higher cognitive level as opposed to the regular curriculum, ensuring that the contents of the MEP were enriched and accelerated. Pupils in both the experimental group and the control group were administered a pre-test, problem-solving exercises, and post-test. These pupils also completed an attitudinal questionnaire to provide feedback about the MEP. The empirical results show that gifted pupils in primary five are capable of self-regulating their own learning through self-monitoring, self-evaluation, and self-reinforcement. The empirical results also show that there is a significant relationship between self-regulated learning, gifted learners, and an enriched advanced level differentiated curriculum as a realistic alternative to the present regular curriculum for gifted pupils in the mainstream of education. The findings further show that the lack of differentiation of instruction, lack of facilities such as libraries, media centres, and support materials contributes to low achievement of gifted pupils. Furthermore, the findings show that pupils were challenged and motivated with the MEP to the extent that they were engaged to think divergently and applied their metacognitive skills in finding solutions to mathematical problems. Therefore, the findings of this study could have significant implications for the future direction of gifted primary school education as well as teacher education. This study has made a significant contribution to the existing body of knowledge for implementing an enriched advanced level curriculum using SRL strategies for mathematically gifted pupils in the mainstream of primary school education.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Best practice guideline for the nursing management of women with gestational diabetes mellitus in military health institutions in Ghana
- Authors: Mensah, Gwendolyn Patience
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Diabetes in pregnancy -- Ghana , Diabetics -- Treatment -- Ghana Nursing services -- Ghana -- Administration Public health -- Ghana
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/14036 , vital:27409
- Description: Pregnancy is a normal physiological process for the majority of women. These women, their families and significant others normally expect a successful period of pregnancy, labour, delivery and arrival of a normal and healthy baby. However, some of these pregnant women may develop Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) during this period and if not managed properly, the mother and the foetus in utero are affected in a negative way: there is a likelihood of the mother and baby developing Type 2 Diabetes in the future and also, other risks such as preterm labour, and foetal macrosomia. In order to prevent such occurrences, I set out to develop a best practice guideline for the nursing management of GDM in military health institutions in Ghana in order to help enhance nursing care. The design for this research was qualitative, explorative, descriptive and contextual in nature. The research is organised in three phases: Phase one deals with the data analysis and discussion of the interviews with professional nurses and midwives and women with a history of GDM. The data collected from the interviews were transcribed, analysed and extracted with Tesch’s eight steps of coding used for the coding. The services of an independent coder were employed to assist with the coding process which led to the formulation of key themes. Semi-structured individual interviews provided a means of exploring the perceptions of professional nurses and midwives on the nursing management of GDM: in addition, women with a history of GDM were interviewed so as to elicit their views on the management they had experienced from professional nurses and midwives before and after being diagnosed with GDM. The trustworthiness of the study was ensured by conforming to Lincoln and Guba’s framework of credibility, transferability, dependability, confirmability and authenticity. An independent coder assisted with the coding process. Phase two deals with the Integrative literature review of available evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for the nursing management of GDM. Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines were searched and appraised with assistance from an independent appraiser and themes were then formulated. In Phase three, the themes from Phase one and Phase two were integrated for the development of a draft best practice guideline for the nursing management of GDM in military health institutions in Ghana. The draft guideline was given to an expert panel of reviewers for their comments and recommendations. These were considered in the development of the final best practice guideline for the nursing management of GDM.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Mensah, Gwendolyn Patience
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Diabetes in pregnancy -- Ghana , Diabetics -- Treatment -- Ghana Nursing services -- Ghana -- Administration Public health -- Ghana
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/14036 , vital:27409
- Description: Pregnancy is a normal physiological process for the majority of women. These women, their families and significant others normally expect a successful period of pregnancy, labour, delivery and arrival of a normal and healthy baby. However, some of these pregnant women may develop Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) during this period and if not managed properly, the mother and the foetus in utero are affected in a negative way: there is a likelihood of the mother and baby developing Type 2 Diabetes in the future and also, other risks such as preterm labour, and foetal macrosomia. In order to prevent such occurrences, I set out to develop a best practice guideline for the nursing management of GDM in military health institutions in Ghana in order to help enhance nursing care. The design for this research was qualitative, explorative, descriptive and contextual in nature. The research is organised in three phases: Phase one deals with the data analysis and discussion of the interviews with professional nurses and midwives and women with a history of GDM. The data collected from the interviews were transcribed, analysed and extracted with Tesch’s eight steps of coding used for the coding. The services of an independent coder were employed to assist with the coding process which led to the formulation of key themes. Semi-structured individual interviews provided a means of exploring the perceptions of professional nurses and midwives on the nursing management of GDM: in addition, women with a history of GDM were interviewed so as to elicit their views on the management they had experienced from professional nurses and midwives before and after being diagnosed with GDM. The trustworthiness of the study was ensured by conforming to Lincoln and Guba’s framework of credibility, transferability, dependability, confirmability and authenticity. An independent coder assisted with the coding process. Phase two deals with the Integrative literature review of available evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for the nursing management of GDM. Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines were searched and appraised with assistance from an independent appraiser and themes were then formulated. In Phase three, the themes from Phase one and Phase two were integrated for the development of a draft best practice guideline for the nursing management of GDM in military health institutions in Ghana. The draft guideline was given to an expert panel of reviewers for their comments and recommendations. These were considered in the development of the final best practice guideline for the nursing management of GDM.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Evaluating the development potential of extractive sector corporate social investments in Cameroon: Case of the oil & gas and mining sub sectors
- Jong, Yungong Theophilus, Cherry, Janet
- Authors: Jong, Yungong Theophilus , Cherry, Janet
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Social responsibility of business -- Cameroon , Business ethics -- Cameroon Gold mines and mining -- Social aspects -- Cameroon Petroleum industry and trade -- Cameroon -- Finance
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13370 , vital:27179
- Description: This study set out to evaluate the development potential of extractive sector corporate social investments (CSI) in Cameroon. It does this by evaluating the extent to which extractive companies effectively integrate CSI in their business operations and how this can be improved upon for more effective development outcomes in the country. The study premises that CSI can contribute to development but its activities will not always amount to just, balanced and sustainable development outcomes. To understand the extent to which it does, this study develops and applies a framework for determining the applicability and effectiveness of extractive sector CSI practices. The research followed an interpretivist philosophical orientation. A case study research strategy with the elements of a survey research was used. It also implemented a mixed research methods approach and relied on both primary and secondary data sources. The CSI evaluation process used documentary survey techniques and content analysis of corporate social responsibility-related documentation provided by extractive companies and other sector stakeholders. This was triangulated with an expert survey as well as a survey of major development organisations to understand the opinion of the external environment that should shape CSI practices. Results were analysed, discussed and synthesised using the front-end, mid-phase and back-end criteria for evaluating CSI integration. Findings show significant level of adherence to the discretionary idea of CSI among extractive firms working in Cameroon. This is due partly to growing social responsibility awareness among extractive firms around the world and the consequence of inaction. The greater majority of companies however, do not show strong proof of well thought out CSI implementation strategies. The feeling among experts is that extractive sector CSI in Cameroon is failing. It is predominantly self-regulated by extractive companies which raise questions regarding objective and credible CSI practices. The study concludes that CSI has been implemented in ad-hoc, haphazard and un-systematic ways. It has a viable potential to contribute to development but still suffers from a very weak CSI enabling environment as well as the challenges of sustainable development. Extractive sector CSI therefore, still needs to be significantly reworked to enhance its potential in contributing to just, balanced and sustainable development in Cameroon. It is recommended that an enabling environment be put in place through CSI promotional activities in the country.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Jong, Yungong Theophilus , Cherry, Janet
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Social responsibility of business -- Cameroon , Business ethics -- Cameroon Gold mines and mining -- Social aspects -- Cameroon Petroleum industry and trade -- Cameroon -- Finance
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13370 , vital:27179
- Description: This study set out to evaluate the development potential of extractive sector corporate social investments (CSI) in Cameroon. It does this by evaluating the extent to which extractive companies effectively integrate CSI in their business operations and how this can be improved upon for more effective development outcomes in the country. The study premises that CSI can contribute to development but its activities will not always amount to just, balanced and sustainable development outcomes. To understand the extent to which it does, this study develops and applies a framework for determining the applicability and effectiveness of extractive sector CSI practices. The research followed an interpretivist philosophical orientation. A case study research strategy with the elements of a survey research was used. It also implemented a mixed research methods approach and relied on both primary and secondary data sources. The CSI evaluation process used documentary survey techniques and content analysis of corporate social responsibility-related documentation provided by extractive companies and other sector stakeholders. This was triangulated with an expert survey as well as a survey of major development organisations to understand the opinion of the external environment that should shape CSI practices. Results were analysed, discussed and synthesised using the front-end, mid-phase and back-end criteria for evaluating CSI integration. Findings show significant level of adherence to the discretionary idea of CSI among extractive firms working in Cameroon. This is due partly to growing social responsibility awareness among extractive firms around the world and the consequence of inaction. The greater majority of companies however, do not show strong proof of well thought out CSI implementation strategies. The feeling among experts is that extractive sector CSI in Cameroon is failing. It is predominantly self-regulated by extractive companies which raise questions regarding objective and credible CSI practices. The study concludes that CSI has been implemented in ad-hoc, haphazard and un-systematic ways. It has a viable potential to contribute to development but still suffers from a very weak CSI enabling environment as well as the challenges of sustainable development. Extractive sector CSI therefore, still needs to be significantly reworked to enhance its potential in contributing to just, balanced and sustainable development in Cameroon. It is recommended that an enabling environment be put in place through CSI promotional activities in the country.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Fans of film franchises - the online alien universe: a study of online participation as a catalyst for fan-created objects that expand the film universe
- Vermaak, Janelle Leigh, Moodley, Subeshini
- Authors: Vermaak, Janelle Leigh , Moodley, Subeshini
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Motion picture audiences Fans (Persons) Motion picture industry
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13938 , vital:27359
- Description: This thesis will analyse the ways in which fan participation and creation in online communities extends the film world beyond the film object, and the extent to which fandom influences identity within the fan group. The study will seek to determine the ways in which fans become part of the franchise through online engagement, as well as the manner in which they appropriate the franchise identity through their creations. The central hypothesis of the study is that online participation and creation amplifies fan connection with the film franchise, and increases the sense of identification with the world and characters of the films. By being or becoming fans, and engaging with other fans in online and real spaces, they are joining a larger community of people who seem to have blurred the lines between fiction and reality by engaging in a fictional, virtual space as a source of real personal entertainment, based on an anchor media product. This appropriation is enabled through digital communities which expand and extend the reach of fan interaction and further develop the identity of the individual as ‘fan’. Thus, the study will reflect on the implications of fan engagement with the film franchise in the digital space.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Vermaak, Janelle Leigh , Moodley, Subeshini
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Motion picture audiences Fans (Persons) Motion picture industry
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13938 , vital:27359
- Description: This thesis will analyse the ways in which fan participation and creation in online communities extends the film world beyond the film object, and the extent to which fandom influences identity within the fan group. The study will seek to determine the ways in which fans become part of the franchise through online engagement, as well as the manner in which they appropriate the franchise identity through their creations. The central hypothesis of the study is that online participation and creation amplifies fan connection with the film franchise, and increases the sense of identification with the world and characters of the films. By being or becoming fans, and engaging with other fans in online and real spaces, they are joining a larger community of people who seem to have blurred the lines between fiction and reality by engaging in a fictional, virtual space as a source of real personal entertainment, based on an anchor media product. This appropriation is enabled through digital communities which expand and extend the reach of fan interaction and further develop the identity of the individual as ‘fan’. Thus, the study will reflect on the implications of fan engagement with the film franchise in the digital space.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Financing sustainable cities in South Africa
- Authors: Ducie, Gregory Justin
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Sustainable development -- South Africa , Cities and towns -- South Africa -- Economic conditions Finance -- South Africa Developing countries -- Economic conditions
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/15577 , vital:28273
- Description: Although directives exist with respect to promoting sustainable development, financial strategies to cater for collective sustainable development, along with an increasing population, need to be formulated relevant to metropolitan and urban areas. This study determined the infrastructure investment basis of a sustainable city to investigate various funding mechanisms resulting in the design of a model for the financing of sustainable cities. For the study, first the various infrastructure investment alternatives were established from the literature, and thirteen themes and their relevant interventions were identified. Tangible and intangible methods of assessment were then identified as ways to calculate the acceptability of an intervention. A case study based on a hypothetical city was developed to determine the infrastructure investment base. Initially, only one intervention of a theme was populated and then confirmed by city development experts. Thereafter, all the themes were populated, and the acceptability of the interventions were determined. This provided an overview of the investment base of a sustainable city. The investment base facilitated deriving applicable tools and instruments to finance it. As a result, possible finance alternatives were derived for each of the identified themes. Although most of the financing of sustainable cities revolved around public sector finance, the private sector also played an important role for the financing of sustainable cities. Based on the investment base for sustainable cities and the resultant financing thereof, a model for the financing of sustainable cities was developed. The model consisted of four components. Firstly, the model included an application of financing tools and instruments relevant to the identified themes of sustainable city development. Secondly, the model included the application of financing tools and instruments with respect to an immediate interventionist focus, a facilitative focus, a gradual intervention and an enabling intervention. Thirdly, the model included financing tools and instrument types in terms of incentive, opportunity, punitive and mandatory interventions. Fourthly, the model included the application of financing tools and instruments with respect to scale in terms of a city-wide application, sector-wide application, urban application or suburban application. In addition, the model included the application of financing tools and instruments and their relation to addressing poverty within the city context. Although the public sector will always remain the key initiator behind infrastructure development, various mechanisms of financing, along with applicable financing partners and the basis of investment, are required to address future sustainable cities. This study may potentially form the basis of that platform.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Ducie, Gregory Justin
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Sustainable development -- South Africa , Cities and towns -- South Africa -- Economic conditions Finance -- South Africa Developing countries -- Economic conditions
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/15577 , vital:28273
- Description: Although directives exist with respect to promoting sustainable development, financial strategies to cater for collective sustainable development, along with an increasing population, need to be formulated relevant to metropolitan and urban areas. This study determined the infrastructure investment basis of a sustainable city to investigate various funding mechanisms resulting in the design of a model for the financing of sustainable cities. For the study, first the various infrastructure investment alternatives were established from the literature, and thirteen themes and their relevant interventions were identified. Tangible and intangible methods of assessment were then identified as ways to calculate the acceptability of an intervention. A case study based on a hypothetical city was developed to determine the infrastructure investment base. Initially, only one intervention of a theme was populated and then confirmed by city development experts. Thereafter, all the themes were populated, and the acceptability of the interventions were determined. This provided an overview of the investment base of a sustainable city. The investment base facilitated deriving applicable tools and instruments to finance it. As a result, possible finance alternatives were derived for each of the identified themes. Although most of the financing of sustainable cities revolved around public sector finance, the private sector also played an important role for the financing of sustainable cities. Based on the investment base for sustainable cities and the resultant financing thereof, a model for the financing of sustainable cities was developed. The model consisted of four components. Firstly, the model included an application of financing tools and instruments relevant to the identified themes of sustainable city development. Secondly, the model included the application of financing tools and instruments with respect to an immediate interventionist focus, a facilitative focus, a gradual intervention and an enabling intervention. Thirdly, the model included financing tools and instrument types in terms of incentive, opportunity, punitive and mandatory interventions. Fourthly, the model included the application of financing tools and instruments with respect to scale in terms of a city-wide application, sector-wide application, urban application or suburban application. In addition, the model included the application of financing tools and instruments and their relation to addressing poverty within the city context. Although the public sector will always remain the key initiator behind infrastructure development, various mechanisms of financing, along with applicable financing partners and the basis of investment, are required to address future sustainable cities. This study may potentially form the basis of that platform.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Freshwater invertebrate assemblages of the Eastern Cape Karoo region (South Africa) earmarked for shale gas exploration
- Authors: Mabidi, Annah
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Invertebrates -- South Africa -- Karoo , Shale gas -- Conservation -- South Africa -- Karoo Freshwater animals -- South Africa -- Karoo Stream ecology -- South Africa -- Karoo
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13713 , vital:27301
- Description: The Eastern Cape Karoo region is semi-arid with highly variable rainfall. This variability in rainfall sustains a mosaic of surface freshwater bodies that range from permanently to temporarily inundated. These waterbodies provide habitats for diverse invertebrate assemblages. The imminent hydraulic fracturing for shale gas has a potential to modify the water regime, with particular risk of salinisation. Accumulation of salts in freshwater wetlands results in loss of biodiversity, as invertebrate species shift from salt intolerant to salt tolerant species. This study therefore aims to expand on existing knowledge and provide new information on the distribution, diversity and structure of macroinvertebrate assemblages associated with various freshwater bodies in the region prior to shale gas exploration. Limnological and ecological aspects of thirty-three waterbodies (rivers, dams and depression wetlands) were investigated between November 2014 and March 2016. An experimental study on the effects of salinity on hatching success of branchiopod resting eggs was also included in the research. Rivers were characterised by high conductivity and depression wetlands by high turbidity, while dams had relatively higher pH than the other two waterbody types. In terms of global phosphorus interpretation guidelines, the results indicate that freshwater systems in the study region are predominantly eutrophic, indicating that agricultural run-off, particularly from livestock dung (goats, cattle and sheep), is an important source of phosphorus in the freshwater systems studied. Our results revealed new distribution records for branchiopod crustaceans in the Eastern Cape region, including the first record of Laevicaudata. Results showed that the sampled variables were unable to explain the variation in physicochemistry and invertebrate assemblage of several sites. Waterbody type, whether a depression wetland or a river, was the only factor that consistently showed an effect on the composition of both physicochemical data and invertebrate data. Depression wetlands ranged from completely bare to being extensively covered by macrophytes. Therefore, the effect of macrophyte cover in structuring macroinvertebrate assemblages was the focus of further investigation. The results indicated that the macrophyte cover gradient had little influence on the structure of the invertebrate assemblages in the depression wetlands, while only the presence/absence of vegetation significantly influenced the structure of the invertebrate assemblages in these systems. Surface area, dissolved inorganic nitrogen and pelagic chlorophyll-a were the environmental variables that best explained the variation in the macroinvertebrate assemblages among the sites. However, the differences in macroinvertebrate richness, abundance and distribution patterns among sites were only weakly influenced by local and regional environmental factors. These findings suggest that invertebrate in temporary wetland systems are adapted to the highly variable nature of temporary habitats, thus the influence of local variables is negligible. Results of the experimental study, on the effect of salinity on hatching success of branchiopod resting eggs, revealed that hatchling abundance and diversity of large branchiopods was significantly reduced at salinities of 2.5 g L−1 and above. Salt-tolerant taxa such as Copepoda and Ostracoda were the only ones to emerge in the highest salinity of 10 g L−1. Thus, should the region continue to experience increasing aridity and possible shale gas development, which all aggravate the salinisation problem, severe loss of branchiopod diversity (Anostraca, Laevicaudata, Spinicaudata and Notostraca) is likely to occur. This may lead to considerable decline in invertebrate diversity in the region, with cascading effects on food webs and ecosystem functions. The findings of this study can potentially be used in comparative studies on wetland invertebrate ecology in other semi-arid regions and in the formulation of policy and strategies for biodiversity conservation.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Mabidi, Annah
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Invertebrates -- South Africa -- Karoo , Shale gas -- Conservation -- South Africa -- Karoo Freshwater animals -- South Africa -- Karoo Stream ecology -- South Africa -- Karoo
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13713 , vital:27301
- Description: The Eastern Cape Karoo region is semi-arid with highly variable rainfall. This variability in rainfall sustains a mosaic of surface freshwater bodies that range from permanently to temporarily inundated. These waterbodies provide habitats for diverse invertebrate assemblages. The imminent hydraulic fracturing for shale gas has a potential to modify the water regime, with particular risk of salinisation. Accumulation of salts in freshwater wetlands results in loss of biodiversity, as invertebrate species shift from salt intolerant to salt tolerant species. This study therefore aims to expand on existing knowledge and provide new information on the distribution, diversity and structure of macroinvertebrate assemblages associated with various freshwater bodies in the region prior to shale gas exploration. Limnological and ecological aspects of thirty-three waterbodies (rivers, dams and depression wetlands) were investigated between November 2014 and March 2016. An experimental study on the effects of salinity on hatching success of branchiopod resting eggs was also included in the research. Rivers were characterised by high conductivity and depression wetlands by high turbidity, while dams had relatively higher pH than the other two waterbody types. In terms of global phosphorus interpretation guidelines, the results indicate that freshwater systems in the study region are predominantly eutrophic, indicating that agricultural run-off, particularly from livestock dung (goats, cattle and sheep), is an important source of phosphorus in the freshwater systems studied. Our results revealed new distribution records for branchiopod crustaceans in the Eastern Cape region, including the first record of Laevicaudata. Results showed that the sampled variables were unable to explain the variation in physicochemistry and invertebrate assemblage of several sites. Waterbody type, whether a depression wetland or a river, was the only factor that consistently showed an effect on the composition of both physicochemical data and invertebrate data. Depression wetlands ranged from completely bare to being extensively covered by macrophytes. Therefore, the effect of macrophyte cover in structuring macroinvertebrate assemblages was the focus of further investigation. The results indicated that the macrophyte cover gradient had little influence on the structure of the invertebrate assemblages in the depression wetlands, while only the presence/absence of vegetation significantly influenced the structure of the invertebrate assemblages in these systems. Surface area, dissolved inorganic nitrogen and pelagic chlorophyll-a were the environmental variables that best explained the variation in the macroinvertebrate assemblages among the sites. However, the differences in macroinvertebrate richness, abundance and distribution patterns among sites were only weakly influenced by local and regional environmental factors. These findings suggest that invertebrate in temporary wetland systems are adapted to the highly variable nature of temporary habitats, thus the influence of local variables is negligible. Results of the experimental study, on the effect of salinity on hatching success of branchiopod resting eggs, revealed that hatchling abundance and diversity of large branchiopods was significantly reduced at salinities of 2.5 g L−1 and above. Salt-tolerant taxa such as Copepoda and Ostracoda were the only ones to emerge in the highest salinity of 10 g L−1. Thus, should the region continue to experience increasing aridity and possible shale gas development, which all aggravate the salinisation problem, severe loss of branchiopod diversity (Anostraca, Laevicaudata, Spinicaudata and Notostraca) is likely to occur. This may lead to considerable decline in invertebrate diversity in the region, with cascading effects on food webs and ecosystem functions. The findings of this study can potentially be used in comparative studies on wetland invertebrate ecology in other semi-arid regions and in the formulation of policy and strategies for biodiversity conservation.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
The adoption of employee share ownership plans (ESOPs) in Nigeria
- Authors: Akponah, Voke Blessing
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Employee ownership -- Nigeria , Profit-sharing -- Nigeria Management -- Employee participation -- Nigeria Nigeria -- Economic aspects
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13834 , vital:27312
- Description: This study investigated the factors that influence the adoption of ESOPs in Nigeria. Furthermore, the study investigated the influence of the adoption of ESOPs on organisational performance, employee retention and employee commitment. The study results reveal that trade union responsiveness, reforms, awareness of employee benefits and taxation implication positively influence the adoption of ESOPs based on transparency. The results in this study further reveal that trade union responsiveness, takeovers, reforms, awareness of employee benefits and taxation implication effectively influence the adoption of ESOPs based on two-way communication. In addition, the study results reveal that trade union responsiveness, takeovers, reforms, awareness of employee benefits and trust positively influence the adoption of ESOPs based on empowerment. The study further reveals that adoption of ESOPs based on transparency, two-way communication and empowerment leads to organisational performance, employee retention and employee commitment. This study, being the first of its kind in Nigeria, filled the gap that existed in the Nigerian literature in respect of the awareness and adoption of ESOPs. This study provides literature and theoretical model that can be used as a foundation by organisations and the government to start up the adoption of ESOPs. This study showed that ESOPs is beneficial to boost the economy, enhance desired organisational outcomes (organisational performance, employee retention and employee commitment) and meet the financial and retirement needs of employees. However, for organisations and employees to enjoy the full benefits of ESOPs, underlying forces such as, trade union responsiveness, takeovers, reforms, awareness of employee benefits, trusts and taxation implication must be taken into account. Furthermore, the adoption, implementation and operations of ESOPs will be successful management, trade union leaders and employees utilise strategies such as, transparency, two-way communication and empowerment.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Akponah, Voke Blessing
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Employee ownership -- Nigeria , Profit-sharing -- Nigeria Management -- Employee participation -- Nigeria Nigeria -- Economic aspects
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13834 , vital:27312
- Description: This study investigated the factors that influence the adoption of ESOPs in Nigeria. Furthermore, the study investigated the influence of the adoption of ESOPs on organisational performance, employee retention and employee commitment. The study results reveal that trade union responsiveness, reforms, awareness of employee benefits and taxation implication positively influence the adoption of ESOPs based on transparency. The results in this study further reveal that trade union responsiveness, takeovers, reforms, awareness of employee benefits and taxation implication effectively influence the adoption of ESOPs based on two-way communication. In addition, the study results reveal that trade union responsiveness, takeovers, reforms, awareness of employee benefits and trust positively influence the adoption of ESOPs based on empowerment. The study further reveals that adoption of ESOPs based on transparency, two-way communication and empowerment leads to organisational performance, employee retention and employee commitment. This study, being the first of its kind in Nigeria, filled the gap that existed in the Nigerian literature in respect of the awareness and adoption of ESOPs. This study provides literature and theoretical model that can be used as a foundation by organisations and the government to start up the adoption of ESOPs. This study showed that ESOPs is beneficial to boost the economy, enhance desired organisational outcomes (organisational performance, employee retention and employee commitment) and meet the financial and retirement needs of employees. However, for organisations and employees to enjoy the full benefits of ESOPs, underlying forces such as, trade union responsiveness, takeovers, reforms, awareness of employee benefits, trusts and taxation implication must be taken into account. Furthermore, the adoption, implementation and operations of ESOPs will be successful management, trade union leaders and employees utilise strategies such as, transparency, two-way communication and empowerment.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
The influence of diversity management initiatives on business and social outcomes in South African businesses
- Authors: Webber, Zwelibanzi Samson
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Diversity in the workplace -- South Africa , Organizational change -- South Africa Social change -- South Africa Management -- Social aspects -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13524 , vital:27217
- Description: Diversity management is of strategic importance in all organisations throughout the world. Its importance is derived from the belief that workplaces by nature consist of diverse employees, who in one way or another are different in terms of race, gender, religion, or any other difference that may have an impact on the business and its employees. The differences among people need to be managed. This study investigated the influence of diversity management initiatives on business and social outcomes in South African businesses. Literature reviews on diversity management and multicultural education in various parts of the world have revealed an impact on the influence of diversity management initiatives on business and social outcomes. However, existing South African literature on diversity management does not conclusively expose the effects of diversity management on business and social outcomes, hence the need for this study. The study was based on a conceptual framework, which included variables on diversity management initiatives, diversity management models, institutional development theory and business and social outcomes. Hypotheses for the study were also developed and tested. In testing the hypotheses, the empirical data collected was subjected to a series of statistical tests, using STATISTICA version 13. MANOVA tests were conducted to determine the existence of differences among variables and the extent to which the variables differed was measured by means of ANOVA tests. Tukey post hoc tests (Tukey HSD) were used to determine practical significance among variables. The study was also subjected to Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient analysis tests to ascertain the existence of relationships between all diversity management initiatives and business and social outcome factors. The analysis was concluded by conducting an exploratory factor analysis. An exploratory factor analysis was conducted to confirm or reduce the number of factors and the number of factors was subsequently reduced. A Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient test was also done for the extracted factors, after which a regressions analysis test was conducted to confirm the existence of relationships between the extracted diversity management initiatives factors and business and social outcomes factors. This formed the basis for the development of a proposed diversity management model. The model of the implementation of diversity management initiatives is an important contribution to the study because it shows the different aspects that guide the process of implementation. The model is based on the implementation of a formal diversity management change strategy and programme of action; employment equity plan and strategy; and the recruitment and empowerment of women and people living with disabilities. The study was not without limitations. Challenges with regard to access to respondents were experienced and this was one of the delays in data collection. Another challenge experienced was that the study did not include qualitative research approaches, which could have been used for in-depth responses. The study provides an important milestone for the use of diversity management initiatives in South African companies.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Webber, Zwelibanzi Samson
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Diversity in the workplace -- South Africa , Organizational change -- South Africa Social change -- South Africa Management -- Social aspects -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13524 , vital:27217
- Description: Diversity management is of strategic importance in all organisations throughout the world. Its importance is derived from the belief that workplaces by nature consist of diverse employees, who in one way or another are different in terms of race, gender, religion, or any other difference that may have an impact on the business and its employees. The differences among people need to be managed. This study investigated the influence of diversity management initiatives on business and social outcomes in South African businesses. Literature reviews on diversity management and multicultural education in various parts of the world have revealed an impact on the influence of diversity management initiatives on business and social outcomes. However, existing South African literature on diversity management does not conclusively expose the effects of diversity management on business and social outcomes, hence the need for this study. The study was based on a conceptual framework, which included variables on diversity management initiatives, diversity management models, institutional development theory and business and social outcomes. Hypotheses for the study were also developed and tested. In testing the hypotheses, the empirical data collected was subjected to a series of statistical tests, using STATISTICA version 13. MANOVA tests were conducted to determine the existence of differences among variables and the extent to which the variables differed was measured by means of ANOVA tests. Tukey post hoc tests (Tukey HSD) were used to determine practical significance among variables. The study was also subjected to Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient analysis tests to ascertain the existence of relationships between all diversity management initiatives and business and social outcome factors. The analysis was concluded by conducting an exploratory factor analysis. An exploratory factor analysis was conducted to confirm or reduce the number of factors and the number of factors was subsequently reduced. A Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient test was also done for the extracted factors, after which a regressions analysis test was conducted to confirm the existence of relationships between the extracted diversity management initiatives factors and business and social outcomes factors. This formed the basis for the development of a proposed diversity management model. The model of the implementation of diversity management initiatives is an important contribution to the study because it shows the different aspects that guide the process of implementation. The model is based on the implementation of a formal diversity management change strategy and programme of action; employment equity plan and strategy; and the recruitment and empowerment of women and people living with disabilities. The study was not without limitations. Challenges with regard to access to respondents were experienced and this was one of the delays in data collection. Another challenge experienced was that the study did not include qualitative research approaches, which could have been used for in-depth responses. The study provides an important milestone for the use of diversity management initiatives in South African companies.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
The organisational commitment of financial planners in South Africa
- Authors: Paterson, Steven James
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Organizational commitment -- South Africa , Organizational behavior -- South Africa Financial planning industry -- South Africa -- Management
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13812 , vital:27310
- Description: With the increasing demand for financial planners, financial planning organisations need to understand the factors influencing organisational commitment in order to achieve a committed and loyal workforce. The purpose of this study was therefore two-fold. Firstly, the study intended to contribute to the more effective functioning of financial planning organisations through the successful retention of valuable human resources, and secondly, to expand the current body of knowledge on financial planning organisations in South Africa and abroad. Considering the purpose of this study, its primary objective was to investigate the influence of selected organisational-related factors on the Affective, Normative and Continuance commitment of financial planners currently employed in the financial planning industry in South Africa. Based on an extensive review of business management, industrial psychology, as well as human resource management literature and research (focusing on the vast amount of secondary sources available on organisational commitment), a hypothesised model illustrating the relationships between selected organisational-related factors and the three dimensions of organisational commitment was proposed. Twelve independent variables were hypothesised to influence the three dependent variables, namely the Affective, Normative and Continuance commitment of financial planners. The twelve independent variables included: Compensation, Distributive justice, Job autonomy, Job security, Organisational communication, Organisational support, Physical working conditions, Promotional opportunities, Psychological contract fulfilment, Training and development, Transformational leadership and Trust. In addition, nine demographic variables (Gender, Race, Age, Organisational tenure, Qualification, CFP status, Tied agent status, Salary structure and Organisational type) were identified. All of the dependent and independent variables in this study were clearly defined and operationalised using items from previously validated measuring instruments, in addition to several self-generated items based on secondary sources. Questionnaires were made available to potential respondents through the use of convenience snowball sampling. A total of 231 useable questionnaires were returned which were then analysed statistically. As a result of an exploratory factor analysis (EFA), the original operationalisations, hypothesised model, as well as the hypotheses were revised. Additionally, a new, combined factor emerged, namely Job security and promotional opportunities. The proposed model of factors was subsequently empirically tested by means of structural equation modelling (SEM). In order to carry out the statistical analysis, three submodels were created. The hypothesised model was revised and the redefined hypothesised relationships were given in path diagrams for each of the three submodels. The influence of the various demographic variables on Affective, Normative and Continuance commitment were assessed by means of an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and t-tests. A number of organisational-related factors were identified as influencing the dependent variables of this study, namely: Compensation, Organisational support, Distributive justice, Job security and promotional opportunities, as well as Training and development. In particular, Compensation and Organisational support were found to influence Affective commitment, while Distributive justice, Job security and promotional opportunities as well as Training and development were found to influence Normative commitment. Additionally, Organisational support and Job security and promotional opportunities were found to influence Continuance commitment. By investigating selected organisational-related factors influencing the three dimensions of organisational commitment, the study was able to provide practical recommendations to organisations in order to increase the Affective, Normative and Continuance commitment of their financial planners.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Paterson, Steven James
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Organizational commitment -- South Africa , Organizational behavior -- South Africa Financial planning industry -- South Africa -- Management
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13812 , vital:27310
- Description: With the increasing demand for financial planners, financial planning organisations need to understand the factors influencing organisational commitment in order to achieve a committed and loyal workforce. The purpose of this study was therefore two-fold. Firstly, the study intended to contribute to the more effective functioning of financial planning organisations through the successful retention of valuable human resources, and secondly, to expand the current body of knowledge on financial planning organisations in South Africa and abroad. Considering the purpose of this study, its primary objective was to investigate the influence of selected organisational-related factors on the Affective, Normative and Continuance commitment of financial planners currently employed in the financial planning industry in South Africa. Based on an extensive review of business management, industrial psychology, as well as human resource management literature and research (focusing on the vast amount of secondary sources available on organisational commitment), a hypothesised model illustrating the relationships between selected organisational-related factors and the three dimensions of organisational commitment was proposed. Twelve independent variables were hypothesised to influence the three dependent variables, namely the Affective, Normative and Continuance commitment of financial planners. The twelve independent variables included: Compensation, Distributive justice, Job autonomy, Job security, Organisational communication, Organisational support, Physical working conditions, Promotional opportunities, Psychological contract fulfilment, Training and development, Transformational leadership and Trust. In addition, nine demographic variables (Gender, Race, Age, Organisational tenure, Qualification, CFP status, Tied agent status, Salary structure and Organisational type) were identified. All of the dependent and independent variables in this study were clearly defined and operationalised using items from previously validated measuring instruments, in addition to several self-generated items based on secondary sources. Questionnaires were made available to potential respondents through the use of convenience snowball sampling. A total of 231 useable questionnaires were returned which were then analysed statistically. As a result of an exploratory factor analysis (EFA), the original operationalisations, hypothesised model, as well as the hypotheses were revised. Additionally, a new, combined factor emerged, namely Job security and promotional opportunities. The proposed model of factors was subsequently empirically tested by means of structural equation modelling (SEM). In order to carry out the statistical analysis, three submodels were created. The hypothesised model was revised and the redefined hypothesised relationships were given in path diagrams for each of the three submodels. The influence of the various demographic variables on Affective, Normative and Continuance commitment were assessed by means of an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and t-tests. A number of organisational-related factors were identified as influencing the dependent variables of this study, namely: Compensation, Organisational support, Distributive justice, Job security and promotional opportunities, as well as Training and development. In particular, Compensation and Organisational support were found to influence Affective commitment, while Distributive justice, Job security and promotional opportunities as well as Training and development were found to influence Normative commitment. Additionally, Organisational support and Job security and promotional opportunities were found to influence Continuance commitment. By investigating selected organisational-related factors influencing the three dimensions of organisational commitment, the study was able to provide practical recommendations to organisations in order to increase the Affective, Normative and Continuance commitment of their financial planners.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
A framework for designing ambient assisted living services for disabled individuals
- Authors: Kyazze, Michael
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Assistive computer technology , Computers and people with disabilities Self-help devices for people with disabilities People with disabilities -- Means of communication -- Technological innovations Communication devices for people with disabilities
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/31240 , vital:31347
- Description: Physically disabled individuals face a number of challenges when carrying out their everyday activities such as moving around, communicating with others, and their personal care. One way of overcoming these challenges is by using personal assistants. An alternative is to enable independence through assistive technology. This research aimed to investigate how physically disabled individuals experience these challenges, and how assistive technology can enable them to be more independent. In order to achieve the goal of this research, existing literature was reviewed on disability, assisted living, and interaction techniques. The literature study on disability identified some of the challenges faced by disabled individuals in their daily lives. In order to contextualize these challenges, interview studies with eighteen disabled individuals, and twelve personal assistants were carried out in Kampala, Uganda and Port Elizabeth, South Africa. The participants from both Uganda and South Africa were limited to those living in urban areas. The Ugandan participants noted that, whereas technology may assist their daily lives, their most essential needs are basic disability support aids such as wheelchairs and better long canes. This was in contrast with the South African participants, who have access to basic disability support aids. The South African participants identified their key needs as controlling an electronic environment without assistance, e.g. house lights, using a mobile phone, and using a computer without assistance. The interviews narrowed down the scope to focus on individuals with quadriplegia, specifically individuals who have limited hand use, but can comfortably speak and move their heads, and make gestures such as head shake and nod. Literature on assisted living technologies and frameworks, provided the technical foundation for the research. The literature review of interaction techniques identified a number of possible ways in which individuals with quadriplegia can interact with technology. An appropriate set of interaction techniques, namely head shake and nod, voice, and facial feature tracking were identified. Evaluations of the interaction techniques excluded head shake and nod, because of an inconsistency in detecting an individual’s head pose in different lighting conditions, when using a Microsoft Kinect. Voice and facial feature tracking using a standard computer camera were identified as the most suitable interaction techniques for this study. A framework for designing assisted living software services was developed. The framework allows disability researchers and solution developers to understand the needs of a given disability group, and design relevant solutions. To demonstrate that the proposed framework iii | P a g e addresses the main aim of this research, a prototype was developed that enables users to control smart lights (Phillips hue), a Smart TV (Samsung), and carry out basic navigation and webbrowsing on a computer. Users could interact with the software using voice and facial feature commands. A usability study was carried out with fifteen physically disabled individuals in Port Elizabeth, South Africa. The results of the evaluation study were highly positive. The successful evaluation of the prototype provided empirical evidence that the proposed framework does assist in the design of relevant and useful software services, to meet the unique needs of physically disabled individuals.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Kyazze, Michael
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Assistive computer technology , Computers and people with disabilities Self-help devices for people with disabilities People with disabilities -- Means of communication -- Technological innovations Communication devices for people with disabilities
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/31240 , vital:31347
- Description: Physically disabled individuals face a number of challenges when carrying out their everyday activities such as moving around, communicating with others, and their personal care. One way of overcoming these challenges is by using personal assistants. An alternative is to enable independence through assistive technology. This research aimed to investigate how physically disabled individuals experience these challenges, and how assistive technology can enable them to be more independent. In order to achieve the goal of this research, existing literature was reviewed on disability, assisted living, and interaction techniques. The literature study on disability identified some of the challenges faced by disabled individuals in their daily lives. In order to contextualize these challenges, interview studies with eighteen disabled individuals, and twelve personal assistants were carried out in Kampala, Uganda and Port Elizabeth, South Africa. The participants from both Uganda and South Africa were limited to those living in urban areas. The Ugandan participants noted that, whereas technology may assist their daily lives, their most essential needs are basic disability support aids such as wheelchairs and better long canes. This was in contrast with the South African participants, who have access to basic disability support aids. The South African participants identified their key needs as controlling an electronic environment without assistance, e.g. house lights, using a mobile phone, and using a computer without assistance. The interviews narrowed down the scope to focus on individuals with quadriplegia, specifically individuals who have limited hand use, but can comfortably speak and move their heads, and make gestures such as head shake and nod. Literature on assisted living technologies and frameworks, provided the technical foundation for the research. The literature review of interaction techniques identified a number of possible ways in which individuals with quadriplegia can interact with technology. An appropriate set of interaction techniques, namely head shake and nod, voice, and facial feature tracking were identified. Evaluations of the interaction techniques excluded head shake and nod, because of an inconsistency in detecting an individual’s head pose in different lighting conditions, when using a Microsoft Kinect. Voice and facial feature tracking using a standard computer camera were identified as the most suitable interaction techniques for this study. A framework for designing assisted living software services was developed. The framework allows disability researchers and solution developers to understand the needs of a given disability group, and design relevant solutions. To demonstrate that the proposed framework iii | P a g e addresses the main aim of this research, a prototype was developed that enables users to control smart lights (Phillips hue), a Smart TV (Samsung), and carry out basic navigation and webbrowsing on a computer. Users could interact with the software using voice and facial feature commands. A usability study was carried out with fifteen physically disabled individuals in Port Elizabeth, South Africa. The results of the evaluation study were highly positive. The successful evaluation of the prototype provided empirical evidence that the proposed framework does assist in the design of relevant and useful software services, to meet the unique needs of physically disabled individuals.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Advanced high speed data and clock transmission over optical fibre for square kilometre telescope array
- Authors: Isoe, George Mosoti
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Very large array telescopes -- South Africa , Semiconductor lasers Optical communications Optical amplifiers
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/30375 , vital:30935
- Description: There is an ever present need from Internet users for more bandwidth. This is manifested by continuous increase in bandwidth demanding applications such as 5G wireless, new end user consumer links like thunderbolt, video conferencing, high definition video-on-demand transmitted over the Internet and massive data transfers required with and within data centres for backup, storage and data processing in cloud computing. Fibre optic communications technologies are playing a pivotal role in communication, being a major enabling technology in our increasingly Internet-centric society. As network services continue to become more dynamic and diverse, Internet service providers are faced with a challenge of cost reduction in the transmission network, power and spectral efficiency as well as scalability of the optical network infrastructure to support incremental expansions and virtual machines. Intelligent design of terrestrial optical networks to allow for simultaneous signal transmission through shared network infrastructure, and the use of low cost, power efficient, high bandwidth transmitters such as vertical surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) as well as exploitation of spectral efficient in-complex advanced modulation formats is a viable approach to this situation. In this study, techniques for spectral efficiency upgrade and simultaneous transmission of data signal, reference frequency (RF) clock signal and pulse-per-second (PPS) over shared infrastructure have experimentally been optimized in a laboratory environment for adoption in next-generation telescope array networks such as the Square Kilometre Array (SKA), time keeping systems such as banking systems, Coordinated Universal Time(UTC) timing and Global Positioning Systems (GPS), as well as high capacity spectral efficient short reach optical fibre networks such as data centres. This work starts by experimentally optimizing VCSEL technology for simultaneous transmission of 10 Gbps data and 1.712 GHz RF clock signal over a single G. 655 optical fibre of length 24.75 Km at different channel spacing and different propagation direction for implementation in a cost effective next-generation telescope array network. The wavelength tuneability property of VCSEL transmitters allows for wavelength adjustment, a key requirement for simultaneous data and RF clock signal transmission over a single optical fibre. A receiver sensitivity of -19.19 dBm was experimentally achieved at back-to-back analysis. A 24.75 Km of simultaneous data and RF clock signal transmission performed at 0.4 nm channel spacing introduced a transmission penalty of 1.07 dB and 1.63 dB for counter and co-propagation scheme respectively. This work mainly utilized direct modulation and direct detection using a positive intrinsic negative (PIN) due to its simplicity and cost effectiveness. A novel modulation technique for simultaneous data and polarization-based pulse-per-second timing clock signal transmission using a single VCSEL carrier is experimentally demonstrated. Two signal types, a directly modulated 10 Gbps data signal and a polarization-based pulse per second (PPS) clock signal are modulated onto a single mode 10 GHz bandwidth VCSEL carrier at 1310 nm. Spectral efficiency is maximized by exploiting the inherent orthogonal polarization switching of the xiv VCSEL with changing bias in transmission of the PPS signal. A 10 Gbps VCSEL transmission with PPS over 11 Km of G.652 fibre introduced a transmission penalty of 0.52 dB. The contribution of PPS clock signal to this penalty was found to be 0.08 dB. A technique for simultaneous directly modulated data and phase modulated reference clock signal transmission over a signal channel in wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) solutions is experimentally demonstrated. This is to prepare solutions to the ever-increasing demand over gigabit/s, terabit/s and gigahertz capacities in WDM-based terrestrial optical fibre transmission systems such as telescope array networks. a total capacity of 30 Gbps (310 Gbps) data and 12 GHz ( 4 3 GHz) reference clock signal are multiplexed at a channel spacing of 100 GHz and simultaneously transmitted over a single mode G.655 fibre of length 24.73 Km. The recovery of the phase modulated RF clock signal using a differential delay line interferometry technique is experimentally demonstrated. A 625 Gbps (2525 Gbps) DWDM data transmission system is further implemented in simulation by multiplexing 25 channels at 25 Gbps per channel using 50 GHz channel spacing. A four level pulse amplitude modulation (4-PAM) data modulation format employing VCSELs is experimentally demonstrated for adoption in high bitrate networks such as big data science projects and data centre networks. 4-PAM offers a good trade-off between complexity, efficiency, reach, and sensitivity. A software defined digital signal processing (DSP) receiver is designed and implemented in MATLAB to recover the transmitted 4-PAM data signal cost effectively without the necessity of costly receiver hardware. A novel technique for maximizing carrier spectral efficiency through simultaneous 20 Gbps 4-PAM data and phase modulated 2 GHz RF clock signal transmission on a single mode 10 GHz bandwidth VCSEL carrier at 1310 nm is experimentally demonstrated for the first time to the best of our knowledge. Data transmission and clock stability performance of the designed high spectral efficient VCSEL-based link network is evaluated through BER curve plots, phase noise measurements and Allan variance analysis respectively. VCSEL-based Raman amplification is experimentally demonstrated as a viable approach for RF clock signal distribution in extended reach astronomical telescope array networks and other extended reach terrestrial optical fibre network application. This is achieved by adopting two pumping techniques namely forward pumping and backward pumping. A maximum on off gain of 5.7 dB and 1.5 dB was experimentally attained for forward pumping and backward pumping at 24 dBm pump power respectively, while a maximum 100.8 Km fibre transmission achieved experimentally. In summary, this study has successfully demonstrated in-complex, spectral efficient, low cost and power efficient simultaneous data signal, reference frequency (RF) clock signal and pulse-per-second (PPS) transmission techniques over shared network infrastructure. Simultaneous transmission of data, RF clock and PPS timing signal is relevant in nextgeneration telescope array networks such as the Square Kilometre Array (SKA), time keeping systems such as banking systems, Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) timing and Global Positioning Systems (GPS), as well as high capacity spectral efficient short reach optical fibre networks such as data centres.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Isoe, George Mosoti
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Very large array telescopes -- South Africa , Semiconductor lasers Optical communications Optical amplifiers
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/30375 , vital:30935
- Description: There is an ever present need from Internet users for more bandwidth. This is manifested by continuous increase in bandwidth demanding applications such as 5G wireless, new end user consumer links like thunderbolt, video conferencing, high definition video-on-demand transmitted over the Internet and massive data transfers required with and within data centres for backup, storage and data processing in cloud computing. Fibre optic communications technologies are playing a pivotal role in communication, being a major enabling technology in our increasingly Internet-centric society. As network services continue to become more dynamic and diverse, Internet service providers are faced with a challenge of cost reduction in the transmission network, power and spectral efficiency as well as scalability of the optical network infrastructure to support incremental expansions and virtual machines. Intelligent design of terrestrial optical networks to allow for simultaneous signal transmission through shared network infrastructure, and the use of low cost, power efficient, high bandwidth transmitters such as vertical surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) as well as exploitation of spectral efficient in-complex advanced modulation formats is a viable approach to this situation. In this study, techniques for spectral efficiency upgrade and simultaneous transmission of data signal, reference frequency (RF) clock signal and pulse-per-second (PPS) over shared infrastructure have experimentally been optimized in a laboratory environment for adoption in next-generation telescope array networks such as the Square Kilometre Array (SKA), time keeping systems such as banking systems, Coordinated Universal Time(UTC) timing and Global Positioning Systems (GPS), as well as high capacity spectral efficient short reach optical fibre networks such as data centres. This work starts by experimentally optimizing VCSEL technology for simultaneous transmission of 10 Gbps data and 1.712 GHz RF clock signal over a single G. 655 optical fibre of length 24.75 Km at different channel spacing and different propagation direction for implementation in a cost effective next-generation telescope array network. The wavelength tuneability property of VCSEL transmitters allows for wavelength adjustment, a key requirement for simultaneous data and RF clock signal transmission over a single optical fibre. A receiver sensitivity of -19.19 dBm was experimentally achieved at back-to-back analysis. A 24.75 Km of simultaneous data and RF clock signal transmission performed at 0.4 nm channel spacing introduced a transmission penalty of 1.07 dB and 1.63 dB for counter and co-propagation scheme respectively. This work mainly utilized direct modulation and direct detection using a positive intrinsic negative (PIN) due to its simplicity and cost effectiveness. A novel modulation technique for simultaneous data and polarization-based pulse-per-second timing clock signal transmission using a single VCSEL carrier is experimentally demonstrated. Two signal types, a directly modulated 10 Gbps data signal and a polarization-based pulse per second (PPS) clock signal are modulated onto a single mode 10 GHz bandwidth VCSEL carrier at 1310 nm. Spectral efficiency is maximized by exploiting the inherent orthogonal polarization switching of the xiv VCSEL with changing bias in transmission of the PPS signal. A 10 Gbps VCSEL transmission with PPS over 11 Km of G.652 fibre introduced a transmission penalty of 0.52 dB. The contribution of PPS clock signal to this penalty was found to be 0.08 dB. A technique for simultaneous directly modulated data and phase modulated reference clock signal transmission over a signal channel in wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) solutions is experimentally demonstrated. This is to prepare solutions to the ever-increasing demand over gigabit/s, terabit/s and gigahertz capacities in WDM-based terrestrial optical fibre transmission systems such as telescope array networks. a total capacity of 30 Gbps (310 Gbps) data and 12 GHz ( 4 3 GHz) reference clock signal are multiplexed at a channel spacing of 100 GHz and simultaneously transmitted over a single mode G.655 fibre of length 24.73 Km. The recovery of the phase modulated RF clock signal using a differential delay line interferometry technique is experimentally demonstrated. A 625 Gbps (2525 Gbps) DWDM data transmission system is further implemented in simulation by multiplexing 25 channels at 25 Gbps per channel using 50 GHz channel spacing. A four level pulse amplitude modulation (4-PAM) data modulation format employing VCSELs is experimentally demonstrated for adoption in high bitrate networks such as big data science projects and data centre networks. 4-PAM offers a good trade-off between complexity, efficiency, reach, and sensitivity. A software defined digital signal processing (DSP) receiver is designed and implemented in MATLAB to recover the transmitted 4-PAM data signal cost effectively without the necessity of costly receiver hardware. A novel technique for maximizing carrier spectral efficiency through simultaneous 20 Gbps 4-PAM data and phase modulated 2 GHz RF clock signal transmission on a single mode 10 GHz bandwidth VCSEL carrier at 1310 nm is experimentally demonstrated for the first time to the best of our knowledge. Data transmission and clock stability performance of the designed high spectral efficient VCSEL-based link network is evaluated through BER curve plots, phase noise measurements and Allan variance analysis respectively. VCSEL-based Raman amplification is experimentally demonstrated as a viable approach for RF clock signal distribution in extended reach astronomical telescope array networks and other extended reach terrestrial optical fibre network application. This is achieved by adopting two pumping techniques namely forward pumping and backward pumping. A maximum on off gain of 5.7 dB and 1.5 dB was experimentally attained for forward pumping and backward pumping at 24 dBm pump power respectively, while a maximum 100.8 Km fibre transmission achieved experimentally. In summary, this study has successfully demonstrated in-complex, spectral efficient, low cost and power efficient simultaneous data signal, reference frequency (RF) clock signal and pulse-per-second (PPS) transmission techniques over shared network infrastructure. Simultaneous transmission of data, RF clock and PPS timing signal is relevant in nextgeneration telescope array networks such as the Square Kilometre Array (SKA), time keeping systems such as banking systems, Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) timing and Global Positioning Systems (GPS), as well as high capacity spectral efficient short reach optical fibre networks such as data centres.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
An investigation of the combustion kinetics of coal-microalgae composite
- Ejesieme, Obialo Vitus, Dugmore, Gary
- Authors: Ejesieme, Obialo Vitus , Dugmore, Gary
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Microalgae -- Biotechnology , Biomass energy -- South Africa Coal -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/34777 , vital:33447
- Description: Coal mining and handling generate sizeable quantities of ultra-fine coal particles which are heaped as discard material. Use of the ultra-fine coal for co-firing with microalgae biomass appears to be a promising option that would improve combustion of the discard. There is no available traditional biomass binder that can be used to agglomerate, reclaim, and co-fire the discard ultra-fine coal to generate heat. In a recent research, microalgae biomass was identified as an effective natural binder for discard ultra-fine coal. Biomass is a renewable resource, and many have been co-fired on a large scale except microalgae biomass. Researchers have studied co-firing of dry mixed coal-microalgae, however, the kinetics of a wet mix of microalgae biomass and ultra-fine coal, “Coalgae®” patented recently by the Nelson Mandela University needs to be explored. The study aimed at investigating in some detail the oxidation mechanism of coal-microalgae composites. The objective is to understand the impact of microalgae on the kinetic properties of coal which will inform on the application of “Coalgae®”. It involves correlating the small and large-scale combustion properties that will establish the co-firing option on an industrial scenario. The goal is to utilize all grades of discard ultra-fine resource using microalgae biomass as binder and a renewable component which enhances the combustion of coal to supply heat and electricity. The use of microalgae for fuel preparation and upgrading is on the increase due to its high growth potential, reactivity, and ability to store energy more than other biomasses. This research hypothesized that blending of discard ultra-fine coal with live microalgae biomass would improve the kinetic properties of the coal more than expected from linear combination of the dry materials. Thermogravimetric combustion of “Coalgae®” was studied under non-isothermal conditions from 40 °C to 900°C at a heating rate of 15 °C/min and air flow rate of 20 ml/min. The thermogravimetric combustion properties i.e. small-scale was related to the large-scale, John Thompson’s fixed-bed reactor under the above condition. Thermal profiles were transformed into a differential function to reveal overlapped combustion events. The Coat-Redferns kinetic model was applied on the non-de-Ejesieme, O.V. PhD Chemistry (Research), Nelson Mandela Univ. Email: ejevit@yahoo.com , s211266744@live.nmmu.ac.za convoluted reactions set to obtain some of kinetic parameters. The Fraser-Suzuki equation was used to de-convolute the overlapped combustion. Then, rate law combined with Arrhenius equation was used to derive the activation energy E a and pre-exponential factor A, while the integral form of solid states reaction model, g (∝) was applied to deduce the oxidation mechanism. The composite formed a strong and partly renewable blend under controlled temperature conditions, unlike assorted dried biomass mixed with coal. Microalgae biomass upgraded the fuel and kinetics properties of ultra-fine coal more than what was expected from a linear combination. It released heat that promoted the oxidation mechanism of the discard coal. The main effect is that the “Coalgae®” is significantly (p = 0.0570) more reactive than the coal. The co-firing approach is partly renewable and contributes to the utilization of high and low-quality available discard ultra-fine coal. It advances the combustion of coal resources and reduces carbon dioxide, CO2 emission attributed to global warming as well as preserves the natural biomass sources. The combustion of “Coalgae® “will improve economy, environment, and health, heat, and electricity supply to the society.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Ejesieme, Obialo Vitus , Dugmore, Gary
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Microalgae -- Biotechnology , Biomass energy -- South Africa Coal -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/34777 , vital:33447
- Description: Coal mining and handling generate sizeable quantities of ultra-fine coal particles which are heaped as discard material. Use of the ultra-fine coal for co-firing with microalgae biomass appears to be a promising option that would improve combustion of the discard. There is no available traditional biomass binder that can be used to agglomerate, reclaim, and co-fire the discard ultra-fine coal to generate heat. In a recent research, microalgae biomass was identified as an effective natural binder for discard ultra-fine coal. Biomass is a renewable resource, and many have been co-fired on a large scale except microalgae biomass. Researchers have studied co-firing of dry mixed coal-microalgae, however, the kinetics of a wet mix of microalgae biomass and ultra-fine coal, “Coalgae®” patented recently by the Nelson Mandela University needs to be explored. The study aimed at investigating in some detail the oxidation mechanism of coal-microalgae composites. The objective is to understand the impact of microalgae on the kinetic properties of coal which will inform on the application of “Coalgae®”. It involves correlating the small and large-scale combustion properties that will establish the co-firing option on an industrial scenario. The goal is to utilize all grades of discard ultra-fine resource using microalgae biomass as binder and a renewable component which enhances the combustion of coal to supply heat and electricity. The use of microalgae for fuel preparation and upgrading is on the increase due to its high growth potential, reactivity, and ability to store energy more than other biomasses. This research hypothesized that blending of discard ultra-fine coal with live microalgae biomass would improve the kinetic properties of the coal more than expected from linear combination of the dry materials. Thermogravimetric combustion of “Coalgae®” was studied under non-isothermal conditions from 40 °C to 900°C at a heating rate of 15 °C/min and air flow rate of 20 ml/min. The thermogravimetric combustion properties i.e. small-scale was related to the large-scale, John Thompson’s fixed-bed reactor under the above condition. Thermal profiles were transformed into a differential function to reveal overlapped combustion events. The Coat-Redferns kinetic model was applied on the non-de-Ejesieme, O.V. PhD Chemistry (Research), Nelson Mandela Univ. Email: ejevit@yahoo.com , s211266744@live.nmmu.ac.za convoluted reactions set to obtain some of kinetic parameters. The Fraser-Suzuki equation was used to de-convolute the overlapped combustion. Then, rate law combined with Arrhenius equation was used to derive the activation energy E a and pre-exponential factor A, while the integral form of solid states reaction model, g (∝) was applied to deduce the oxidation mechanism. The composite formed a strong and partly renewable blend under controlled temperature conditions, unlike assorted dried biomass mixed with coal. Microalgae biomass upgraded the fuel and kinetics properties of ultra-fine coal more than what was expected from a linear combination. It released heat that promoted the oxidation mechanism of the discard coal. The main effect is that the “Coalgae®” is significantly (p = 0.0570) more reactive than the coal. The co-firing approach is partly renewable and contributes to the utilization of high and low-quality available discard ultra-fine coal. It advances the combustion of coal resources and reduces carbon dioxide, CO2 emission attributed to global warming as well as preserves the natural biomass sources. The combustion of “Coalgae® “will improve economy, environment, and health, heat, and electricity supply to the society.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Assessment of the host potential of TETROL [(+)-(2R,3R)-1,1,4,4- tetraphenylbutane-1,2,3,4-TETROL] for the separation of isomers and related compounds
- Authors: Dorfling, Sasha-Lee
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Chemistry, Organic , Thermal analysis Hydrogen bonding
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/22060 , vital:29817
- Description: In this study, we investigated the potential of a host compound, (+)-(2R,3R)-1,1,4,4- tetraphenylbutane-1,2,3,4-tetrol (TETROL), for use in the separation of isomers and related compounds using host-guest chemistry. The synthesis of this host was carried out using a standard Grignard procedure, reacting naturally-occurring optically active tartaric acid with phenylmagnesium bromide. The feasibility of this host for separating isomers and structurally-related compounds was investigated by recrystallizing it from various potential cyclic, aromatic and aliphatic guest compounds. The extent of host inclusion and guest separation were determined using 1H-NMR spectroscopy and GCMS analyses. Competition studies were conducted to establish the selectivity of TETROL for the various guest species and whether this host would be able to discriminate between them. In this instance, the host was recrystallized from equimolar amounts of binary, ternary, quaternary or quinary mixtures of the guests present in each target study. Subsequent binary or ternary competitions were conducted where the molar ratios of the guest species were varied beyond equimolar, and the guest selectivity of TETROL thus evaluated by means of selectivity profiles. Further analyses included single crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD), thermal analysis and Hirshfeld surface analysis. Any crystalline inclusion complex formed between host and guest, with suitable crystal quality, was analysed using SCXRD in order to determine the nature of any significant host–guest interactions present. Thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetry experiments provided further insight into complex stability by analysing the thermal events experienced by the complexes as they were heated at 10 °C/min. The data obtained from Hirshfeld surface analyses were used to determine whether host selectivity and/or thermal stability of the complexes were related to the number and types of interactions, observed from SCXRD, between host and guest. The ability of TETROL to discriminate between related compounds was favourable. This host proved to have selective preference for aniline over its methylated derivatives, N-methylaniline and N,N-dimethylaniline. It was also selective for cyclohexylamine over cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone, and discriminated against the pyridine, piperidine and dioxane heterocyclics in favour of morpholine. Furthermore, this host was successful in the selective separation of isomers; for example, it selectively showed discrimination between the three toluidine isomers (p-toluidine > m-toluidine > o-toluidine) and the cresols (p-cresol > m-cresol > o-cresol). Each guest mixture was selected based on data from experiments using either the industrial significance of its separation or because the mixture would add to the knowledge base of the host compound’s preferences and selectivities. In a separate study, TETROL and its derivative, (–)-(2R,3R)-2,3-dimethoxy-1,1,4,4- tetraphenylbutane-1,4-diol (DMT), were also allowed to compete for the inclusion of the guest cyclohexanone, where TETROL demonstrated superior ability. This host, in addition, showed potential for the separation of cis- and trans- 2-methylcyclohexanol.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Dorfling, Sasha-Lee
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Chemistry, Organic , Thermal analysis Hydrogen bonding
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/22060 , vital:29817
- Description: In this study, we investigated the potential of a host compound, (+)-(2R,3R)-1,1,4,4- tetraphenylbutane-1,2,3,4-tetrol (TETROL), for use in the separation of isomers and related compounds using host-guest chemistry. The synthesis of this host was carried out using a standard Grignard procedure, reacting naturally-occurring optically active tartaric acid with phenylmagnesium bromide. The feasibility of this host for separating isomers and structurally-related compounds was investigated by recrystallizing it from various potential cyclic, aromatic and aliphatic guest compounds. The extent of host inclusion and guest separation were determined using 1H-NMR spectroscopy and GCMS analyses. Competition studies were conducted to establish the selectivity of TETROL for the various guest species and whether this host would be able to discriminate between them. In this instance, the host was recrystallized from equimolar amounts of binary, ternary, quaternary or quinary mixtures of the guests present in each target study. Subsequent binary or ternary competitions were conducted where the molar ratios of the guest species were varied beyond equimolar, and the guest selectivity of TETROL thus evaluated by means of selectivity profiles. Further analyses included single crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD), thermal analysis and Hirshfeld surface analysis. Any crystalline inclusion complex formed between host and guest, with suitable crystal quality, was analysed using SCXRD in order to determine the nature of any significant host–guest interactions present. Thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetry experiments provided further insight into complex stability by analysing the thermal events experienced by the complexes as they were heated at 10 °C/min. The data obtained from Hirshfeld surface analyses were used to determine whether host selectivity and/or thermal stability of the complexes were related to the number and types of interactions, observed from SCXRD, between host and guest. The ability of TETROL to discriminate between related compounds was favourable. This host proved to have selective preference for aniline over its methylated derivatives, N-methylaniline and N,N-dimethylaniline. It was also selective for cyclohexylamine over cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone, and discriminated against the pyridine, piperidine and dioxane heterocyclics in favour of morpholine. Furthermore, this host was successful in the selective separation of isomers; for example, it selectively showed discrimination between the three toluidine isomers (p-toluidine > m-toluidine > o-toluidine) and the cresols (p-cresol > m-cresol > o-cresol). Each guest mixture was selected based on data from experiments using either the industrial significance of its separation or because the mixture would add to the knowledge base of the host compound’s preferences and selectivities. In a separate study, TETROL and its derivative, (–)-(2R,3R)-2,3-dimethoxy-1,1,4,4- tetraphenylbutane-1,4-diol (DMT), were also allowed to compete for the inclusion of the guest cyclohexanone, where TETROL demonstrated superior ability. This host, in addition, showed potential for the separation of cis- and trans- 2-methylcyclohexanol.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Detection of early warning signs of currency crises in South Africa
- Gondoza, Gladys Nicola Fernandes
- Authors: Gondoza, Gladys Nicola Fernandes
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Financial crises -- 21st century
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/30238 , vital:30905
- Description: In a world characterised by globalisation, particularly increased financial integration and capital mobility, international economic theory stipulates that countries rather maintain a floating exchange rate system than a fixed exchange rate system in order to have less susceptibility to currency crises (Glick & Hutchison, 2011). South Africa, the economic powerhouse of Africa, is an interesting case to examine. It has a floating exchange rate and should thus be more resistant to currency crises due to market adjustment expectations that limit the build-up of pressure in its foreign exchange markets. South Africa’s foreign exchange market is characterised as volatile with recurring turbulent periods with currency crises observed in 1996, 1998, 2001 and 2008, of which the 2007/2008 global financial crisis was the worst the world had experienced since the Great Depression of the 1930s and it had a significant, negative impact on the South African economy and certainly exposed the country’s vulnerably (South African Reserve Bank, 2012). Having experienced these periods of currency crisis in South Africa and with no specific tool adequately tested and developed for the South African economy to accurately detect such an event before its occurrence, this research was an attempt to fill this gap within the economics discipline. The purpose of this thesis was to examine and make use of Early Warning System (EWS) models to ascertain which one best identifies potential early warning signs of a currency crisis in South Africa. To achieve this, the study tested two standard and commonly used EWS models, namely the Signals and probit models. Added to these approaches, two newer EWS models, namely the Markov regime switching model and the artificial neural networks model were tested. To date only two studies on EWS models for currency crises have been conducted in South Africa. Knedlik (2006) used the signals approach and Knedlik and Scheufele (2007) used the signals, probit/logit and Markov regime switching approaches. Both studies recommended that further research was needed. With this in mind, this thesis built on these studies by extending the sample period under observation from 1993/02 to 2017/03 to fully capture the probability of the global financial crisis of 2007/2008. This study separated the sample period into two parts, a first period (1993/02 – 2004/12) catering for the July 1998 and December 2001 crises and a second period (2005/01 – 2017/03) catering for the October 2008 crisis. This was done to separately observe how well the models detected early warning signs of the October 2008 crisis due to its global nature. By exploring the potential of artificial intelligence by employing the non-parametric approach of artificial neural networks, which has not yet been applied in the South African context for the probability prediction of currency crises, and comparing its prediction performance to the signals, the probit and the Markov regime switching EWS models, this thesis fills an existing information gap. This study found that of these four EWS models for predicting the probabilities of currency crises within the 24-month crisis window, the signals model performed better than the other models for the period 1993/02 – 2004/12. However, the final-outcome of the best model in probability prediction of South African currency crises is not straightforward for this period, as the artificial neural network model and Markov regime switching model performed almost as well as the signals model. During the period 2005/01 – 2017/03, the artificial neural networks model outperformed the other three models in capturing the global financial crisis of 2007/2008, specifically with regard to the evaluations of the percentage of pre-crisis periods called correctly and the percentage of tranquil periods called correctly. As the cut-off probability increases, the artificial neural networks model is the superior model and is not closely followed by the other models. The artificial neural network model also indicated a stable / tranquil economy during the period following the global financial crisis (from about 2009 – 2017), which is a true reflection of that period. The findings of this study suggest that the artificial neural network model is a powerful tool in the probability prediction of early warning signs of currency crises in South Africa.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Gondoza, Gladys Nicola Fernandes
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Financial crises -- 21st century
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/30238 , vital:30905
- Description: In a world characterised by globalisation, particularly increased financial integration and capital mobility, international economic theory stipulates that countries rather maintain a floating exchange rate system than a fixed exchange rate system in order to have less susceptibility to currency crises (Glick & Hutchison, 2011). South Africa, the economic powerhouse of Africa, is an interesting case to examine. It has a floating exchange rate and should thus be more resistant to currency crises due to market adjustment expectations that limit the build-up of pressure in its foreign exchange markets. South Africa’s foreign exchange market is characterised as volatile with recurring turbulent periods with currency crises observed in 1996, 1998, 2001 and 2008, of which the 2007/2008 global financial crisis was the worst the world had experienced since the Great Depression of the 1930s and it had a significant, negative impact on the South African economy and certainly exposed the country’s vulnerably (South African Reserve Bank, 2012). Having experienced these periods of currency crisis in South Africa and with no specific tool adequately tested and developed for the South African economy to accurately detect such an event before its occurrence, this research was an attempt to fill this gap within the economics discipline. The purpose of this thesis was to examine and make use of Early Warning System (EWS) models to ascertain which one best identifies potential early warning signs of a currency crisis in South Africa. To achieve this, the study tested two standard and commonly used EWS models, namely the Signals and probit models. Added to these approaches, two newer EWS models, namely the Markov regime switching model and the artificial neural networks model were tested. To date only two studies on EWS models for currency crises have been conducted in South Africa. Knedlik (2006) used the signals approach and Knedlik and Scheufele (2007) used the signals, probit/logit and Markov regime switching approaches. Both studies recommended that further research was needed. With this in mind, this thesis built on these studies by extending the sample period under observation from 1993/02 to 2017/03 to fully capture the probability of the global financial crisis of 2007/2008. This study separated the sample period into two parts, a first period (1993/02 – 2004/12) catering for the July 1998 and December 2001 crises and a second period (2005/01 – 2017/03) catering for the October 2008 crisis. This was done to separately observe how well the models detected early warning signs of the October 2008 crisis due to its global nature. By exploring the potential of artificial intelligence by employing the non-parametric approach of artificial neural networks, which has not yet been applied in the South African context for the probability prediction of currency crises, and comparing its prediction performance to the signals, the probit and the Markov regime switching EWS models, this thesis fills an existing information gap. This study found that of these four EWS models for predicting the probabilities of currency crises within the 24-month crisis window, the signals model performed better than the other models for the period 1993/02 – 2004/12. However, the final-outcome of the best model in probability prediction of South African currency crises is not straightforward for this period, as the artificial neural network model and Markov regime switching model performed almost as well as the signals model. During the period 2005/01 – 2017/03, the artificial neural networks model outperformed the other three models in capturing the global financial crisis of 2007/2008, specifically with regard to the evaluations of the percentage of pre-crisis periods called correctly and the percentage of tranquil periods called correctly. As the cut-off probability increases, the artificial neural networks model is the superior model and is not closely followed by the other models. The artificial neural network model also indicated a stable / tranquil economy during the period following the global financial crisis (from about 2009 – 2017), which is a true reflection of that period. The findings of this study suggest that the artificial neural network model is a powerful tool in the probability prediction of early warning signs of currency crises in South Africa.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Disputes, relationships and identity: analysing human-human conflicts as a basis for human-wildlife conflicts in the mid-Zambezi valley, northern Zimbabwe
- Authors: Jani, Vincent
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Environmental geography , Wildlife management Wildlife conservation Human-animal relationships
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/30364 , vital:30934
- Description: This study analysed how human-human conflicts (HHCs) underlie human-wildlife conflicts (HWCs) in Chapoto Ward in the mid-Zambezi valley, northern Zimbabwe. The analytical framework entailed the use of the Levels of Conflict Model (LCM) – a model that seeks to expose different levels of conflict. To gain a rich understanding of the conflicts under investigation, a qualitative research design was employed with triangulation at its core in order to ensure the necessary quality and rigour of the findings. In this case, four different types of data were used, namely, in-depth interviews with heads of households, key informant interviews, focus group sessions, and document analysis. Thematic and content analysis were used to analyse the data which were classified into the following conflict levels: surface level disputes; an intermediate level involving ongoing conflictual relationships; and a deeper level of conflict rooted in identity. Three key findings were generated. Firstly, a substantial number of long-standing disputes were recorded during the ten-year period (2007-2016). Most of these disputes were not resolved because they had a long and complicated history which resulted in previous disputes resurfacing whenever a current one arose. Secondly, the history of unresolved conflict resulted in mistrust and failure to find common ground between the parties involved in the conflict. Lastly, the source of the disputes and unresolved conflicts was traced back to the identity level. This means that the antagonistic relationships among the stakeholders spilled over into the labelling and stigmatisation of all the groups involved in wildlife management. Thus, conflict between people and wildlife in Chapoto Ward was demonstrated to be a complex issue and underlain by HHC. These findings support the new line of thinking that HWC should not be viewed as simply a problem between people and wildlife but as a conflict between stakeholders with divergent views over wildlife management which manifests as HHC. Furthermore, the degree of polarisation between groups is substantial. In light of these findings, four major conclusions are drawn. Firstly, is the need to shift from narrowly focusing on the proximate conflicts between people and wildlife, to fully understand the complexity of conflict in order to arrive at solutions that successfully mitigate conflict between people and wildlife, and to address the underlying and deep-rooted conflict between stakeholders with divergent wildlife management goals. Secondly, the need for concerted efforts to ensure the involvement of all stakeholders, including women, in wildlife management and conservation by developing structures that enhance active participation of the local people in decision-making, v which promotes the success of conservation initiatives. Thirdly, the need to address the underlying and deep-rooted conflicts over wildlife management by building positive relationships and trust between stakeholders through the holding of regular capacity building workshops based on a more respectful and inclusive process. Fourthly, is the need to consider the interests of both ethnic groups, namely the Doma and the Chikunda by gathering information on the preferences of the identity groups in order to increase cooperation among them. Overall, the thesis introduces a new lens through which one can clearly understand the complexity of the conflict between people and wildlife.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Jani, Vincent
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Environmental geography , Wildlife management Wildlife conservation Human-animal relationships
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/30364 , vital:30934
- Description: This study analysed how human-human conflicts (HHCs) underlie human-wildlife conflicts (HWCs) in Chapoto Ward in the mid-Zambezi valley, northern Zimbabwe. The analytical framework entailed the use of the Levels of Conflict Model (LCM) – a model that seeks to expose different levels of conflict. To gain a rich understanding of the conflicts under investigation, a qualitative research design was employed with triangulation at its core in order to ensure the necessary quality and rigour of the findings. In this case, four different types of data were used, namely, in-depth interviews with heads of households, key informant interviews, focus group sessions, and document analysis. Thematic and content analysis were used to analyse the data which were classified into the following conflict levels: surface level disputes; an intermediate level involving ongoing conflictual relationships; and a deeper level of conflict rooted in identity. Three key findings were generated. Firstly, a substantial number of long-standing disputes were recorded during the ten-year period (2007-2016). Most of these disputes were not resolved because they had a long and complicated history which resulted in previous disputes resurfacing whenever a current one arose. Secondly, the history of unresolved conflict resulted in mistrust and failure to find common ground between the parties involved in the conflict. Lastly, the source of the disputes and unresolved conflicts was traced back to the identity level. This means that the antagonistic relationships among the stakeholders spilled over into the labelling and stigmatisation of all the groups involved in wildlife management. Thus, conflict between people and wildlife in Chapoto Ward was demonstrated to be a complex issue and underlain by HHC. These findings support the new line of thinking that HWC should not be viewed as simply a problem between people and wildlife but as a conflict between stakeholders with divergent views over wildlife management which manifests as HHC. Furthermore, the degree of polarisation between groups is substantial. In light of these findings, four major conclusions are drawn. Firstly, is the need to shift from narrowly focusing on the proximate conflicts between people and wildlife, to fully understand the complexity of conflict in order to arrive at solutions that successfully mitigate conflict between people and wildlife, and to address the underlying and deep-rooted conflict between stakeholders with divergent wildlife management goals. Secondly, the need for concerted efforts to ensure the involvement of all stakeholders, including women, in wildlife management and conservation by developing structures that enhance active participation of the local people in decision-making, v which promotes the success of conservation initiatives. Thirdly, the need to address the underlying and deep-rooted conflicts over wildlife management by building positive relationships and trust between stakeholders through the holding of regular capacity building workshops based on a more respectful and inclusive process. Fourthly, is the need to consider the interests of both ethnic groups, namely the Doma and the Chikunda by gathering information on the preferences of the identity groups in order to increase cooperation among them. Overall, the thesis introduces a new lens through which one can clearly understand the complexity of the conflict between people and wildlife.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Estuarine microalgal bloom dynamics at multiple temporal scales
- Authors: Lemley, Daniel Alan
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Ecological integrity -- South Africa , Phytoplankton populations -- South Africa , Estuarine ecology -- South Africa , Freshwater algae -- Ecology -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/21044 , vital:29431
- Description: Microalgal communities sustain the ecological functioning of estuarine ecosystems through the provision of numerous ecosystem services. As such, gaining an understanding of the processes that govern spatio-temporal patterns of phytoplankton communities is key to the effective management of these ecosystems. However, detailed investigations of estuarine phytoplankton dynamics, and particularly harmful algal blooms (HAB), are largely absent in South Africa. Therefore, geared at addressing these knowledge gaps, this study was initiated to elucidate the processes shaping estuarine phytoplankton bloom dynamics at multiple temporal scales. Initially, five permanently open estuaries, each with varying types and levels of anthropogenic pressures, were selected to test the efficacy of an estuarine eutrophic condition index to flow variability (‘Annual’ study). Results from this study highlighted the sensitivity of the proposed index to environmental perturbations (e.g. flood events), whilst also identifying freshwater inflow variability and anthropogenic disturbance as the key processes shaping microalgal responses at an annual scale. Next, the agriculturally-influenced Gamtoos and Sundays estuaries were further investigated to elucidate the role of natural and anthropogenic drivers in defining microalgal responses (‘Seasonal’ study). Despite similarities in nutrient input and temperature patterns, phytoplankton bloom conditions (> 20 μg Chl-a l-1) were episodic and flow-dependent in the Gamtoos Estuary, whilst those in the Sundays Estuary were persistent and seasonal. Related to its reduced hydrodynamic variability – i.e. consistent nutrient-rich baseflows and reduced propensity for flushing events – persistent undesirable disturbances were highlighted for the Sundays Estuary, including: summer bottom-water hypoxia (< 2 mg l-1) and exceptional proliferations (> 550 μg Chl-a l-1) of two HAB species (Heterosigma akashiwo and Heterocapsa rotundata). Finally, fine-scale ecological research was undertaken in the Sundays Estuary to identify the processes – abiotic and biotic – that facilitate HABs (‘Daily’ and ‘Hourly’ studies). Findings from the ‘Daily’ study, identified inorganic nutrient availability (i.e. nitrate and phosphate) and mesohaline conditions (ca. 10) as the key bottom-up controls influencing the magnitude and duration of spring/summer phytoplankton blooms. Additionally, bottom-water hypoxia was explicitly linked to the decay of a single HAB species. During the ‘Hourly’ investigation, four known HAB-forming species were recorded at bloom concentrations. Model results indicated that variability in temperature, salinity profiles and nitrate concentrations were significant in facilitating the occurrence of HAB species. Finally, local biotic interactions (e.g. interspecies competition, diel vertical migration and mixotrophy) were recognized as key mechanisms shaping phytoplankton communities. The persistent occurrence of HABs is a new feature in South African estuaries and continued research is needed to recommend management responses. Ultimately, this research highlights the multitude of processes at work shaping phytoplankton variability in estuaries. From a broad perspective (i.e. seasonal and annual), processes such as freshwater inflow regimes, degree of anthropogenic disturbance, as well as seasonal temperature and nutrient supply patterns are the key processes. At a more refined scale (i.e. hourly and daily), local processes including salinity preferences, nutrient availability, diel light cycles and internal biotic interactions are the key drivers organising phytoplankton dynamics. Given the potentially severe ecological consequences of disrupting natural phytoplankton dynamics (e.g. HABs), an element of ‘unpredictability’ should be restored to the hydrological and chemical makeup of highly-regulated estuaries to prevent the continued exacerbation of eutrophic symptoms.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Lemley, Daniel Alan
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Ecological integrity -- South Africa , Phytoplankton populations -- South Africa , Estuarine ecology -- South Africa , Freshwater algae -- Ecology -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/21044 , vital:29431
- Description: Microalgal communities sustain the ecological functioning of estuarine ecosystems through the provision of numerous ecosystem services. As such, gaining an understanding of the processes that govern spatio-temporal patterns of phytoplankton communities is key to the effective management of these ecosystems. However, detailed investigations of estuarine phytoplankton dynamics, and particularly harmful algal blooms (HAB), are largely absent in South Africa. Therefore, geared at addressing these knowledge gaps, this study was initiated to elucidate the processes shaping estuarine phytoplankton bloom dynamics at multiple temporal scales. Initially, five permanently open estuaries, each with varying types and levels of anthropogenic pressures, were selected to test the efficacy of an estuarine eutrophic condition index to flow variability (‘Annual’ study). Results from this study highlighted the sensitivity of the proposed index to environmental perturbations (e.g. flood events), whilst also identifying freshwater inflow variability and anthropogenic disturbance as the key processes shaping microalgal responses at an annual scale. Next, the agriculturally-influenced Gamtoos and Sundays estuaries were further investigated to elucidate the role of natural and anthropogenic drivers in defining microalgal responses (‘Seasonal’ study). Despite similarities in nutrient input and temperature patterns, phytoplankton bloom conditions (> 20 μg Chl-a l-1) were episodic and flow-dependent in the Gamtoos Estuary, whilst those in the Sundays Estuary were persistent and seasonal. Related to its reduced hydrodynamic variability – i.e. consistent nutrient-rich baseflows and reduced propensity for flushing events – persistent undesirable disturbances were highlighted for the Sundays Estuary, including: summer bottom-water hypoxia (< 2 mg l-1) and exceptional proliferations (> 550 μg Chl-a l-1) of two HAB species (Heterosigma akashiwo and Heterocapsa rotundata). Finally, fine-scale ecological research was undertaken in the Sundays Estuary to identify the processes – abiotic and biotic – that facilitate HABs (‘Daily’ and ‘Hourly’ studies). Findings from the ‘Daily’ study, identified inorganic nutrient availability (i.e. nitrate and phosphate) and mesohaline conditions (ca. 10) as the key bottom-up controls influencing the magnitude and duration of spring/summer phytoplankton blooms. Additionally, bottom-water hypoxia was explicitly linked to the decay of a single HAB species. During the ‘Hourly’ investigation, four known HAB-forming species were recorded at bloom concentrations. Model results indicated that variability in temperature, salinity profiles and nitrate concentrations were significant in facilitating the occurrence of HAB species. Finally, local biotic interactions (e.g. interspecies competition, diel vertical migration and mixotrophy) were recognized as key mechanisms shaping phytoplankton communities. The persistent occurrence of HABs is a new feature in South African estuaries and continued research is needed to recommend management responses. Ultimately, this research highlights the multitude of processes at work shaping phytoplankton variability in estuaries. From a broad perspective (i.e. seasonal and annual), processes such as freshwater inflow regimes, degree of anthropogenic disturbance, as well as seasonal temperature and nutrient supply patterns are the key processes. At a more refined scale (i.e. hourly and daily), local processes including salinity preferences, nutrient availability, diel light cycles and internal biotic interactions are the key drivers organising phytoplankton dynamics. Given the potentially severe ecological consequences of disrupting natural phytoplankton dynamics (e.g. HABs), an element of ‘unpredictability’ should be restored to the hydrological and chemical makeup of highly-regulated estuaries to prevent the continued exacerbation of eutrophic symptoms.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Financial market integration, contagion and volatility transmission: a case of the globally developed markets and developing stock markets in Africa
- Authors: Chima, Anyikwa Izunna
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Money market , Investment analysis Capital market
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/23935 , vital:30646
- Description: The widespread impact of the 2007 global financial crisis and the subsequent Eurozone sovereign debt crisis added new impetus to the on-going international discussions about the sustainability of a financial integration model. Moreover, the crisis revealed the complexity of the international transmission of financial shocks and the financial vulnerabilities of different financial markets. More so, it exposed the major weaknesses in our knowledge of how the forces that drive global financial systems operate. This is compounded by a failure to appreciate the scope of interdependencies that exist across markets and their potential to destabilise the global financial system in times of crises. At the heart of this weakness is the inability to accurately understand the various propagation mechanisms and channels through which a crisis from one market is transmitted to other markets. It is against this background that this study is undertaken, in order to empirically investigate the role of financial market integration, contagion and volatility transmission, using weekly data between the period 3 January 2003 to 26 December 2014. The study covers 27 stock markets, comprising 13 African stock markets, 10 developed stock markets and four emerging stock markets. The study employed two empirical frameworks: the first framework focused on the short-run and long-run relationships between African stock markets and major global stock markets using the Johansen co-integration test, Granger causality test, GIRF and GFEVD. The second framework focused on testing evidence of contagion and volatility transmission using the DCC-GJRGARCH model and AS model. The results show that the majority of African stock markets moved together in the long-run with the major global stock markets during the pre-crisis and Eurozone crisis periods. While the long-run relationship between African stock markets and the major global markets disappeared during the period of the global financial crisis, the relationship re-emerged during the Eurozone crisis period. From the analysis of Granger causality test, the results show some differences exist in terms of the relative strength of the causal linkages across markets and periods. However, it was shown that strong causal linkages emerged during the global financial and Eurozone crisis periods relative to the pre-crisis period. Also, the leading role of the major developed markets, compared to the emerging markets, is demonstrated throughout the analysis of causality tests. Moreover, the sensitivity of African markets to shocks from the global markets was clearly highlighted by analysis of the GIRF and GFEVD, especially during both crisis periods. Furthermore, the results from the AS model confirm significant evidence of mean and volatility spill-over effects from the major global markets to African markets especially during the periods of both crises. In addition, the level of volatility was found to be more persistent and asymmetric during both crisis periods compared to the pre-crisis period. The results confirm the existence of contagion effects through the analysis of the conditional correlation during both crisis periods. More importantly, the analysis of conditional correlation emphasised evidence of heightened co-movement between African markets and the major global markets during the periods of crisis. Consequently, the decoupling phenomenon is rejected in favour of synchronisation of business cycles between African stock markets and the major global markets. The findings of this study have several important implications for the policymakers and investors in Africa and the world at large. The findings of this study not only provide some information about the level of financial integration but also the effect of growing financial linkages between African markets and the global markets, which is important for designing appropriate regulatory frameworks. Also, the knowledge about the dynamic interrelationship in terms of contagion and volatility transmission between African markets and the major global markets can be utilised by investors, and thereby help them to make better investment decisions. Consequently, the findings of this study point to a need for policymakers in general and in Africa in particular, to monitor closely changes in financial development in other markets in order to reduce the vulnerability of domestic markets to external shocks. To mitigate the impact of the external shocks, greater co-operation and co-ordination, with proper supervision of different markets‟ fiscal and monetary policies, should be encouraged. Such policies need to be carefully aligned with the objective of external sustainability. This can be achieved through strategic partnerships and mergers, foreign institutional investments, cross market listing of shares, corporatisation of exchanges and the introduction of private ownership. Above all, effective regulation is needed to realise the benefits of financial market integration.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Chima, Anyikwa Izunna
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Money market , Investment analysis Capital market
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/23935 , vital:30646
- Description: The widespread impact of the 2007 global financial crisis and the subsequent Eurozone sovereign debt crisis added new impetus to the on-going international discussions about the sustainability of a financial integration model. Moreover, the crisis revealed the complexity of the international transmission of financial shocks and the financial vulnerabilities of different financial markets. More so, it exposed the major weaknesses in our knowledge of how the forces that drive global financial systems operate. This is compounded by a failure to appreciate the scope of interdependencies that exist across markets and their potential to destabilise the global financial system in times of crises. At the heart of this weakness is the inability to accurately understand the various propagation mechanisms and channels through which a crisis from one market is transmitted to other markets. It is against this background that this study is undertaken, in order to empirically investigate the role of financial market integration, contagion and volatility transmission, using weekly data between the period 3 January 2003 to 26 December 2014. The study covers 27 stock markets, comprising 13 African stock markets, 10 developed stock markets and four emerging stock markets. The study employed two empirical frameworks: the first framework focused on the short-run and long-run relationships between African stock markets and major global stock markets using the Johansen co-integration test, Granger causality test, GIRF and GFEVD. The second framework focused on testing evidence of contagion and volatility transmission using the DCC-GJRGARCH model and AS model. The results show that the majority of African stock markets moved together in the long-run with the major global stock markets during the pre-crisis and Eurozone crisis periods. While the long-run relationship between African stock markets and the major global markets disappeared during the period of the global financial crisis, the relationship re-emerged during the Eurozone crisis period. From the analysis of Granger causality test, the results show some differences exist in terms of the relative strength of the causal linkages across markets and periods. However, it was shown that strong causal linkages emerged during the global financial and Eurozone crisis periods relative to the pre-crisis period. Also, the leading role of the major developed markets, compared to the emerging markets, is demonstrated throughout the analysis of causality tests. Moreover, the sensitivity of African markets to shocks from the global markets was clearly highlighted by analysis of the GIRF and GFEVD, especially during both crisis periods. Furthermore, the results from the AS model confirm significant evidence of mean and volatility spill-over effects from the major global markets to African markets especially during the periods of both crises. In addition, the level of volatility was found to be more persistent and asymmetric during both crisis periods compared to the pre-crisis period. The results confirm the existence of contagion effects through the analysis of the conditional correlation during both crisis periods. More importantly, the analysis of conditional correlation emphasised evidence of heightened co-movement between African markets and the major global markets during the periods of crisis. Consequently, the decoupling phenomenon is rejected in favour of synchronisation of business cycles between African stock markets and the major global markets. The findings of this study have several important implications for the policymakers and investors in Africa and the world at large. The findings of this study not only provide some information about the level of financial integration but also the effect of growing financial linkages between African markets and the global markets, which is important for designing appropriate regulatory frameworks. Also, the knowledge about the dynamic interrelationship in terms of contagion and volatility transmission between African markets and the major global markets can be utilised by investors, and thereby help them to make better investment decisions. Consequently, the findings of this study point to a need for policymakers in general and in Africa in particular, to monitor closely changes in financial development in other markets in order to reduce the vulnerability of domestic markets to external shocks. To mitigate the impact of the external shocks, greater co-operation and co-ordination, with proper supervision of different markets‟ fiscal and monetary policies, should be encouraged. Such policies need to be carefully aligned with the objective of external sustainability. This can be achieved through strategic partnerships and mergers, foreign institutional investments, cross market listing of shares, corporatisation of exchanges and the introduction of private ownership. Above all, effective regulation is needed to realise the benefits of financial market integration.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Integrating sustainability principles in construction health and safety management practices in Zimbabwe
- Authors: Chigara, Benviolent
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Sustainable construction -- Zimbabwe , Construction industry -- Safety measures Industrial safety -- Zimbabwe -- Management
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/23459 , vital:30565
- Description: The construction industry is an important industry to national development through the provision of infrastructure and creation of employment, and hence contributing to sustainable development. Nevertheless, the construction industry has a poor health and safety (H&S) and environmental record. Globally, the construction industry is a leading contributor to workplace fatalities, injuries, and disease. In Zimbabwe, the Millennium Towers accident, which resulted in 15 construction workers losing their lives, compromised the integrity of construction H&S management, and highlighted the need to improve H&S management in the sector. This study examined H&S management in Zimbabwe and developed a framework for integrating sustainability into H&S management practices. The study employed a mixed method research design involving the use of interviews and questionnaires to collect primary data from contractors, consultants, government, clients, and workers in Harare and Bulawayo. A total of 101 questionnaires were successfully completed and analysed, representing a response rate of 55.6%. The data from questionnaires were analysed with the help of the SPSS software v.23 to produce descriptive and inferential statistics. The results of the study suggest that H&S practices are inadequate as demonstrated by the extent to which workers are exposed to hazards and the occurrence of injuries, disease, and fatalities. The factors contributing to workers’ exposure to hazards and the occurrence of injuries, disease, and fatalities include, inter alia, inadequate planning for H&S, inadequate hazard identification and risk assessments (HIRAs), inadequate management of hazards, inadequate occupational health (OH) surveillance, appointment of stakeholders who do not systematically manage H&S, inadequate design HIRAs, and unsafe work practices. The problem is amplified by inadequate integration of H&S within procurement systems, which limit the extent to which contractors make financial provision for H&S. Regrettably, workplace fatalities, injuries, and disease diminish the quality of life for the injured workers, increase project cost and delays project completion. Against this background, the study investigated the integration of sustainability principles in construction H&S as a strategy to improve H&S practices in Zimbabwe. The outcome of that investigation was a strategy and interventions, and a framework for improved practices in the form of a Sustainability Framework for Construction H&S (SFCHS). The validation of the SFCHS by construction practitioners confirms the importance of the recommended practices to reducing workplace fatalities, injuries, and disease in Zimbabwe and beyond. The development of a SFCHS, as a strategy to improve H&S practices in Zimbabwe, and the validation thereof, resulted in a significant contribution to the related body of knowledge. Nevertheless, the transition to sustainable H&S practices require contractors, consultants, government, clients and workers to take a proactive role relative to the recommended practices in the SFCHS. Further studies can explore the responsiveness of sustainability factors relative to the occurrence of injuries, disease and fatalities based on selected case studies.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Chigara, Benviolent
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Sustainable construction -- Zimbabwe , Construction industry -- Safety measures Industrial safety -- Zimbabwe -- Management
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/23459 , vital:30565
- Description: The construction industry is an important industry to national development through the provision of infrastructure and creation of employment, and hence contributing to sustainable development. Nevertheless, the construction industry has a poor health and safety (H&S) and environmental record. Globally, the construction industry is a leading contributor to workplace fatalities, injuries, and disease. In Zimbabwe, the Millennium Towers accident, which resulted in 15 construction workers losing their lives, compromised the integrity of construction H&S management, and highlighted the need to improve H&S management in the sector. This study examined H&S management in Zimbabwe and developed a framework for integrating sustainability into H&S management practices. The study employed a mixed method research design involving the use of interviews and questionnaires to collect primary data from contractors, consultants, government, clients, and workers in Harare and Bulawayo. A total of 101 questionnaires were successfully completed and analysed, representing a response rate of 55.6%. The data from questionnaires were analysed with the help of the SPSS software v.23 to produce descriptive and inferential statistics. The results of the study suggest that H&S practices are inadequate as demonstrated by the extent to which workers are exposed to hazards and the occurrence of injuries, disease, and fatalities. The factors contributing to workers’ exposure to hazards and the occurrence of injuries, disease, and fatalities include, inter alia, inadequate planning for H&S, inadequate hazard identification and risk assessments (HIRAs), inadequate management of hazards, inadequate occupational health (OH) surveillance, appointment of stakeholders who do not systematically manage H&S, inadequate design HIRAs, and unsafe work practices. The problem is amplified by inadequate integration of H&S within procurement systems, which limit the extent to which contractors make financial provision for H&S. Regrettably, workplace fatalities, injuries, and disease diminish the quality of life for the injured workers, increase project cost and delays project completion. Against this background, the study investigated the integration of sustainability principles in construction H&S as a strategy to improve H&S practices in Zimbabwe. The outcome of that investigation was a strategy and interventions, and a framework for improved practices in the form of a Sustainability Framework for Construction H&S (SFCHS). The validation of the SFCHS by construction practitioners confirms the importance of the recommended practices to reducing workplace fatalities, injuries, and disease in Zimbabwe and beyond. The development of a SFCHS, as a strategy to improve H&S practices in Zimbabwe, and the validation thereof, resulted in a significant contribution to the related body of knowledge. Nevertheless, the transition to sustainable H&S practices require contractors, consultants, government, clients and workers to take a proactive role relative to the recommended practices in the SFCHS. Further studies can explore the responsiveness of sustainability factors relative to the occurrence of injuries, disease and fatalities based on selected case studies.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018